Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IEEE241 - 242 - Protecciones
IEEE241 - 242 - Protecciones
0100DB0603
1. Introduction
2. Background
Document Number
0100DB0603
A
CB M1
CB F1
C
LIGHTING PANEL
"LP1"
CB PM1
CB B1
E
Fault location
A
B
C
D
E
Document Number
0100DB0603
CB M1
CB M1 PRIMARY
PROTECTIVE
ZONE
CB F1
CB F1 PRIMARY
PROTECTIVE
ZONE
CB PM1
CB B1
CB B1 PRIMARY PROTECTIVE ZONE
Document Number
0100DB0603
Document Number
0100DB0603
CB M1
UTILITY PROTECTION
BACKUP PROTECTIVE ZONE
CB M1 BACKUP
PROTECTIVE
ZONE
CB F1
CB PM1
CB B1
CB PM1 BACKUP
PROTECTIVE ZONE
CB PM1 BACKUP
PROTECTIVE ZONE
Document Number
0100DB0603
10K
1K
100
CURRENT IN AMPERES
10
1000
1000
CB M1
100
100
CB F1
10
0.10
TIME IN SECONDS
10
0.10
100K
10K
1K
0.01
10
100
0.01
Document Number
0100DB0603
Overcurrent
30kA
Available
Fault
CB M1
CB M1 PRIMARY
PROTECTIVE
ZONE
CB F1
CB F1 PRIMARY
PROTECTIVE
ZONE
CB PM1
CB B1
CB B1 PRIMARY PROTECTIVE ZONE
Document Number
0100DB0603
where the available fault current is 2kA. It can be readily seen that the
primary protective zones in Fig. 7 are not the ideal primary protective
zones per Fig. 2.
Fig. 6: Time-Current Plot showing lack of selective
coordination between CB F1 and CB PM1
100K
10K
1K
100
CURRENT IN AMPERES
10
1000
1000
CB M1
CB F1
100
100
CB PM1
10
CB B1
10
TIME IN SECONDS
0.10
0.10
100K
10K
1K
0.01
10
100
0.01
CB M1
CB M1 PRIMARY
PROTECTIVE
ZONE
CB F1
30kA
Available
Fault
CB F1 PRIMARY
PROTECTIVE
ZONE
25kA
Available
Fault
CB PM1
CB B1
CB B1 PRIMARY
PROTECTIVE ZONE
Document Number
0100DB0603
Document Number
0100DB0603
10
Document Number
0100DB0603
11
Document Number
0100DB0603
12
Document Number
0100DB0603
Note that NEC 517.17 applies to hospitals and other buildings with
critical care areas or utilizing electrical life support equipment, and
buildings that provide the required essential utilities or services for the
operation of critical care areas or electrical life support equipment.
NEC 517.17 (B) requires an additional level of ground-fault protection
for health care facilities where a service or feeder disconnecting
means is equipped with ground-fault protection. This additional level
of ground-fault protection must be at the next level of protective
devices downstream from the service or feeder. In NEC 517.17 (C),
not only is it stated that selectivity must be achieved, but the amount
of selectivity (6 cycles) is specified.
Note that NEC 517.17(B) effectively prohibits the use of ground-fault
protection on the essential electrical system. The result is a conflict
between NEC 517.17(B) and NEC 700.27 and NEC 701.18. This will
be discussed in further detail below.
13
Document Number
0100DB0603
3. Protective Device
Characteristics
3.1. Fuses
Melting Time
Overcurrent is cleared.
Arcing Time
For all low-voltage fuse classes, the basic timing characteristics can
be classified in the same manner. Fuses are typically assigned a
minimum melting characteristic and a total clearing characteristic by
their manufacturer. These define the boundaries of the fuse timecurrent characteristic band. For currents with time durations below
and to the left of the time current characteristic band, the fuse will not
blow or be damaged. For currents with time durations within the timecurrent characteristic band, the fuse may or may not blow or be
damaged. For currents with time durations above and to the right of
the time-current characteristic band, the fuse will blow with a minimum
melting time given by the minimum melting time characteristic and a
total clearing time given by the total-clearing time characteristic.
Alternatively, the fuse may be assigned an average melting time
14
Document Number
0100DB0603
10K
100
1K
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
1000
100
100
Total Clearing
Characteristic
10
10
TIME IN SECONDS
Minimum
Melting
Characteristic
0.10
0.10
100K
10K
0.01
100
1K
0.01
15
Document Number
0100DB0603
10K
10
1K
100
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
1000
FU 1
100
100
FU 2
10
UTILITY BUS
1
TIME IN SECONDS
10
FU 1
FU 2
0.10
0.10
100K
10K
1K
10
100
0.01
0.01
16
Document Number
0100DB0603
Tripping Type
Short-time Withstand
Capability2
Low-Voltage
Power
UL 489
ANSI C37.13
UL 1066
Electronic
Electronic
(insulated case)3
Often comparable to
interrupting rating
Electronic
Typically comparable
to interrupting rating
Other circuit breaker types, such as molded-case circuit breakers with instantaneous-only trip
units, are available for specific applications, such as short-circuit protection of motor circuits
Insulated-case circuit breakers exceed the UL 489 standard. The term insulated case is
not a UL term.
17
Document Number
0100DB0603
10K
1K
10
100
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
1000
100
100
10
10
Thermal
(long-time)
Characteristic
0.10
TIME IN SECONDS
Magnetic
(instantaneous)
Characteristic
0.10
100K
10K
1K
0.01
10
100
0.01
10K
1000
1000
100
100
10
10
0.10
0.10
18
Magnetic
(instantaneous)
Characteristic
HI setting
100K
10K
1K
0.01
10
100
0.01
TIME IN SECONDS
Magnetic
(instantaneous)
Characteristic
LO setting
1K
10
100
CURRENT IN AMPERES
Document Number
0100DB0603
19
Document Number
0100DB0603
1K
10
100K
1000
100
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
100
10
10
TIME IN SECONDS
Adjustable
Short-Time Pickup
Adjustable
Short-Time Delay
Adjustable
Instantaneous Pickup 0.10
0.10
Instantaneous Timing
is Non-Adjustable
Instantaneous Override
Timing is Non-Adjustable
100K
10K
1K
0.01
10
100
0.01
3.3. Current-Limiting
Circuit Breakers
20
Document Number
0100DB0603
10K
10
1K
100
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
1000
100
10
10
0.10
0.10
100K
10K
10
1K
0.01
1
100
0.01
0.5
TIME IN SECONDS
100
21
Document Number
0100DB0603
10K
1K
10
100
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
1000
CB M1
100
CB F1
100
CB PM1
10
10
0.10
TIME IN SECONDS
CB F1 and CB PM1
coordinate up to the
available fault
current of 25kA,
despite what
time-current bands
show, due to
dynamic impedance
effects (for one
specific
manufacturers
circuit breakers)
CB B1
0.10
CB PM1, CB B1
Coordinate through 2kA
100K
10K
1K
0.01
10
100
0.01
21.6kA
22
Document Number
0100DB0603
10K
10
1K
100
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
1000
100
100
GF CHAR (TYP)
10
10
0.10
0.10
100K
10K
10
1K
0.01
0.5 1
100
0.01
TIME IN SECONDS
23
Document Number
0100DB0603
Requirement/Comment
6.5 Protection
6.5.1* General. The overcurrent protective devices in the EPSS shall be coordinated to optimize
selective tripping of the circuit overcurrent protective devices when a short circuit occurs.
Annex A
A.6.5.1 It is important that the various overcurrent devices be coordinated, as far as practicable, to
isolate faulted circuits and to protect against cascading operation on short circuit faults. In many
systems, however, full coordination is not practicable without using equipment that could be
prohibitively costly or undesirable for other reasons. Primary consideration also should be given to
prevent overloading of equipment by limiting the possibilities of large current inrushes due to
instantaneous reestablishment of connections to heavy loads.
24
Chapter 6 Protection
6.2 Short Circuit Considerations
Careful planning is necessary to design a system that assures optimum selectivity and
coordination with both power sources
Document Number
0100DB0603
The wording of 2005 NEC 700.27 and NEC 701.18 leaves an open
issue. Although selective coordination is defined in NEC 100 as
localization of an overcurrent condition to restrict outages to the
circuit or equipment affected, accomplished by the choice of
overcurrent protective devices and their ratings or settings, NEC
700.27 and NEC 701.18 contain the wording shall be selectively
coordinated with all supply side overcurrent protective devices. What
about scenarios where two devices that are effectively in series
protect a given piece of equipment?
Such a scenario is given in Fig. 17. The transformer shown is
protected for short-circuits by the primary circuit breaker, and for
overloads by the secondary circuit breaker. For a fault where the
protective zones overlap, does it matter whether the primary or
secondary circuit breaker trips? The answer is, of course, no.
However, because of the wording of NEC 700.27 and NEC 701.18 the
two circuit breakers would need to be selectively coordinated with
25
Document Number
0100DB0603
PRIMARY CB
PRIMARY CB
PROTECTIVE ZONE
TRANSFORMER
SECONDARY CB
SECONDARY CB
PROTECTIVE ZONE
Note that for transformers, such as the transformer shown in Fig. 17,
removal of the secondary overcurrent protective device may not be
possible due to restrictions in NEC 450. Removal of this device may
also hinder transformer protection. For these and other scenarios in
which two overcurrent protective devices in series must be utilized,
the local Authority Having Jurisdiction should be consulted to provide
a waiver.
Other possible scenarios for this issue are given in Fig. 18. In both
cases, selective coordination of CB 1 and CB 2 is not required for
over-all system coordination, since there are no additional devices
between the two. Both devices could be the same size device with the
same settings.
26
Document Number
0100DB0603
CB 1
CB 1
PANEL 2
CB 2
SWITCHBOARD
CB 2
a.)
b.)
What can be done about this issue? For the short-term, the solution is
to minimize occurrences of overcurrent protective devices in series,
as discussed below. Long-term actions may include the submission of
change proposals for consideration in a future code cycle. The more
proposals that are made on this issue, the more likely the issue is to
be recognized and corrected.
4.2.2. Ground-Fault Protection in
Health-Care Facilities
27
Document Number
0100DB0603
Alternate
power source
Normal
system
Nonessential
loads
Automatic
switching
equipment
Delayed
automatic
switching
equipment
Equipment
system
Life safety
branch
Critical
branch
Emergency system
What can be done about this issue? For the short-term, bringing the
issue up to the local Authority Having Jurisdiction for resolution is the
only recourse. Long-term actions may include the submission of
change proposals for consideration in a future code cycle. The more
proposals that are made on this issue, the more likely the issue is to
be recognized and corrected.
28
Document Number
0100DB0603
As mentioned in 2.2 above, the frequency of occurrence of highmagnitude bolted faults is much lower than that of lower-magnitude
faults, such as arcing ground faults. Also, the higher the current level
to which two overcurrent protective devices are coordinated, the more
difficult the coordination effort becomes. The impact of this fact upon
system protection and selective coordination are twofold, namely:
1.) It diminishes the practical need for selective coordination up to the
available fault current in favor of practicable coordination to a
lower level of fault current.
2.) It reinforces the need for coordinated ground-fault protection.
The wording of the 2005 NEC ignores the statistical evidence of the
frequency of occurrence of high-level bolted faults. In reality, these
faults are most common during the commissioning phase of the
electrical system in a facility, when damage to cable insulation and
other application and installation issues are corrected. During the
normal lifetime of the system, these types of short-circuits are rare
indeed, especially at lower levels in the system. One practical way to
address selectivity in emergency and standby systems might be to set
an established limit of 50% of the bolted fault current as the level of
coordination for overcurrent devices below a given level (for example,
400A or below); this is an approximate worst-case for the calculated
value of the arcing fault current for a 480V system when calculated
per the empirical equations in IEEE-1584 IEEE Guide for Performing
Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations [8]. Selective coordination up to such a
limit would be justifiable on a practical basis. However, no code or
standard presently sets this limit.
Arc-flash performance of the system is also a factor. In some cases,
arc-flash performance, particularly at the lower levels of the system,
may be impaired by forcing selectivity up to the available bolted fault
current. The reason for this is that the arc-flash incident energy level
is directly proportional to the time duration of an arcing fault, which
is the clearing time for the overcurrent protective device which
clears the fault.
Also, as described above the NEC effectively prohibits coordinated
ground-fault protection in health care facility essential electrical
systems, even though ~95% of all system faults are ground faults.
29
Document Number
0100DB0603
CB 1
PANEL 2
SWITCHBOARD
CB 1
a.)
b.)
Care must be taken to insure that another NEC section is not violated
when this is done, and that adequate protection of system
components is maintained. For example, the panelboard PANEL 2 of
Fig. 20 b.) may be a main-lugs only panel because there is no NEC
requirement for a panelboard to have a local main disconnect, only
overcurrent protection; this applies in all cases, even when the
supplying panel is on a different floor. Overcurrent protection for the
feeder cables between PANEL 1 and PANEL 2, and for PANEL 2, is
provided by CB 1 in PANEL 1. For the generator of Fig. 20 a.),
however, the removal of the circuit breaker at the generator should be
verified with the local Authority Having Jurisdiction due to possible
conflicts in interpretation of NEC 445.18, which requires a generator
to be equipped with a disconnect by which the generator can be
disconnected from the circuits it supplies. From a protection
standpoint, the cables between the generator and CB 1 can typically
withstand more short-circuit current than the generator can provide,
and, further, the generator voltage regulators control system may
have inherent features to shut down the generator if the generator
supplies a fault for an extended period of time; this must, of course,
be double-checked before making the decision to remove the circuit
breaker at the generator. Overload protection for the generator and
generator load cables is provided by CB 1.
30
Document Number
0100DB0603
CB 1
CB 3
AUTOXFER
E
SW
TO NORMAL SOURCE
CB 2
CB 4
CB 5
AUTOXFER
N
E
SW
AUTOXFER
SW
CB 1
CB 2
CB 1 PROTECTIVE ZONE
CB 3
PROTECTIVE
ZONE
AUTOXFER
E
SW
CB 2 PROTECTIVE ZONE
CB 3
TO NORMAL SOURCE
CB 4
CB 5
AUTOXFER
SW
AUTOXFER
SW
CB 6
CB 6 PROTECTIVE ZONE
31
Document Number
0100DB0603
TO NORMAL SOURCE
CB 1 PROTECTIVE ZONE
CB 1
AUTOXFER E
SW
AUTOXFER
SW
AUTOXFER
SW
CB 6
CB 6 PROTECTIVE ZONE
TO NORMAL SOURCE
CB 1 PROTECTIVE ZONE
CB 2 PROTECTIVE ZONE
87 B
CB 2
CB 3
CB 3
PROTECTIVE
ZONE
AUTOXFER E
SW
CB 4
CB 5
AUTOXFER
SW
AUTOXFER
SW
CB 6
CB 6 PROTECTIVE ZONE
32
Document Number
0100DB0603
In Fig. 24, the differential relay 87B would typically be of the highimpedance type, and would trip CB 1, CB 2, CB 3, CB 4, and CB 5.
A fault between CB 1/CB 2 and CB 3/CB 4/CB 5 will cause this relay
to trip, and, if it is set appropriately, it will operate faster than the trip
unit settings of CB 1 or CB 2, providing short-circuit protection for the
generators in this protective zone as well as providing short-circuit
protection for the paralleling switchgear bus. Generator overload
protection would still be provided by CB 1 and CB 2. Note that
generator differential protection is not shown; it could be provided to
provide additional protection for the generator, but would not be an
aid to selectivity. Generator differential relays, if used, should be of
the percentage-differential type rather than impedance type. Note
also that lockout relays, while recommended, are not shown. The
circuit breakers which must be tripped by the differential relays must
be suitable for external relay tripping (suitable insulated case circuit
breakers or ANSI power circuit breakers are recommended, but are
typically used in this application anyway). Economic concerns (cost
of differential relays and CTs and the extra wiring required) must, of
course, be taken into account when considering this approach.
A more in-depth treatment of generator protection for emergency and
standby power systems is given in a separate paper, Protection of
Low-Voltage Generators Considerations for Emergency and
Standby Power Systems.
33
Document Number
0100DB0603
PANEL 1
CB 1
CB 1
PANEL 2
PANEL 2
CB 2
CB 2
PANEL 3
PANEL 3
CB 3
a.)
34
CB 3
b.)
Document Number
0100DB0603
Although the smaller the transformer, the lower the available fault
current at the secondary, there may be cases where transformers
must be up-sized in order to achieve selective coordination. This is
usually due to the frame size of the primary circuit breaker required to
coordinate with devices at the next level below the transformer
secondary main. A careful balance between the required frame size of
the primary circuit breaker and the available fault current at the
transformer secondary is usually required.
35
5. References
Document Number
0100DB0603
[1] The National Electrical Code, NFPA 70, The National Fire
Protection Association, Inc., 2005 Edition.
[2] IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of
Industrial Power Systems, IEEE Std. 242-2001, December 2001.
[3] Short Circuit Selective Coordination for Low Voltage Circuit
Breakers, Square D Data Bulletin 0100DB0501, October 2005.
[4] IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for
Industrial Plants, IEEE Std. 141-1993, December 1993.
[5] IEEE Recommended Practice for Applying Low-Voltage Circuit
Breakers Used in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems,
IEEE Std.1015-1997, October 1997.
[6] Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems, NFPA 110,
The National Fire Protection Association, Inc., 2005 Edition.
[7] IEEE Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby Power
Systems for Industrial and Commercial Applications, IEEE Std.
446-1995, July 1996.
[8] IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations, IEEE
Std. 1584-2002, September 2002.
tk