von Neumann (1/3)

von Neumann
von Neumann

 von Neumann (2/3)

3

,

:

:
:

:

/ :

: -

: ()

:

 von Neumann (3/3)

4

(peripheral devices)
,

( )

, , ,

,
/

,
,

(
)


10

( )

,

,
,
.


11

(CRT)


(1/4)
12

(.. 15, 17)

(pixels)
,
: 640 x 480, 640 x 400, 800 x 600, 1024 x 768,
1280x1024
pixels ( x )

pixels

72 Hz


(2/4)
13

pixels
,
, pixels

0,24mm
- 0,31mm

, MPRII, TCO 92/95/99 ELF&VLF


(3/4)
14

, pixel
bits
.. 16 bits ,
216 = 65.536
65.536


RGB (Red-Green-Blue),
(, ),

8 bits,
28 = 256
256 * 256 * 256 = 16.777.216 16,5 (
3*8 = 24 bits , 224 = 16.777.216 16,5 )


(4/4)
15

 / (1/2)
16

/
,
, ,

( ),
/

, /
/ (modulator/demodulator)
modem.

To modem
:

, ,

modem

 / (2/2)
17

,

,

/
,
() ()


18

(base unit

system unit)

(box) (tower)

 (1/2)
19

()
, ,



,
(.. ,
, ),
(ports)

 (1/2)
20

,
(buses),

 ()
(1/2)
21

(Central

Processing Unit, CPU)

 ()
(2/2)
22

,
:

(instructions)

(.. )

(data)

,


.. ,


23

(CPU)


24

3 :

 (Control Unit, CU)

(1/2)
25

( )

, ,

,
,

, , /
,

 (Control Unit, CU)

(1/2)
26

(Control Unit)

Program Counter (PC)

Instruction Register (IR)

 - /
(Arithmetic and Logical Unit, ALU) (1/2)
27

(+), (-), (*), (/),

(AND), (OR), (NOT)
()

.. x<5

( )

 - /
(Arithmetic and Logical Unit, ALU) (2/2)
28

,

,

,
,

,

/
(Arithmetic Logical Unit)
/

Accumulator (ACCU)

 (Registers) (1/3)
29

(Registers)

, 32 bit
32 bit

 (Registers) (1/3)
30

 (Registers) (1/3)
31

(instruction register, IR)

(program counter, PC)

, PC

(accumulator, ACCU)

 -
(Fetch-Execute Cycle)
32

(fetch phase)

(execution phase)


33

PC ( )

IR ( )
, PC,

IR
PC

IR,
(decode)

,
(

)


34

ALU
( ALU)

 -
(Fetch-Execute Cycle)
35

 (1/2)
36

,
(processor clock)



,
(clock cycle),

 (2/2)
37

(clock rate)

= 1/_

Hertz (Hz)

, 3,1 GHz 3,1

(3.100.000.000)

 ()
38

(memory)

,
,


39

(main memory)

( )
,


(Random Access Memory, RAM)
40

,


,

(volatile
memory)

RAM


(Read Only Memory, ROM)
41

,

ROM
RAM

ROM,
RAM

(non-volatile memory)

,
,
()

 (boot process)
42

,

6 :

ROM

RAM.
(
)


43

( ) (secondary storage)

,
,

(volatile)


,

,
,


,
,

 (magnetic disk)
44

,

,

,

,
/
(read/write)

,
,


45

(disk)

(disk drive)

(disk controller)


46

;
,

(track)
(sectors)

, (logical cylinder)

,

(.. 3,
8, 4)

/
,


47

(Track)

(Sector)

 (1/2)
48

(disk

access time)
:

 (2/2)
49

(seek time)

(latency time)

(rotational delay)
(
) ,

/
(transfer time)
bits,
,

 (magnetic tape) (1/2)

50

( )

,


,

(back up)
(archiving)

 (magnetic tape) (2/2)

51


52

(Compact Disk, CD)

, laser

CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only
Memory)
, CDs,
CDs
CDs,
( ) ,
, (DVD)
CD,

 (cache memory) (1/2)

53

(CPU)

kilobyte)

 (cache memory) (2/2)

54

, (
)

,


,
,

(
),

,


55

(byte, B)

byte bit

byte:

(byte)

Bytes
1

Bytes

(kilobyte)

KB

210 = 1.024

103

(megabyte)

MB

220 = 1.048.576

106

(gigabyte)

GB

230 = 1.073.741.824

109

(terabyte)

TB

240 = 1.099.511.627.776

1012

(petabyte)

PB

250 = 1.125.899.906.842.624

1015

(exabyte)

EB

260 = 1.152.921.504.606.846.976

1018

 (1/5)
56

bits
(word)

, ,
(word length)
bits
8, 16, 32 64 bits

,
, (address)

,
, (address
space)

 (2/5)
57

.. 64 KB (64 KB = 26 KB = 26 * 210

bytes = 216 bytes = 65,536 bytes) 1 byte

0 65,535

2 bytes
(65,536 / 2 = 32,768) 0
32,768, .

bit,

.. 64 KB (216 bytes) 1
byte
65,536
, 65,536
16 bits ( 65,536 = 216)
16
bit

 (3/5)
58

bits

()

(N)

2 (N
= 2 x)

21

22

(log2N)

0, 1
00, 01,
10, 11
000, 001,

bits

1
2

010, 011,
8

23

100, 101,
110, 111

 (4/5)
59

, (
)

16 bit
,
0 65,535
, N
(
N),
log2N bits

 (5/5)
60

32 MB
bits
byte ( 1 byte),

bytes:

32 MB = 25 MB = 25 * 220 bytes = 225 bytes

: log2225 = 25
, 25 bits

128 MB ,

8 bytes
bits

bytes:

128 MB = 27 MB = 27 * 220 bytes = 227 bytes

, 8 bytes, 8 bytes = 23 bytes,

227 : 23 = 227-3 = 224
, log2224 = 24 bits

 (1/2)
61

(access time)

(word length)
(capacity)

 (1/2)
62

,

,

 (1/6)
63

(bus)

,


,



1 bit (0 1)

 (2/6)
64

() ,
,
:

 (3/6)
65

(data bus)

,
( bits )
.. 32 bits (4 bytes),
32 ,
32 bits

(address bus)

( bits
)
.. 32 bits,
32

 (4/6)
66

(control bus)

, bit (0 1 )
,
, log2M

/,
,

,

,
( ), (
)

 (5/6)
67

/
(interface)

( USB) (..
, )

,
bits

..

8, 16 32

,

 (6/6)
68


70

(software)



( ).

,

,

:

 (system software)
(1/2)
71

,



, ,

,
( )

/ ,

,

 (system software)
(2/2)
72

,
:

(operating system)
.. Windows, Unix, Linux, MacOS, DOS, OS/2
(device drivers)
()


(compilers) (interpreters)
,



(utilities)

( )


(application software) (1/3)
73


(application software) (2/3)
74

, ,

,
,


(application software) (3/3)
75

,
Internet Explorer Outlook

,


,
Microsoft Office Lotus Notes


(operating system, OS) (1/4)
76

(operating system, OS)

,

,
( ,
),

,
, ()


(operating system, OS) (2/4)
77

,

,

,
,


(operating system, OS) (3/4)
78

, ,
,

, ,

ROM
,

,
, ,


(operating system, OS) (4/4)
79

,
,



,

,
/,


(1/3)
80

(single user)

PalmOS
(personal digital assistant, PDA) Symbian

(multi-user)

Unix, Linux, Windows, MacOS


(2/3)
81

(single tasking)

,
PalmOS

(multi-tasking)

,
Unix, Linux, Windows, MacOS


(3/3)
82

 (1/10)
83

, :

-,

;
,
,
,
,

(
)

 (2/10)
84

(multiprogramming)

,


()

 (3/10)
85

(process)

, ,
,

(PC),

 (4/10)
86

,
(
)

 (5/10)
87

,
(scheduling)

 (6/10)
88

 (7/10)
89

1960 1970 ,
(operator)

(batch)

(job)

,
()
,

 (8/10)
90

(batch file),


.bat Windows
1 (Job 1)
2 (Job 2)

N (Job N)

1
(Batch 1)

(Operator)

2
(Batch 2)

 (9/10)
91

(time sharing)

,
,
()


, ,

 (10/10)
92

, ,

, ,

,

,
(
)

 (1/6)
93

bits ,


,
,

(
) ,
,


,

, ,

 (2/6)
94

(virtual address)

,

,

(physical address)

(address binding)
, ,
( )
,
,

 (3/6)
95

,


,

(single contiguous memory management),

,

,
( 0),

 (4/6)
96

,
0 -1
,

,
:

= +

 (5/6)
97

 (6/6)
98

, ,

 (partitioning)
99

,
()

,

,
,

.. ,
, ,

, ,

 (paging) (1/2)
100

(frames)

(pages)

,

,

 (paging) (2/2)
101

(
)
,

,



(virtual memory)

,
,

 (1/5)
102

(process)

,

,



,
,

 (2/5)
103

, :

(running):
,
-
(ready):
,

(blocked):
(Running)


(
)

(Blocked)

(Ready)

 (3/5)
104

(ready)
(blocked)

(running)

 (4/5)
105

(process control block, PCB)

,
,

 (5/5)
106

, ,

,
,

(context switching)
,

,
,


(1/2)
107

,
(
),

(CPU scheduling)



:


(2/2)
108

(preemptive

scheduling)

,


,

- (Non-

preemptive scheduling)

 (1/5)
109

(scheduling algorithms)



,

 (2/5)
110

(first-come first-served)

,
, (
),

,
( )
,

(
)

 (3/5)
111

(shortest job next)

,
,


,

 (4/5)
112

, (round robin)

,

,

,
,

,


,

 (5/5)
113

, ,

,

,


114

.
p1 p2 p3 p4 p5

:

p1
p2
p3
p4
p5

140
75
320
280
125

:


:



:

: 50

 (1/2)
115

,
,
,

(file)

 (2/2)
116

, (file system)

(directories)

 ,
(1/3)
117

(text file) bytes,

ASCII
Unicode
(
) bits (8
bits ASCII 16 bits
Unicode)

,

 ,
(2/3)
118

/ (binary file)

bits
, ,

,
,

,
,

.. ,
JPEG, GIF, TIFF
JPEG,
TIFF

 ,
(3/3)
119

, /

bits,
( )
(/ )
,
,

..
,
, ,
/

 (1/4)
120

(file type)

, ,
,

.. JIF
mp3

() ,

()
(file extension) ,

 (2/4)
121

,


,

txt

mp3, mp4, wav

jpeg, gif, jpg, tiff

doc, docx, wp3

()

java, c, cpp

 (3/4)
122

,

,

,
,

 (4/4)
123

,

,
,

(record)

(field)
,

(key),
,
1

CW-9483

4543

 (1/2)
124

(Create)
(Delete)
(Open)
(Close)
(Read)
(Write)
(Append)
(Rename)
(Copy)

 (2/2)
125

(retrieval) :
,

(updating) :
(

)
(sorting) :

,

 (1/3)
126

(directory)

(
)
,
,


(directory tree)

(root directory)
,

(parent directory),
(subdirectory)

 (2/3)
127

(working directory)

,

(path)

(absolute path)
(relative path)

 (3/3)
128

(absolute path)

( )

.. C:\Program Files\Outlook Express (

\Program Files\Outlook Express)
Program Files,
Outlook Express

(relative path)

.. Desktop (
C:\Documents and Settings\user\Desktop),
C:\Documents and Settings\user\Desktop\mySchedule.txt
mySchedule.txt

 Windows
129

 UNIX
130

 (1/3)
131

,

,
,

,
(sector)
,

(track),

,

 (2/3)
132

( )

(abstraction),

 (3/3)
133

Re
cor

d3

d4

(track)

Re
cor

(block)

Rec
or

d1

2
d
r
o
Rec


134

,

,


:

(disk scheduling)


135

(First-Come

First Served disk scheduling, FCFS)

(Shortest-Seek Time-First disk

scheduling, SSTF)

(SCAN disk

scheduling)


136

100

49, 91, 22, 61, 7, 62, 33, 35

, /

26

 (1/2)
137

:
, :
49, 91, 22, 61, 7, 62, 33, 35
:
26 ,
22.
22 33.
33 35.
35 49.
49 61.
61 62.
62 91.
91 7.
, : 22, 33, 35, 49, 61, 62, 91, 7.

 (2/2)
138

:
26
,
22 7
, ,

: 33, 35, 49, 61,
62, 91
, :

22, 7, 33, 35, 49, 61, 62, 91

 (1/2)
139

,

, (sectors)
,

, ,
,

,
(current file pointer),

/,
, /

 (2/2)
140


141

(sequential access)

/

/



,


142

(direct access)

- (records)



,
,
,


143

(Current
File Pointer)

(Current
File Pointer)

 (1/2)
144

(


)

(
)

 (1/2)
145

Unix

,
:

(Owner)

(Group)

, .. student1
, .. epp_006

(World)

, .. epp