4.module A Structural Analysis PDF

Conceptual Design of Buildings
(Course unit code 1C2)
Module A
Structural Analysis
Jean-Pierre Jaspart (University of Lige)
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events
520121-1-2011-1-CZ-ERA MUNDUS-EMMC
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
Module A Structural Analysis
List of contents
Structural analysis Structural analysis Analytical process by which the response of
Elastic analysis
the structures (in terms stresses, internal forces and deformations) to
Plastic analysis
the acting loads is determined.
Examples
The structural analysis should take into account several effects, such as:
i)
deformability and stiffness of the structure and supports;
ii) strength and stiffness of joints;

iii) stability of the structure (global, members and local);
iv) behaviour of cross-sections (classification of sections);
v) imperfections (global and member imperfections).
The understanding of the influence of all these effects is fundamental

for the designer, to make a suitable choice of the method of analysis
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
for a certain structure.

L2 Global analysis of steel structures - Elastic analysis and plastic analysis.
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Structural analysis
Elastic analysis
Structural analysis
Plastic analysis
Examples
Global elastic (linear) analysis

Global plastic (non-linear) analysis
- Elastic global analysis should be based on the assumption that the stress-strain
behaviour of the material is linear. As a consequence, to perform a global elastic
analysis, the stresses applied in any cross section of any member, must be lower
than the yield strength of the material (fy in steel structures).
- Plastic global analysis allows the plastification of some cross-sections (in
general forming plastic hinges) and consequent redistribution of forces for other
sections (with less forces). In this type of analysis the material is modelled by
constitutive relationships non-linear: rigid-plastic; elastic-perfectly plastic (structural
steel), elastic-plastic.

Master Course
Steel behaviour
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Structural analysis - Plastic hinge is formed when in a bending section, all fibers reach the yield
strength fy, in compression in one side of n.a. and in tension in the other side of
Elastic analysis
n.a.. The bending moment which can produce this stress diagram is called Plastic
Plastic analysis
Examples
Moment.
- The formation of a plastic hinge, and consequently the use of Structural Plastic
Analysis, require ductile materials and compact sections.
n.a.
fy
fy
fy
fy
M = Mel
fy
Mel < M < Mpl
fy
M = Mpl

Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Structural analysis
Elastic analysis
Plastic analysis
Examples
Structural analysis
Load
Linear elastic analysis

Rigid-plastic analysis
Elasto-plastic analysis
Elasto-perfectly plastic
Displacement
Master Course
Load-displacement curve for elastic and plastic analysis

Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Structural analysis
Elastic analysis
Plastic analysis
Examples
In terms of number of support reactions (or internal restrictions), structures

may be classified in:
Isostatic structures
Hyperstatic structures
- Isostatic structure A structure with a number of external supports (or
internal restrictions) equal to the minimum necessary to be in equilibrium for
any set of acting loads (e.g. 2D structure with 3 supports). The distribution of
forces and moments can be obtained through conditions of static equilibrium
only.
Statically
determinated beam
Statically
determinate frame
Master Course
H1
V1
V2
6
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Structural analysis
Elastic analysis
Plastic analysis
Examples
Isostatic structures
Global elastic analysis
Hyperstatic structures
Global plastic analysis
- Hyperstatic structure A structure with more than the minimum number of

external supports (or internal restrictions) necessary to be in equilibrium for
any set of acting loads. In these structures, beyond the static conditions, it
must be used conditions of compatibility of deformations.
Indeterminated
beam =1
2D indeterminate
frame =3
Master Course
H1
M1
H1
V1
V2
M2
7
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Structural analysis
Elastic analysis
Plastic analysis
Examples

Master Course
- How to perform a global linear elastic analysis of a structure?

-
It is easy, even by hand calculation, in isostatic structures, because it is

needed only equilibrium equations.
In hyperstatic structures, it is needed more complex methods such as

the well-know force method, displacement method, among others.
However, in general we use automatic calculation. There are lots of
programs available in the market to perform elastic analysis of structures;
in this course we will use the software OSSA2D.
The bending stiffness is a fundamental parameter in the analysis of

hyperstatic framed structures (axial stiffness and shear stiffness are in
general neglected in this type of structures). This is defined by EI, being E
the modulus of elasticity of the material (E = 210 GPa for steel) and I the
second moment of area of cross section around the bending axis.
In an elastic analysis the distribution of internal forces is

proportional to the stiffness (in general the bending stiffness) of the
members. So, stiffer members support higher forces.
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Structural analysis
Elastic analysis
Plastic analysis
Examples
- Influence of bending stiffness in the elastic analysis of a hyperstatic frame
Columns HEA 260 in both models (EI = 210x106x10450x10-8=21945 kN/m2)

Beams IPE 300
Beams IPE 600
(EI= 210x106x8356x10-8=17547.6 kN/m2)
(EI= 210x106x92080x10-8=193368 kN/m2)

Master Course
Bending moment diagram
Bending moment diagram
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Structural analysis
Elastic analysis
Plastic analysis
Examples
- How to perform an global plastic (non-linear) analysis of a structure?

- It is more complex. By hand calculation this is possible only for 2D
structures, with a low degree of indetermination. In more complex structures,
this type of analysis requires the use of sophisticated softwares.
- Global plastic analysis may be performed by one of the two

following methods:
Static method (also designated by incremental method) the load is
incremented stepwise until the collapse of the structure, which happen
(unless a partial mechanism is formed) when the number of sequential
plastic hinges reach +1, being the degree of indetermination of the
structure. This method is not suitable for perform plastic analysis by hand
calculations.

Master Course
Cinematic method (also designated by mechanism method) comprise three

conditions:
- Firstly, it is assumed a collapse mechanism which comprise +1 plastic
hinges (in general in beam-columns joints, mid-span sections of beams or
sections with point loads) mechanism condition;
10
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Structural analysis
Elastic analysis
Plastic analysis
Examples
Cinematic method (continuation):

- Then, it is established the equilibrium equations, considering that in cross
sections where were assumed the formation of a plastic hinge, the bending
moment equals the plastic bending moment of the cross section
equilibrium condition, from which it is obtained the collapse load (if the
structure and consequently the plastic bending moment of cross section is
known) or the plastic bending moment for a given load (to be used in a predesign of a structure).
- Finally it must be necessary to check if the bending moments in all other
sections are lower than the plastic moment evaluated for the present
mechanism - plasticity condition.
If this condition is not verified, this means that the present mechanism is not
the correct and it must be necessary to repeat the analysis for others, until to
find the correct one (which correspond the highest plastic bending moment
or the minimum collapse load, depending of which one are being evaluated).

Master Course
Note: This type of analysis is valid provided that any significant decrease in the full
plastic moment due to axial forces are accounted for.
11
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Structural analysis
Elastic analysis
Plastic analysis
Examples
EXAMPLE 1
Pre-design a continuous beam (S 275).
a) global elastic analysis;
b) global plastic analysis.
42 kN/m
100 kN
100 kN
G
B
D
C
3m
Hyperstatic structure
= 2
3m
6m
3m
3m
a) Elastic global analysis

120.6 kNm
120.6 kNm
D
C

Master Course
Pre-design bending moment

MEd = 120.6 kNm.
G
68.4 kNm
89.7 kNm
89.7 kNm
Elastic bending moment diagram

12
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Structural analysis
Elastic analysis
Plastic analysis
Examples
EXAMPLE 1
3
0
0
3 1
VA
l
p
l
p
VA6
t
f
e
l
MB
t
f
e
l
MC
M pl
G
B
VA
3m
VA 33.3 kN
M pl 100 kNm.
D
C
3m
6m
3m
3m
This is the correct mechanism as the

bending moments in other potential
sections (in this case section D) are
lower than Mpl = 100 kNm.
M pl
D
C
100 kN
= 2, so it is required 3 plastic hinges

to form a collapse mechanism. It is
assumed a mechanism with plastic
hinges in sections B, C, E (and F due
to symmetry).

Master Course
42 kN/m
100 kN
<M pl
M pl
M pl

MEd = 100.0 kNm.
Plastic bending moment diagram

13
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Structural analysis
Elastic analysis
Plastic analysis
Examples
EXAMPLE 2
Pre-design of a frame (S 275).
280 kN
a) Elastic global analysis;
50 kN
b) Plastic global analysis.

4m
= 2
E
4m
4m
a) Elastic global analysis

247.0 kNm
189.9 kNm
C
B

MEd = 341.6 kNm.
341.6 kNm
Master Course
142.9 kNm
Elastic bending moment diagram

14
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Structural analysis
Elastic analysis
Plastic analysis
Examples
EXAMPLE 2
b) Plastic global analysis
280 kN
B
= 2, so it is required 3 plastic hinges

to form a collapse mechanism. It is
assumed a mechanism with plastic
hinges in sections B, C, D.
50 kN
C
4m
A
280 kN
M pl
4m
l
p
m
N
k
0
8
2
l
p
correct mechanism
15
l
p
4
0
8
VE2
l
p
HE4 VE
E
4 H 8
4 HE
Pre-design
bending moment
MEd = 280.0 kNm.
N N
k k
0 0 M
2 4
1
1
m
N
HAVAk
0
0
2
0
.
0
4
0
5
4
0
8
2
0
.
0
0
8
2
0
4
1
0
.
0
0
7
0
5
HAVAVA
8
0 0
.
.
0
0
0
.
0
.
z
i
.
t
r r
o
eM
FHFV
l
p
Plastic bending moment diagram

Master Course
l
p
VE
VA
M MpM
HE
m
N
k
0
8
2
MA
N
k
0
4
1
N
k
0
7
HA
l
HEVE p
M
Plastic hinges
t
h
g
i
r
Mpl
t
h
g
i
r
t
h
g
i
r
D C B
M M M
50 kN
Mpl
4m
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Structural analysis
Elastic analysis
Plastic analysis
Examples
EXAMPLE 3
Calculate the collapse load (load multiplier p)
of the frame with = 2 (S 275).
Column 152x152 UC 37 (Mpl = 84.92 kNm);
Beam 305x165 UB 40 (Mpl = 171.35 kNm).
80 kN
40 kN
10 kN
4
5
5m
20 kN
2
5m
= 2
1
Master Course
6m
6m
16
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Structural analysis
Elastic analysis
Plastic analysis
Examples
EXAMPLE 3
Mechanism 1 Hinges in section 2, 3 and 4.
10 kN
p x 40
5m
H5
20 kN
2
V5
Mpl
M5
5m
Plastic hinges
p x 20
Mpl
6m
2
1
6
2
p
9
.
4
0 0
8
.
8
0
0
0
5
.
p
H51
0
3
.
0 1
p
7
V5 p
2 2 1
0 9
5
0 1
.
p1
4
5
5 8 H 1M
0
8 p p 1
H
0
x 0 V5
p2
1
0
2 5
6
0
4 H1
l l
0
l p p
V1 0
p
.
M M M
0
.
0
m
N
k
5
3
.
1
7
1
l
p
m
N
k
4
9
.
4
9
7
M5
;
N
k
3
4
.
9
5
H5
;
N
k
5
0
.
1
6
1
V5
;
N
k
0
.
0
M5
H5
t
h
g
i
r
0
1
t
f
e
l
V5
t
f
e
l
6m
9
5
.
4
4
1
V1
;
N
k
8
9
.
6
1
;
7
4
5
.
2
H1
Column (Mpl = 84.92 kNm);

Beam (Mpl = 171.35 kNm).

l
a
b
o
l
g
V1
FvFHM1 M 2M 3M 4
H1
M5
Mpl
p x 80
p x 10

Master Course
80 kN
40 kN
So, this is not the correct mechanism

17
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Structural analysis
Elastic analysis
Plastic analysis
Examples
EXAMPLE 3
Mechanism 2 Hinges in section 3, 4 and 5.
80 kN
40 kN
10 kN
4
5
5m
p x 40
20 kN
p x 80
p x 10
Mpl
H5
Mpl
5m
Mpl
V5
Mpl
1
6m
p x 20
M2
6m
Plastic hinges
H1
Correct mechanism with p = 1.248
V1
Master Course
18
This lecture was prepared for the Edition 1 of SUSCOS

(2012/14) by RUI SIMES (UC) and FLOREA DINU (UPT).
Adaptations brought by J.P. Jaspart (Ulg)

for Edition 2 of SUSCOS
The SUSCOS powerpoints are covered by copyright and are for the exclusive
use by the SUSCOS teachers in the framework of this Erasmus Mundus Master.
They may be improved by the various teachers throughout the different editions.
Thank you
for your attention
http://steel.fsv.cvut.cz/suscos

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Conceptual Design of Buildings

(Course unit code 1C2)

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Module A Structural Analysis

deformability and stiffness of the structure and supports;

ii) strength and stiffness of joints;

The understanding of the influence of all these effects is fundamental

for a certain structure.

Module A Structural Analysis

Global elastic (linear) analysis

European Erasmus Mundus

Module A Structural Analysis

European Erasmus Mundus

L2 Global analysis of steel structures - Elastic analysis and plastic analysis.

Module A Structural Analysis

Linear elastic analysis

Load-displacement curve for elastic and plastic analysis

Module A Structural Analysis

In terms of number of support reactions (or internal restrictions), structures

Module A Structural Analysis

Global elastic analysis

Global plastic analysis

- Hyperstatic structure A structure with more than the minimum number of

L2 Global analysis of steel structures - Elastic analysis and plastic analysis.

Module A Structural Analysis

European Erasmus Mundus

- How to perform a global linear elastic analysis of a structure?

It is easy, even by hand calculation, in isostatic structures, because it is

In hyperstatic structures, it is needed more complex methods such as

The bending stiffness is a fundamental parameter in the analysis of

In an elastic analysis the distribution of internal forces is

L2 Global analysis of steel structures - Elastic analysis and plastic analysis.

Module A Structural Analysis

- Influence of bending stiffness in the elastic analysis of a hyperstatic frame

Columns HEA 260 in both models (EI = 210x106x10450x10-8=21945 kN/m2)

Beams IPE 600

(EI= 210x106x8356x10-8=17547.6 kN/m2)

(EI= 210x106x92080x10-8=193368 kN/m2)

European Erasmus Mundus

Bending moment diagram

Bending moment diagram

L2 Global analysis of steel structures - Elastic analysis and plastic analysis.

Module A Structural Analysis

- How to perform an global plastic (non-linear) analysis of a structure?

- Global plastic analysis may be performed by one of the two

European Erasmus Mundus

Cinematic method (also designated by mechanism method) comprise three

Module A Structural Analysis

Cinematic method (continuation):

European Erasmus Mundus

Module A Structural Analysis

a) Elastic global analysis

European Erasmus Mundus

Pre-design bending moment

Elastic bending moment diagram

Module A Structural Analysis

This is the correct mechanism as the

= 2, so it is required 3 plastic hinges

European Erasmus Mundus

Pre-design bending moment

Plastic bending moment diagram

Module A Structural Analysis

a) Elastic global analysis;