LRCW3

Late Roman Coarse Wares,

Cooking Wares and Amphorae
in the Mediterranean
Archaeology and archaeometry
Comparison between western and eastern
Mediterranean
Edited by

Simonetta Menchelli, Sara Santoro,

Marinella Pasquinucci and Gabriella Guiducci

Volume II

BAR International Series 2185 (II)

2010

Published by
Archaeopress
Publishers of British Archaeological Reports
Gordon House
276 Banbury Road
Oxford OX2 7ED
England
bar@archaeopress.com
www.archaeopress.com

BAR S2185 (II)

LRCW3 Late Roman Coarse Wares, Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean: Archaeology
and archaeometry. Comparison between western and eastern Mediterranean. Volume II.
Archaeopress and the individual authors 2010
Cover illustration : Eratosthenes map (drawing by Giulia Picchi, Pisa, after G. Dragoni, Eratostene e l'apogeo della scienza

greca, Bologna 1979, p.110).

Papers editing: Giulia Picchi, Pisa

ISBN 978 1 4073 0736 7 (complete set of two volumes)

978 1 4073 0734 3 (volume I)
978 1 4073 0735 0 (this volume)
Printed in England by Blenheim Colour Ltd
All BAR titles are available from:
Hadrian Books Ltd
122 Banbury Road
Oxford
OX2 7BP
England
www.hadrianbooks.co.uk

The current BAR catalogue with details of all titles in print, prices and means of payment is available
free from Hadrian Books or may be downloaded from www.archaeopress.com

TRADE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE MEDITERRANEAN AND THE BLACK SEA REGION
IN THE 3RD6TH CENTURIES A.D. IN THE LIGHT OF CERAMIC ARTIFACTS
ELENA KLENINA
National Preserve Chersonesos of Taurica, str. Drevnaja, 1, Sevastopol 99045, Ukraine (klenina_e@yahoo.com)
The object of this paper is an attempt to identify certain commercial links between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea region in
the 3rd6th centuries AD based on ceramic finds in Novae and Chersonesus. The economy began to focus on regional markets in the
3rd4th centuries. Besides local products, the amphorae encountered in late Antique contexts in the cities of the northern coast of the
Black Sea include vessels used for the transportation of wine and olive oil from Heraclea Pontica, island of Chios, unidentified centers in the Aegean and Asia Minor, North-Eastern Italy and Spain. The intensity of trade relations between the Western and Eastern
Mediterranean increased in the 5th century. Wine and perhaps oil were brought to the coast of the Black Sea in Levantine amphorae
of types LRA 1, LRA 4 and LRA 5. In the 5th century cities of the north-western coast of the Black Sea engaged in a lively trade with
northern Africa.
KEYWORDS: TRADE, NOVAE, CHERSONESUS, AMPHORAE, MEDITERRANEAN, BLACK SEA.
The object of the paper is an attempt to identify certain commercial links between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea
region in the 3rd6th centuries A.D. based on the finds of pottery in Novae (Moesia Secunda, south bank of the Danube,
northern Bulgaria) and Chersonesus (Crimea, southern
Ukraine). (Fig. 1)
The economic crisis and political instability of Late Antiquity
affected trade relations in the north-eastern part of the Roman
Empire, as the economy relied to an increasing degree on local
and regional resources. The selection of trade partners by the
cities of Novae and Chersonesus may yield valuable conclusions through a study of their similarities and differences. Many
exchange links were long-standing, historical, geo-political
ones and continued to be maintained for several centuries, whereas others were established as the market responded to new
political developments and the concomitant economic trends.
During the initial period of its existence, the military camp of
Novae was supplied entirely from the western provinces. The
economic prosperity of the 2nd century A.D. made it possible to
supply the camp with provisions of local origin and from the
eastern Mediterranean. Wine, meat and grain came from regional sources. Olive oil was supplied to the market from
Chios, fish sauces from the northern Black Sea region, and wine
from the Black Sea and the Aegean regions.
It is not surprising that among the ceramic material of Novae,
fragments of local amphorae are found in significant numbers in
the layers of the 3rd4th centuries. The amphorae of Dyczek
type 30 (Dyczek 2001, 225-228) were used to transport local
wine to Novae. (Fig. 2/1) The vessels were made of pale brown
or light red-brown clay (Munsell 5YR 6/8, 7.5 YR 6/8) with a
brown or red-brown slip on the surface. From the second half of
the 2nd century A.D. to the end of the 4th century A.D., these
amphorae were produced on a large scale in workshops near
Nicopolis-ad-Istrum (modern towns Hotnica, Butovo and Pavlikeni). Amphorae of this type were originally used for export to
Novae, Nicopolis-ad-Istrum and Troesmis. A similar form is
known from Upper Moesia (Bjelajac 1996, 99-100).
Local amphorae of another similar shape (Dyzcek type 34) were
also used to transport local wine. (Fig. 2/2) Their distinctive
features were round handles, grooves on their entire surfaces

and a twist around their axes. These vessels were made of redbrown clay (Munsell 2.5YR 5/6, 5YR 4/1) with a brown or redbrown slip on the surface. This type of amphora must have been
produced in many local workshops, the principal shape being
appearing in a plethora of variants. The fabric of both types
(types 30 and 34) contained fine sand and mica, as well as rare
quantities of lime. Type 34 was apparently produced in Butovo
near Nicopolis-ad-Istrum at the second half of the 2nd century
A.D. In Novae, the amphorae occur from the beginning of the
3rd century. Similar types produced in various workshops occurred up to the 6th century A.D. Local wine accounted for
about 67% of the total wine consumed in the 3rd4th centuries
A.D.
From the 4th century B.C. in Chersonesus amphorae were made
to transport local wine. The production of the local amphorae
ceased at the end of the 2nd century B.C. In the Roman period,
the main suppliers of wine and salsamenta became cities of the
Bosporus (Pantikapaion and Mirmeki). Amphorae from the
Bosporus account for 5860% in the assemblages of the 2nd
3rd centuries A.D. Amphorae which appear to belong to Zeest
types 72 and 73 (Zeest 1960, 111-112; type 72 = Dyczek type
31: Dyczek 2001, 228-233) are found in the Kingdom of the
Bosporus and the cities of the northern coast of the Black Sea
(Chersonesus, Tanais, Olbia and Scythian Neapolis) (Klenina
2000, 131-132; 2004, 21, 23-24). (Fig. 4/1-3) The fabric is redbrown and red-orange in color (Munsell 5YR 6/8, 2.5YR 6/85/8, 10R 7/85/8) with inclusions of lime, fine sand, grog and
iron ore. The outer surface bears a white coat. The date of these
amphorae is from the mid-2nd to the mid-3rd century A.D.
They were found during an underwater survey near Sozopol
(Bulgaria). Amphorae of type 72 are relatively rare in Novae,
Histria and Kavarna (Dyczek 2001, 231). An amphora of type
73 was found on Crete in a layer of the mid-3rd century (Hayes
1983, 155; Sackett 1992, 255). For finds of the same Bosphoran
amphorae in Beirut, see Reynolds (this volume).
Among the amphorae used for the transport of wine in Novae
and Chersonesus, the second most common were those of Dyczek type 18, more commonly known as Kapitn II (also Peacock
and Williams 1986, 193, Class 47). These represent about 14%
of the total amphora fragments in the layers of the 3rd4th centuries A.D. in Novae. The fabric is orange-red, brown, redbrown and orange-brown in color (Munsell 2.5YR 5/8, 5YR

1005

LRCW3
6/6, 7/6, 7.5YR 7/6, 5/6, 8/4, 6/6) with inclusions of quartz,
mica, lime and red or red-brown grog. In Keays opinion (1984,
137, 461), the same features were characteristic of amphorae
from workshops on Cos. Reynolds (in this volume) argues for a
Black Sea rather than Aegean origin for the type. Many scholars believe that the amphorae were used to transport wine. At
Novae, amphorae of type 18 were found in layers of the 3rd4th
centuries A.D. as well as in the filling of the beginning and the
first half of the 5th century. (Fig. 3/1-4) Fragments of amphorae
of type 18 were found in significant quantities in the 3rd-4th
A.D. century layers excavated in Chersonesus and its chora.
(Fig. 3/5-9) These amphorae occur all over the Roman Empire,
from Britain and Gaul to the coast of the Black Sea (Dyczek
2001, 141-143; Klenina 2004, 26-27).
Amphorae of Dyczek types 28 and 29 (= Shelov types C and D:
Shelov 1978, 17-18) with a narrow neck were among the
most frequent containers in the Black Sea region. The fabric is
pale red or pale brown (Munsell 2.5Y 8/2-8/3, 7.5YR 6/6, 8/38/4), with sand and grains of pyroxenes. The containers were
produced in Heraclea Pontica and used for the transportation of
wine (Arseneva, Kassab Tezgr and Naumenko 1997, 187).
Heraclea Pontica was one of the oldest trade partners of Chersonesus, from the Hellenistic period. This type of amphora was
widely distributed in the north-western and southern parts of the
Black Sea (Chersonesus, Bosporus, Olbia, Tanais, Tomi,
Troesmis, Histria, Odessos and Callatis) and up to the southern
region of the forest zone of Upper and Lower Moesia (Noviodunum and Novae). The vessels were exported on a small scale
to the Mediterranean (Athens, Corinth, Crete and Ostia) (Klenina 2004, 32-34). In Novae and Chersonesus, these containers
appear in the levels of the 2nd3nd century and, at Chersonesus
a fill of the 4th century. (Fig. 2/3-9) Later, type D evolved into
type E in Shelovs typology and was produced up to the end of
the 4th century A.D. Amphorae of type E are found in Chersonesus. It seems that Heraclea Pontica ceased to export wine to
Novae in the 3rd century A.D.
Rare and more expensive types of wine appeared on the northern coast of the Black Sea only in negligible amounts. Presumably, these were shipments to personal orders.
Amphorae of Dyczek type 23, produced in a location in Western
Asia Minor, constitute a highly distinctive category. S. J. Keay
indicated an area near Sardis as a centre of their production
(Keay 1984, 287). The dating of amphora Dyczek type 23 is
between the mid-1st and late 4th centuries A.D. The dipinti on
amphorae of this variant provide evidence that the vessels contained sweet wine. They began to be imported to Chersonesus
and Novae, albeit in small quantities, in the first half of the 2nd
century A.D. (Fig. 2/10) The fabric is pale brown and redbrown, rarely brown-gray, with quartz and abundant mica. Type
23a was common in the northern-western Black Sea region
(Chersonesus, Olbia, Kingdom of the Bosporus, Tanais, Odessos and Histria), Scythia, Upper and Lower Moesia (Novae),
the Aegean and Crete (Klenina 2004, 31-32). Dyczek type 23b,
more commonly known as (Carthage) LRA 3, with two small
handles and a narrow ribbed foot with a pipe-like toe, is dated
to between the late 4th and the 6th century A.D. In Novae, amphorae of type 23b with a hollow foot, dated to the end of the
4thsecond quarter of the 6th century A.D., are quite rare. They
are widely distributed in the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions (Riley 1983, 229; Keay 1984, 286-287; Dyczek 1999,
131-132; Golofast 2001, 102; Opai 2004, 13-14; Pieri 2005).
Amphorae of the pinched-handle type (Dyczek type 22; Agora
G 199) are rarely encountered in the Black Sea region. The

fabric is red and dark red in color, with lime, sand, grog and
mica. The outer surface is covered with a white or creamish
coating. The amphorae were made of two or three different
types of fabric. The form was made in western Cilicia (Anamur
or Gazipasha) and probably also in western Cyprus. They were
used to transport sweet wine/passum during the 1st4th century
A.D. They have been identified in the Black Sea region only in
Novae, Chersonesus and Tanais in levels of the 3rd4th century
A.D.
Forlimpopoli amphorae (Dyzcek type 5; Dyczek 2001, 78-80)
were produced in north-eastern Italy from the late 1st till the
middle and the third quarter of the 3rd century A.D. The fabric
is pale brown, with lime, sand and mica. The outer surface is
often covered with a light coating. These amphorae are generally thought to have carried wine. Finds are rare in Novae, Chersonesus and Tanais in 2nd3rd century A.D. levels (Klenina
2000, 129; Paczyska and Naumenko 2004, 310). (Fig. 2/11)
The primary source of olive oil may have been Chios. Fragments of amphorae of Dyczek type 25 (Dyczek 2001: 173-194),
LRA 2 and its predecessors, produced on Chios and Cos (see
Poulou and Didioumi, this volume), were widely distributed in
the Black Sea and Aegean in the 1st7th centuries. The fabric is
red and contains lime. The outer surface was covered with a
light coating. The amphorae were used to transport wine, olive
oil and resin (Keay 1984, 354; Dyczek 1999, 151; 2001, 193;
Opai 2004, 12). The necks were closed with lids designed especially for such amphorae. The earliest variant of the containers in Novae has been found in an early 2nd century A.D. context (Klenina 1998, 175-176). The foodstuff stored in these
amphorae continued to be exported to Novae till the 7th century. (Fig. 5/1-7; 6) Many amphorae of type 25b (= LRA 2)
feature dipinti on the body and neck with information of the
container volume and Christian symbols (crosses or Chi-Rhos).
Amphorae of type 25 occurred commonly in the northern Black
Sea region, including Chersonesus Taurica, from the 1st to the
7th century A.D. (Uentsev and Jurochkin 1998, 100-107; Romanchuk et al. 1995, 38; Golofast 2001, 102; Klenina 2004, 2728; Szczelecki et al. 2005, 55, 66;). (Fig. 5/8-9) Amphorae of
type 25b appear frequently in the levels of the late 4thlate 6th
century A.D. in Moesia I and Moesia II (Dyczek 1999, 136143; Bttger 1982, 38-42). In Scythia, they are found in the
layers dated to between the beginning of the 4th and mid-7th
century A.D. (Opai 2004, 10-11). Type 25b occurs in the layers of the late 4th century in Athens (Robinson 1959: M272). In
Berenice, amphorae of this type have been found are rare in
assemblages of the 5thearly 6th century (Riley 1983, 217).
In the 5th6th centuries, long-distance trade became more
marked. Olive oil, wine and fish products were brought from
the region of Syria and Palestine, Cyprus and Northern Africa.
LRA 1 were the most common and widely distributed amphorae
in the Mediterranean from the 5th century onwards. Production
sites are known both in Cilicia and Cyprus (Burragato et al.
2007, 689-695; Reynolds 2005; Pieri 2005). Their content is
much disputed, but evidence is stronger that they carried wine
(Pieri 2005). In Novae, these amphorae occurred from the first
half of the 5th till the early 7th century A.D, being common in
6th century levels. (Fig. 7/1) Probably significant in this respect, in 536, the quaestura exercitus was created, uniting the
provinces of Moesia II and Scythia with Caria, the Cyclades
and Cyprus. The purpose of this organization was to facilitate
the supply of the annona militaris to the frontier garrisons on
the Lower Danube. In Scythia, Moesia I and Moesia II, this type
was common from the early 5th to the first quarter of the 7th

1006

E. J. KLENINA: TRADE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE MEDITERRANEAN AND THE BLACK SEA REGION
century (Kuzmanov 1985, 18; Bjelajac 1996, 72-75; Opai
2004, 8-10). In Chersonesus Taurica, it appears in the levels of
the second quarter of the 6th - third quarter of the 7th century
(580670) (Romanchuk et al. 1995, 30; Sazanov 1999, 270271; Golofast 2001, 101). (Fig. 7/2)
LRA 4 (=Benghazi LRA3) were produced in southern Palestine,
in the region of Gaza, in the 4th7th centuries. This type is a
continuation of an earlier type from the 1st3rd centuries (Peacock and Williams 1986, 198-199; Majcherek 1995, 163-166;
Reynolds 2005, 574-575). The amphorae were used to transport
wine (Riley 1983, 220; Opai 2004, 22; Pieri 2005). In Novae,
this type of amphorae has been found predominantly in layers
of the second half of the 5th to 6th centuries. (Fig. 7/3) Containers of this type occurred widely in Moesia I, Moesia II and
Scythia from the 6th to the early 7th century (Scorpan 1977,
280; Kuzmanov 1985, 12; Bjelajac 1996, 50; Opai 2004, 2022). In Iatrus, fragments of amphorae of this type have been
found in a layer of the 6th cent. (Bttger 1982, 140, No. 554;
Conrad 1999, 183-184). In Chersonesus, these amphorae have
been found in the levels of the late 6thfirst quarter of the 7th
century (Romanchuk, Sazanov and Sedikova 1995, 21) (Fig.
7/4).
LRA 5 were produced in Palestine. The amphorae are primarily
associated with wine production. In Novae, they have been
found in levels of the early 5thmid-6th century. (Fig. 7/5) Containers of this type were widely distributed in Moesia I, Moesia
II and Scythia in the 6th century (Kuzmanov 1985, 12; Bjelajac
1996, 50; Opai 2004, 23). In Chersonesus, they have been
discovered in assemblages from between the third quarter of the
6th and the first half of the 7th century (Romanchuk et al. 1995,
2223 (type 1); Golofast 2001, 110). (Fig. 7/6)
North African and Spanish amphorae occur in a small percentage in the Black Sea market. Trade relations between Northern
Africa and Black Sea region became development in the 5th-6th
century. The North African containers were especially presented in Tomis (Scythia). It seems more likely that Tomis was
the centre of diffusion of the amphorae on the Lower Danube
and Northern Black Sea regions (Novae, Jatrus, Nicopolis-adIstrum, Chersonesos).
Fragments of amphorae of type Keay 8B (i.e. for African amphorae, see Keay 1984) have been found in the layers of the
second half of the 5thearly 6th century A.D. in Novae in an
insignificant amount. (Fig. 4/4) There are parallels in Tomis
(Scythia) (Opai 2004, 36). They are dated to the 5th century
A.D.
In Novae (Fig. 4/5) and Chersonesus, fragments of amphorae
type 25.2, transporting fish products and olive oil (Bonifay
2004, 119-123), have been found in an insignificant amount in
the levels of the end of the 5th century (Sazanov 1999a, 243).
In Novae, amphorae of Keay 59 to be produced in the end of the
4th century until the 5th6th century (Bonifay 2004, 132) have
been found in the levels of the 5th century. (Fig. 4/6)
In Novae, fragments of the amphorae type 61A have been found
in the context of the 5th century A.D. (Fig. 4/7) The vessels are
dated to end of the 6th second half of the 7th century A.D.
and possibly used to transport olive oil (Bonifay 2004, 141).

produced and exported until mid-6th century. There are parallels in Ditchin (Moesia II), Tomis (Scythia) (Opai 2004, 34, 99100; Swan 2004, 375). In Novae, fragments of amphorae of
type 62Q have been found in an insignificant amount in the
distraction levels of 475-480 A.D. (Fig. 4/9-10) The context of
the specimens from Chersonesus is unknown. (Fig. 4/11)
Amphorae of Keay 19A (Keay 1984: 156160) were produced
in southern Spain from the end-3rd century and used to transport fish. In Novae, they have been found in the levels of the
4th century A.D., but are rare. (Fig. 4/8) They appear in Beirut
from the mid-4th to 5th century (Reynolds 2000; Reynolds in
this volume).
Thus, commercial relations between the cities of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea region resulted from the provision of
basic foodstuffs. Long-range trade became somehow less extensive in the 3rd4th centuries, as the economy began to focus on
regional markets. A high percentage (5060%) of the amphorae
encountered in contexts of that period were locally made and
intended for the transportation of local produce. As a rule, these
vessels did not travel outside their region, and accordingly do
not occur in other areas of the Mediterranean. Beside local
products, the amphorae encountered in late Antique layers in
the cities of the northern coast of the Black Sea (Dyczek types
18, 23, 28 and 29) include vessels used for the transportation of
wine from Heraclea Pontica and unidentified centers in the
Aegean and on the western coast of Asia Minor. A negligible
amount of foodstuffs came to the coast of the Black Sea from
the Eastern Mediterranean (Cilicia and Cyprus) in pinchedhandle amphorae (Dyczek type 22). A fairly rare find in the
cities of the northern coast of the Black Sea are containers (forlimpopoli amphorae) used for the importation of wine (and
possibly fish sauce) from North-Eastern Italy in the 3rd and 4th
centuries. The essential supplier of olive oil and resin to the
Black Sea region after the 1st2nd centuries were the islands of
Chios and Cos (type 25). These supplies continued until the
early 7th century. Small amounts of olive oil were imported to
Novae from Spain in Dressel 20 amphorae in the 1st3rd centuries, and in those of Keay type 19A in the 4th5th cent. No amphorae of Spanish origin have been found in Chersonesus so
far.
The intensity of trade relations between the Western and Eastern Mediterranean increased in the 5th century. Particularly
strong relations developed with the region of Syria and Palestine, and Cyprus. Olive oil, wine and possibly also fish sauce
were brought to the coast of the Black Sea in amphorae of types
LRA 1, LRA 4 and LRA 5. This exchange lasted until the early
7th century. In the 5th century, cities of the western coast of the
Black Sea, including Novae, engaged in a lively trade with
Tunisia and northern Africa. Although the scope of the trade
was rather limited, in the first half of the 5th century provisions
(fish sauce and olive oil) were regularly imported in amphorae
of Keay 25.2 and 59. Between the second half of the 5th and
mid-6th century, olive oil was brought into the same area in
amphorae of Keay 8A, 61A and 62Q. The most common in the
region of the Black Sea were amphorae of Keay 25.2 and 62Q,
which have been identified in Novae and Chersonesus. It remains to be expected that further study will reveal more details
of the trade relations between the cities of the Black Sea region
and the Mediterranean.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Amphorae of type 62Q were produced in Northern Africa and

possibly used to transport olive oil. Such vessels began to be
made about the second quarter of the 5th century, and were

Arseneva, N., Kassab Tezgr, D. and Naumenko, S., 1997, Un

depotoir datelier damphores pate claire. Commerce

1007

LRCW3
entre Heracle du pont et Tanas a lpoque romaine,
Anatolia Antiqua V, 187-197.
Bjelajac, Lj., 1996, Amfore Gornjo Mezijskog Podunavlja,
Beograd.
Bonifay, M., 2004, tudes sur la cramique romaine tardive
dAfrique, BAR Int. Ser. 1301, Oxford.
Bttger, B., 1982, Die Gefkeramik aus dem Kastell Iatrus,
Iatrus-Krivina.
Sptantike
Befestigung
und
frhmittelalterlich Siedlung an der underen Donau, Band
II, 33-148, Berlin.
Burragato, F., Di Nezza, M., Ferrazzoli, A.F. and Ricci, M.,
2007, Late Roman 1 amphorae types produced at Elaiussa
Sebaste, in LRCW 2, 689-700.
Conrad, S., 1999, Zu Typologie und Funktionsbestimmung der
Amphoren aus dem Kastell Iatrus, in Der Limes an der
underen Donau von Diokletian bis Heraclios (Eds. G. von
Blow and A. Mileva), 175-188, Sofia.
Dyczek, P., 1999, Amfory rzymskie z obszaru dolnego Dunaju.
Dystrybucja amfor i transportowanych w nich produktw
w I-III w.po Chr., Warszawa.
Dyczek, P., 2001, Roman amphorae of the 1st 3rd centuries
AD found on the Lower Danube. Typology, Warszawa.
Golofast, L.A., 2001, Glass from early Byzantine Chersonesos,
in Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of
Tauria 8, 97-260, Simferopol (in Russian).
Hayes, J.W., 1983, The Villa Dionysos excavations, Knossos:
The Pottery, The Annual of the British School at Athens
78, 97-169.
Keay, S.J., 1984, Late Roman Amphorae in the Western Mediterranean. A typology and economic study: the Catalan
evidence, BAR Int. Ser. 196, Oxford.
Klenina, .Yu., 1998, Tarnaya keramika I v. i principae v
Novae. Zasp yam 4, Novensia 11, 175-181, Warszawa.
Klenina, .Yu., 2000, Amphoren and Fsser. Kchengefe, in
Balaklava. Rmische Militrstation and Heiligtum des
Jupiter Dolichenus, wiatowit Suppl. Series A. Antiquity V
(Eds. . Sarnowski and .Ja. Savelya), 123-140, Warsaw.
Klenina, .Yu., 2004, Ceramic vessels from the 2nd 3rd centuries in the villa rustica Bliniecy (the chora of Tauric
Chersonesos), Pozna, (in Russian).
Kuzmanov, G., 1985, Rannevizantiska keramika ot Trakia i
Dakia (IV nachaloto na VII v.), Raskopki i prouchvaniya 13, Sofia.
Majcherek, G., 1995, Gazan Amphorae: Typology Reconsidered, in Hellenistic and Roman Pottery in the Eastern
Mediterranean, The second Workshop at Nieborw, 163178, Warszawa.
Opai, A., 2004, Local and Imported Ceramics in the Roman
Province of Scythia (4th 6th centuries AD), BAR Int.
Ser. 1274, Oxford.
Paczyska, K. and Naumenko, S., 2004, Forlimpopoli Amphorae at Tanais in the Second and Third Centuries A.D., in
Transport Amphorae and Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean, International Colloquium at the Danish Institute
(Athens 2002) (Eds. J. Lund and J. Eiring), Monographs of
the Danish Institute at Athens 5, 309-312, rhus.
Peacock, D.P.S., and Williams, D.F., 1986, Amphorae and the
Roman economy, London.

Pieri, D., 2005, Le commerce du vin oriental lpoque

byzantine (Ve-VIIe sicles). Le tmoignage des amphores
en Gaule, Institut Franais du Proche-Orient, Bibliothque
Archologique et Historique 174, Beirut.
Reynolds, P., 2000, Baetican, Lusitanian and Tarraconensian
amphorae in classical Beirut: some preliminary observations of trends in amphora imports from the western Mediterranean in the Anglo-Lebanese excavations in Beirut
(BEY 006, 007 and 045), in Congreso Internacional Ex
Baetica Amphorae (Sevilla-cija 1998), 1035-1065, cija.
Reynolds, P., 2005, Levantine amphorae from Cilicia to Gaza: a
typology and analysis of regional production trends from
the 1st to 7th centuries, in LRCW I, 563-611.
Riley, J.A., 1983, Coarse Pottery, in Excavations at Sidi Khrebish Benghazi (Berenice) II (= Supplement to Libya Antiqua V), 91-467, Tripoli.
Robinson, H.S., 1959, The Athenian Agora V. Pottery of the
Roman period. Chronology, Princeton.
Romanchuk, .I., Sazanov, .V. and Sedikova, L.V., 1995,
Amfor i kompleksov vizantiskogo Khersonesa, Ekaterinburg.
Sackett, L.H., 1992, Roman Pottery, in Knossos. From Greek
City to Roman Colony. Excavations at the Unexplored
Mansion II, 148-256, Oxford.
Sazanov, A.V., 1999, Les amphores La 1 Carthage dans la
region de la Mer Noire (typologie et chronologie: Ve-VIIe
s.apr.J.-C.), in Production et commerce des amphores anciennes en Mer Noire (ed. Y. Garlan), 265-278, Aix-enProvence.
Sazanov, A.V., 1999a, Keramicheskie kompleks Severnogo
Prichernomorya vtoro polovin IV V vv., in Problem
istorii, filologii, kultur 7, 224-294, MoscowMagnitogorsk.
Scorpan, C., 1977, Contribution la connaissance de certains
types cramiques romano-byzantins (IVe - VIIe sicles)
dans l'space Istro-Pontique, Dacia 21, 269-297.
Shelov, D.B., 1978, Uzkogorle svetloglinyane amfor
pervch vekov nashej ry. Klassifikaciya i chronologiya,
Kratkie soobsheniya Instituta Archeologii 156, 17-19.
Szczelecki, S.F., Vsotsraya, T.N., Ryova, L.A. and estkova,
G.I., 2005, Naselenie okrugi Khersonesa v pervo polovine
I tsyacheletiya novo ry (po materialam nekropolya
Sovkho 10), Stratum plus 4, 2003-2004.
Swan, V.G., Dichin (Bulgaria) and the Supply of Amphorae to
the Lower Danube in the Late Roman-Early Byzantine Period, in Transport Amphorae and Trade in the Eastern
Mediterranean, International Colloquium at the Danish Institute (Athens 2002) (Eds. J. Lund and J. Eiring), Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 5, 375-382, rhus.
Uentsev, V.B. and Jurochkin V.Yu., 1998, Amfor s
voronkovidnm
gorlom
iz
Prichernomorya,
in
Khersonesski sbornik 9, 100-109, Sevastopol.
Williams, D.F., 2005, An integrated archaeometric approach to
ceramic fabric recognition. A study case on Late Roman
Amphorae 1 from the Eastern Mediterranean, in LRCW I,
613-624.
Zeest, I.B., 1960, Keramicheskaya tara Bospora, Materialy i
issledovaniya po archeologii SSSR 83, Moscow.

1008

E. J. KLENINA: TRADE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE MEDITERRANEAN AND THE BLACK SEA REGION

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

1009

LRCW3

Fig. 3.

1010

E. J. KLENINA: TRADE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE MEDITERRANEAN AND THE BLACK SEA REGION

Fig. 4.

1011

LRCW3

Fig. 5.

1012

E. J. KLENINA: TRADE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE MEDITERRANEAN AND THE BLACK SEA REGION

Fig. 6.

1013

LRCW3

Fig. 7.

1014