The theory of evolution is about how and why organisms have changed over time. What actually changes is allele frequency (the relative frequency of a particular allele in a population), New alleles arise from random changes in the DNA which makes up genes (gene mutations) and create variation within the population. Once a gene mutation has appeared itis acted upon by the selection pressures in the enwironment. i. [Con Ss Ty Rear Avoid writing phrases ike ‘survival ofthe ftest’ and ‘struggle for existence’. They will get you no marks without proper explanation, EB A sctmanin ncn Tease as y ‘ te naga a a. as “trunks those moths that were lighter were more key tobe spotted by bids and eaten a aes Aa. MA to reproduce and so the alleles wore passed onto the next generation ‘natural selection in peppered moths. Speciation Hf the ideas put forward above were all that was involved, species would change but there would be no new species. In order for a new species to form, part of an existing population must become reproduetively isolated from another part. This usually Over time, natural selection may cause the different parts of the population to change to such an extent that they can no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring and this makes them two or more different species, i happens when a barrier comes between two or more parts of an existing population. Explanation Populations occupy different habrats in the same area 0 do not meet to breed Species exist in the samme area But are active for reproduction at aifferent times. The reproductive organs no longer fit togeth | Populations do not respond to each other's reproductive displays ‘temporal isolation ‘mechanical isolation behavioural isolation | gametic isolation | Male and female gametes from two populations are ' \ : simpy inca with each oh ' Posuygotc reproductive bariers Explanation i yond tery Hey ids prodced rom the mating oft | different species cannot thernsalves reproduce (e.g 2g Z ae the mute hybrid inviabilty Individuals produced from the mating of two different | i species ae not heathy and do not sunive. zx Green Book 5.4 Orange Book 5.7evidence 's theory was very controversial in its day and stil is for some people. There are pew types of evidence supporting the theory available to us: The DNA molecule is the same in all organisms. This supports Darwin's idea of escent from a common ancestor. [DNA and proteins contain a record of genetic changes that have occurred by random mutations over time, indicating gradual change within and between ‘spe0es. By studying DNA (genomics) and proteins (proteomics) these changes can bbe identified. Comparing the DNA or amino acid sequences in different species can show how closely related species are in evolutionary terms, The more similar the sequence, the more closely related the species. Assessing the speed of mutation in DNA has shown that species have evolved over ‘2st periods of time, as Darwin thought. lidating evidence ‘new evidence must be carefully studied before it can be accepted. The scientific has three key aspects which try to ensure reliability and validity: dedicated scientific journals peer review ‘SCentific conferences. ‘are thousands of scientific journals published worldwide. Any research carried must be published in at least one of these so that it can be read by other However, before it even gets to this stage it has to undergo a process called review, The editor of the journal sends a potential paper to two or three other in the same area of work. They generally ask: ‘© the paper valid? (Are the conclusions based on good methods and are the data peteble?) ‘5 the paper significant? (The paper must make a useful addition to the existing ‘Body of scientific knowledge.) ‘is the paper original? (Or has someone else already done the same work?) | the other scientists agree that the paper is all these things can it be published. 1ces allow scientists to set out their ideas in front of other people who work “he same field. The suggestions can be assessed but there is no need to go through peer review process eee = What must accur for speciation to take place? Why is survival of the fittest not enough for evolution to happen? Camar {1 Wiliam Wilberforce was a fierce crite of Charles Darwin. He sod the argument that no new species had ever been seen to arise. Even in dogs, where cross breeding ad boon prevented for many generations the different reeds were still able ‘tp reproduce with each other, ie. they were the same species. Why does this not show that Darwin's theory is incorrect?Topic 5: On the wild side New evidence Darwin's theory was very controversial in its day and stil is for some people. There are RoW new types of evidence supporting the theory available to us: + The DNA molecule is the same in all organisms. This supports Darwin's idea of descent from a common ancestor. ‘+ DNA and proteins contain a record of genetic changes that have occurred by | random mutations over time, indicating gradual change within and between species. By studying DNA (genomics) and proteins (proteomics) these changes can be identified. Comparing the DNA or amino acid sequences in different species can show how closely related species are in evolutionary terms, The more similar the sequence, the more closely related the species. ‘+ Assessing the'speed of mutation in DNA has shown that species have evolved over ‘vast periods of time, as Darwin thought. Validating evidence Any new evidence must be carefully studied before it can be accepted. The scientific process has three key aspects which try to ensure reliability and validity: * dedicated scientific journals * peer review * scientific conferences. ‘There are thousands of scientific journals published worldwide. Any research carried | ‘out must be published in at least one of these so that it can be read by other scientists. However, before it even gets to this stage it has to undergo a process called peer review. The editor of the journal sends a potential paper to two or three other. scientists in the same area of work. They generally ask: ‘+ Is the paper valid? (Are the conclusions based on good methods and are the data reliable?) ce aL TULST a + [s the paper significant? (The paper must make a useful addition to the existing body of scientific knowledge.) (1 Wiliam Wilberforce was a fierce * Is the paper original? (Or has someone else already done the sarne work?) a oes pee te sed tha argument ‘Only if the other scientists agree that the paper is all these things can it be published. ‘eaatiee’hod ave been Conferences allow scientists to set out their ideas in front of other people who work arise. Even in dogs, where crass. m the same field. The suggestions can be assessed but there is no need to go through hanna fied Goat piaveried| ‘the peer review process. for many generations, the different breeds were stil abla COUNT toc tL they were the same species. 7 Why does this not show that 2 Why is survival of the fittest not enough for evolution to happen? Darwin's theory is incorract? Q1 What must occur for speciation to take place?