Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BaigiangTruyenDanVTS PDF
BaigiangTruyenDanVTS PDF
S pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh thng tin v tuyn trong nhng nm qua v d
bo s bng pht ca cng ngh ny trong nhng nm ti s dn ti s thiu ht ngun nhn lc
c trnh v kinh nghim cao trong lnh vc ny. Cc trng i hc trn th gii v ang
nghin cu nhiu chng trnh v bin php c th o to cc chuyn gia v cc k s v
tuyn c trnh cao. Mn hc "Truyn dn v tuyn s" l mt trong s cc mn hc lin quan
n lnh vc cng ngh v tuyn c ging dy ti Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng.
Mc ch cu mn hc ny l cung cp cc kin thc c s v truyn dn v tuyn s sinh vin
c th hc c cc mn tip theo ca cng ngh v tuyn nh: L thuyt tri ph v a truy
nhp, Thng tin v tinh, Thng tin di ng, v cc chuyn t chn.
Cun sch ny bao gm cc bi ging v mn hc "Truyn dn v tuyn s" c bin son
theo chng trnh i hc cng ngh vin thng ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng
cho i tng sinh vin c o to t xa.
.v
du
Cun sch ny c bin son trn c s sinh vin hc cc mn nh: Anten v truyn
sng, v cc mn c s lin quan.
.e
Tc gi
op
en
.p
tit
.v
du
.e
tit
.p
en
op
c im ca truyn dn v tuyn s
Cc bin php khc phc nng cao cht lng truyn dn v tuyn s
B cc gio trnh
1.1.3. Mc ch chng
.v
1.1.2. Hng dn
du
.e
tit
op
en
.p
du
.v
op
en
.p
tit
.e
Mt dng thit b u cui rt tin li v ngy cng ph bin trong tng lai l cc my
v tuyn cm tay. Cc my cm tay ny c th l cc thit b cm tay ca h thng di ng hoc
cc my thoi khng dy s ca mng ni ht. Cc thit b ny c kt ni vi tng i LS qua
ng truyn dn v tuyn s mt t hoc v tinh nh trm thu pht gc v tuyn (BS: Base
Station). Cng ngh c s dng kt ni cc my v tuyn cm tay vi tng i c th l
FDMA, TDMA hoc CDMA. Trong tng lai cc my cm tay v tuyn c th chim 50% cc
my u cui TE.
Ghp knh
Ghp knh
LS
BS
Ghp knh
Ghp knh
TS
BS
LS
TE
TE
Mng ni
ht
Mng ni
ht
RSC
.v
K hiu:
LS: Tng i ni ht,TS: Tng i qu giang
BS: Trm v tuyn gc, H: My cm tay
RSC: B tp trung thu bao xa, TE: Thit b u cui
TE
du
Hnh 1.1. S tng qut m t ng dng truyn dn v tuyn s trong mng vin thng
.e
S d truyn dn v tuyn s ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong mng vin thng hin
nay cng nh trong tng lai v hai li th sau y:
* Linh hot v di ng.
tit
.p
en
op
Chu nh hng ca cc ngun nhiu trong thin nhin: phng in trong kh quyn,
pht x ca cc hnh tinh khc (khi thng tin v tinh)...
10 GHz0,05=0,1GHz
.v
du
T th d trn ta thy rng bng tn cho php truyn dn quang gp 105 ln rng
bng tn truyn dn v tuyn.
.e
.p
tit
en
Ngoi cc u im trn thng tin v tuyn l phng tin thng tin duy nht cho cc chuyn
bay vo cc hnh tinh khc, thng tin o hng, nh v ....
op
du
.v
.e
thc hin phn chia theo tn s ITU-R v cc t chc v tuyn ln khc ca quc t
nh: FCC ca M (Federal Communication Commission: U ban thng tin lin bang), ARIB cu
Nht (Association of Radio Industry and Bussiness: Lin hip kinh doanh v cng nghip v
tuyn) a ra cc khuyn ngh quy hoch tn s. Cc khuyn ngh ny quy nh cc knh tn s
c s dng, khong cch gia cc knh ny, phn cc gia cc knh ... Da trn cc khuyn
ngh ny cc quc gia s quy hoch tn s cho mnh.
tit
en
.p
op
S c thit b
Phn tp tn s
Phn tp phn cc
Phn tp gc
du
.v
dng phn tp th nht ngi ta coi rng xc sut xy ra ng thi phainh hai im
khng tng quan trong khng gian l rt nh. V th nu pha thu ta t hai anten thu hai
im khng tng quan trong khng gian th ta c th lun lun thu c tn hiu tt v bng cc
kt hp (hoc chn) tn hiu gia hai ng truyn ny ta s c mt tn hiu tt.
.e
dng phn tp th hai ngi ta coi rng xc sut xy ra ng thi phainh hai tn s
khng tng quan vi nhau l rt nh. V th nu s dng hai h thng truyn dn s hai tn
s khc th ta c th lun lun thu c tn hiu tt v bng cc kt hp (hoc chn) tn hiu gia
hai ng truyn ny ta s c mt tn hiu tt.
tit
.p
i vi dng phn tp cui cng, lung s cn truyn c chia thnh cc khi bn tin khc
nhau, cc khi bn tin ny c truyn lp mt s thi im khc nhau pha thu c th chn
ra cc khi bn tin tt nht.
en
op
an xen
Ngu nhin ho
Cn bng thch ng
Bin i m ng vo m my
Ti sinh tn hiu s
tit
du
Phi khng vi ng s
.e
M ho knh chng li
.p
en
.v
op
Khuych i cng sut pht n mc cn thit trc khi a pht vo khng trung.
Khuych i tp m nh:
Khuych i tn hiu thu yu trong khi khuych i rt t tp m
.v
Gii m knh
Khuych i v giao in ng s:
.e
du
Bin i m my vo m ng
Phi khng vi ng s
op
en
.p
tit
10
du
.v
.e
H thng anten-phi v cc thit b siu cao tn cho php cc my thu v my pht giao
tip vi mi trng truyn dn v tuyn. Giao din mi trng truyn dn v mt s mch siu
cao tn c kho st cc gio trnh Anten-truyn sng v k thut siu cao tn.
op
en
.p
tit
Cun sch bao gm 7 chng vi kt thc l phn ph lc. Chng th hai xt dng tn
hiu trong truyn dn v tuyn s. Chng 3 xt cc k thut iu ch s. Trong chng ny cc
s v cc tnh nng hiu sut s dng bng tn, xc sut li c xt v so snh cho cc
phng php iu ch khc nhau. Chng bn xt cc phng php m ho knh s dng rng ri
trn cc ng truyn v tuyn s: m ho khi tuyn tnh v m ho xon c xt chng
ny, ngoi ra phng php m ha turbo mi cng c xt trong chng ny. Chng nm c
dnh cho thit b v tuyn s, chng ny xt s tng qut ca thit b v tuyn s, cc phn t
ca thit b v tuyn s. Chng 6 xt phn b tn s v cu hnh ca h thng truyn dn v
tuyn s. Chng 7 phn tch ng truyn v tuyn s v xt cc phng php tnh ton ng
truyn v tuyn s, y l c s thit k cc ng truyn dn v tuyn s.
11
Cc dng hm tn hiu
.v
2.1.3. Mc ch chng
du
2.1.2. Hng dn
tit
.e
.p
en
3) thi gian tn ti hm
op
12
du
.v
Loi bn c phn chia thnh hm kiu nng lng v kiu cng sut:
(2.1)
1
t0 t0
t0 /2
x(t ) dt <
en
Ptb = lim
.p
tit
.e
(2.2)
t0 /2
op
i vi tn hiu tun hon sp(t), vic ly trung bnh trn mt chu k (T1) cng ging nh ly
trung bnh trn ton b thi gian nn:
Ptb = lim
t0
t0
t0 / 2
x(t ) dt <
(2.3)
t0 / 2
13
1
( ) = lim
T T
+T
s (t ) s *(t + )dt
(2.4)
.v
+T
s (t + ) s *(t )dt
(2.5)
du
1
( ) =
T
(2.6)
.p
( ) = F 1[ ( f )]= ( f )e j2 f df
(2.7)
en
op
( f )df +
f1
( f )df
f2
Deleted:
f2
tit
( f ) = F [ ( )]= ( )e-j2 f d
.e
... [1]
( ) =
(2.9)
(2.10)
du
.v
tit
.e
Mt tn hiu ngu nhin (qu trnh ngu nhin) X(t) l tp hp cc bin ngu nhin c
nh ch s theo t. Nu ta c nh t, chng hn t=t1, th X(t1) chnh l mt bin ngu nhin. S th
hin thng k ca cc bin ngu nhin c th c trnh by bng hm mt xc sut (pdf:
Probability density function) lin hp ca chng v s th hin ca mt qu trnh ngu nhin c
th c trnh by bng cc hm mt xc sut (pdf) lin hp ti cc thi im khc nhau. Tuy
nhin trong thc t ta khng cn bit pdf lin hp m ch cn bit thng k bc 1 (trung bnh) v
thng k bc 2 (hm t tng quan l .
Trung bnh ca mt qu trnh ngu nhin X(t) l k vng (trung bnh tp hp) ca X(t):
.p
X (t ) = E [ X (t ) ] =
X (t )
Deleted: (
Deleted:
s(t). Mt ph nng lng cho ta bit nng lng ca mt tn hiu c phn b vng tn s
nh th no. Nng lng ca mt tn hiu bng tch phn ca mt ph nng lng:
( x)dx
Deleted: ad
Deleted: f
Deleted:
(2.11)
en
op
X(t,t+)=E[X(t)X(t+)]
X ( t ) X ( t + )
( x1 , x2 )dx1dx2
(2.12)
Formatted
... [2]
Deleted: g
Deleted: so
... [3]
... [4]
Deleted:
X ( f ) = F [ X ( )]= X ( )e-j2 f d
Formatted
(2.13)
... [5]
Formatted
X ( ) = F 1[ X ( f )]= X ( f )e j2 f df
(2.14)
... [6]
... [7]
Formatted
Formatted
(2.16)
du
.e
16
pT (t kT )
Formatted
... [11]
Deleted: u
Formatted
... [12]
Deleted: u
en
op
A
k =
... [10]
X (t ) =
Formatted
... [9]
Deleted: ng
.p
| f |
e df =2,8W
tit
Gi tr trung bnh thnh phn mt chiu ca X(t) l din tch ca hm Dirac ti tn s f=0 l
0,2W. Cng sut trung bnh cu cc thnh phn fc l 20,3=0,6W. Thnh phn e-|f| tng ng vi
thnh phn khng tun hon ca X(t). Cng sut tng trung bnh l:
0,2+0,6+
Deleted:
.v
... [8]
(2.15)
(2.17)
Formatted
... [14]
... [15]
... [16]
1 nu 0 t T
pT (t ) =
0 nu khc
(2.18)
Lu rng din tch di hm Sinc(x) cng nh din tch di hm Sinc2(x) u bng mt,
ngha l:
( x)dx = 1
(2.19)
A1
A5
A6
A4
A2
A7
Formatted
... [17]
Formatted
... [18]
Formatted
... [19]
Formatted
... [20]
Formatted
... [21]
Deleted: t
tit
x ( ) = E [ X (t ) X (t + )]
Formatted
... [22]
Formatted
... [23]
(2.20)
Formatted
... [24]
Formatted
... [25]
en
.p
Deleted: t
Hnh 2.1. Mt thc hin ca tn hiu nh phn ngu nhin bng gc X(t)
2
A 1 , T
= T
, nu khc
0
2
= A T ( )
Deleted: t
Deleted: t
.e
A1
A3
du
A0
.v
A2
Deleted: t
Deleted: u
op
trong T() c bin i Fourier l TSinc2(fT). Lu rng X(t) l mt tn hiu ngu nhin c
gi tr thc nn X() i xng so vi .
Phng trnh (2.19) cho thy rng X(t) v X(t+) c mc ging nhau nht khi =0;
chng c mc ging nhau nht nh khi 0<<T do mt phn ca bit X(t) ging X(t+). Chng
17
Formatted
... [26]
Formatted
... [27]
Formatted
... [28]
Formatted
... [29]
Formatted
... [30]
Formatted
... [31]
Formatted
... [32]
Formatted
... [33]
Formatted
... [34]
Formatted
... [35]
Formatted
... [36]
X ( f ) = A2TSinc 2 ( fT )
(2.21)
a) Hm tng quan
X ( )
X ( f )
-2
-3
tit
.e
A2T
.v
b) Mt ph cng sut
-T
du
-T
-1
fT
.p
Hnh 2.2. Hm t tng quan v PSD ca tn hiu ngu nhin nh phn X(t)
en
op
c cho thy rng cng sut trung bnh tri rng trn bng tn nu T nh (tng ng vi tc
bit cao ca tn hiu X(t)); n tp trung trn mt bng tn hp nu T ln (tng ng vi tc bit
thp ca tn hiu X(t)).
Deleted:
(2.22)
1
Y ( ) = X ( )cos(2 f c )
2
Y ( f ) =
(2.24)
Khi X(t) l bin nh phn ngu nhin c cho bi phng trnh (2.18), ta c:
A
Y ( ) = T ( )cos(2 f c )
2
(2.25)
A2T
Y ( f ) =
{Sinc 2 [( f fc )T ] + Sinc 2 [( f + fc )T ]}
4
(2.26)
du
.v
Y ( )
A /T
.e
-T
(2.23)
1
{ X ( f fc ) + X ( f + fc )}
4
fc = 4 / T
tit
A2 / T
Y ( f )
en
.p
A2T / 4
op
1 fc
2
2
1
3
3
fc + fc + fc +
fc fc T fc
T
T
T
T
T
fc
2
3
fc
T
T
fc
1
T
fc f + 1
c
T
fc +
2
3
fc +
T
T
l rng gii hn ti hai gi tr khng u tin ca PSD th rng ph ca Y(t) bng 2/T (lu
19
Deleted:
f
H(f) =
2f
trong f0 l tn s ct.
du
.v
(2.27)
h(t) = 2f0Sinc(2f0t)
(2.28)
.e
tit
Nu ta pht i mt dy xung kim cch nhau T(t) cch nhau mt khong Nyquist, th c th
trnh c nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu (nu tin hnh phn bit cc xung ny ti cc thi
im kT0 ca cc xung thu) (hnh 2.4c).
en
.p
Nu khong cch gia cc xung kim T nh hn khong cch Nyquist T0, th s chng ln
ca cc xung ny lm ta khng th phn bit c chng. Ni mt cch khc rng bng tn cn
1
thit phn bit cc xung (cc k hiu) c tc k hiu Rs bng 1/T phi bng 2f0= , ngha
T0
l:
(2.29)
op
nh l Nyquist th nht
1
(| f | f 0 ) , khi
Roll(f)= 1 sin
2
2
f
0
0,
khi
|
f
|
f
(1
+
)
f 0 (1 ) | f | f co (1 + )
(2.30)
0
h(t)
1
2 f0
.e
T = T0 =
2T0 3T0
.p
T0
2f0
.v
f0
h(t) h(t-T)
tit
2f0
f0: tn s ct
f
du
-f0
b) Xung kim (t) u vo
v p ng u ra
2f
1 0
-3T -2T
-T
2T 3T
en
op
(2.31)
1
Roll(f) = 1 + cos
(| f | f 0 (1 ) , khi
2
2
0
0,
|
|
(1
+
)
khi
f
f
f 0 (1 ) | f | f 0 (1 + )
(2.32)
cos ( 2 f 0t )
1 ( 4 f 0t )
(2.34)
Roll(f)
.v
2f0
f0
f0 (1 + )
T0
2T0 3T0
.e
f0 (1 )
du
.p
BN = f0(1+) = Rs(1+)/2
tit
Khi ny bng thng ti thiu cn hit phn bit cc xung hay bng thng Nyquist trong
ng truyn dn bng gc c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
(2.35)
en
BN = f0(1+) = Rs(1+)
(2.36)
op
22
cc
.v
du
.e
- Pht x ngn h
2. T s tn hiu trn tp m
tit
T s tn hiu trn tp m (SNR: Signal to noise ratio) l t s gia cng sut ca tn hiu
bn tin vi cng sut ca tn hiu tp m, ngha l:
.p
en
(2.37)
op
23
(2.38)
1
2
N 0 ( )
(2.39)
PN =
2N
.v
(2.40)
du
op
en
.p
tit
N 0 / 2,
N ( f ) =
0,
.e
24
(2.41)
N0
2
N0
2
du
.v
N0 w
.e
N() = N0WSinc(2W)
(2.42)
tit
en
.p
1 x
exp
2
2
1
(2.43)
op
N0
2
1 u 2
FX ( x) = P ( X x) =
exp
2 du
2
x
1
1 + erf
2
2
(2.44)
exp{u }du ;
2
z=
(2.45)
.v
en
.p
tit
.e
du
f0 =
op
X(t)
f X ( x)dx
dx
f X ( x)
.v
.e
du
hay
khi pht
tn hiu 0
khi pht
tn hiu 1
(2.46)
(2.47)
.p
A + x(t ),
y (t ) =
-A + x(t),
tit
> u,
< u ,
= u,
thu
thu 1
khng bit
op
khi y(t) l
en
27
fY(y|1) =
(2.48)
(2.49)
exp ( y + A) 2 / 2 2
fy(y|0) =
exp ( y A) 2 / 2 2
exp{( y + A) 2 / 2 2 }dy
1 ( y+A)2 /(2 2 )
e
2
fY ( y | 0) =
1 ( yA)2 /(2 2 )
e
2
tit
.e
fY ( y |1) =
(2.50)
.v
du
Pe (1) =
1 ( yA)2 /(2 2 )
e
dy
2
Pe (0) =
Pe (1) =
u
1 ( y+ A)2 /(2 2 )
e
dy
2
.p
en
Hnh 2.9. Cc hm mt xc sut tn hiu thu c iu kin khi pht bit 0 (A) v bit 1
(-A) vi quyt nh ti u
Vng t m di ng cong biu th cc trng hp thu sai
v xc sut pht 0, nhng quyt nh nhm 1 (xc sut li bit 0):
u
op
Pe (0) =
exp{( y A) 2 / 2 2 }dy
(2.51)
28
(2.52)
Pe =
Nu t z =
y+ A
Pe =
1
2
exp{( y + A) 2 / 2 2 }dy
(2.53)
1
2
exp( z
/ 2)dz
hay
A
Pe = Q
.v
(2.54)
du
sinn/2
cosn t
n
tit
S(t) = A + 4A
.e
(2.55)
en
Trong =
.p
4
4
4
= A 1 + cos t
cos 3t +
cos 5t ...
3
5
op
Nh ta thy t phng trnh (2.54), S(t) c th c trnh by bng thnh phn mt chiu,
thnh phn sng c bn ph thuc vo tn s lp xung v thnh phn hi cao bc n. Trong ng
truyn dn thc t, cc thnh phn hi bc cao khng c pht do gii hn bng tn. V nu thi
gian tr tng i gia mi thnh phn tn s l khc nhau, dng sng xung thu c b mo
thnh dng sng khc so vi tn hiu gc.
Ni chung, mi quan h di y tn ti gia cc c tnh tn s ca thi gian tr T() v
cc c tnh pha tn :
29
T ( ) =
d
( )
d
(2.56)
Dng sng
khng mo
Dng sng mo
2A
( )
.v
Tn s gc
Thi gian t
b) Bin i dng sng
du
a) c tnh pha tn
tit
.e
Dng sng mo
2A
en
A(
in p xung
.p
Dng sng
khng mo
op
Tn s gc
a) c tnh bin tn
30
Thi gian t
Hnh 2.11. Mo dng sng xung do cc k hiu nh hng trc tip n t s bit li BER
3. Mu hnh mt (Biu hnh mt)
.v
Biu mt cho php ta nh gi c mo dng xung. Xung thu c pht hin v phn
bit ti im phn bit ti sinh thnh xung mi. Ti thi im ny, cc tp m v mo dng
sng nh hng n s phn bit xung. hiu c biu mt ta xt cc tn hiu xung l
tng v cc tn hiu bin dng sau khi qua b lc nh hnh 2.12.
du
tit
.e
Cc in p khc nhau gia phn trn v phn di (iu kin m theo chiu ng ti lc
m) c gi l m hnh mt. m hnh mt ny cng rng th tp m cho php cng ln i
vi tn hiu xung. Nu xy ra s thng ging cc c tnh ng truyn dn, mu hnh mt
khng l hng s, gy ra mc tn hiu gim, cc c tnh tn s ca ng truyn dn bin i, v
nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu tng, dn n mu hnh mt c dng nh hnh 2.14. Mt khc,
mu hnh mt m theo chiu ngang cho thy s cho php i vi gim cp nh thi.
op
en
.p
31
M nh phn
sau lc
M nh phn
NRZ trc lc
Mu bit
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
Xp chng
.v
Biu
mt
Thi im ly
mu l tng
(v tr mt m cc i)
du
Thi im ly
mu l tng
.p
tit
.e
en
op
2.9. TNG KT
.v
0, t < 0
1, t 0
du
2. Hm bc thang
s(t) =
l hm kiu g?
0, t < 0
exp(-t), t 0
l hm kiu g
4. Hm
1/ 1 + t
l hm kiu g?
tit
.e
3. Hm m
s(t) =
2.10. CU HI V BI TP
s(t)=Acos(2ft+ )
.p
tm ACF v PSD.
en
+A
op
-A
Tm:
33
T
X (t ) = AK pT (t + kT )
2
k =
trong Ak={+A,-A} vi xc xut xut hin +A v -A bng nhau v bng 1/2. Tm:
a) ACF
b) PSD
.v
du
tit
.e
.p
en
op
34
Cc khun dng iu ch s
p ng ca cc b tng quan ln tp m
So snh cc k thut iu ch
3.1.3. Mc ch chng
.v
.e
du
3.1.2. Hng dn
Hiu c phng php nh gi cht lng ng truyn v bng thng cn thit cho
tng k thut iu ch
en
3.2. IU CH S
.p
tit
op
Khi pht mt lung s trn knh v tuyn, cn phi iu ch lung s ny cho mt sng
mang (thng l hm sin). Lung s c th l tn hiu u ra ca my tnh hay ting ni hoc hnh
nh c s ha. Trong mi trng hp qu trnh iu ch bao gm kha chuyn bin , tn
s hay pha cho sng mang theo lung s vo. V vy tn ti ba phng php iu ch trong truyn
dn s: iu ch kha chuyn bin (ASK: amplitude shift keying), iu ch kha chuyn tn s
(FSK: frequency shift keying) v iu ch kha chuyn pha (PSK: phase shift keying). C th coi
cc phng php iu ch ny nh trng hp c bit cu cc phng php iu ch bin , tn
s v pha.
35
(3.1)
Nu s dng tn hiu thng tin thay i bin A, tn s sng mang fc v pha (t) ta
c iu bin, iu tn v iu pha tng ng.
3.1. iu ch s
Cc khun dng iu ch s.
S(t) = A cos(ct + )
trong :
c = 2 fc l tn s gc ca sng mang, fc
l tn s sng mang cn (t) l pha.
Nu s dng tn hiu thng tin thay
i bin A, tn s sng mang fc v pha
(t) ta -c iu bin, iu tn v iu pha
t-ng ng.
Nu tn hiu -a n iu ch cc
thng s ni trn l tn hiu lin tc th ta
-c tr-ng hp iu ch t-ng t. Nu tn
hiu iu ch cc thng s ni trn l s th
iu ch -c gi l iu ch s.
.v
op
en
.p
tit
.e
du
36
Hnh 3.1. Cc dng sng iu ch: a) Kha chuyn bin (ASK); b) Kha chuyn
pha (PSK); c) Kha chuyn tn s (FSK).
Nh ta thy hnh 3.1, l tng PSK v FSK c hnh bao khng i. c im ny cho
php chng khng b nh hng ca tnh phi tuyn thng gp thng tin vi mt t s v v
tinh.s. V vy thng FSK v PSK hay c s dng hn ASK. Tuy nhin c th tng dung
lng ng truyn dn s khi bng tn ca knh v tuyn c hn ngi ta s dng iu ch kha
chuyn pha v kho chuyn bin kt hp, phng php iu ch ny c gi l iu ch cu
phng hay bin vung gc (QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation).
Trong trng hp iu ch M trng thi tng qut, b iu ch to ra mt tp hp M=2m k
hiu tu theo t hp m bit ca lung s liu ngun. iu ch nh phn l trng hp c bit ca
iu ch M-trng thi trong M=2.
Trong dng sng c v hnh 3.1, mt trong cc c tnh ca ca sng mang (bin ,
tn s hoc pha) b iu bin. Nh trn ni i khi c hai c tnh ca sng mang u thay i
to ra iu ch cu phng QAM.
.v
Trong thng tin s thut ng tch sng v gii iu ch thng c s dng hon i cho
nhau, mc d thut ng gii iu ch nhn mnh vic tch tn hiu iu ch ra khi sng mang
cn tch sng bao hm c qu trnh quyt nh chn k hiu thu.
.e
du
Gii iu ch my thu c th thc hin theo hai dng: gii iu ch nht qun hoc khng
nht qun. dng gii iu ch nht qun l tng, bn sao chnh xc tn hiu pht phi c my
thu. Ngha l my thu phi bit chnh xc pha chun ca sng mang, trong trng hp ny ta ni
my thu c kha pha n my pht. Tch sng tng quan c thc hin bng cch thc hin
tng quan cho tn hiu thu c v mt trong cc mu ni trn, sau thc hin quyt nh
bng cch so snh vi mt mu cho trc. Mt khc gii iu ch khng nht qun khng cn
thit phi hiu bit pha ca sng mang. V vy phc tp ca my thu c gim bt nhng b
li l kh nng chng li thp hn so vi gii iu ch nht qun.
.p
tit
Ta thy rng tn ti rt nhiu s iu ch/tch sng dnh cho ngi thit k h thng
thng tin s truyn dn lung s trn knh bng thng. Mi s c cc u nhc im ring
ca mnh. Vic la chn cui cng ca ngi thit k ph thuc vo: ti nguyn thng tin, cng
sut pht v rng knh. Chng hn vic la chn c th thin v s phi m bo nhiu mc
ch thit k di y:
en
1. Tc s liu cc i.
op
37
a)
b)
f 1 (t)
M
f j (t)
M
f (t)
N
.v
s1N
M
siN
M
s MN
(3.2a)
du
s11 K s1j K
M O M O
S = si1 K sij K
M O M O
sMN K s Mj L
(3.2b)
tit
.e
c)
0 t T
sijf j (t)
i = 1, 2,.... ,M
j= 1
en
s i (t) =
.p
(3.3)
s ij = s i ( t ) j ( t )dt
op
i = 1, 2, ...., M
j =1, 2, ...., N
(3.4)
(t ) (t )dt =
i
(3.5)
ij
trong
1
0
ij =
nu i = j
nu i j
(3.6)
c gi l hm delta Kronecker.
Tng ng mi tn hiu trong tp {si(t)} c th c xc nh bng mt vect theo cc h
s ca n nh sau:
si = [si1 si2 K s iN ]
i= 1, 2, . . . , M
(3.7)
.v
du
2 (t )
si3
.e
si2
1 (t )
tit
si
si1
.p
3 (t )
en
op
39
si ,1
1 (t )
si ,2
si (t)
2 (t )
si , N
N (t )
Formatted: Font: Bold
s ij2
||si|| = (si.si)1/2 =
(3.8)
(3.9)
du
(si.sj) /||si||.||sj||
.v
j=1
C th chng minh rng nng lng ca mi tn hiu si(t) trong khong T bng bnh
phng di vect ca n:
Ei =
s ij2
(3.10)
.e
j=1
(s ij s kj )
j =1
tit
[s i (t ) s k (t )] dt
(3.11)
.p
en
(3.12)
op
40
(3.13)
T +
(.)dt
si ,1 + x1
(.)dt
si ,2 + x2
1 (t )
yi (t ) = si (t ) + xi (t )
T +
2 (t )
T +
N (t )
si , N + xN
(.)dt
Ta c th biu din tn hiu v tp m trong khng gian tn hiu nh trn hnh 3.5.
si2
.e
du
.v
2 (t )
si1
en
3 (t )
1 (t )
.p
si3
tit
si
y(t ) (t )dt )
op
yJ =
= sj + xJ ,
j = 1, 2, . . ., N
(3.14)
41
sij =
s (t ) (t )dt
i
(3.15)
xj =
x(t ) (t )dt )
(3.16)
Do gi tr trung bnh ca bin ngu nhin x(t) bng khng, nn gi tr trung bnh ca yj
c xc nh nh sau:
myj = E[yj] = E[sij + xj ] = sij
(3.17)
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
(3.18)
.v
T T
T T
0 0
T T
(t ) (u ) (t , u )dtdu
j
0 0
Vy:
T T
(t ) (u ) (t u)dtdu
j
0 0
N0 T 2
j (t )dt
2 0
en
N0
2
.p
tit
N0
i vi mi j
2
op
2yj =
.e
du
(3.19)
Lu rng cc bin i trn ta s dung cng thc sau y cho hm tng quan ca tp
m trng:
42
x(t,u) =
N0
( t u )
2
y = [y1 y 2 K y N ]
(3.20)
fY
fY(y|mi) =
j=1
(3.21)
(y j | mi )
1
exp
( y j s ij ) 2 , j=1, 2, . . . , N
N 0
N0
fj(yj|mi) =
(3.22)
v:
1
N
0
[(y j s ij ) 2 ] , i = 1, 2, . . . , M
(3.23)
du
fY(y|mi) = (N 0 ) N / 2 exp
.v
i=1, 2, . . . , M
.e
Nhim v ca b tch sng kh ging nht l phi c tnh c k hiu thu m' vi xc sut
li nh nht so vi k hiu c pht mi. Xc sut li k hiu trung bnh khi a ra quyt nh
ny c th c biu din n gin nh sau:
tit
(3.24)
Quyt m'=mi, nu
.p
en
(3.25)
op
Quyt m'=mi nu
(3.26)
43
trong pk l xc sut tin nh ca vic xut hin k hiu mk (xc sut pht k hiu mk) cn fY(y)
v fY(y | mk) l hm mt xc sut ca pht k hiu mk v thu y khi pht mk.
(3.27)
Quyt m'=mi nu
lnP(y|mk) hay lnfY (y|mk) cc i khi k=i
(3.28)
du
.e
(3.29)
(3.30)
tit
.v
tnh ton xc sut li ta chia khng gian tn hiu thu thnh M vng {Zi, i=1,2,....,M},
trong Zi l vng m xc sut thu c tn hiu y khi pht k hiu mi ln nht :
p k f Y ( y | m k ) = max khi k = i
f Y ( y)
.p
1 M
P(y khng nm trong vng Zi| mi c pht)
M i=1
en
= 1-
1 M
f Y ( y nm trong Zi| mi c pht)
M i =1 Z
op
=1-
1 M
f Y ( y | m i )dy
M i =1 Z
i
44
(3.31)
Trong mt h thng iu ch BPSK (Binary phase shift keying) nht qun cp cc tn hiu
s1(t), s2(t) c s dng trnh by cc k hiu nh phn 0 v 1 c nh ngha nh sau:
2E b
cos[2fct+(t)+], (t)= (i-1), 0tTb , i=1,2
Tb
si(t) =
(3.32)
hay:
s1(t)=
2E b
cos(2fct+)
Tb
s2(t)=
2E b
2E b
cos(2fct++)=cos(2fct+).
Tb
Tb
du
.v
(3.33a)
trong :
(3.33b)
tit
.e
.p
cc.
2
cos(2fct)
Tb
en
1(t) =
0t<Tb
(3.34)
E b 1(t)
op
s1(t) =
s2(t) = -
E b 1(t)
0t<Tb
(3.35)
0t<Tb
(3.36)
45
Tb
s11= s1 (t )1 (t )dt =
Eb
(3.37)
v:
s21 =
s2 (t )1 (t )dt = -
Eb
(3.38)
Eb .
Eb
du
Eb
.v
Vng Z2
Vng Z1
.e
Hnh 3.6. Biu khng gian tn hiu cho h thng iu ch PSK c s hai
quyt nh tn hiu thu c l 0 hay 1 ta chia khng gian tn hiu thnh hai vng:
2. Tp cc im gn im bn tin -
tit
.p
op
en
46
0<y1<
y1 =
y(t ) (t )dt
(3.39)
trong y(t) l tn hiu thu. Ta c th rt ra hm xc sut phn b xc sut khi k hiu 1 hay tn
hiu s2(t) c truyn nh sau:
fY1(y1|1) =
(y - s )2
1
1
21
exp
N0
p N0
2
1
1
exp
y1 + E b
N 0
N0
(3.40)
trong : fY1(y1|1) l hm mt xc sut c iu kin khi pht 1 qua mt knh tp m trng cng
Gauss l tng (AWGN) thu c x1 , s21 tng ng vi tn hiu pht (iu ch) ca bit 1.
.v
du
fY (y1 | 1)dy1
1
1
N 0
exp [- N
0
.e
Pe(0|1) =
t :
2
( y1 + Eb )
N0
tit
z=
(3.41)
(3.42)
.p
v thay i bin tch phn x1 thnh z ta c th vit li phng trnh (3.41) dng sau:
1
2
2/2
en
Pe(0|1) =
N0
2E b
N
0
= Q
op
2 Eb
e z dz
(3.43)
2E b
N
0
Pe=Q
(3.44)
.v
op
en
.p
tit
.e
du
48
0 Eb
1 Eb
2
cos(2 f ct )
Tb
t1 +Tb
y1
(.)dt
t1
b(t )
du
.v
2
cos(2 fct )
Tb
.e
tit
0tT
.p
2E
cos[2fc t +(t ) + ] ,
T
si(t) = 0 ,
(3.45)
en
(t ) = (2i 1)
t < 0; t < T
op
trong : i = 1,2,3,4 tng ng vi pht i cc k hiu hai bit: "00", "01", "11" v "10"; E l nng
lng tn hiu pht trn mt k hiu; T=2Tb l thi gian ca mt k hiu, fc l tn s sng mang,
(t) l gc pha c iu ch, l gc pha ban u.
Mi gi tr ca pha tng ng vi hai bit duy nht ca c gi l cp bit. Chng hn ta c
th tp cc gi tr pha biu din tp cc cp bit c m ho Grey nh sau: 10, 00, 01 v 11.
Gc pha ban u c l mt hng s nhn gi tr bt k trong khong 0 n 2, v gc pha ny
khng nh hng n qu trnh phn tch nn ta s t bng khng
49
S dng bin i lng gic, ta c th vit li phng trnh (3.45) vo dng tng ng
nh sau:
2E
4
T
2E
s i ( t )= +
cos (2i1) cos(2 f c t )
4
T
0 ,
(3.46)
0tT
trong :
i = 1,2,3,4.
Da trn cng thc trn ta c th a ra cc nhn xt sau:
2
sin(2 f c t ),
T
1 (t ) =
0 t T
2
cos(2 f ct ) ,
T
(3.47)
du
v :
2 (t ) =
.v
* Ch c hai hm c s trc giao chun , 1(t) v 2(t) trong biu thc si (t). Dng tng ng
ca cc 1(t) v 2(t) c nh ngha nh sau:
0 t T
(3.48)
p
E cos (2i - 1) , i = 1, 2, 3, 4
(3.49)
tit
s i = [si1 si2 ]
= E sin (2i - 1)
.e
vi in p +
.p
Cp bit vo
0 t T
en
To ca cc im bn tin
si1
si2
/4
E/2
E/2
01
3/4
E/2
E/2
11
5/4
E/2
E/2
op
00
50
10
7/4
E/2
E/2
E/2
E/2
du
.v
E/2
Hnh 3.8. Biu khng gian tn hiu cho h thng QPSK nht qun
hiu r hot ng ca QPSK ta xt th d 3.1 di y.
.e
Th d 3.1
.p
tit
E cn lgic "0" c
E nh thng gp s thc t.
en
bin i vo mc in p +
... [38]
Formatted
... [39]
Formatted
... [40]
Formatted
... [41]
Formatted
... [42]
Formatted
... [43]
Formatted
... [45]
Formatted
... [46]
Formatted
... [47]
Formatted
... [48]
Formatted
... [49]
Formatted
... [50]
Formatted
... [51]
Formatted
... [52]
Formatted
... [53]
Formatted
... [54]
Formatted
... [55]
Formatted
... [56]
Formatted
... [57]
Formatted
... [58]
Formatted
... [59]
Formatted
... [60]
Formatted
... [61]
Formatted
... [62]
Formatted
... [63]
Formatted
... [64]
Formatted
... [65]
Formatted
... [66]
Formatted
... [67]
Formatted
... [68]
Formatted
... [69]
Formatted
... [70]
Formatted
... [71]
Formatted
... [72]
Formatted
... [73]
Formatted
... [74]
Formatted
... [75]
Formatted
... [76]
Formatted
... [77]
Formatted
... [78]
Formatted
... [79]
Formatted
... [80]
Formatted
... [81]
Formatted
... [82]
Formatted
... [83]
Formatted
... [84]
E/2
Formatted
hiu c nguyn tc quyt nh khi tch sng chui s liu pht, ta phn chia khng
gian nh thnh bn phn nh sau:
op
thc hin vic phn chia ni trn ta k hai ng vung gc chia u hnh vung ni cc
im bn tin sau nh du cc vng tng ng (hnh 1.6). Ta c vng quyt nh l cc gc
phn t c nh trng vi gc to . hnh 1.6 cc vng ny c nh s l Z1, Z2, Z3 v Z4.
Ta c th biu din tn hiu thu c nh sau:
0 t T , i = 1, 2, 3, 4
(3.50)
trong :
x(t) l hm mu ca mt qu trnh tp m trng c gi tr trung bnh khng v mt
ph cng sut N0/2.
Vect quan trc y ca mt my thu QPSK nht qun c hai thnh phn y1 v y2 c xc
nh nh sau:
T
(t)dt
(3.51)
p
E sin (2i - 1) + x1
.v
y(t)f
y1 =
v:
du
y 2 = y( t ) 2 ( t )dt
(3.52)
.e
E cos (2i1) + x 2
4
trong :
op
en
.p
tit
i = 1, 2, 3, 4.
52
si1
si11
si 2
.v
si 22
du
Hnh 3.9. Qu trnh hnh thnh sng QPSK. a) Chui nh phn u vo; b) Cc bit l
ca chui nh phn u vo v dng sng BPSK tng ng; c) Cc bit c nh s chn
ca chui nh phn u vo v dng sng BPSK tng ng; d) Dng sng QPSK
bnh bng
E cos[(2i - 1)/4] v
.e
.p
tit
op
en
Ta nhn thy rng nh tnh i xng ca cc vng quyt nh, xc sut din gii im tn
hiu thu ng khng ph thuc v tn hiu no c pht. Gi s ta bit rng tn hiu s1(t) c
pht. My thu s a ra mt quyt nh ng nu im tn hiu thu c trnh by bi vect quan
trc y nm trong vng Z1 ca biu khng gian tn hiu hnh 3.10. Vy i vi mt quyt
nh ng khi tn hiu s1(t) c pht, cc thnh phn ca vect quan trc y : y1 v y2 phi cng
dng (hnh 3.10).
53
Hnh 3.10. Minh ha vng quyt nh ng v quyt nh sai khi tn hiu s1(t) c pht
.v
(3.53)
tit
y E/2 2
1
exp 2
dy 2
N0
N 0
.e
y E/2 2
1
exp 1
dy1
N0
N 0
Pc =
du
.p
trong tch phn th nht v phi l xc sut c iu kin ca s kin y1 >0 v tch phn th hai
l xc sut c iu kin ca y2 >0, khi s1(t) c pht. t:
y1 E / 2
z=
y2 E / 2
en
z=
N0
(3.54)
op
N0
Khi ny sau khi thay cc bin y1 v y2 bng z ta c th vit li phng trnh 3.50 nh sau:
54
Pc =
exp(z 2 )dz
2 N0
(3.55)
T nh ngha ca hm li b ta c:
E
2N0
E / 2 N0
(3.56)
Vy ta c:
2
.v
1
E
Pc = 1 erfc
2N0
2
E
=1erfc
2N 0
E
1
+ erfc 2
2N
4
0
du
(3.57)
.e
1
E
erfc 2
4
2N
0
tit
E
=erfc
2N 0
(3.58)
en
.p
vng (E/2N0) >> 1, ta c th b qua hnh phn th hai v phi ca phng trnh 3.53 v
nhn c cng thc gn ng cho xc sut trung bnh ca li k hiu i vi QPSK nht qun
nh sau:
Pe = erfc
2N 0
E
2Q
N
0
op
=
(3.59)
55
h thng QPSK ta thy rng c hai bit trn mt k hiu. iu ny c ngha rng nng
lng c pht trn mt k hiu gp hai ln nng lng trn mt bit, ngha l:
E = 2Eb
(3.60)
Eb
Pc = erfc
N0
=
2E b
2Q
N0
(3.61)
.v
Lung s nh phn vo b(t) c trnh by c b phn lung chia thnh hai lung c lp
cha cc bit chn v l. Hai lung s ny c k hiu l b1(t) v b2(t). B chuyn i mc
du
2 / T sin(2fc t) nhn c
.e
2 / T cos
tit
b TLO sau khi quay pha /2. Kt qu nhn c cp sng BPSK, c th tch sng c lp cho
hai sng ny v tnh trc giao ca 1(t) v 2(t). Sau o hai sng BPSK c cng vi nhau to
ra sng QPSK. Lu rng di k hiu T ca sng QPSK gp hai ln di ca mt bit. Vy
khi cho trc tc bit 1/Tb , mt sng QPSK i hi rng bng tn truyn dn bng mt na
rng bng tn ca mt sng BPSK.
op
en
.p
a)
Mapping
b1(t)
0 E/2
1 E / 2
Lung nh
phn n cc
b(t)
Demux
Mapping
/2
2
sin(2 f ct )
T
Tn hiu iu
ch QPSK
0 E/2
b2(t)
1 E / 2
2
cos(2 f ct )
T
TLO
b)
Mch quyt
nh
Ly mu
t1 +T
2
sin(2 fct )
T
t1 +T
Carrier
recovery
(.)dt
y2
t1
RLO
t1
t2
b(t )
y2>
<0
Lung
bit ra
b2 (t )
K hiu
Mapping: chuyn i mc
TLO: Transmitter local oscillator :b dao ng ni pht
RLO: Receiver local oscillator: b dao ng ni thu
Carrier recovery: khi phc sng mang
Timing recovery: khi phc nh thi
MUX: Ghp lung
DEMUX: Phn lung
tit
.e
Timing
recovery
Ly mu
2
cos(2 fct )
T
b1 (t )
.v
/2
du
y(t)
y1 >< 0
y1
t1
(.)dt
.p
Hnh 3.11. S khi h thng QPSK. a) iu ch QPSK; b) Gii iu ch QPSK nht qun.
en
3.10. IU CH OQPSK
op
57
b0=1
b1=1
Tb
2Tb
b2=-1
b4=-1
b6=1
b3=-1
b5=1
b7=1
3Tb
5Tb
4Tb
7Tb
6Tb
8Tb
Thay i pha
Formatted: Font: Bold, Vietnamese
0 E/2
1 E / 2
0 E/2
2
cos(2 f ct )
T
tit
.e
1 E / 2
2
sin(2 f ct )
T
du
/2
.v
op
en
.p
58
.v
du
Hnh 3.14. Dng sng dch thi u vo (a) v dng sng u ra ca OQPSK
T hnh 3.14, ta thy nh dch thi, thay i pha ch c th t c bng hai ln thay
i /2, v th lai b c thay i pha ln.
.e
3.11. GMSK
tit
Trong phn trc ta ch ra rng OQPSK nhn c t tr lung s liu Q (d1(t)) mt bit
hay Tb giy so vi lung I (d2(t)). Tr ny khng nh hng ln li bit v bng thng.
op
en
.p
Ta c th nhn c MSK (Minimum Shift Keying: kha chuyn pha cc tiu) t OQPSK
bng cch thay th xung ch nht trong bin xung trn hnh 3.14a bng hm sin hoc cos nh
hnh 3.15.
59
d 2 (t ) cos
2t
.v
d1 (t ) sin
2t
2
d 2 (t ) cos
t cos(2 f c t )
Tb
2Tb
0tTb
(3.62)
.p
en
op
Khng gian tn hiu tn hiu MSK l khng gian hai chiu vi cc hm trc giao c s
c nh ngha nh sau:
60
Eb , nu b2 (t ) = 0
, T t Tb
d 2 (t ) =
Eb , nu b2 (t ) = 1
0 t 2Tb
Eb , nu b1 (t ) = 0
d1 (t ) =
, 0 t 2Tb
Eb , nu b1 (t ) = 1
2
t .sin ( 2 f c t ) ,
sin
Tb
2Tb
1 (t ) =
tit
2
d1 (t ) sin
t sin(2 f c t )
Tb
2Tb
.e
si (t ) =
du
Hnh 3.15. Chuyn i xung vung thnh cc hm sin v cos trong MSK
(3.63)
v:
2 (t ) =
2
t .cos ( 2 f c t ) ,
cos
Tb
2Tb
Tb t Tb
(3.64)
Lu rng c hai 1(t) v 2(t) u c nh nghi cho khong thi gian gp hai ln
rng ca mt bit. iu ny cn thit m bo cho chng tho mn iu kin trc giao.
Chm tn hiu MSK c th hin trong khng gian hai chiu v cc im tn hiu c
xc nh bi cc ta nh sau:
si1 =
2Tb
s(t ) (t )dt
(3.65)
= d1 (t ), 0 t 2Tb
Tb
s(t )
(t ) dt
si 2 =
Tb
(3.66)
Tb t Tb
.v
= d 2 (t ),
du
Bng 3.2 cho thy cc gi tr (0), (Tb) v s1 , s2 tng ng c tnh ton trong cc
khong thi gian 0 t 2 Tb v -Tb t Tb.
Bng 3.2. c tnh khng gian tn hiu cu MSK.
/4
01
3/4
11
5/4
10
7/4
si1
+
si2
.e
00
To ca cc im bn tin
tit
Cp bit vo
0 t Tb
op
en
.p
61
Eb
Eb
Eb
Eb
.v
2 Eb
si (t ) =
cos [ 2 f ct + (t ) + 0 ]
Tb
(t) =
k ( t iT )
i
(3.68)
.e
trong :
nu bi = bi-1
2Tb
en
op
2Tb
hay
62
1
f1 = fc+
4Tb
2f = d(t)/dt
.p
i (t) =
tit
ki = -1 nu bi bi-1
du
(3.67)
(3.71)
2f 2 = 2f c -
hay
2Tb
f2=fc+
1
4Tb
(3.72)
bi-1
0
Xi
0
di(t)
- Eb
- Eb
+ Eb
.v
du
SIN
2E b
bi
bi-1
Xi
0
1
Eb
Eb
GF
di(t)
Tb
DEMUX
sin 2 fc t
/2
d2 (t)
Si(t)
COS
2E b
.e
XOR
Tr T b
+ Eb
d1(t)
S liu vo
Formatted: Subscript
Tb
cos
2 fc t
TLO
tit
(3.73)
op
vi:
2E
aicos(2fct+)
T
en
si(t) =
.p
Trong M-ASK sng mang nhn bin vi M trng thi khc nhau. V vy trong khong
thi gian iu ch T, c th c mt trong s M cc tn hiu sau:
2
cos(2fct)
T
1(t) =
(3.74)
E ai
Nu M=2, a1=0, a2 bng 1 ta c s iu ch ASK nh phn hay kho tt bt (OOK: onoff keying).
Nu ai c dng ma trn:
To ca cc im tn hiu c dng:
si1 =
du
.v
tit
.e
Eb
2N
0
Pe = Q
.p
E +x1, - E +x1),
en
chiu ca vect quan trc thu ln trc 1 khi tn hiu si(t) c pht v x1 l hnh chiu hm mu
ca tp m Gaus trng cng ln trc ny.
Nu xt theo trc 1 th bin gii quyt nh bao gm cc im sau: -2
E , 0, 2 E .
op
64
(y1 + 3 E ) 2
1
exp
2
2 2
(3.75)
trong :
2 =
N0
.
2
0
(y1 + 3 E ) 2
1
exp
dy1
2 2 E
2 2
E
3 E
1
erfc
erfc
2
2
2
(3.76)
3 E
5 E
1
erfc
P(a3|a1) = erfc
2
2
2
.v
5 E
1
P(a4|a1) = erfc
2
2
du
(3.78)
.e
E
1
erfc
2
2
(3.79)
tit
a1
a2
E
1
erfc
2
2
3 E
1
erfc
2
2
en
.p
3 E
1
erfc
2
2
5 E
1
erfc
2
2
a4
5 E
1
erfc
2
2
op
a1
a3
(3.77)
65
3 E
1
erfc
2
2
a3
5 E
1
erfc
2
2
E
1
erfc
2
2
3 E
1
erfc
2
2
5 E
1
erfc
2
2
E
1
erfc
2
2
1
3 E
erfc
2
2
.v
a4
E
1
erfc
2
2
3 E
1
erfc
2
2
a2
3 E
1
erfc
2
2
E
1
erfc
2
2
3 E
1
erfc
2
2
E
1
erfc
2
2
du
E
3
erfc
4
2
E
3
= erfc
4
N0
(3.80)
.p
tit
3 2E
2 N 0
= Q
.e
Pe =
en
E
1
Pe =1 erfc
N
M
0
op
1 2E
= 21 Q
M N 0
66
(3.81)
3.13. M-PSK
Trong M-PSK pha ca sng mang nhn mt trong s cc gi tr c th c: (t) = 2i/M,
trong i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , M-1. Vy trong khong thi gian iu ch T, c th c mt trong s M
tn hiu sau y c pht:
s i (t ) =
2E
cos[2fc t + (t ) + ]
T
(3.82)
(3.83)
2
1 (t ) =
sin ( 2 f ct ) ,
T
0t T
(3.84)
0t T
(3.85)
.v
2 (t ) =
2
cos ( 2 f c t )
T
du
E nh hnh 3.16 cho trng hp kho chuyn pha 8 trng thi vi M =8 (8-PSK).
.e
2i
E cos
(3.86)
tit
.p
Cc ng khng lin nt hnh 3.19 biu th ranh gii quyt nh cho M=8.
op
en
T cc phng trnh (3.2), (3.80) ta c th trnh by vect cho tn hiu si(t) nh sau:
2 i
s i ( t ) = E sin
Hnh 3.19. Chm tn hiu ca kha chuyn pha tm trng thi 8-PSK
67
yQ
yI
(t ) = ar tan g
(3.87)
Pe =
(.)dt
t1
/2
2
sin(2fct)
T
tan
t1 +T
yQ
YI
Tnh
|(t) (t)|
(t )
si (t )
t1
(3.78)
... [86]
Formatted
... [87]
Formatted
... [88]
Formatted
... [89]
Formatted
... [90]
Formatted
... [91]
Formatted
... [92]
du
.v
2
cos(2fct)
T
(.)dt
.e
tit
.p
2 i
y Q = E sin
+ x Q , i=0,1,...,M 1
M
v:
(3.88)
op
68
(3.89)
(3.90)
trong xI v xQ l cc bin ngu nhin Gaus XI v XQ c trung bnh bng 0 v phng sai
chung bng:
N0
2
en
2i
y I = E cos
+ x I , i =0,1,...,M 1
M
2 =
E
3
= erfc
4
N
0
3 2E
=
Q
2 N 0
t1 +T
E
3
erfc
4
2
2E
sin
Pe 2Q
N
M
0
=2
E
Q 2n b sin
N0
M
(3.91)
E0
bi sin (2p fc t)
T
(3.92)
E0
a i co s (2p fc t)
T
du
s i (t) =
.v
.e
M.
tit
2
sin ( 2 f c t ) ,
T
0t T
(3.93)
0t T
(3.94)
.p
1 (t ) =
2
cos ( 2 f c t ) ,
T
en
v:
2 (t ) =
op
Si=[si1 si2]
T
s i1 =
s (t)f
i
(t) =
E0
bi
2
(3.95)
(3.96)
69
s i1 =
s (t)f
i
(t) =
E0
ai
2
(3.97)
1 (t )
du
.v
2 (t )
E0
2
E0
2
E0
2
2 (t )
.e
1 (t )
E0
2
tit
.p
E0
2
en
E0
2
E0
2
Hnh 3.22. Cc thnh phn ng pha (a) v pha vung gc (b) ca tn hiu 16-QAM
op
ma trn L L :
70
(a i , b i )=
.
.
.
.
(3.98)
trong
L= M
(3.99)
(a i , b i )=
( 3, 1) ( 1, 1) (1, 1) (3,1)
( 3, 3) ( 1, 3) (1, 3) (3, 3)
3E av
1
Pe 21
erfc
M
2(M 1)N 0
1
Q
M
3nE bav
(M 1)N 0
(3.101)
.e
= 41
du
.v
(3.100)
(L2 - 1)E0
3
(M - 1)E 0
=
3
(3.102)
.p
Eav =
tit
trong Eav , Ebav l nng lng k hiu v nng lng bit trung bnh c xc nh nh sau:
N0 l mt ph cng sut tp m.
en
Hnh 3.23a cho thy s khi ca b iu ch M-QAM. B bin phn lung chuyn i
lung nh phn b(t) tc bit Rb=1/Tb u vo thnh bn lung c lp, trong hai bit l c a
n b chuyn i mc nhnh trn cn hai bit chn c a n b chuyn i mc. Tc k
hiu trong trng hp ny s bng Rs=Rb/4. Cc b bin i mc chuyn i 2 mc vo 4 mc
op
Mapping
00
E0 / 2
10
E0 / 2
11 1
E0 / 2
01 3
E0 / 2
Demux
b(t)
Mapping
b2(t)
b4(t)
00
E0 / 2
10
E0 / 2
11 1
E0 / 2
01 3
E0 / 2
/2
2
sin(2 f ct )
T
Tn hiu iu
ch 16-QAM
2
cos(2 f ct )
T
Mch quyt
nh
Ly mu
t1 +T
(.)dt
y1
t1
2
sin(2 fct )
T
(.)dt
t1
RLO
y2
y2>
< i
b2 (t )b4 (t )
t2
tit
Timing
recovery
t1
b(t )
.e
2
cos(2 fct )
T
Carrier
recovery
Ly mu
t1 +T
y1 >< i b1 (t ) b3 (t )
du
/2
y(t)
.v
b)
TLO
.p
en
op
s (t ) = Re g (t )e jct
(3.103)
(3.104)
A(t)=|g(t)|=
x 2 (t ) + y 2 (t )
(3.105)
v pha ca n l
(t ) = tan 1
y (t )
x(t )
(3.106)
g(t)cn c gi l bn tin bng gc hay s liu dng phc, cn eict l sng mang dng phc.
S dng cc phng trnh (3.103) v (3.104) ta c th biu din tn hiu iu ch dng thc
nh sau:
s(t)= Re {[ x(t ) + jy (t )][cos c t + j sin c t}
(3.107)
x(t ) =
2E
cos(2i 1)
T
4
y (t ) =
2E
s in(2i 1) , i=1,2,3,4
T
4
du
.v
(3.108)
.e
Ta cng c th s dng k hiu phc cho phng trnh (3.104) biu din tn hiu MQAM vi
2 E0
ai
T
y (t ) =
2 E0
bi , i=1,2,.,M
T
(3.109)
.p
tit
x(t ) =
en
op
F S (f) =
1
F g (f - fc ) + F g (f + fc )
4
(3.110)
73
F S (f) =
1
F g (f - fc )
2
(3.111)
i vi BPSK ta c th biu din ng bao phc (tn hiu bng gc) dng chui xung
lng cc ngu nhin sau:
g (t ) =
k =
pTb (t kTb ); Ak =
2 Eb
Tb
(3.112)
P
Sinc 2 (f / R b )
Rb
(3.113)
.v
S dng (cng thc 2.21) ta c mt ph cng sut bng gc ca sng BPSK bng:
trong : Eb l nng lng bit, P l cng sut trung bnh sng mang, Rb l tc bit
du
Eb
{Sinc 2 [( f f c )Tb ] + Sinc 2 [( f + fc )Tb ]}
2
P
=
{Sinc 2 [( f fc )Tb ] + Sinc 2 [( f + fc )Tb ]}
2 Rb
tit
(3.114)
.e
S ( f ) =
Ta c th coi rng tn hiu QPSK nhn c t hai tn hiu BPSK (ng pha v pha vung
gc) c iu ch bng lung s lng cc ngu nhin c chu k k hiu Tb nh sau:
.p
E
g (t ) = AK pT (t kT ); Ak =
T
k =
(3.115)
en
P
F g (f) = ESinc (fT) = Sinc 2 (f / R)
R
op
E
{Sinc 2 [( f fc )T ] + Sinc 2 [( f + fc )T ]}
2
P
=
{Sinc 2 [( f fc )T ] + Sinc 2 [( f + fc )T ]}
2R
S ( f ) =
(3.116)
Ph ca tin hiu MSK c th coi bng tng ph tn hiu ca thnh phn ng pha v pha
vung gc c cc tn hiu bng gc sau y:
k= -
g 2 (t ) =
k =
pt
2E b
A k pTb (t - g - kTb ); A k =
sin
2Tb
Tb
AK pTb (t kTb ); Ak =
(3.117)
t
2 Eb
cos
Tb
2Tb
(3.118)
Mt ph nng lng ca tn hiu bng gc cho hai thnh phn ny nh nhau v bng:
2
cos(2p fTb )
16Tb2 f 2 - 1
.v
16E b
F g (f) =
p2
g 1 (t) =
k=
(3.119)
du
Cng nh tn hiu QPSK, cc thnh phn ng pha v pha vung gc ca tn hiu MSK
c lp thng k vi nhau. Vy mt ph cng sut cu tn hiu MSK c xc nh bi:
(3.120)
.e
2
2
16 Eb cos ( 2 ( f f c )Tb ) cos ( 2 ( f + f c )Tb )
S ( f ) =
+
2 16Tb2 ( f f c ) 2 1 16Tb2 ( f + f c ) 2 1
op
en
.p
tit
PSD mt bin ca cc ptr (3.116) v 3.120) cho cc tn hiu QPSK v MSK c cho
hnh 3.24. Mt ph cng sut ny c chun ho so vi 2Eb v tn s c chun ho so vi
tc bit 1/Tb. Lu rng i vi f>>1/Tb mt ph cng sut bng gc ca tn hiu MSK
gim t l nghch vi m bn ca tn s cn i v tn hiu QPSK gim t l nghch vi bnh
phng tn s. V th MSK khng gy nhiu nhiu bn ngoi di tn cho tn hiu nh QPSK. y
l c tnh mong mun ca MSK, c bit khi n lm vic knh c bng tn hn ch.
75
( f f c )Tb
Formatted: Font: Bold
.v
PSK hai trng thi v QPSK l trng hp c bit ca M-PSK. rng k hiu ca MPSK c xc nh nh sau:
T = Tb log2M
(3.121)
du
= Eb.log2M.Sinc2(f.Tb.log2M)
.e
g(f) = ESinc2(Tf)
(3.122)
tit
S dng phng trnh (3.110) vi lu rng mt ph cng sut gm hai thnh phn I v
Q, ph ta c th vit mt ph cng sut ca tn hiu M-PSK nh sau:
Eb log 2 M
{Sinc 2 [( f fc )Tb log 2 M ] + Sinc 2 [( f + fc )Tb log 2 M ]}
2
(3.123)
P log 2 M
=
Sinc 2 [ ( f f c )Tb log 2 M ] + Sinc 2 [ ( f + f c )Tb .log 2 M ]}
{
2 Rb
.p
S ( f ) =
op
en
Hnh 3.25 cho thy s ph thuc ca mt ph cng sut mt bin chun ho S(f)/Eb vo
tn s chun ho (f-fc)Tb cho cc gi tr M khc nhau nh: M=2, 4, 8.
76
( f f c )Tb
Formatted: English (U.S.)
.v
du
Hai tnh nng quan trng nht ca cc h thng truyn dn s l dung lng v tin cy
ca ng truyn tin. Dung lng ca ng truyn dn s thng c nh gi bng hiu sut
s dng bng tn, cn tin cy truyn tin thng c nh gi bng xc sut li k hiu. Trong
phn ny ta s so snh cc tnh nng trn cho cc h thng truyn dn s dng cc phng thc
iu ch khc nhau.
.e
tit
.p
en
Q 2E b / N 0
b / QPSK
c / MSK
) (
2Q 2 E b / N 0 Q 2
2E b / N 0
op
d) M-PSK (M4):
e) M-PSK
2Q 2 nE b / N 0 sin( / M )
a) BPSK
Bng 3.5 tng kt cc biu thc cho xc sut li k hiu trung bnh Pe i vi: BPSK nht
qun, QPSK, MSK v M-QAM knh AWGN.
Xc sut li, Pe
]
77
d) M-QAM:
3nE bav
1
4 1
Q
M (M 1)N 0
trong : n=log2M
Hnh 3.26 cc ng cong xc sut li k hiu ph thuc vo Eb/N0 cho cc phng thc
iu ch M-PSK v M-FSK.
T cc hnh v ta thy xc sut li ca tt c cc h thng gim n iu khi gi tr Eb/N0
n
.v
.e
du
Gii hn Shannon
Gii hn Shannon
Xc sut li k hiu
tng.
.p
tit
op
en
Cng sut pht (ph thuc vo xc sut li k hiu yu cu) v rng bng tn to nn hai
ngun ti nguyn thng tin s cp, vic s dng hiu qu cc ngun ti nguyn ny l ng c cho
vic nghin cu cc s s dng hiu qu ph tn. Mc ch u tin ca vic iu ch s dng
hiu qu ph tn l t c hiu sut s dng ph tn cc i. Hiu sut s dng ph tn c
nh ngha l t s gia tc s liu vi rng bng tn v c o bng bit trn giy trn
Herz. Mc tiu th hai l t c hiu sut s dng ph tn khi phi chi ph t nht cho cng
sut trung bnh ca tn hiu. Ni mt cch khc i hi t s tn hiu trn tp m nh nht knh
b nhiu bi tp m trng cng Gaus. Hiu sut s dng bng tn cng c gi l hiu sut s
dng ph tn.
Nu k hiu tc bit l Rb v rng knh l B, ta c th biu din hiu sut s dng
bng thng nh sau:
78
Rb
bits / s / Herz
B
(3.124)
... [93]
Formatted
... [94]
yQ
yI
(t ) = ar tan g
Formatted
B = Rs(1+)
(3.65)
(3.125)
y(t)
/2
du
.v
rng bngthng knh cn thit cho cc tn hiu M-PSK song bin i qua c o
bng 2 ln rng Nyquist ptr.(2.35) :
Rb
log 2 M
2
c
T
Carrier
recovery
.e
tit
sau:
(3.127)
RLO: Recei
Carrier reco
Timing reco
.p
Tn hiu M-QAM l tn hiu song bin bao gm hai tn hiu PAM nn hiu sut s dng
bng thng ca n bng:
en
Rb
=log 2 M
B
RLO
Timing
recovery
2
sin(2
T
(3.126)
Tng ng ta c th biu din hiu sut s dng bng thng ca cc tn hiu M-PSK nh
R
= b =log 2 M
B
(3.128)
(t ) .
op
ging nh M-PSK.
2 i
y Q = E sin
+ xQ ,
M
(3.86)
v:
... [95]
Formatted
79
... [96]
M
2T
(3.129)
T=Tb log 2 M=
1
log 2 M
Rb
(3.130)
vo ptr.(3.126) ta c:
B=
R bM
2 log 2 M
(3.131)
.v
(3.132)
Rb
B
2. log 2 M
=
M
Vic so snh kh nng trao i rng bng tn -cng sut ca cc tn hiu M-PSK v MFSK di nh sng nh l dung lng knh ca Shannon s cung cp cho ta rt nhiu thng tin.
nim v vic so snh ny xut pht t mt h thng l tng truyn dn khng li. H thng
ny c hiu l h thng tun theo l thuyt dung lng knh ca Shannon. nh l ny c
pht biu nh sau. Dung lng ca mt knh c rng bng thng B Hz b nhiu bi tp m
trng cng Gauss vi mt ph cng sut N0/2 v gii hn trong rng bng thng B, c
xc nh nh sau:
tit
.e
du
(3.133)
.p
P
bits / s
C= B log 2 1 +
N
0B
en
op
(3.134)
Sau khi bin i phng trnh (3.134) ta c s ph thuc ca t s nng lng mt bit
vi mt ph cng sut nh sau:
80
E b 2C / B 1
=
N0
C/B
E C
C
= log 2 1 + b
B
N0 B
(3.135)
trong C=Rb.
ng cong biu th s ph thuc ca C/B vo Eb/N0 c gi bin dung lng. Mt phng
biu th s ph thuc Rb/B vo Eb/N0 v ng bin dung lng c gi l mt phng hiu sut
bng tn. Mt phng ny c cho hnh 3.27.
Gii hn dung
lng Rb=c
16
M = 256
Hiu sut s 8
dng bng tn
Rb/B, bit/s/Hz
4
Vng bng
tn hn ch
M=64
M=16
M=8
Vng Rb < c
1/2
M=2
12 18
M=8
24
36
30
Eb /N0 ,dB
K hiu:
M=16
.v
M=32
du
1
-6 -1,6 0
M=4
Gii han
Shannon
-5
M-FSK nht qun vi Pe = 10
1/4
-5
M-QAM nht qun vi Pe = 10
.e
Vng cng
sut hn ch
.p
tit
T hnh 3.27 ta thy, i vi M-PSK v M-QAM Eb/N01 v khi M tng Rb/ B tng tuy
nhin i hi t s Eb /N0 tng. C th gii thch iu ny nh sau. Khi M tng, tc k hiu Rs
gim nn hiu sut s dng bng thng tng, nhng ng thi khong cch clit gia cc vect
tn hiu gim khin xc sut li k hiu tng. V th khi ny t c t s Eb/N0 ta phi tng
cng sut.
en
Tri li i vi M-FSK Eb/N01 v khi M tng Rb/B gim nhng b li t s Eb/No cn thit
gim. Gii thch iu ny nh sau. Khi M tng s tn s tng nn hiu sut s dng bng thng
gim. Khi M tng khong cch gia cc vect tn hiu gi nguyn khng i nhng kh nng
chng tp m tng nn c th m bo c t s tn hiu trn tp m cng sut thp hn. MFSK thng c s dng khi cn cng sut pht thp v khng quan trng rng bng thng.
op
3.18. TNG KT
thng tin di ng v truy nhp bng rng th h mi. Cc cng thc nh g hiu nng cu cc
k thut iu ch ny nh: tnh ton xc sut li bit ca tn hiu s truyn trong knh tp m
Gauss trng cng c xt trong chng ny. thc hin phn tch hiu nng ny ta s dng
tch sng kh ging cc i vi cc gi thit sau::
1. Cc tn hiu th hin cc k hiu c pht vi xc sut nh nhau
2. My pht c cng sut trung bnh hu hn
3. Tn hiu thu l xp trong ca tn hiu c pht v tp m Gauss trng cng c trung bnh
khng v phng sai 2=N0/2
4. i vi tch sng nht qun my thu c ng b v mt thi gian v mt tn s.
Da trn phng php phn tch v ga nh ni trn ta nghin cu cc phng php iu
ch c s dng ph bin nht trong truyn dn v tuyn s (c bit trong thng tin di ng v
cc h thng truy nhp bng rng) nh: BPSK, QAM, GMSK v 16 QAM.
.v
3.19. CU HI V BI TP
du
.e
a) Tm vect n v
tit
.p
si(t) =
2E
aicos(2fct+)
T
op
vi:
en
82
a) Tm xc sut li bit
b) Tm cng sut thu tng ng c xc sut li bit nh a)
r(t) = k
2E b
2
sin (2fct) 1 k
Tb
du
.v
12.Mt h thng BPSK hat ng lin tc mc li trung bnh 100 li bit trn mt ngy.
Rb=1000bps, N0=10-10WHz-1 .
2E b
cos(2fct) +x(t), 0tTb
Tb
.e
.p
tit
a) Vit cng thc lin h xc sut li bit trung bnh Pb vi xc sut pht k hiu 1: P(1), xc
sut pht k hiu 0: P(0), xc sut c iu kin Pe(0|1): xc sut pht k hiu mt nhng
quyt nh thu k hiu 0 v xc sut c iu kin Pe(1|0): xc sut pht k hiu 0 nhng
quyt nh thu k hiu 1
b) Tm cc biu thc xc nh Pe(0|1) v Pe(1|0)
en
2E b
2
Pe
(1 k )
N0
op
15.Mt h thng BPSK c xc sut truyn bit "0" bng xc sut truyn bit "1". Gi thit rng khi
h thng ng b tt, Eb/N0=9,6 dB dn n xc sut li bit bng 10-5. Trong trng hp vng
kha pha PLL b mc li pha .
a) Xc sut li bit s gim cp nh th vo nu =250
b) Sai pha ln no s dn n xc sut li bit bng 10-3
16.Cho hai my thu h thng truyn dn nht qun 16-QAM vi cc thng s sau: cng sut thu
trung bnh Pavr=10-5W, Rb=5000bps, N0=10-10WHz-1.
a) Tm xc sut li bit trong hai h thng
b) Tm v bng thng Nyquist ca hai h thng khi cho h s dc =0,2.
op
en
.p
tit
.e
du
.v
17. h thng 16QAM t c xc sut li bit ging nh h thng QPSK ta cn tng cng sut
cho h thng 16QAM ln bao nhiu ln.
84
Cc m xon
.v
4.1.2. Hng dn
4.1.3. Mc ch chng
Hiu nguyn tc m ha knh kim sot li
.e
du
4.2. M U
.p
tit
Thng thng m ho knh l qu trnh x l tn hiu s c thc hin sau ngun tin s v
trc iu ch. Mt trong cc nhim v ca m ho knh l kim sot li. M ho knh kim
sot li l qu trnh x l tn hiu s m bo truyn dn thng tin s tin cy knh thc t.
Trong phn ny chng ta s xem xt cc k thut m ho kim sot li bng cch b sung cho
h thng cc k hiu d n thng tin pht c th thc hin c hai nhim v pha thu: pht
hin li v sa li.
op
en
.e
du
.v
tit
.p
en
Ngai ra vic s dng m ho cn lm tng tnh phc tp ca h thng, nht l vic thc
hin gii m knh my thu. Nh vy cc suy xt khi la chn vic s dng m ho knh cn bao
hm c cc cn nhc v rng bng tn v tnh phc tp.
op
86
2. Sa li:
T l m c th c nh ngha nh sau:
du
.v
T l m = Rb/R .
.e
.p
tit
op
en
87
du
.v
.e
en
.p
tit
op
88
(4.1)
* Kh nng sa li:
dm 2t +1
(4.2)
du
.v
Trong loi m ny lung thng tin c chia thnh cc khi c di bng nhau c gi
l cc khi bn tin. Cc bit nhn c u ra ca b m ho c gi l t m. Cc bit d c
b sung vo cc khi theo mt thut ton nht nh ph thuc vo loi m c s dng, cc bit
ny thng c gi l cc bit kim tra. Cc m khi c xc nh bng ba thng s: di khi
bn tin k, di t m n v khong cch Hamming cc tiu dm. T s r = k/n c gi l t l m.
Cc bit kim tra c di n-k. B m ho c k hiu (n,k).
.e
tit
4.4.1. Ma trn to m
.p
Trong phn ny ta s nh ngha hai ma trn quan trng cho b m ha khi tuyn tnh: ma
trn to m cho php xc nh t m u ra v ma trn kim tra chn l cho php kim tra t m
nhn c ti pha thu.
en
op
(4.3)
Tng t c th biu din n-k bit chn l vo dng vect 1(n- k) sau:
(4.4)
(4.5)
trong
c i =b i ,
m i + k n ,
i=0,1,..,n k 1
i=n k , n k + 1,...., n 1
(4.6)
b = mP
du
(4.8)
.e
p 0 , 0 p 1, 0 ............... p n k 1, 0
. .
.
P=
.
. .
. .
.v
tit
[P I k ]
.p
G=
(4.9)
0
1
.
.
.
0
..........
..........
0
0
.
.
.
1
en
1
0
I k = ..
.
0
..........
(4.10)
op
90
(4.11)
H=[I nk
PT ]
(4.12)
Syndrome
Syndrom cho php xc nh t m nhn c c b mc li hay khng v thm ch c mu
li khi tha mn iu kin trong phng trnh (4.2)
Ta xt qu trnh gii m. Ta k hiu y l mt vect thu c c kch thc l 1 n nhn
c t vic pht i vect x trn mt knh c tp m. Ta biu din vect y l tng ca vect thu x
v vect li e gy ra do tp m:
y=c+ e
(4.13)
ei = 1
khi mt li xy ra v tr i
ei = 0
khi khng c li
.v
(4.14)
Syndrome c xc nh nh sau:
s = y HT
du
(4.15)
.e
tit
.p
i=0,1, 2, . . ., 2k-1
(4.16)
en
op
91
c'=y+e 0
Lu rng s hc mun 2 th tr cng ging nh cng.
Trng lng Hamming cc tiu
Theo nh ngha th trng lng Hamming ca mt t m l tng s cc v tr bit khc
khng trong t m ny. Ta cng c th coi trng lng ny l khong cch Hamming gia mt t
m khc khng vi t m ton khng. Do thuc tnh ca m khi tuyn tnh l tng (hoc hiu)
hai t m bt k lun lun bng mt t m th ba cu m, nn c th ni rng trng lng
Hamming cc tiu ca cc t m khc khng ca m khi tuyn tnh chnh bng khong cch
Hamming cc tiu.
.v
Th d 4.1
di t m
n= 2m -1
S cc bit bn tin
k = 2m - m -1
S cc bit chn l
n-k=m
.e
trong m3
du
tit
(4.17)
.p
1 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 0
G=
1 1 1 0 0 1 0
11 20 31 014020431
en
op
1011
100
H = 010
1110
001 0111
12 3 1 2 3
n k
(4.18)
92
T m
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
0000000
1010001
1110010
0100011
0110100
1100101
1000110
0010111
Trng
lng
0
3
4
3
3
4
3
4
Bn tin
T m
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
1101000
0111001
0011010
1001011
1011100
0001101
0101110
1111111
Trng
lng
3
4
3
4
4
3
4
7
4.4.2. a thc to m
tit
.e
Mu li
0000000
1000000
0100000
0010000
0001000
0000100
0000010
0000001
.p
Syndrome
000
100
010
001
110
011
111
101
du
.v
en
op
(4.19)
93
( 4.20)
(4.21)
(4.22)
.v
du
.e
c(x) = a(x)g(x)mod(xn-1)
trong a(x) l mt a thc ca x.
tit
trong gi={0,1}
.p
(4.23)
en
(4.24)
op
b ,b ,....., b
0 1
n k 1 ,m 0 ,m 1 ,.....,m k 1
1 4 4 2 4 43 1 44 2 4 43
94
(4.25)
(4.26)
trong :
b(x)= b0+b1x++bn-k-1xn-k-1
xn-km(x)=
Ta chia a thc xn-km(x) cho a thc to m g(x) v nhn c thng a(x) v phn d
b(x) nh sau:
x n k m ( x)
= a ( x) +
g ( x)
b ( x)
(4.27)
g ( x)
hay :
xn-k m(x) = a(x)g(x) + b(x)
(4.28)
.v
trong :
a(x) = a0 + a1 x + . . . . . + ak-1 xk-1
du
v:
(4.29)
(4.30)
.e
(4.31)
c(x)= b(x) + xn-k m(x) = a(x)g(x)
Bc ca phn d b(x) lun lun nh hn bc ca s chia: n-k. Cc h s ca phn d b(x)
chnh l cc bit chn l.
tit
.p
en
(4.32)
op
(4.33)
(4.34)
95
Thuc tnh ny cung cp cho ta c s chn a thc to m hay a thc kim tra chn l.
Chng hn ta c th pht biu rng nu a thc g(x) l mt a thc bc n-k v ng thi l mt
tha s ca 1 + xn th n l mt a thc to m ca mt m vng (n,k). Tng t ta c th pht
biu rng nu h(x) l mt a thc bc k v ng thi l tha s ca 1 + xn th n l mt a thc
kim tra chn l ca m vng (tun hon) (n,k).
Mi tha s ca 1 + xn c bc (n-k) (s cc bit chn l) u c th c s dng nh mt a
thc to m. Khi gi tr n ln, a thc 1 + xn c th c nhiu tha s bc n-k. Mt s trong s ny
to ra cc m vng tt cn mt s khc li to ra cc m vng ti hn. Vn tm ra cch chn
m vng tt l mt vn rt kh m cc nh bc hc mt nhiu cng nghin cu.
Th d 4.2 Cc m Hamming
minh ho cc vn lin quan n vic trnh by a thc cho cc m vng ta kho st
qu trnh to ra mt m vng (7,4) cho m Hamming. Vi di t m n = 7, ta thc hin khai
trin a thc 1 + x7 vo ba a thc tha s ti gin nh sau:
x7 + 1 = (1 + x)(1 + x2 + x3) (1 + x + x3 )
du
.v
a thc ti gin l a thc khng th phn chia thnh tha s bng cch s dng cc a
thc c cc h s l m c s hai. Mt a thc ti gin bc m c gi l a thc nguyn thu nu
tn ti quan h n = 2m - 1, trong n l bc ca a thc 1+xn chia ht cho a thc nguyn thu.
Vy th d ang xt ta ch c hai a thc nguyn thuy l (1 + x2 + x3) v (1 + x + x3). Gi s ta
chn:
g(x) = 1 + x + x3
h(x) = (1 + x) (1 + x2 + x3)
tit
= 1 + x + x 2 + x4
.e
.p
en
op
96
x + x+1
3
x +x
3
+x
x +x +x
4
x
x +x +x
2
x +x
4
.v
x3 + x6
x + x2
= x + x3 +
3
1+ x + x
1+ x + x3
Vy ta c a thc ca thng v phn d l:
a(x) = x + x3
du
b(x) = x + x2
= x + x2 + x3 + x6
.e
tit
.p
Trong phn trc chng ta thy rng th tc m ho vng (n,k) bao gm ba bc sau:
en
op
97
g1
g n k 1
g2
.v
du
1.u tin cc flip-flop c t vo khng v kho chuyn mch CM1 pha trn ca s
v tr ng mch, v kho chuyn mch pha di v tr di. k bit bn tin dch vo knh
v b to m to ra (n-k) bit chn l trong thanh ghi dch (nhc la rng cc bit chn l ny c
cng gi tr nh cc h s ca phn d b(x) ).
tit
.e
2. Sau kho chuyn mch trn ngt v kho chuyn mch di chuyn vo v tr trn.
Ni dung ca thanh ghi dch c dch vo knh.
op
en
.p
g(x) = 1 + x + x3.
98
1
2
3
4
1
0
0
1
Dch
Syndrome
du
.v
.e
y = y0 + y1 x + . . . . . + yn-1 xn-1
tit
tnh Syndrome ta chia a thc y(x) cho a thc to m g(x). Gi s a(x) l thng cn
s(x) l phn d ca kt qu chia, ta c th biu din y(x) nh sau:
(4.36)
.p
op
en
99
CM1
g1
g2
g n k 1
Cc bit thu
F-F
y(t)
F-F
F-F
F-F
F-F
F-F
F-F
.v
F-F
.e
Cc bit thu
du
CM
tit
Bit vo
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
op
en
Dch
.p
Bng 4.4. Ni dung b tnh syndrome hnh 4.8 khi t m thu (0110001)
4.4.3. li m ha
li m ha c nh ngha l vic s dng m ha knh sa li cho php gim t s
Eb/N0 i bao nhiu ln m vn gi nguyn xc sut li bit. li m ha G c biu din dB
nh sau:
E
E
G(dB)= b [dB] - b [dB]
N 0 u
N 0 c
trong ch s "u" v "c" k hiu cho khng m ha v m ha tng ng.
4.5. M XON
4.5.1 M u
du
.v
.e
4.5.2. To m xon
op
en
.p
tit
101
M xon c to ra bng cch cho mt chui bit thng tin i qua cc tng nh (thng l
cc thanh ghi dch tuyn tnh tuyn tnh trng thi hn ch). Tng qut cc b nh trong b m
ho xon bao gm M tng (k bit mi tng) v n b to hm i s tuyn tnh dng cng
modul-2 nh hnh 4.9. Cc bit s liu u vo ca b m ho c dch vo b nh mi ln k
bit. S cc bit u ra ca b lp m cho mi ln dch k bit u vo l n bit, trong k<n. Tng t
nh i vi m khi tuyn tnh, t s r = k/n c gi l t l m. Theo nh ngha v di hn
ch th K=M+1 nu u vo ca b nh th nht c ni n cc b cng mdul2, tri li nu
u vo ny khng c ni n cc b cng modul 2 th di hn ch K=M.
.v
g1
g2
gn
gj
c ,2
c ,j
c ,n
.e
c ,1
du
tit
.p
en
1. Chui to m
2. a thc to m
3. Biu cy
op
102
(4.37)
.v
du
(4.38)
.e
tit
(4.39)
.p
cl , j = (cl ,0 , cl ,2 ,..., cL + M 1, j )
en
(4.40)
op
cl ,j = g p ,j m l p ,
p=0
l = 0,1, 2,.., L + M 1
j = 1, 2,...., n
(4.41)
pl
103
(4.42)
(4.43)
.v
(4.44)
Th d 4.6.
du
tit
.e
c1
.p
c2
en
op
104
cl , j = gp, j ml -p
l =0
.v
du
.e
c1 = (1011111)
tit
.p
en
op
c2 = (1111001)
c 14 bit.
105
Bng cch s dng a thc to m cc phng trnh (4.42), (4.43) v (4.44), ta c th vit:
m(x) = 1 + x3 + x4
g1(x) = 1 + x2
g2(x) = 1+x + x2
c1(x) = (1 + x3 + x4) ( 1 + x2) = 1+ x2 + x3 + x5 +x4+ x6
=1+ x2 + x3 + x4+ x5 + x6
hay:
hay:
.v
Nh vy chui bn tin vo 5 bit cng thm hai bit dui bng "0" khi u hai tng sau
ca thanh ghi dch vo trng thi "0" chng khng nh hng ln chui bit tip theo ta s c
7 bit. Do vy t l m trong trng hp ny l r= 1/2 .
du
0
0
1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 0
11 01 11 11 10 10 11
tit
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
en
.p
Chui bn tin m
1/ B sung hai bit ui: m'
2/ tr mt bit: m'.x
3/ tr hai bit: m'.x2
c1 = m'+m'x2
c2 = m'+m'x+m'x2
c
.e
op
bng 4.9 sau khi thc hin b sung hai bit ui vo chui bit u vo ca b lp
m, ta thc hin tr mt bit (dch ton b chui sang phi mt bit), tr hai bit (dch chui sang
phi hai bit). Sau thc hin cng 1/ vi 3/ (tng ng vi g1,1 =1, g2,1 = 0 v g3,1 = 1) c
c1 v 1/ vi 2/ v vi 3/ (tng ng vi g1,2 = 1, g2,2 = 1, g3,2 =1) c c2. Cui cng kha
chuyn mch ln lt an xen hai chui bit ny c chui ra c.
Cc chui to m hay a thc to m thng c m t dng c s tm (octal). Th
d b lp m c chui to m hay a thc to m vi cc h s dng nh phn sau y:
106
du
.v
.e
op
en
.p
tit
Biu trng thi bao gm cc nt trng thi c ni vi nhau bng cc nhnh th hin s
chuyn i trng thi khi bit vo bng khng hoc 1. Cc nhnh trng thi c nh nhn bng
cc bit u ra cu b to m. Trng thi ca mt b to m xon c nh ngha l t hp M bit
c lu trong cc phn t nh cu m lp m. Bit c trng thi cng vi bit u vo tip theo
ta c th d dng xc nh c cc bit u ra tip theo ca b lp m. Biu trng thi cho s
b to m trn hnh 4.11 c cho trn hnh 4.13. Hai phn t nh trong b to m ny cho ta
bn trng thi sau: S0 = (00), S1= (10), S2=(01) v S3=(11). Khi cc bit mi c a vo, hai bit
ni trn s kt hp vi cc bit vo to ra hai bit ra v trng thi c chuyn i. Chuyn i
trng thi dc th hin bng mt nhnh ni gia trng thi c v mi. Nhnh t nt trn hnh v
biu th bit vo bng 1 cn nhnh lin nt biu th bit vo bng khng.
107
00
S0=00
11
11
00
S1=10
S2=01
01
10
10
S3=11
01
.v
4.5.5. Biu li
S0=00
00
11
11
11
S1=10
00
11
00
11
11
11
11
10
10
01
11
10
10
01
01
11
11
01
10
11
00
01
01
10
10
10
01
11
00
10
10
10
01
00
11
01
01
00
11
00
00
01
11
11
00
01
op
Cc k hiu ra
00
00
10
S3=11
00
en
01
S2=01
00
tit
.p
Cc bit vo
m
.e
du
10
10
01
10
10
01
11
Biu li trn hnh 4.14 cho thy t mt nt mng bao gi cng c hai nhnh ra v n
mt nt mng bao gi cng c hai nhnh hi t vo.
Hnh 4.14 cng cho thy ng dn qua li (ng m nt) khi cho cc bit u vo cng
vi hai bit ui nh th d 4.6 l: m=(1001100). ng dn bt u t trng thi S0=00 (y l
trng thi tng ng vi hai bit ui ca chui bit trc chui ang xt) v cng kt thc ti trng
thi S0=00 (tng ng vi hai bit ui ca chui ang xt). Da trn hai bit u ra ca mi nhnh
trn ng dn ny ta c th tm c cc k hiu m u ra: c=(11 01 11 11 10 10 11).
sao cho n
m v c th khc vi c. B gii m c nhim v a ra c tnh vector bn tin thu m
gn ging chui bn tin m c pht nht. Nu tt c cc chui vo u c xc sut nh nhau th
b gii m t c xc sut li thp nht s l b gii m thc hin so snh cc xc sut c iu
%
kin c gi l cc hm kh ging (Likelihood Function), P(v/ c(m)
), trong v l vect thu cn
.v
%
c(m)
l mt trong s cc vect c th c pht (mt trong s cc ng dn c th xy ra trn
%
biu li). Nhim v ca b gii m l phi chn ra trong s cc vect c(m)
c th c (hay s
Quyt
du
nu
m
%
%
ln P( v | cm ) = max lnP(v| c(m)
) i vi mi c(m)
.e
(4.45)
tit
%
ln P(v| c(m) ) = ln P(vi | ci( m%) )
i=1
.p
I n
= ln P (v ji | c (jim%) )
i =1 j =1
(4.46)
%
)
l nhnh i ca mt chui t m c(m)
c xt (i l s
trong : vi l nhnh i ca chui thu v, c(m
i
en
(m)
)
ca chui thu, c(m
c xt, n l s k hiu m trn
ji l k hiu m th j ca nhnh i ca t m c
%
op
109
v12 v22
v13v23
v14 v24
v15v25
.v
v11v21
du
Hnh 4.15 cho thy li vi nm nhnh i=1,2,3,4,5. Mi nhnh c hai k hiu m (n=2)
v j=1,2. Chng hn i vi nhnh i=2, j=1 ta c k hiu c1,2= 0 ,j=2 ta c c2,2=1, ngoi ra hai k
hiu thu trn nhnh ny s l v12 v22 .
j =1
ji
(1 2c ji )
(4.47)
tit
PM(v,c) =
.e
.p
en
op
i vi quyt nh cng,
PM(v,c) = d i
(4.48)
i=1
I
PM(v,c) = d i
i=1 min
(4.49)
Phng trnh (4.48) ch ra rng ta phi chn ng dn c tng khong cch Hamming ca
cc nhnh so vi chui thu l nh nht.
en
.p
tit
.e
du
.v
op
Hnh 4.17 m t chn ng dn sng st ti thi im t4 cho cho li trn hnh 4.16 khi
gii m xon. Trn hnh 4.17, trong hai ng dn hi nhp vo cng mt trng thi ti thi im
t4, b gii m chn ng sng st cho ng c s o tch ly theo khongcch Hamming nh
hn v lu kt qu ny vo b nh s dng cho vic chn ng dn sng st ti thi im t5
tip theo.
111
t1
t2
t3
t4
S1=10
0
1
0
2
S2=01
2
2
S o trng thi
(s o ng dn tch ly
n thi im t4)
t4
PMS0=1
t3
t2
.v
t1
1
1
S1=10
0
PMS1=1
PMS2=3
tit
S2=01
.e
0
2
du
S0=00
S3=11
S3=11
PMS3=2
4.6.1. M u
en
4.6. M TURBO
.p
op
d free 2 + (n 1) ( 2M 1 + 2 )
(4.50)
Ngoi ra du bng trong cng thc trn t c khi m trn to m c dng sau:
g ( x)
g ( x)
g ( x) = 1, 1 ,...., n 1
Q( x)
Q( x)
(4.51)
Trong Q(x) l mt a thc nguyn thy trn GF(2) bc M, g1(x), gn-1(x) l cc a thc
khc Q(x) c dng (1+.+gixp++xM), p=1,,M; gi(0,1); x l ton t tr v thng k hiu D
c s dng thay cho n.
du
.v
.e
Gii thut gii m lp da trn hai khi nim sau cng ni trn s tinh lc u ra sau mi
bc lp ging nh u my turbo trong my bay. Chnh v th m ny c gi l m turbo.
tit
.p
M xon c coi l m xon h thng (SC: Systematic Convolutional) khi cc bit thng tin
c a trc tip ra u ra. Trng hp ngc li m xon c coi l phi h thng. Trong h
cc m SC, cc m hi quy c c bit quan tm v chng c hiu nng tt hn cc m phi h
thng khi t s tn hiu trn tp m thp.
op
en
Li l c tm quan trng trong vic th hin gii thut MAP. Li m t hai tnh cht ca
mt b m ha khi chuyn t mt trng thi ny sang trng thi khc. Ta xt mt m xon hi quy
h thng (RSC) c bn trng thi trn hnh 4.18.
113
dk
Sk1
Sk0
ck
Hnh 4.18. M xon hi quy h thng t l
g ( x)
g( x ) = 1, 1
Q( x )
1 + x2
= 1,
1 + x + x 2
du
.v
(4.52)
.e
Ti u ra ca b m ha ta nhn c chui m:
C1,N=(c1, c2,ck.., cN)
(4.53)
tit
op
en
.p
114
0 1
sksk
a=0 0
(d k c k )
00
00
00
00
11
11
11
11
11
b=1 0
11
00
00
10
c=0 1
01
01
d=1 1
00
10
10
01
01
10
01
01
10
dk = 1
11
00
10
01
10
11
dk = 0
01
10
du
.v
.e
Khi bit c chui bit thu c t knh tp m, mt cch gii m chui pht l tm mt
ng dn c xc sut ln nht trong s tt c cc ng dn c th c ca li. iu ny c th
thc hin c bng gii thut Viterbi. Ta s khng s dng gii thut Viterbi v cc u ra ca n
ch c cc quyt nh cng. Thay vo ta s dng gii thut MAP cho php cc u ra mm.
Gii thut ny da trn vic tm kim bit c xc sut ln nht, khi bit chui bit b tp m.
4.6.3. S b to m turbo
tit
Hnh 4.20 cho thy s b to m turbo dc xy dnng trn hai b to m RSC trn hnh
op
en
.p
4.18.
115
dk
ck(1)
Ck
B an
xen
ck(2)
.v
du
.p
tit
.e
Nguyn l hot ng ca b to m turbo nh sau. Khi u cc trng thi thanh ghi dch
trong cc m m ha RSC thnh phn c t vo 0. Sau N bit ca chui s liu mt mt
c a ra trc tip, mt khc c dch vo cc b m ha thnh phn theo v tr trn ca
chuyn mch trn hnh v. u ra ca b to m ta c N t hp hai bit hoc ba bit ty thuc
vo s bit c m ha c gi i cng vi mi bit khng m ha, nh vy t l m c th l r=1/2
hoc 1/3 (xem hnh 4.21).
en
d4 d3 d2 d1
(2) (1) (2) (1)
c 4 c 3 c 2 c1
c (2)
d4 d3 c1 d2 d1
3
(1) (2) (1) (1)
(2)
(1)
c 4 c 4 c 3 c 2 c 2 c1
(2)
op
Sau khi a ra N bit thng tin cng vi cc bit c m ha tng ng. Kha chuyn
mch c chuyn xung v tr di a cc b m ha vo trng thi "0" v to ra cc k hiu
ui kt cui chui k hiu m u ra cho N bit s liu u vo.
116
Gi s int[] l mng ch s, data[] l mng s liu v intdata[] l mng s liu sau an xen.
S dng chng trnh kiu Pascal ta c:
For I:=1toN
.v
Indata[int[I]:=dat[I]
op
en
.p
tit
.e
Mi s liu tng ng
mt a chi mi ngu nhin
du
Khi s dng cc m turbo, qu trnh gii m l qu trnh lp. Cc gii thut ny c hai khi
gii m vo mm ra mm (SISO) hot ng gn b vi nhau. C hai loi gii thut gii m turbo
chnh hin ang c s dng cho cc b gii m turbo SISO: gii thut Viterby ra mm
(VA/SOVA) v gii thut cc i hu nh (MAP), gii thut ny cng c bit n nh l gii
thut BCJT theo tn ca cc tc gi Bahl, Cocke, Jelinek v Ravive. C hai gii thut u da trn
li. Gii thut MAP l gii thut tt nht trong s hai gii thut ni trn, v th trong ti liu ny
ta ch xt MAP.
4.6.4. 1. Nguyn l MAP
(4.54)
yk=bk+mk
(4.55)
.v
xk= ak+nk
Gi s nk v mk l hai bin ngu nhin Gauss trung bnh khng c phng sai 2 v dk l
bit u vo b m ha v ck bit c m ha m ha ti thi im k. Ta c:
du
trong :
.e
k=1,2,..., N
tit
(4.56)
.p
P(dk = 1 R1,N
L (dk ) = ln
P (dk = 0 R1.N
Nu L (dk ) 0 dk = 0
Nu L (dk ) < 0 dk = 1
en
(4.57)
op
P dk = 0 R1,N = P dk = 0, Sk = m R1,N
Tng t
118
(4.58)
P dk = 1 R1,N = P dk = 1, Sk = m R1,N
(4.59)
k ,0 (m )
L (dk ) = ln m
k ,1 (m )
m
(4.60)
k ,i (m) = P dk = i, Sk = m R
Rk Rk+1
k-1 {
{
{
C
.e
P(A | B, C, D) =
(4.61)
.v
du
1 44 2 4 43
A
m l Sk , bit pht bng i khi cho trc chui k hiu thu R1,N. Gi s:
) (
tit
.p
P ( dk = i, Sk = m, Rk ) / P ( R1,N )
(4.62)
en
op
P ( Rk 1 dk = i, Sk = m, Rk , Rk +1 ) = P ( Rk 1 Sk = m ) = k (m)
chui k hiu thu trc thi im k v ch ph thuc vo trng thi m hin thi ti thi im k.
S dng cc phng trnh
119
) (
(4.64)
P ( dk = i, Sk = m, Rk ) = k ,i (m)
(4.65)
k ,i (m) c gi l s o nhnh (Branch Metric). N biu din xc sut pht lin hip dk,
.v
k ,i (m) =
(4.66)
P(R1,N )
du
L (dk ) = ln m
tit
.e
(4.67)
k ,i (m) = P ( dk = i, Sk = m, Rk ) = P ( Rk dk = i, Sk = m ) P ( dk = i, Sk = m )
.p
= P ( Rk dk = i, Sk = m ) P ( Sk = m dk = i ) P ( dk = i )
(4.68)
en
P ( Sk = m dk = i ) =
2M
op
k ,i (m ) =
120
1 x a 2
k ,i
exp - k
dxk
2
2
k ,i
2M
(4.69)
1 y b (m) 2
1
exp - k k ,i
dyk
2
2
(4.70)
Lu ch bk,i l ph thuc vo trng thi m. n gin ha phng trnh (4.70) bng cch
loi b cc tha s chung cho mu v t trong phng trnh (4.70), ta c:
x a + yk bk ,i (m) )
2 ( k k ,i
k ,i (m) = k ,i exp
(4.71)
( x 3 y3 )
2,0 (00)
2,1 (01)
3,1 (01)
2,0 (01)
3,1 (10)
2,0 (10)
3,1 (11)
du
.v
( x 2 y2 )
.e
Nu ta xt th d cho hai nhnh trn hnh 4.23, s dng phng trnh (4.71) vi coi rng
k,i=1/2 ta c:
1
2
( x2 1 + y2 1)
2
1
2
( x3 1 + y3 1)
2
.p
tit
en
Biu thc k (m ) c gi l s o trng thi thun v n biu din s o trng thi cho
chuyn i t trng thi m sang trng thi tip theo, ti thi im k. T phng trnh (4.63) ta c
th biu din k (m) l tng tt c xc sut chuyn i trng thi c th xy ra nh sau:
1
op
k (m) = P ( dk 1 = j , Sk 1 = m ', Rk 1 Sk = m )
(4.72)
m ' j =0
Biu din Rk-1 thng qua [ Rk-2 , Rk-1] v s dng quy tc Bayes ta c th vit li phng trnh
(4.72) nh sau:
121
k (m) = P ( Rk 2 Sk = m, dk 1 = j , Sk 1 = m ', Rk 1 )
m ' j =0
P ( dk 1 = j , Sk 1 = m ', Rk 1 Sk = m )
1
(4.73)
j =0
trong bj(m) biu th cho trng thi trc k chuyn n trng thi m khi bit u vo l j.
S dng cc phng trnh (4.63) v (4.64) ta c th vit li phng trnh (4.73) nh sau:
1
(4.74)
j =0
.v
du
tit
.e
.p
1 (00) = 1 v 1 (m 0) = 0
(4.75)
en
op
Biu thc k(m) rt ging vi biu thc k(m). Thay v tnh tt c thun theo thi gian, ta
tnh ton chng ngc theo thi gian. Chnh v th chng c gi l cc s o trng thi ngc.
T phng trnh (4.64) ta c: k +1 ( f (i, m)) = P ( Rk +1 Sk +1 = f (i, m) ) , vy:
122
k (m) = P ( Rk Sk = m ) = P Rk , RkN+1 Sk = m
(4.76)
(4.77)
P ( dk = j , Sk +1 = m ', Rk Sk = m )
(4.78)
.v
Sk=m, dk=j hon ton xc nh trng thi dn n Sk+1=m'=f(j,m),(trng thi tip m) khi cho
trc u vo j v m nn trong thnh phn th hai ca phng trnh (4.77) ta c th thay Sk+1 =m'
bng Sk=m v vit li phng trnh (4.77) nh sau:
j =0
= k , j (m) k +1 ( f ( j , m ))
(4.79)
j =0
(xk, yk)
.e
du
(xk+1, yk+1)
tit
.p
10
01
t=k
en
11
t=k+1
t=k+2
op
N + M ,i (00) = 1 v N+ M,i (m 0) = 0
(4.80)
j=1
j=0
B gii m turbo trn c s b gii m SISO (Soft in soft out) c cho trn hnh 4.26.
a ( dk )
.v
(dk )
xk
du
yk
Hnh 4.26. B gii m SISO
.e
Cc b gii m SISO tnh ton u ra mm (Soft Output) LLR L(d k ) ba thng tin u vo:
Thng tin tin nh La (d k ) l xc sut tin nh bit dk
.p
tit
tnh ton thng tin mm u ra b gii m SISO s dng gii thut MAP
en
Ta c th tnh LLR ti u ra ca SISO cho bit thng tin dk trong iu kin cho trc ton
b chui k hiu thu theo phng trnh (4.56) nh sau:
P(dk = 1 R1,N
L (dk ) = ln
P(dk = 0 R1,N
op
= Lc xk + La (dk ) + Le (dk )
124
(4.81)
Le (d j ) l thng tin ngoi lai c rt ra t tt c yk ' , xk ' , La (dk ' ) ; k' khc k v
Lc=4Es/N0, thng tin ny khng ph thuc vo cc u vo hin thi cu b gii m. Ta c th coi
Le (d j ) l thnh phn hiu chnh do b gii m to ra hiu chnh mi sai li trong knh.
tng cng hiu qu gii m, ngi ta s dng hai b gii m SISO ni trn mc ni tip
nhau, trong hiu s gia thng tin mm u ra ( L(d ) ) vi thng tin mm u vo ca b gii
k
m th nht ( La (dk ) )s c s dng lm u vo cho b gii m tip theo. Theo phng trnh
(4.81) ta c u vo cu b gii m th hai nh sau:
(4.82)
tng hiu sut gii m, qu trnh gii m turbo c thc hin theo mt qu trnh lp
nh trn hnh 4.27. Trong qu trnh ny nhiu b gii m MAP theo nguyn l SISO ni trn c
s dng.
.v
du
(thng tin ngoi lai) v bit thng tin Le = L1 (d1 ), L2 (d 2 ),....., LN (dN ),..., LN + M (d N + M ) .
.e
L1 (dj ) = Lc x j + L(1)
e (d j )
tit
(4.83)
(1)
en
gii m MAP2.
.p
i vi b gii m MAP2 ,thng tin tin nh ca n l thng tin ngoi lai nhn c t
b gii m MAP1, nn nu t: L(1) (d ) = L(2) (d ) , ta c:
e
(4.84)
op
(2)
L2 (dh ) = Lc xh + L(2)
a ( dh ) + Le ( dh )
125
Lc xi + L(1)
e ( di ) mc t li hn xi, nn b m ha th hai s hiu chnh li tt hn khi s dng
yk(2) .
By gi ta c th s dng thng tin mi nhn c t b gii m MAP2 v cp n cho u
vo ca b gii m MAP1. vy ta s dng thng tin tin nh t L (d ) . Trn hnh 4.27 ta tr
2
n vi
Lc x h + L(2)
a ( dh )
(1)
L(2)
e ( d k ) = La ( d k ) , trong l tng tr ca b gii m MAP1, b an xen, b gii m
Channel
Lcxk
Channel
MAP1
Decoder
Int
Lc yk(1)
RSC2
0 Lc x j + L(1)
e (d j )
Int
1 (dj )
Lc yk(2)
e (dk )
Deint
L2 (dh )
du
Channel
Le (dh )
MAP2
Decoder
L1 (di )
Interation 1
L1 (dh )
RSC1
.v
dh
Deint
L(1)
a ( d j )
Lc xk
Lc x j + L(1)
e ( d j )
Lc xk + L(1)
a ( dk )
MAP1
Decoder
1 (d j )
(1)
Lc yk
INT
Lc xh + L(2)
a ( di )
MAP2
Decoder
Lc xi + e(1) ( di )
en
.p
Lc yk(2)
Interation 2
Le (dh )
tit
L(1)
a ( dk )
.e
dk
Deint
Le (dh 2 )
L2 (dh )
dh
Deint
dk
D l tr ca qu trnh gi m 1 v gii m 2
op
Tr l tr ca mt ln lp ca qu trnh gii m
2)
L(1/
(dk / i ) l thng tin tin nh ti u vo b gii m th nht (hoc th 2) ca mt ln
a
lp
126
(2)
L(1)
e ( d j ) = La ( d j ) u ra thng tin ngoi lai do Gii m 1 to ra v bng u vo thng
L(2)
e ( dk ) thng tin ngoi lai ti u ra ca gii m 2 ca mt ln lp tr
Hnh 4.27. B gii m turbo lp
.v
du
(1)
(1)
L(1)
e ( d i D ) tr thnh Le ( d k ) . V sau gii an xen li cm trong Le ( d k ) li xut hin. nn ta
.e
tit
L1 (d j ) .
en
.p
op
Hnh 4.28 cho thy hiu nng ca m turbo 16 trng thi, t l 1/2, K=5 vi g1=[11111],
g2=[10001] v b an xen c kch thc 256x256. T hnh 4.28 ta thy sau 18 ln lp, xc sut li
bit thp hn 10-5 ti Eb/N0= 0,7dB. T hnh 4.28 ta cng thy rmg khi s ln lp ln, ci thin
cht lng t c nh m ha gim.
127
Pb
10
10
Khng m ha
10
18
iteration 1
.v
10
Eb / N0 [dB]
du
10
.e
4.7. TNG KT
.p
tit
en
op
128
4.8. CU HI V BI TP
1. Mt bn tin 3 bit c truyn trn h thng BPSK v t s tn hiu trn tp m thu c bng
7 dB.
a) Tnh xc sut 2 bit mc li
b) Bn tin c m ha sao cho t m tng ln 5 bit. Xc sut 2 bit mc li bng bao nhiu.
Gi thit rng cng sut pht trong hai trng hp a) v b) l nh nhau.
.v
du
.e
a) Tm xc sut li bit (Pb) v li bn tin (PM) cho h thng khng m ha, trong bn tin
di 11 bit
tit
b) Tm xc sut li bit (Pbc) v li bn tin (PMc) cho h thng m ha, cho m khi (15,11)
sa li n
en
0 1 1 1 0 0
G = 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1
.p
a) Tm cc t m
op
a) Thit k s b to m
b)Kim tra hot ng cu n vi bn tin m=[1010].
7. Mt b to m xon vi chui to m sau:
g1 = ( g1,1 , g2,1 , g3,1) = (1,0,1)
g2 = ( g1,2 , g2,2 , g3,2) = (1,1,1)
a) Thit k s
b) Tnh ton chui u ra theo bng khi cho chui u vo m=[101011], trong bit ngoi
cng bn tri l bit vo b to m u tin.
8. (Tip). Tm chui m u ra theo phng php chui to m.
9. (Tip). Tm chui m u ra theo phng php a thc to m.
.v
11.(Tip). Khi chui k hiu thu c bng : v=[11 01 00 01 00 10 11 11]. Tm khong cch
Hamming gia k hiu thu v k hiu pht.
12.(Tip). Biu th ng dn sng st sau ln th nht hi nhp cc cp ng dn.
du
.e
g2 (x)= 1+x2
a) Thit k s
b) V biu trng thi
tit
c) V biu li
a) V biu li
.p
15. (Tip).
en
op
b) V biu li.
1 + x2
g(x) = 1,
1 + x + x2
130
22. (Tip).
op
en
.p
tit
.e
du
.v
131
CHNG 5: THIT B VI BA S
5.1. GII THIU CHUNG
5.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng
S khi chung ca mt h thng thu pht s
Ngu nhin ha
B trn
du
.v
5.1.2. Hng dn
5.1.3. Mc ch chng
.e
.p
tit
op
en
S khi tng qut ca mt h thng thu pht v tuyn s c cho trn hnh 5.1.
132
S
2
Ghp lung
S
1
Khi bng tn gc
MODEM
M
ha
knh
iu
ch
Radio
mux
Scrambler
Khi khuych
i IF
Khuych
i IF
TLO1
S
n
Khai
thc
Up
Conv
-erter
Duplexer
(B ghp
song cng)
Khi
khuych
i RF
RFP
A
B lc
SCT
pht
Isolator
TLO2
Circulator
ng b
50
Gii
m
knh
Descra
m-bler
GiI
iu
ch
Khuych
i IF
B lc
SCT
thu
LNA
RLO2
RLO1
D
n
Down
Converter
K hiu
.e
du
Radio
demux
.v
Phn lung
D
1
D
2
Anten
tit
2. Khi bng tn gc
.p
1. Ghp knh
en
op
Ti pha pht cc ngun s pht Si c ghp chung b ghp lung. Lung ghp c
ghp chung vi lung iu khin t khi khai thc ti b Radio mux (ghp lung v tuyn) sau
lung ghp chung c a ln b m ha knh. Lung s u ra b m ha knh c ngu
nhin ha ti b ngu nhin ha (Scrambler). Sau ngu nhin ha lung s s iu ch sng mang
trung tn pht (IF: intermediate frequency). Dao ng sng mang c to ra bi b dao ng
133
.p
tit
.e
du
.v
en
op
134
Trong mt s trng hp ngu nhin ho cc knh v tuyn khc nhau s gim nhiu gia
cc knh ny khi chng lm vic tn s gn nhau.
Ngu nhin ho c thc hin theo hai phng php:
Nguyn tc chung ca c hai phng php ngu nhin ho ni trn l lung s cn pht
c cng modul-2 vi lung s c s hai gi ngu nhin (PRBS: Pseudo Random Binary
Sequence) c to ra t mt b to m gi ngu nhin. Cc b to m gi ngu nhin c xy
dng trn c s cc a thc to m c cu trc l mt chui cc flip-flop mc ni tip vi nhau
hay cc thanh ghi dch c dng tng qut c cho hnh 5.2.
g m 1
g2
g1
.v
gi = 1
gi = 0
du
g ( x) = x m + g m 1 x m 1 + ... +g1 x + 1
(5.1)
.e
trong gi=0 hoc 1 ty thuc vo v tr kha trn hnh 5.2 m hay ng.
tit
N = 2m-1
op
en
.p
135
g(x) = xm +xm +1
du
.v
tit
.e
Nu s liu n nh th sau khi qua b cng modul-2 n s tr thnh gi ngu nhin. Tuy
nhin c mt ngai l: nu s liu ging chui gi ngu nhin th kt qu cng modul-2 s cho
chui ra ton 0. Tt nhin xc sut xy ra trng hp ny khng ln. Chng hn nu m=7 th
N=2m-1= 127, xy ra trng hp ny mu tn hiu phi cha 127 bit ging chui gi ngu
nhin. Xc sut xy ra trng hp ny l 1 trong s 2127 l rt nh. Trong mt s trng hp
trnh trng hp ny th b ngu nhin ho phi nhy n mt t hp khc ca thanh ghi.
.p
en
op
136
My pht
A
S liu
Mi trng
truyn dn
THB
Dm
Dm
THB
Dm-1
Xung khi ng li
Xung khi ng li
Dm-1
Dm-2
D21
D1
S liu
g(x) = xm + xm1 +1
Dm-2
THB: tn hiu
ng b khung
D2
D1
Scrambler
Descrambler
.v
du
.e
tit
Trong phn ny ta s xt mt s phng php khI phc sng mang giI iu ch snht
qun cho iu ch PSK.
.p
en
Nguyn tc chung ca cc mch khi phc sng mang l trc ht loi tr s ph thuc pha
ca tn hiu thu vo tn hiu iu ch sau a n ln kho pha cho b dao ng ni.
op
S khi ca b khi phc sng mang kho pha vng nhn pha cho BPSK c cho
hnh 5.6.
137
Hnh 5.6. S khi phc sng mang cho iu ch BPSK bng vng kha pha nhn 2.
.v
du
.e
T phng trnh (5.2) ta thy thnh phn iu ch pha c loi b. Sau b lc bng
thng th hai n c nhn vi tn hiu cng c nhn pha hai ln t b dao ng iu khin
bng in p (VCO: voltage controlled oscillator):
tit
(5.3)
.p
en
(5.4)
Qu trnh iu chnh pha dn n sai pha 2(-') trn tin ti khng v kt qu cui cng c
sng mang c khi phc c pha bng vi pha pha pht.
op
C th p dng s trn cho M-PSK vi vng kho pha nhn pha M ln.
138
cos ( 2 f c t + ')
.e
du
.v
sin ( 2 f c t + ')
Hnh 5.7. S khi phc sng mang cho M-PSK bng vng kha pha Costas
tit
.p
(5.5)
(5.6)
en
(5.7)
op
nht.
T phng trnh (5.7) ta li thy rng trong qu trnh x l pha, thnh phn pha iu ch
c loi b nh nhn pha hai ln. Trong s M-PSK v M-QAM (5.7b) thnh phn ny c
139
5.4.3. M ho vi sai
m bo nh gi chnh xc pha cao l vn rt kh cc hai s trn. Mt phng
php gii quyt vn ny l m ho vi sai cho lung s trc khi a ln iu ch. trong
phng php ny thng tin ca lung s c truyn i khng phi gi trng thi pha tuyt i
ca song mang m dng "bc nhy pha". vy pha sng mang M-PSK v M-QAM c
iu ch nh sau:
(5.8)
trong : (t-T) l trng thi pha ca tn hiu c iu ch k hiu trc, (t) l trng thi pha
ca tn hiu c iu ch hin thi, T l rng ca k hiu, l hiu s pha mang thng tin
ca lung s c iu ch.
Ti pha thu bng cch s dng b gii m vi sai ta c th ly ra c hiu s pha chnh
xc:
= '(t)-'(t-T)
.v
(5.9)
du
en
.p
tit
.e
op
140
Bng 4.9
(t)
u1(t
)
u2(t
/2
/2
3/
3/
2
.v
du
tit
.e
y1 = s (t + )d (t )dt
T
s(t )d (t )dt
0
(5.11)
en
y2 =
(5.10)
.p
op
trong s(t) l xung nh thi, dch thi cho xung nh thi m cng sm hay mun cc
nhnh tnh tng quan, d(t) s d liu nhn c t khi x l bng tn gc, dch thi s liu so
vi nh thi (+ l nh thi mun, - l nh thi nhanh).
Khi nh thi ng =0 (xem hnh 5.9b), trong trng hp ny ta c:
T
y1 = s (t + )d (t )dt =
s (t + )d (t )dt =(T-)
141
y1 = s (t + )d (t )dt =
y2 = s (t )d (t )dt =
s (t + )d (t )dt =(T--)
s (t )d (t )dt =( T-+)
Nh vy in p sai li Ve= y1 y2 =-2 (cc hnh gch cho trn hnh 5.9c). Sau b lc
(.) d t
Ly mu
y1
Ly tr
tuyt i
Sm
Ve
To sng
k hiu
T/H bng gc
|y1|
du
.v
VCO
Lc vng
Mun
.e
nh thi k hiu
(.)d t
Ly tr
tuyt i
tit
y2
|y2|
Ly mu
b) nh thi ng
d(t)
.p
d(t- )
+1
s(t+ )
en
-1
s(t)
c) nh thi sm
T
+1
-1
s(t)
s(t+ )
| y1 |
op
s(t- )
| y2 |
142
T-
| y1 |
s(t- )
| y2 |
t
T+
T-
T+
S0
S 1
S1
C0
C1
du
.v
C1
en
.p
tit
.e
Gi s pha pht pht i ba xung lin tip vi bin d-1=1, d0=1/3 v d1=1. Pha thu ta
thu c ba xung tng ng S-1, S0, S1 nh trn hnh 5.11.
op
zk =
2M
(5.12)
m == 0
Khi ny tng qut cho b cn bng vi 2M+1 nhnh tr ta c th vit phng trnh p
ng u ra ca b cn bng nh sau:
Z=xC
(5.13)
trong
...
.
x=
,C= .
...
.
CM 1
CM
x(2M )
...
x(0)
.v
z. ( M )
..
Z= Z (0) ,
..
Z (M )
C=x-1z
(5.14)
xk
C-M+1
xk 2
Tr T
Tr T
C0
en
.p
C-M
xk 1
xk m
tit
Chui xung vo Tr T
.e
Tng tr = 2MT
du
Tr T
CM-1
xk 2 M
CM
Chui ra
zk
op
Th d 5.1.
1
cng bc khng ta cn t z(0)=0, z(1)=1) v z(2)=0 v xt hnh 5.13 ta c:
tit
.e
du
.v
.p
Gii
en
op
C 1 0,20
C = 1
C 1 0,10
k
z(k)
-2
0,030
-1
0,0587
0
0
1
1
2
0
3
0,009
4
-0,006
145
du
.v
.p
5.8. CC B TRN
tit
.e
en
op
Cc b trn hot ng da trn tnh phi tuyn ca c tnh Vn-Ampe (hnh 5.15a).
146
a)
b)
in p thun
i
vRF =VRF cos t
V
in p ngc
i
V
i
i=1v+2v2+3v3+.....
.v
(5.15)
du
(5.16)
v=vRFcostVLOcost
(5.17)
.e
tit
Ghp nh
hng
Mng
phi khng
Lc IF
en
f RF
.p
op
f LO
147
2 2
(VRF + VLO2 ) + .....
2
+ 1VRFcost+.......
+ 1VLOcost+.......
2 2
VLO cos 2LO t + .......
2
hi LO bc 2
2 2
VRF cos 2RF t + .......
2
hi RF bc 2
3 3 A12 A 2
cos(2LO RF )t thnh phn tn s nh
4
.v
L 0 = RF + IF
RF
LO
L 0 = RF + IF
.p
tit
I = 2LO RF
IF
en
IF
I = 2LO RF
.e
du
IF
RF
LO
IF
Hnh 5.19. Tn s nh
op
148
.v
(5.18)
.e
vRF = vU cos(LO+IF)t+vLcos(LO-IF)t
du
tit
trong VRF l tn hiu v tuyn, VU v VL l thnh phn bin tn cao v thp tng ng, LO l
tn s dao ng ni, IF l tn s trung tn.
Khi ny u vo ca hai b trn s l:
(5.19)
VU
V
cos[(LO + IF )t + 900 ] + L cos[(LO IF )t + 900 ] (5.20)
2
2
en
B
=
VRF
VU
V
cos(LO + IF ) t + L cos(LO IF ) t
2
2
.p
VRFA =
op
B
VIF
= kVU sin( IF t + 90 0 ) kVL sin( IF t 90 0 ) (5.22)
149
V1 =
[V
2
= 2kVL sin IF t
(5.23)
k
VU sin(IF t 90 0 ) VL (sin IF t 900 ) + VU sin(IF t + 900 ) VL sin(IF t 900
2
(5.24)
Trong phn ny ta s xt cc kin trc v tuyn khc nhau c s dng trong cc thit bi
v tuyn.
.v
Phn v tuyn ca mt thit b v tuyn s c th s dng cc cc kin trc sau: ghp song
cng phn chia theo tn s (FDD: Frequency Division Duplex), bn ghp song cng phn chia
theo tn s (HFDD: Halff Frequency Division Duplex) v ghp song cng phn chia theo thi
gian (TDD: Time Division Duplex).
du
Hnh 5.20 cho thy kin trc FDD. Cc phn t m l cc phn t nht trong thit b v
en
Synth: Tng hp tn s
BB: Bng gc
.p
tit
.e
tuyn.
op
Kin trc ny cho php loi b trit hn nhiu gi tuyn pht v tuyn thu bng cch s
dng b lc song cng. Vic phi s dng c b lc ti tuyn thu lm cho gi thnh ca kin trc
ny cao hn. Tuy nhin vic khng phi s dng chuyn mch siu cao tn nh kin trc TDD
dn n cn phi gii quyt vn ng b thi gian v th thit k cu trc ny s n gin hn
hn. Phn mm lp MAC s n gin hn v khng phi x l vn ng b thi gian.
150
du
.v
en
.p
tit
.e
op
5.10. TNG KT
Chng ny xt s khi tng qut ca thit b truyn dn v tuyn s. Chng ny
m t chc nng cc phn t chnh ca thit b v tuyn s nh:
1. Ghp knh
2. Khi bng tn gc
3. Khi MODEM (iu ch v gii iu ch)
.v
du
Chng ny cng phn tch chi tit hot ng ca mt s khi x l tn hiu s trong thit
b v tuyn s nh: b ngu nhin ha, m ha vi sai, khi phc nh thi k hiu, cn bng trong
min thi gian. Cc khi x l tn hiu tng t ti trung tn v tn s v tuyn nh: cn bng
min tn s, b trn, b trn loi tr tn s nh cng c phn tch trong chng. Cui chng
cc cu hnh v tuyn s FDD, TDD v HFDD c trnh by.
.e
5.11. CU HI V BI TP
a) V s b ngu nhin ha
tit
.p
b) Chng minh rng lung s ton khng sau ngu nhin ha s c bin i thnh lung
s c s s "1" v s s "0" gn bng nhau.
2. Cho s b gii ngu nhin t ng b c a thc to m g(x)=1+x4+x5 vi iu kin ban
u thanh ghi dch l 10101.
en
b) Chng minh rng lung s ton khng c ngu nhin ha sau khi c gii ngu nhin
s tr li lung s ton khng.
op
du
.v
12. Cho mt h thng truyn dn 34,368 Mbps. Cc bit khai thc c ghp ti b ghp lung v
tuyn, trong c mi khung c 35 bit s liu v mt bit khai thc.
.e
15. Thit k b phn nhnh siu cao tn cho mt h thng pht thu v tuyn s gm ba my pht
.
op
en
.p
s pht cn f i l tn s thu.
tit
153
6.1.2. Hng dn
Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng
.v
6.1.3. Mc ch chng
.e
du
op
en
.p
tit
154
Khuyn ngh: gii p mt vn hay mt chng trnh nghin cu, c ITU-R coi l
hon thin lm c s cho cng tc quc t.
du
.v
.e
6.2.2. S phn b tn s
tit
.p
Thng tin v tuyn s thng s dng cc bng tn t 800 MHz tr ln. ITU-R quy nh
vic s dng tn s cho cc mc ch khc nhau: thng tin, o hng ... Cc bng tn chnh c
n nh cho thng tin mt t v v tinh vng tn s t 1 GHz n 13 GHz c cho bng 6.1.
en
op
Mt t, f [GHz]
1,427 1,535
1,7 2,7
3,3 3,5
3,3 4,2
4,4 5,0
V tinh , f[GHz]
2,5 2,535
2,655 2,690
3,4 3,7
3,7 4,2
4,4 4,7
155
5,85 5,925
5,925 6,245
7,25 7,30
7,975 8,025
8,025 3,4
10,95 11,2
11,45 11,7
12,5 12,75
5,85 5,925
5,925 6,245
6,245 7,110
7,110 7,250
7,300 7,975
8,025 8,5
10,7 11,7
11,7 13,25
du
.v
Cc thng s chnh la chn tn s cho cc ng thng tin tm nhn thng (LOS: Line
of Sight) l su phainh v cc c tnh ca phainh, suy hao ma, tn hao phi, h s
khuych i anten v.v.... Tn hao i vi cc ng truyn dn im n im t l vi bnh
phng khong cch do anten t cch xa mt t, cn tn hao ca cc ng truyn dn di ng
do anten khng cch xa mt t nn t l vi khong cch m n>2. H s khuych i anten
cng t l vi bnh phng tn s. Tn s cng cao th nh hng ca phainh ln ng truyn
dn cng ln.
.e
Cc thit b v tuyn thng s dng chung anten cho thu v pht. t chc mt knh v
tuyn song cng (hai chiu) c hai cch. Cch th nht ch cn mt tn s cho c thu ln pht, tuy
nhin pht thu pht khng gy nhiu cho nhau pht v thu phi lun phin theo thi gian. Phng
php ny c gi l ghp song cng phn chia theo thi gian (TDD: Time Division Duplexing).
y l phng php thng c s dng h thng thng tin di ng hay a truy nhp nhp v
tuyn vi phn b knh ng.
op
en
.p
tit
Cch th hai i hi phi s dng hai tn s: mt cho pht v mt cho thu, phng php
ny c gi l ghp song cng phn chia theo tn s (FDD: Frequency Division Duplexing). i
vi cch th hai bng tn khuyn ngh s dng cho mt h thng thng tin v tuyn s thng
c chia thnh hai na bng tn: na bng tn thp v na bng tn cao. Tn s na bng cao
c k hiu l fn , cn tn s na bng thp c k hiu l fn . Tn s pht c chn mt
na bng, cn tn s thu c chn mt na bng kia. Khong cch gia hai tn tn s pht v
thu ca mt knh v tuyn song cng c gi l khong cch pht thu hay song cng v c k
hiu l y. Khong cch gia hai tn s cnh nhau trong cng mt na bng c gi l khong
cch gia hai knh ln cn v c k hiu l x. tng s phn cch gia hai knh ln cn hai
tn s cnh nhau c th s dng cc phn cc khc nhau: phn cc ngang (H) hoc ng (V).
Trng hp ny c gi l phn b an xen cc (hnh 6.1. b). tit kim bng tn cc knh v
tuyn c th s dng cng tn s. Nhng m bo phn cch gia hai thit b v tuyn s dng
cng tn s cc thit b ny phi s dng cc phn cc khc nhau: mt s dng phn cc ngang H
cn thit b kia s dng phn cc ng V chng hn. Trng hp ny c gi l phn b ng
knh (hnh 4.2.c).
156
tit
.e
du
.v
Hnh 6.1. S t chc tn s cho cc knh song cng pht thu FDD
a) n cc, b)xen cc, c) ng knh
fn = f0 - A + x.n
en
fn = fn + y
.p
(4.12)
op
trong : fn, fn l tn s pht hoc thu na bng tn thp v cao, x l phn cch knh
ln cn, y l phn cch song cng, A l hng s ph thuc vo phn b c th cn n l s th t
knh, f0 l tn s trung tm.
mi thit b thu pht ca mt trm pht tn hiu c thc hin mt tn s (nm trong
mt na bng tn) cn thu tn hiu c thc hin tn s khc (nm trong na bng tn khc)
(hnh 4.4).
157
f 1'
f 2'
f 3'
f 1'
f 2'
f 3'
f1
f2
f3
f1
f2
f3
.v
du
Hnh 6.3. An ten hai phn cc: V-phn cc ng, H-phn cc ngang
.e
tit
.p
en
Phn tp phn cc
Phn tp gc
op
158
(6.13)
op
en
.p
tit
.e
du
.v
Hnh 6.4. Cu hnh phn tp; a) phn tp khng gian, b) phn tp tn s, c) phn tp gc
159
thit b
h thng chuyn mch th nht hot ng h thng truyn dn phi c hai thit b ging
nhau trong mt thit b bnh thng truyn thng tin c gi l thit b cng tc v mt
thit b d phng. Khi thit b th nht b s c chuyn mch s chuyn thng tin sang thit b th
hai. Tu thuc vo tnh trng bt ngun ca thit b d phng ngi ta chia thnh:
D phng ngui nu thit b d phng khng c bt ngun tit kim ngun.
D phng nng khi ton b thit b d phng c cp ngun. Vic s dng loi d
phng no trong s cc d phng ni trn ph thuc vo iu kn cp in ngun v
tm quan trng ca ng truyn dn.
du
.v
.e
H thng chuyn mch th hai s dng cc phng php phn tp c t nht hai ng
truyn dn: mt ng cng tc (knh cng tc) v mt ng d phng (knh d phng).
H thng d phng vi n knh cng tc chung nhau mt knh d phng c gi l h
thng chuyn mch bo v n+1.
tit
Thng thng thut ng "bo v" v "phn tp" c th dng ln cho nhau. Tuy nhin bo v
thng ng mc an ton thng tin di hn (nhiu hn 10 giy SES/s kin) cn phn tp thng
ng mc an ton thng tin ngn hn (t hn 10 giy mc li nghim trng/s kin).
.p
op
en
Cu hnh xuyn t sa
160
Xuyn t sa
du
.v
Di y ta xt cc s bo v sau:
D phng nng (HS)
Phn tp gc (AD)
Phn tp tn s (FD)
tit
.p
en
1. D phng nng, HS
.e
op
161
CM
TxA
TxA
S liu vo
TxB
RxA
S liu ra
- 1dB B chia
cng
CM
-7dB
RxB
sut
du
.v
.p
tit
.e
en
op
162
CM
TxA
S liu vo
Anten
chnh
TxB
Lnh RCS
Khong cch
chiu cao 3-30m
RxA
S liu ra
CM
Anten
phn tp
RxB
Hnh 6.7. Cu hnh phn tp khng gian kt hp cc my pht chia cng sut (SD+ST)
.e
du
.v
op
en
.p
tit
S t chc phn tp khng gian bng cch kt hp trung tn c cho hnh 6.8. B kt
hp trung tn thng c s dng thay cho chuyn mch khng li hoc ng b u ra ca
cc my thu chnh v phn tp. Kt hp trung tn m bo ci thin ngng 3 dB so vi chuyn
mch s liu nu thit k ph hp vi cc c tnh pha inh phn tn ca ng truyn.
163
Phng php thng c s dng nht phn tp khng gian l kt hp hai tn hiu thu
hai anten nhn c tn hiu thu cc i hay kt hp ng pha hai tn hiu ny. Tuy nhin
phng php ny khng trit b hon ton c s phn tn trong bng. l do tn hiu thu
ngoi sng trc tip cn cha cc sng giao thoa v cc tn hiu giao thoa ny c mt thi gian tr
nht nh so vi sng trc tip. V th gim thiu phn tn tn hiu trong bng phn tp
khng gian c thit sao cho cc sng giao thoa c pha ngc nhau. Phng php ny c
gi l phn tp khng gian dng phn tn trong bng cc tiu (MID-SD: Minimum in Band
Dispersion type Space Diversity). Nguyn l v s ca MID-SPD c cho hnh 6.9.
a)
Tn hiu thu 2
Tn hiu thu 1
Tn hiu kt hp
S1
S1
SR
S2
S2
K hiu:
S1: Sng trc tip
S2: Sng giao thoa
SR1: Sng thu 1
SR2: Sng thu 2
SR: Sng kt hp
b)
S1
SR2
S2 SR1
.v
B kt hp
du
Kt hp tn hiu ra
.e
RLO
B dch pha
v tn
tit
.p
B iu khin
op
en
MID-SD hnh 6.9 gm b tch sng phn tn bin , b iu khin, b dch pha v tn
v b kt hp. Khi iu khin quyt nh hng dch pha ca b dich pha v tn (EPS: Endless
Phase Shift) lm cho b ny quay i mt gc pha c nh. trng thi ny cc sng giao thoa gn
nh lch pha hon ton. Tuy nhin khi cng sut thu gim t ngt, thng tin b mt do tp m
nhit v nhiu giao thoa tng. V th khi cng sut thu gim n mt ngng no cn iu
chnh tng cng sut. Phng php ny cho php gim phn tn trong bng m vn m bo hiu
qu nh phn tp khng gian kt hp ng pha thng thng.
164
.p
tit
.e
du
.v
T chc phn tp tn s (FD) vi chuyn mch 1+1 c cho hnh 6.10. cu hnh ny
knh cng tc v knh bo v s dng hai cp tn s khc nhau mt khong cch ln trnh
pha inh xy ra ng thi hai knh ny. Lung s cn pht c truyn c hai knh, pha thu
thc hin nh gi cht lng truyn dn. Nu cht lng truyn dn thp hn cho php th
chuyn mach s thc hin chuyn lu lng t knh cng tc sang knh d phng. Chuyn mch
c thc hin hai mc: mc vi mch ( b gii iu ch DEMOD) v mc Rle. B phn phi
lung s thc hin phn phi cc lung s u ra ca cc knh cng tc v bo v n cc
chuyn mach vi mch DEMOD v Rle.
en
op
S h thng chuyn mch n+1 phn tp tn s vi hai u pht thu c cho hnh 6.11.
h thng ny n knh cng tc hot ng n cp tn s phn cch nhau chia s chung mt knh
phn tp c gi l knh bo v. V n knh cng tc cng c chung mt knh bo v nn phi c
quy nh u tin trnh xung t gia cc knh ny khi xy ra nhu cu chuyn mch ng thi
t nhiu knh cng tc. Hot ng chuyn mch xy ra nh sau. Chuyn mach khng mc li
(Erorrless) v chuyn mch ng b (Hitless) bao gi cng c khi xng t pha thu. Pha thu
nh gi cht lng truyn dn theo ch tiu t trc (BER chng hn). Nu gim cp vt qu
ngng th pha thu gi theo ng nghip v n pha pht yu cu chuyn mch. Pha pht
165
kim tra knh bo v xem c ri v m bo cht lng hay khng. ng thi n xem xt mc
u tin ca knh yu cu, nu m bo cc yu cu chuyn mch th phi pht s thc hin
chuyn mch bng cch chia cng sut gia knh cng tc v knh bo v (cn c gi l u
cu). Lu lng s c pht ng thi c hai knh ny n pha thu. My thu thc hin ng
b hai lung s thu c t hai knh sau thc hin chuyn mch.
Lung s vo
CH 1
CH1
MOD
Chia
Tx
Mng
Phn
nhnh
Tx
CH n
CH n
Chia
MOD
Chia
MOD
Tx P
CH P
Tx P
CH P
.v
CM Tx
CH 1
R le
DEMOD
R le
DEMOD
CH n
Mng
phn
nhnh
Rx
Rx 2
Rx P
CH n
CH P
tit
CH P
Rx 1
.e
Lung s ra
CH 1
du
Phn phi
lung s
R le
DEMOD
.p
K hiu:
CH n: Knh cng tc; CH P: Knh bo v
Tx: My pht; Rx: My thu; CM: Chuyn mch
en
op
S ca h thng chuyn mch n+1 s dng phn tp khng gian c cho hnh 6.12.
166
du
.v
en
.p
tit
.e
Phn tp lai ghp gi phn tp khng gian v phn tp tn s c cho hnh 6.13. s
phn tp lai ghp ny hai b pht thu A v B lm vic hai cp tn s khc nhau. Pha thu s
chn lung s ra c cht lng tt nht t hai knh c tn s khc nhau hoc hai knh n t hai
anten phn tp khng gian.
op
10. Phn tp lai ghp kt hp phn tp khng gian v phn tp phn cc, SD+PD
S t chc phn tp lai ghp phn tp khng gian vi phn tp phn cc c cho hnh
6.14.
167
.v
t chc phn tp lai ghp ny mt u ngi ta s dung mt anten phn cc kp: phn
cc ng v phn cc ngang, u kia ngi ta s dng hai anten phn cc n cho nhau: mt
phn cc ng v mt phn cc ngang t cch nhau theo chiu cao. Pha anten phn cc kp
pht i lung s hai phn cc, pha kia thu hai phn cc cho hai anten khc nhau v thc hin
chn knh cho cht lng tt hn.
11. Phn tp khng gian pht
.e
du
Trong cc phn trc ta ch xt phn tp khng gian thu trn c s s dng hai my thu tn
hiu t hai im khc nhau trong khng gian. Cc cng ngh thng tin di ng mi hin nay cn
s dng phn tp khng gian pht cho cc phng thc ghp song cng theo thi gian TDD v
CDMA. phng thc phn tp ny pha pht pht i lu lng hai anten khc nhau. Pha thu
chn lu lng t anten c cht lng tt hn hoc kt hp cc tn hiu nhn c t hai anten
pht t c mt tn hiu tt nht.
12. Truyn dn a sng mang
.p
tit
op
en
1/T
fc
fc+1/T
fc-1/T
T: rng k hiu
Tn s
168
chng pha inh nhiu ng ngi ta c th s dng k thut pht a sng mang
(Multicarier). Truyn dn nhiu sng mang c thit k trn c s bin i lung s thnh
nhiu lung tc thp iu ch nhiu sng mang c cc tn s khc nhau v cng cc tn
hiu ny vng tn s. Phng php truyn dn ny cho php gim nh hng gim cp ca c
tuyn tn s bng cch phn chia ph v s dng nhiu b iu ch v gii iu ch. i vi 16QAM nu cho php phn tn tuyn tnh l 5 dB tng ng vi tc iu ch, chng hn
h thng truyn dn 200 Mbit/s tc iu ch l 50 Mbit/s, th phn tn tuyn tnh cho php
trong bng tn 50 MHz l 5 dB. i vi h thng truyn dn bn sng mang tc iu ch
gim xung bn ln cn 12,5Mbit/s tng ng vi bng tn 12,5 MHz, nn phn tn tyn tnh
cho php i vi c bn tn s s l 45dB=20 dB bn ln ln hn trng hp n sng mang
(xem hnh 6.16). truyn dn cng mt dung lng bng nhiu sng mang ta cn nhiu b iu
ch v gii iu ch, nhng kh nng chng li mo dng sng do pha inh gy ra s c ci
thin ng k.
Phn tn
cho php (5dB)
c tnh bin
pha inh
du
.v
Phn tn
cho php (5dB)
12 MHz
Bn sng mang
.e
50 MHz
Hnh
Tcdng
dngca
catruyn
truyn
dn
sng
mang
Hnh8.22.
6.16. Tc
dn
a a
sng
mang
tit
6.4. TNG KT
.p
op
en
6.5. CU HI
2. Trnh by s phn b tn s.
3. Trnh by cc dng phn tp.
tit
.e
du
.v
Cui chng mt bin php chng pha inh a ng hu hiu c trnh by: truyn dn
a sng mang (Multicarier). u im ca bin php ny l gim thiu nhiu gia cc k hiu
(ISI). Tuy nhin bin php ny i hi bng thng rng hn v cn khang bo v gia bng thng
ca cc sng mang con. khc phc nhc im ny ngi ta s dng phng php iu ch
phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex) s c trnh
by trong gio trnh L thuyt tri ph v a truy nhp v tuyn.
.p
en
9. Trnh by cu hnh phn tp khng gian dng phn tn trong bng cc tiu.
10. Trnh by cu hnh phn tp tn s vi chuyn mch 1+1.
11. Trnh by cu hnh Phn tp tn s vi chuyn mch 1+1.
op
170
15. Trnh by cu hnh phn tp lai ghp kt hp phn tp khng gian vi phn tp phn cc,
SD+PD.
16. Trnh by cu hnh phn tp lai ghp kt hp phn tp khng gian v phn tp phn cc,
SD+PD.
17. Trnh by phn tp khng gian pht.
op
en
.p
tit
.e
du
.v
171
7.1.2. Hng dn
7.1.3. Mc ch chng
du
.v
7.2 M U
tit
.e
.p
op
en
172
PTx G1G2
Lrf 1 L ph1 LP L ph 2 Lrf 2
(7.1)
PRx =
.v
trong Ptz, Prx l cng sut pht v thu tng ng; G1, G2 l h s khuych i anten pht
v antenthu tng ng; Lrf1 v Lrf2 l tn hao do cc phn t v tuyn ca thit b pht thu gy ra
nh: tn hao ca cc conect, tn hao ca cc b lc siu cao tn ti u pht v u thu tng
ng; Lph1, Lph2 l tn hao ca phi pht v thu tng ng; Lp l suy hao truyn sng.
PTx G1
Lrf 1 Lph1
(7.2)
.e
EIRP =
du
tit
Phng trnh (7.2) cho thy EIRP l cng sut my pht cn thit mt my pht to ra ti
pha thu cng sut ging nh h thng pht thc t khi anten gi nh pht x ng hng
(G1=1). Lu rng trong trng hp ngi ta nh ngha EIRP khi khng c tn hao phi cng
nh cc phn t v tuyn (Lrf1 =Lf1=1): EIRP=PTxG1.
.p
EIRPG2
LP Lph 2 Lrf 2
en
PRx =
(7.3a)
Lu nu xt cng sut thu l cng sut ti anten th phng trnh (7.3a) c biu din
nh sau:
op
PRx =
EIRPG2
LP
(7.3b)
173
PRX [dBm] = 10 lg
PRx
1mW
= EIRP[dBm]+G2[dBi]-Lp[dB]-lph2[dB]-Lrf2[dB]
(7.4)
Ls =
(4d )2
(7.5)
trong : Ls l tn hao trong khng gian t do, d l khong cch gia an ten pht v anten thu, l
bc sng.
.v
= 92,5+20lgf[GHz] +20lgd[km]
= 32,5+20lgf[MHz]+20lgd[km]
du
Ls [dB] = 10 lg Ls
(7.6)
.e
tit
.p
-1
-23
-1
(7.7)
-1
en
op
N0=N/f=kT, WHz-1
(7.8)
174
NF =
SNRin
SNRout
(7.9)
NF cho thy t s tn hiu trn tp m s b gim i bao nhiu ln sau khi tn hiu thu i qua
phn t thu.
Cc chng minh cho thy h s tp m ca mt phn t th ng (cp ni chng hn) c
suy hao bng L chnh bng L:
NF=L
(7.10)
.v
du
.e
Nai=(NF-1)Ni
tit
T=(NF-1)290K
(7.12)
.p
NF2 1 NF3 1
NFM 1
+
+ .... +
A1
A1 A2
A1 A2 .... AM 1
en
NFtol = NF1 +
Ttol = T1 +
T
T2
TM
+ 3 + .... +
A1 A1 A2
A1 A2 .... AM 1
(7.13)
(7.14)
op
175
(7.15)
(7.16)
PRx
EIRPG2
=
N
NLP Lph 2 Lrf 2
.v
(7.17)
PRx
EIRPG2
=
N 0 N 0 LP L ph 2 Lrf 2
du
(7.18)
PRx EIRPG2 / Ts
=
N 0 kLP L ph 2 Lrf 2
tit
.e
(7.19)
.p
en
op
176
NF=1010/10=10
.v
A=1080/10=108
TR = (NF-1)290K = 2610 K
T S = T A + TR
= 150K+2610K = 2760K
du
.e
= 1081,3810-236106(150K+2610K)
tit
= 6 4 4 14,27W
4 4 4 8 + 6 4 4 421
4 ,764W4 4 48 = 22,8W
ng gp ca ngun ng gp ca tng u
PRx
1011
=
= 806,5 (29,1dB)
kTA f 1, 24 1014
en
( SNR ) in =
.p
Pout 108 10 11
= 43,9 (16,4dB)
=
N out 22,8 10 6
op
(SNR) out =
177
TR 2
2610K
= 290K +
= 420,5K
A1
20
NFtol = NF1 +
NF2 1
9
= 2+
= 2,5 (4dB)
20
A1
du
.v
Ttol = TR1 +
.e
= 201081,3810-236106(150K+420,5K)
tit
24,8W
69,6W
= 6 4 4 4 7 4 4 4 8 + 6 4 4 4 4 7 4 4 4 48 = 94,4W
ng gp ca ngun ng gp ca tng u
Pout 10 11 20 108
=
= 212,0 (23,3 dB)
N out
94,4 10 6
en
(SNR) out =
.p
op
178
Ta3=NF3-1)290K
TLpd=(Lph-1)290K
.v
TL1=(L1-1)290K
TL2=(L2-1)290K
Ttol=TA+TLpd+LpdTa1+
Lpd L1Ta 2
A1
Lpd L1 L2Ta 3
A1 A2
du
.e
SNRout=PRx/N
.p
7.3.4. D tr ng truyn
tit
en
Vic phn tch qu ng truyn cho php cn i cc tn hao v li cng sut trong
qu trnh truyn dn c th a ra mt lng d tr cng sut cn thit m bo truyn dn
trong iu kin khng thun li (pha inh) m vn m bo cht lng truyn dn yu cu. Lng
cng sut d tr ny c gi l d tr ng truyn hay d tr phaing (trong trng hp khng
xt nhiu) v c xc nh nh sau:
op
E
E
M = b b , dB
N 0 Rx N 0 req
(7.20)
179
E
G2
[dB / K ] - b
T
N0
[dB] - Rb[dB-bit/s]
req
(7.21)
trong : EIRP=PTx[dBW]+G1[dBi]-Lph1[dB]-Lrf[dB],
(7.22)
G2
[dB / K ] Ts
Eb
[dB] - Rb[dB-bit/s]
N
0 req
(7.23)
.v
= k(L2NF-1)290K kL2NF290K
du
(7.24)
trong : L2=Lph2Lrf2 l tn hao cc phn ni gia my thu vi anten bao gm: tn hao phi, b
lc phn nhnh v cc conect; NF l h s tp m my thu.
.e
Eb
(dB)
N 0 req
tit
(7.25)
.p
trong : EIRP tnh theo phng trnh (7.23). G2, L2 l h s khuych i v tn hao phi , b
lc phn nhnh SCT v cc conect pha thu. -kTR = 204(dBW/Hz).
Ta cng c th biu din phng trnh (7.25) dBm nh sau:
Eb
[dB]
N 0 req
en
op
180
(7.26)
du
G2
L0
PRx
11,5
.e
35,1
2,0
-110,0
35,8 (3806 K)
24,8 (300 K)
36,1 (4106 K)
G2/Ts
tit
-1,0
-228,60
-192,5
82,5
63,0 (2 Mbit/s)
19,5
1,5
10,0
8
en
op
.v
PTx
Lpd1
G1
EIRP
Ls
L0
L1
PRx
20,0
2,0
51,6
69,6
202,7
4,0
6,0
-143,1
.p
N0 = kTs
(PRx/N0)
Rb
(Eb/N0)Rx
L0
(Eb/N0)req
M
181
5
-228,60
24,6
-196,1
137,1
81,5
55,6
5
26
24,6
NF
k
TR = 290 K
N0 = kL2NFTR
(PRx/N0)r
Rb = 140 Mbit/s
(Eb/N0)Rx
L0
(Eb/N0)req
MF
.v
PTx
Lpd1
Lb
L1
G1
EIRP
Lp
Pr
G2
PRx (ti anten)
Lpd2
Lb
L2
tit
.e
du
0
1,5
1,4
2,9
44
41,1
144,1
-103
44
-59
1,5
1,4
2,9
en
.p
op
Suy hao tn hiu trn ng truyn dn v tuyn s mt t chu nh hng ca pha inh
nhiu tia gy ra do s thay i chit sut hay phn x t mt t hoc mt bin. Cc tn hiu phn
x hoc khc x khc nhau vi mt thi gian tr nht nh s cng hoc tr tn hiu i thng. V
th tn hiu tng s b thay i v thi gian tr, ph thuc vo c vo thi gian ln tn s (Phainh
182
Cc li bit gy ra do tp m nhit khi tn hiu suy gim (phainh phng: Flat Fade).
Cc li bit gy ra do nhiu
.v
+30
+20
+10
li h thng
(105 dB)
Ngng thu
=-75dBm
(BER=10-3 )
tit
.p
-80
-90
-100
-110
Tn hao ng truyn
cn thit k (65dB)
D tr phainh
tng hp
mtol = 38,9dB
T s (C/N)req=25dB
Tp m nhit=-100dBm
Nhiu ng knh=-106dBm
en
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
Cht lng ng
truyn c phainh
BER=10 -3
.e
0
-10
-20
du
N
I
op
183
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
mtol mF mI mS
(7.27)
T = KQ . fB . dC.
1
100
m
(7.28)
du
trong :
.v
.p
tit
.e
en
Nu ta tch ring thi gian gim qu ngng (Outage Time) Ts do phainh chn lc gy ra
(s mo dng tn hiu, tng ng vi d tr phainh chn lc) v thi gian gim cp do phainh
phng (phainh trung bnh trn rng bng tn tng ng ca h thng, lin quan n d tr
phainh phng mF), th ton b thi gian gim qu ngng gy ra do phainh (Te: thi gian hiu
dng) s c tnh nh sau:
Te = T s + T F
(7.29)
op
1 1
1
=
+
me m F ms
184
(7.30)
(7.31)
trong Ti l khong thi gian gim qu ngng do nhiu gy ra. d tr ng truyn tng
hp s l
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
mtol mF ms mI
(7.32)
hay theo dB :
(7.33)
TF
M F = 10 lg
B c
KQf d 100
.v
du
Gi s f=6GHz, KQ=7.10-7 , c=1, B=1, C=3, d=64 km, thi gian vt ngng TF cho thng
thp nht trong nm bng 0,01 phn trm (BER ca ng truyn ti hn 10-3 trong khong thi
gian 0,01% ca thng ny). V phn trm vt ngng phi chia u cho c hai hng truyn dn
nn TF=0,005 v ta c:
.e
0,005
= -10lg(0,0000454) = 43,4 dB
M F = 10 lg
5
3
7 10 6 64
tit
.p
f .m
(7.34)
en
V2= 10
op
d(km) l
M / 10
185
6.10 43, 4 / 10
I M =10 lg1,2.10 3.10 2
= 23,91 dB
64
7.6. TNG KT
.v
du
7.7. CU HI V BI TP
b)
Tnh cng sut thu theo dBW. Gi thit rng cng sut pht l 10W, anten pht v
anten thu ng hng v khng c tn hao
c)
Nu phn b) cng sut pht l 20 dBW, tnh cng sut thu theo dBW
d)
e)
.p
tit
.e
a)
en
2. Mt h thng v tuyn s c cng sut pht 3 W, tn s pht 2 GHz, anten pht v anten
thu c ng knh 1 m v hiu sut anten 0,55.
a) Tnh h s khuych i anten
op
c) Tnh cng sut thu theo dBm nu c ly thng tin 10 km v ch c suy hao
khng gian t do.
186
b)
c)
du
.v
a)
.e
.p
tit
en
op
187
b)
u ra cp c tn hao.
.v
a)
du
b)
c)
.e
a)
.p
tit
15. Mt h thng thng tin v tinh s dng my pht cng sut 20W, tn s 8 GHZ, anten
parabol ng knh 1m. Khang cch n trm mt t l 10.000 km. H thng thu mt
t s dng anten ng knh 2,5m v c nhit tp m h thng 100K. Gi thit rng
cc anten c hiu sut =0,55. Coi rng cc tn hao khc Lo bng 2dB.
Tnh tc s liu cho php cc i nu iu ch BPSK c s dng v xc sut li
bit bng 2.10-4
b)
op
en
a)
188
Hng dn gii bi tp
HNG DN GII BI TP
CHNG 2
Bi 1
Cho mt dy xung ch nht bin A, chu k T v thi gian xung t (t<T).
a) Tm nng lng xung
b) Tm cng sut trung bnh ca xung
Gii
a) V y l hm tun hon nn
T1
A 2 T1
1
1 1
2
2
=
=
w
s(t)
dt
s(t)
dt
T T
T 0
T
-
du
b) P[]= lim
Bi 2.
Cho hm bc thang
0, t < 0
1, t 0
.e
s(t) =
.p
a) L hm kiu g?
tit
Gii
.v
a) E[]= s(t) dt =
en
1
2
s(t) dt = 1 w
T T
-
b) P[]= lim
op
Bi 3
Cho hm m
189
Hng dn gii bi tp
s(t) =
0, t < 0
exp(-t), t 0
Gii
a) E[]= s(t) dt =
2
exp(-2t)dt = 1/ 2 Joule
1
1
2
s(t) dt = lim exp(-2t)dt
T T
T T
-
-
b) P[]= lim
1
[ exp(-2T)-1] = 0 w
2T
= lim
.v
Bi 4
du
Cho hm
1/ 1 + t
a) Tm tng nng lng
.e
1 + t dt = log
(1 + t) 0 = Joule
.p
a) E[]= s(t) dt =
tit
Gii
1
1
1
2
s(t) dt = lim
dt
T T
T T
+
1
t
-
-
b) P[]= lim
1
log e (1 + T) = 0 w
T
en
= lim
op
Bi 5
s(t)=Acos(2f1t+ )
tm
190
Hng dn gii bi tp
a) ACF
b) PSD
c) Cng sut trung bnh
Gii
a) V y l hm tun hon c gi tr thc nn
+T
1
( ) = lim
T T
1
s (t ) s (t + )dt = s (t ) s (t + ) dt
T 0
2 T
A
=
T
A
0 {cos(2 f1t+ )cos[2 f1 (t+ )+ ]} dt = 2 cos(2 f1 )
b) Ta c th biu din
V th
(f )df =
A
2
Bi 6
.e
P() = ( = 0) =
du
A2
A2
(f ) = F cos(2f) =
[(f + f1 ) + (f f1 )]
2
4
.v
j 2 f1
j 2 f1
1
cos(2 f1 ) = e
+e
2
+A
en
-A
.p
T/2
tit
op
b) Tm PSD
c) Tm ACF
191
Hng dn gii bi tp
Gii
a) Bin i Fourier c dng sau:
S(f)=ASinc(Tf/2)f1(f)-A(f)
trong f1=1/T
f 1 (f ) = (f kf1 )
k
d) P=(0)=A2
du
Bi 7
.v
Ta c () = 2A (2 / T) T () = 2A (2 / T) pI(-kT)-A2
Cho dy xung trong l qu trnh ngu nhin c biu din theo cng thc sau:
.e
T
X (t ) = AK pT (t + kT )
2
k =
trong Ak={+A,-A} vi xc xut xut hin +A v -A bng nhau v bng 1/2. Tm:
tit
a) ACF
b) PSD
Gii
en
a)
.p
x ( ) = E [ X (t ) X (t + ) ]
op
2
A 1 , T
= T
, nu khc
0
2
= A T ( )
192
Hng dn gii bi tp
Field Code Changed
b) X ( f ) = A2TSinc 2 ( fT )
c) P=(0)=A2
Bi 8
Mt ng truyn dn bng gc trong mi k hiu truyn c 2 bit c tha s dc
=1. Nu tc s liu cn truyn l 9600 bps , tm:
a) Tc truyn dn
b) Bng thng Nyquist
Gii
a) Rs=2Rb=2x9600 kps= 19200 sps
b) Bng thng Nyquist
BN=(1+)Rs/2=19200 Hz
du
Gii
BN=(1+)Rs=2x19200=38400 Hz
tit
Bi 10
.e
.v
Bi 9
.p
en
Gii
op
b) p dng cng thc (2.54) vi: A2/ 2 =SNR =10 v tra bng trong ph lc
ta c Pe=Q( 10 )=Q(3,16)= 8x10-4
Bi 11.
193
Hng dn gii bi tp
Nu bng thng b lc trong bi 10 tng gp i v mc cng sut tn hiu o ti u ra b
lc . Hi:
a) Khi khng c tn hiu th cng sut o c ti u ra cu b lc bng bao nhiu
b) T s tn hiu trn tp m bng bao nhiu
c) Xc sut li xung NRZ bng bao nhiu
Gii
a) Trong trng hp ny cng sut tp m tng gp i v bng 2x10-6 cn cng sut tn
hiu khng i v cng sut o ti u ra cu b lc s bng 1,2x10-6, V th t s tn hiu trn tp
m nh sau:
SNR= (12-2)/2=5 SNR[dB]= 10lg5= 6,98970 dB
b) Xc sut li xung nh sau:
Pe=Q( 5 )=Q(2,24)=0,0125
.v
Bi 11
Gii
Chuyn SNR vo s ln: SNR=1030/10=1000
5
du
tit
.e
1x10
2B
T cng thc SNR ta c th vit: SNR=1000=
10
=
B ' 6 B '
10
2B
Bi 12.
.p
Gii
en
op
194
Hng dn gii bi tp
Pe (0) =
U=A/2
1 ( yA)2 /(2 2 )
e
dy
2
A (bit 0)
Pe (1) =
u
2
2
1
exp( y / 2 )dy
2
A / 2
2
1
exp( z / 2)dz =Q(A/2)
2
tit
.e
t y/=z ta c
Pe =
2
2
1
e ( y ) /(2 ) dy
2
du
Pe =
0 (bit 1)
u
1 ( yA)2 /(2 2 )
e
2
fY ( y | 0) =
2
2
1
e ( y ) /(2 )
2
.v
fY ( y |1) =
.p
CHNG 3
Bi 1
en
op
Gii
a) Vect n v c xc nh nh sau:
195
Hng dn gii bi tp
a3
=
E3
1 (t) =
a/2
T
=
2
(a / 2) dt
1
T
si1 = si (t)
0
1
dt = a i T
T
b)
3
a T
2
1
a T
2
1
a T
2
3
a T
2
Bi 2
.v
du
Gii
tit
.p
en
a T
1
a T
2 P (01|00)
e
3
a T
2
.e
sau.
1
a T
a T
2 P(11|00)
3
a T
2 P (10|00)
e
op
Phn din tch t cho trn hnh v ta xc sut sai c iu kin nh sau.
Pe(00)=
a T
196
1
2
1
3
exp (y1 + a T ) dy1
2
N 0
N0
y1
Hng dn gii bi tp
3
P e(00)=
1 2
2
a T
2 N0
a T
2
1
exp -z dz = erfc
2
2 N0
2 y1 + a T / N 0 , ta c
2
t z=
P e(00)=
1
2
2
T
exp -z / 2 dz = Q a
2N 0
2 N0
Bi3
.v
Gii
Pe(01)= P(00|01)+P(11|01)+ P(10|01)
Pe (00|01)
a T
1
a T
2
1
a T
a T
2 P(11|01)
.p
3
a T
2
tit
.e
du
y1
3
a T
2 P (10|01)
e
Phn din tch t cho trn hnh v ta xc sut sai c iu kin nh sau.
a T
=2
1
2
1
1
exp (y1 + a T ) dy1
2
N 0
N0
1
2
1
1
exp (y1 + a T ) dy1
N
2
N 0
0
op
2
1
1
1
exp (y1 + a T ) dy1 +
2
N 0
N0
en
Pe(01)=
197
Hng dn gii bi tp
P e(01)=
a T
2 N0
a T
2
exp -z dz = erfc
2 N0
2 y1 + a T / N 0
2
z=
2
2
P e(01)=
T
2N 0
2
T
exp -z / 2 dz =2 Q a
2N
0
Bi 4
Tim xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 11
Gii
=2
a T
a T
1
2
1
1
exp (y1 a T ) dy1
N
2
N 0
0
1
2
1
1
exp (y1 a T ) dy1
N
2
N 0
0
a T
2 N0
exp -z
dz = erfc a T
2 N
0
P e(01)=
Bi 5
2
2
T
2N 0
.p
2 y1 a T / N 0
2
2
T
exp -z / 2 dz =2 Q a
2N 0
en
z=
tit
P e (01)=
op
Gii
Phn tch nh bi 3 ta c:
198
.e
.v
1
2
1
1
exp (y1 a T ) dy1 +
N
2
N 0
0
du
Pe(10)=
Phn tch nh bi 3 ta c:
Hng dn gii bi tp
a T
Pe(11)=
1
2
1
3
exp (y1 a T ) dy1
N
2
N 0
0
2
1
1
3
exp (y1 a T ) dy1
N
2
N 0
0
2a T
P e(11)=
a T
2 N0
exp -z
dz = 1 erfc a T
2 N
2
0
P e(11)=
1
2
T
2N 0
2 y1 a T / N 0
2
2
T
exp -z / 2 dz = Q a
2N 0
.v
z=
1 2
2
du
Bi 6
Tm xc sut thu sai k hiu trung bnh vi gi thit xc sut pht cc mc ai bng nhau v
bng 1/4.
Gii
.e
tit
trong P(xx) v Pe(xx) l xc sut pht k hiu xx v xc sut c iu kin thu sai k hiu xx
tng ng.
T cc kt qu bi 2,3,4,5 v P(xx)=1/4 ta c:
a T
3
erfc
4
2 N0
6
T
Q a
4 2N 0
Bi 7
en
.p
Pe= [Pe(00)+Pe(01)+Pe(11)+Pe10)]/4
op
si(t) =
2E
aicos(2fct+)
T
199
Hng dn gii bi tp
vi:
E l nng lng trn mt k hiu = 2Eb, Eb l nng lng trn mt bit.
T l thi gian ca mt k hiu bng 2Tb, Tb l thi gian ca mt bit,
i = 1, 2, 3,4; fc tn s sng mang, l mt gc pha ban u bt k khng nh
hng ln qu trnh phn tch nn ta s b qua; ai={-3,-1,1,3}.
a) Tim vect n v
b) Biu din tn hiu trong khng gian tn hiu
Gii
2E
a 3cos(2f c t)
T
2
2E
a 3cos(2f c t) dt
T
0
2
cos(2f c t)
T
du
2
2E
2
cos(2f c t)dt =
a i cos(2f c t) cos(2f c t)dt
T
T
T
0
si1 = si (t)
.v
a) 1 (t) =
2E
a 3cos(2f c t)
T
=
E3
.e
tit
E
2E
2
a i [1 + cos(4f c t) ]
a i cos(2f c t) cos(2f c t) =
T
T
T
en
si1=
.p
ta c
op
Bi 8
Hng dn gii bi tp
Gii
Xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 00 nh sau:.
Pe(00)= P(01|00)+ P(10|00)+ P(11|00)
T phng trnh (3.32) ta c th biu din cc hm xc sut c iu kin nh trn hnh v
sau.
2 E
E
Pe (01|00)
E
2 E
P(11|00)
3 E
Pe (10|00)
.v
y1
3 E
Pe(00)=
2 E
1
2
1
exp (y1 + 3 E ) dy1
N 0
N0
E
N0
2 y1 + 3 E / N 0 , ta c
P e(00)=
1
2
2E
2
exp -z / 2 dz = Q
2E
N0
en
N0
.p
t z=
Bi 9
E
2
1
exp -z dz = erfc
N
2
0
.e
1 2
2
tit
P e(00)=
du
Phn din tch t cho trn hnh v ta xc sut sai c iu kin nh sau.
Gii
op
sau.
201
Hng dn gii bi tp
3 E
2 E
E
2 E
P(11|01)
Pe (00|01)
y1
3 E
Pe (10|01)
1
2
1
exp (y1 + E ) dy1
N 0
N0
exp -z
E
N0
dz = erfc E
N
0
2 y1 + E / N 0
P e(01)=
2
2
tit
z=
.e
P e(01)=
2E
2
exp -z / 2 dz =2 Q
N0
2E
.p
N0
Bi 10
.v
1
2
1
exp (y1 + E ) dy1
N 0
N0
du
=2
1
2
1
exp (y1 + E ) dy1 +
N 0
N0
Pe(01)=
Gii
en
V mi k hiu pht ng thi hai bit nn xc sut li bit trung bnh s bng 1/2 xc sut li
k hiu v c tnh nh sau:
op
Pb=1/2[P(00)Pe(00)+ P(01)Pe(01)+P(11)Pe(11)+P(10)Pe(10)]/4
Da trn cc bi 8, 9 ta c th vit:
202
Hng dn gii bi tp
Pe(00)=
2E
E
1
erfc
= Q
2
N
0
N0
2E
E
Pe(01)= erfc
=2 Q
N
N
0
0
2E
E
Pe(11)= erfc
=2 Q
N
N
0
0
Pe(10)=
2E
E
1
erfc
= Q
2
N
0
N0
E 3 2E
3
Pe= erfc
=
N 4 Q N
8
0
0
.v
Bi 11
du
Gii
.e
tit
Bi 12
a) Tm xc sut li bit
.p
Mt h thng BPSK hat ng lin tc mc li trung bnh 5000 bit li trn mt ngy.
Rb=10000bps, N0=10-10WHz-1 .
Gii
a) Pb=
en
50000
=5,79.10-5
10000(3600x24)
op
10
Bi 13
203
Hng dn gii bi tp
Tn hiu thu ca h thng BPSK nht qun c nh ngha nh sau:
r(t) = k
2E b
2
sin (2fct) 1 k
Tb
2E b
cos(2fct) +x(t), 0tTb
Tb
trong du cng tng ng vi k hiu '0' v du tr tng ng vi '1', thnh phn th nht th
hin sng mang ng b my thu vi my pht, Tb l rng bit v Eb l nng lng bit, x(t) l
tp m Gauss trng cng.
a) Vit cng thc lin h xc sut li bit trung bnh Pb vi xc sut pht k hiu 1: P(1),
xc sut pht k hiu 0: P(0), xc sut c iu kin Pe(0|1): xc sut pht k hiu mt nhng quyt
nh thu k hiu 0 v xc sut c iu kin Pe(1|0): xc sut pht k hiu 0 nhng quyt nh thu
k hiu 1
b) Tm cc biu thc xc nh Pe(0|1) v Pe(1|0)
Gii
a) Cng thc lin h xut li Pe:
.v
2
cos(2f c t)dt =
T
(1 k )E b + X1
2
du
Y1= s(t)
.e
trong Y1 l tn hiu sau mch tch phn, '+" tng ng k hiu '0' c pht, '-' tng ng k
hiu '1' c pht, W1 l tp m Gauss trng cng trung bnh khng.
V Y1 l bin ngu nhin Gauss c gi tr trung bnh
(1 k )E b nn:
2
tit
2
1
1
2
exp
y1 (1 k )E b v
N 0
N0
fY1(y1|0)=
.p
2
1
1
2
exp
y1 + (1 k )E b
N 0
N0
fY1(y1|1)=
P(1| 0) =
en
f Y1 (y1 | 0)dy1
2
1
2
1
exp
y
(1
k
)E
dt
b
N 1
N 0
0
op
2
1
2
1
exp
y
(1
k
)E
dt
b
N 1
N 0
0
204
Hng dn gii bi tp
2
1
2
1
exp
y1 + (1 k )E b dt
N
N 0
0
v v th:
P(1|0)=P(0|1)=
0
2
1
2
1
exp
y
(1
k
)E
dt
b
N 1
N 0
0
t
z=
2 y1 + (1 k )E b / N 0
ta c
2
2(1 k )E b
2 exp z / 2 dt = Q
N0
2(1 k )E b
( )
.v
N0
Bi 14
du
1
P(1|0)=P(0|1)=
2
2E b
2
Pe
(1 k )
N0
.e
b) Gi thit 10% cng sut tn hiu pht c phn b cho thnh phn sng mang chun
ng b tm Eb/N0 m bo xc sut li bit trung bnh bng 3.10-4.
tit
Gii
.p
en
2(1 k )E b
=P(0|1)=P(1|0)= Q
N0
op
b) Cng sut trung bnh chun ha cho in tr 1m ca hnh phn sng mang ng b
c xc nh nh sau;
2
2E
2
2
0 k Tbb sin(2fc t) dt =k P=0,1P k =0,1, nn cng sut cho tn hiu bn tin
1
Tb
Tb
205
Hng dn gii bi tp
2
2E b
1,8E b
(1 k ) =
N0
N0
u=
Eb u
=
N 0 1,8
E b 3, 4
=
= 6, 42
N 0 1,8
c) i vi h thng BPSK thng thng m bo xc sut li bit 3.10-4, ta cn t s
Eb/N0 nh sau:
2
E
3, 4
2E b
= 5, 78
= 3, 4 b =
N0
2
N0
.v
6,42:5,78=1,1 ln
Bi 15
.e
du
Mt h thng BPSK c xc sut truyn bit "0" bng xc sut truyn bit "1". Gi thit rng
khi h thng ng b tt, Eb/N0=9,6 dB dn n xc sut li bit bng 10-5. Trong trng hp vng
kha pha PLL b mc li pha .
Gii
2E b
2
2
cos(2f c t)
cos(2f c t + )dt + X1
cos(2f c t)dt =
Tb
Tb
T
0
= E b cos +X1
.p
Y1= s(t)
tit
2
1
1
exp
y1 E b cos
N 0
N0
fY1(y1|1)=
206
2
1
1
exp
y1 + E b cos
N 0
N0
op
fY1(y1|0)=
en
Hng dn gii bi tp
Ta c th biu din cc hm mt xc sut ni trn theo gi tri y1 nh sau.
2 N 0
( y1 + Eb cos ) 2 / N 0
Eb cos
0
Pe (0) =
2 N 0
2 N 0
( y1 Eb cos )2 / N 0
Eb cos
( y1 Eb cos )2 / N 0
dy1
Pe (1) =
0
1
2 N 0
( y1 + Eb cos )2 / N 0
dy1
.v
fY1 ( y1 | 0) =
fY1 ( y1 |1) =
Pb=P(0)Pe(0)+P(1)Pe(1)= 1/2[Pe(0)+Pe(1)]=Pe(0)=Pe(1)
2
1
1
exp
y1 + E b cos dy1
N 0
N0
N0
ta c:
1
2
( )
2E b
2
cos
exp z / 2 dy1 = Q
N0
2E b
cos
en
Pb=
tit
y1 + E b cos
.p
z= 2
.e
du
Do xc sut truyn bit "1" bng xc sut truyn bit "0" nn: P(0) =P(1)=1/2 v tnh i xng
ca cc hm mt xc sut c iu kin, nn cc sut li bit trong trng hp ny c tnh nh
sau:
N0
2E b
cos = 2x9,12x0,8 = 3, 417 .
N0
op
207
Hng dn gii bi tp
2E b
= 2x9,12xcos = 3,1 cos=0,726=43,460
N0
Bi 16
Cho hai my thu h thng truyn dn nht qun 16-QAM vi cc thng s sau: cng sut
thu trung bnh Pavr=10-5W, Rb=5000bps, N0=10-10WHz-1.
a) Tm xc sut li bit trong hai h thng
b) Tm v bng thng Nyquist ca hai h thng khi cho h s dc =0,2
Gii
a) Tc k hiu cho 16-QAM v QPSK c xc nh nh sau:
Rs-16QAM= Rblog(16)=20000 bps
.v
.e
du
Pb-16QAM=5,48.10-2
Pb-QPSK= 7.10-4
tit
Bi 17
.p
BN-QPSK=(1+)Rs-QPSK=1,2x10000bps=12000bps
Gii
en
op
sau:
208
Hng dn gii bi tp
Nh vy ta cn pht cng sut cho 16QAM gp hai ln cng sut cho QPSK hai h thng
c cng xc sut li bit.
CHNG 4
Bi 1
Mt bn tin 3 bit c truyn trn h thng BPSK v t s tn hiu trn tp m thu c
bng 7 dB.
a) Tnh xc sut 2 bit mc li
b) Bn tin c m ha sao cho t m tng ln 5 bit. Xc sut 2 bit mc li bng bao nhiu.
Gi thit rng cng sut pht trong hai trng hp a) v b) l nh nhau.
Gii
2E b
= 2x5 = 3,16 . Tra bng trong ph lc ta c Pb=7,9.10-4. i
N0
Eb/No=107/10=5
.v
4
3
2
3 2
= 3 7,9x10
pe = ( Pb ) (1 Pb )
2
du
3
3!
= 3.
=
2
2)!
2!(3
) (1 7,9x10 ) 6, 4.10
2
.e
trong Pb, Pb2 v (1-Pb)3-2 l xc sut li mt bit, xc sut li 2 bit v xc sut mt bit
khng mc li.
Ebc=P/Rbc=rP/Rb=rEb. V th
tit
.p
2E bc
2rE b
=
= 10x3 / 5 = 2, 45
N0
N0
en
Bi 2
op
b) Trng hp m ha (PMc)
209
Hng dn gii bi tp
Gii
a) PM=1-(1-Pb)3=1-(1-7,9.10-4)3=2,37.10-3
b) V khong cch Hamming cc tiu dmin=3, nn m c th sa c mt bit. Bn tin s ch
b li khi khi mc li 2,3,4,5 bit, v th:
5
5
k
5 k
PMc = ( Pbc ) (1 Pbc )
k
k =2
) (1 7,14.10 ) =4,99.10
2
3 3
-4
3
5
5
2
3
PMc ( Pbc ) (1 Pbc ) = 7,14.10
2
2
.v
du
Bi 3
.e
Gii
Bi 4
.p
tit
en
op
a) Tm xc sut li bit (Pb) v li bn tin (PM) cho h thng khng m ha, trong bn tin
di 11 bit
b) Tm xc sut li bit (Pbc) v li bn tin (PMc) cho h thng m ha, cho m khi (15,11)
sa li n
Gii
210
Hng dn gii bi tp
a)
0,8
2E b
= 2x10 = 3,55 Pb=1,9.10-4
N0
PM=1-(1-Pb)11=1-(1-1,9,10-4)11=2,1.10-3
b)
0,8 11
2E b
r = 2x10 x
= 3, 04 Pbc=1,18.10-3
N0
15
15 15
3
15 k
15
k
PMC = ( Pbc ) (1 Pbc )
1,18.10
2
2
k =2
) (1 1,18.10
2
3 15 2
=1,44.10-4
Bi 5
.v
du
0 1 1 1 0 0
G = 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1
a) Tm cc t m
.e
tit
Gii
en
.p
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 1
011 011
c=mG=
1 0 1 0 1 0 =
1 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1
1 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 1
0 0 0 1 1 1
op
0 1 1
1 0 0
T
b) H=[I n k
P ]= I 3 MP ; I3 = 0 1 0 ;P = 1 0 1 H=
1 1 0
0 0 1
T
1 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1 0
211
Hng dn gii bi tp
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
T
H =
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
T
s=yH =[0 0 0 1 1 0]
= [1 1 0]
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
.v
Bi 6
du
Gii
a thc bn tin c dng sau: m(x)=1+x2. Nhn a thc bn tin vi x7-4=x3 ta c: x3+x5.
x + x +1
x
tit
x +x
.e
en
x +x +x
.p
op
Bi 7
a) Thit k s b to m
212
Hng dn gii bi tp
b)Kim tra hot ng cu n vi bn tin m=[1010].
Gii
.v
a) S b m ha nh sau
D
ch
Bit
vo
du
101
111
tit
.e
011
.p
010
Bi 8
en
op
a) Thit k s
b) Tnh ton chui u ra theo bng khi cho chui u vo m=[101011], trong bit ngoi
cng bn tri l bit vo b to m u tin
213
Hng dn gii bi tp
Gii
a) S b to m nh sau:
.v
du
.e
c1 = m'+m'x2
c2 = m'+m'x+m'x2
c
tit
11 01 00 01 00 10 1011
.p
Bi 9
Gii
en
cl , j = gp, j ml -p
l =0
op
214
Hng dn gii bi tp
i vi nhnh trn j=1 ta c:
c0,1 = g0,1 m0 = 1 1 = 1
c1,1 = g0,1 m1 + g1,1 m0 = 10 + 0 1 = 0
c2,1 = g0,1 m2 + g1,1 m1 + g2,1 m0 = 11 + 00 + 11= 0
c3,1 = g0,1 m3 + g1,1 m2 + g2,1 m1 = 10 + 01 + 10 = 0
c4,1 = g0,1 m4 + g1,1 m3 + g2,1 m2 = 11 + 00 + 11 = 0
c5,1 = g0,1 m5 + g1,1 m4+g2,1m3 = 11 + 01 +10 = 1
c6,1 = g0,1 m6+ g1,1 m5 + g2,1 m4 = 10 +01+11 = 1
c7,1 = g0,1 m7+ g1,1 m6 + g2,1 m5 = 10 +00+11 = 1
Vy chui bit u ra ca nhnh trn l :
c1 = (10000111)
c0,2 = g0,2 m0 = 1 1 = 1
c1,2 = g0,2 m1 + g1,2 m0 = 10 + 1 1 = 1
.v
du
.e
tit
.p
c2 = (11010001)
en
c = (11 01 00 01 00 10 1011 )
c 16 bit.
Bi 10
op
m(x) = 1 + x2 + x4+x5
g1(x) = 1 + x2
215
Hng dn gii bi tp
g2(x) = 1+x + x2
c1(x) = (1 + x2 + x4+x5) ( 1 + x2) = 1+ x2 + x2+x4+x4+x6 + x5 +x7
=1+ x5 + x6 + x7
hay:
hay:
c = ( 11 01 00 01 0010 1011 )
Bi 11
00
00
11
11
11
11
11
11
00
01
S2=01
11
10
01
01
10
10
01
00
00
01
00
11
11
11
00
01
10
11
01
10
10
00
01
10
00
01
10
10
10
01
01
11
00
01
10
11
00
01
10
01
10
10
10
01
11
tit
01
10
10
01
00
00
11
11
00
01
10
S3=11
Cc k hiu ra
11
00
00
11
S1=10
00
du
S0=00
00
.v
.e
Cc bit vo
m
Bi 12
.p
Gii
en
op
Ta biu din khong cch Hamming ca chui k hiu thu cho tng nhnh trn biu li
trn hnh sau.
216
Hng dn gii bi tp
Bi 13
.v
S0=00
2
2
.e
0
S1=10
tit
.p
S2=01
Bi 14
en
S3=11
du
Gii
op
217
Hng dn gii bi tp
S0=00
1
0
S1=10
S2=01
0
2
0
0
S3=11
Bi 15
Mt b to m xon vi cc a thc to m sau:
.v
g1(x) = 1+x+x2
g2 (x)= 1+x2
du
a) Thit k s
b) V biu trng thi
c) V biu li
a)
D2
tit
D1
op
en
.p
Vo
.e
Gii
b)
218
Ra
Hng dn gii bi tp
00
11
S0=00
11
00
S1=10
S2=01
10
01
01
S3=11
10
.v
Bi 16
(Tip)
du
a) V biu li
a)
00
00
11
11
11
00
11
00
10
01
01
01
00
10
10
01
01
10
01
10
op
S3=11
11
10
en
S2=01
11
.p
S1=10
00
tit
S0=00
.e
Gii
b)
219
Hng dn gii bi tp
Bi 17
.v
Gii
.e
a)
du
b) V biu li
D1
D1
en
.p
Vo
tit
dk
op
b)
220
ck
ra
Hng dn gii bi tp
a=0 0
00
00
00
01
01
01
11
b=1 0
11
10
10
00
c=0 1
10
00
01
00
01
11
d=1 1
11
01
11
10
11
10
10
a=0 0
01
11
01
11
tit
11
01
00
10
00
10
01
.p
d=1 1
C
10
00
01
11
11
10
00
10
01
11
10
c=0 1
00
01
11
b=1 0
00
.v
00
du
.e
c)
Bi 18
en
op
1 + x2
g(x) = 1,
1 + x + x2
221
Hng dn gii bi tp
Gii
a)
dk
Sk1
Sk0
ck
00
00
00
11
11
11
00
00
10
S2=01
00
10
01
01
01
01
01
10
10
10
01
10
tit
S3=11
11
.v
11
du
11
S1=10
.e
S0=00
b)
Bi 19
.p
Gii
op
a)
en
222
Hng dn gii bi tp
00
a=0 0
01
01
00
01
01
11
11
10
00
11
10
00
11
d=1 1
C
11
10
00
10
01
11
10
c=0 1
00
01
11
b=1 0
00
10
01
.v
C={1,1,0,0,0,1}
b) Chui lng cc c xc nh theo cng thc:
du
ak=1-2dk
bk=1-2ck
C={-1,-1,+1,+1,+1,-1}
.e
Bi 20
2
tit
.p
b) k=1
c) k=2
en
Gii
1
( xk ak ,i + yk bk ,i (m) ) . V xc sut pht dk=0 v dk=1 bng nhau, nn
2
2
= 1/ 2 . Gi thit =1.
k ,i (m ) = k ,i exp
op
k ,i
R1=(-0,5;-0,2)
1
2
Hng dn gii bi tp
1
2
1
2
.v
1
2
du
R3=(0,8;-0,4)
.e
tit
.p
Bi 21
Gii
en
k (m) = k 1 (b j (m)) k , j (b j (m ))
op
j =0
k=1
1 (00) = 1 v 1 (m ) = 0 khi m 00
224
Hng dn gii bi tp
k=2
2 (00) = 1 (00) 1,0 (00) + 1 (01) 1,0 (01) = 1,0 (00) =0,25
m=00:
m=10: 2 (10) = 1 (00) 1,1 (00) + 1 (01) 1,1 (01) = 1,1 (00) =1
m=01: 2 (01) = 1 (10) 1,0 (10) + 1 (11) 1,0 (11) = 0
m=11: 2 (11) = 1 (10) 1,1 (10) + 1 (11) 1,1 (11) = 0
m=10:
m=01:
m=11:
k=4
m=10:
m=01:
du
m=00:
.v
m=00:
k=3
.e
m=11:
Bi 22
Gii
T phng trnh (4.79) ta c:
1
tit
k=4
en
j =0
.p
m=00 4(00)=1
m=10 4(10)=0
op
m=01 4(01)= 0
m=11 4(11)= 0
k=3
Hng dn gii bi tp
= 0,75x1+0,34x0=0,75
k=2
m=00 2 (00) = 2,0 (00) 3 (00) + 2,1 (10) 3 (10)
= 7,4x0,75+0,3x0=5,55
.v
= 7,4x1,66+0,67x0=12,5
= 0,67x0,75+0,37x0=0,5
k=1
.e
= 0,67x1,66+0,37x0=1,11
du
tit
= 0,25x5,55+12,28x1=13,67
.p
= 0,25x0,5+1x1,11=1,24
en
= 0,37x5,55+0,67x12,28=10,28
op
Bi 23
(Tip).
226
Hng dn gii bi tp
b) Tnh L( d k ) v tm c tnh nhn c sau gii m.
Gii
a)
=0
= 1, 24
=1
= 12, 28
=0
= 10, 28
=0
= 0,5
=0
= 0,93
=0
= 1,11
= 1,85
= 0, 75
= 13, 67
=1
= 0, 07
=0
= 1, 74
=0
= 7, 4
= 1, 66
= 0,3
=0
.e
L (dk ) = ln m
= 0, 07
=0
du
= 0,55
=0
= 0, 25
= 5,55
.v
=1
= 13, 67
k=1
tit
1x 0, 25 x 5, 55
L (d1 ) = ln
= 2,18 d1 = 1
1x 1x 12, 28
k=2
en
k=3
.p
0, 25 x 7, 2 x 0,75 + 1x 7, 4 x 1, 66
L (d2 ) = ln
= d2 = 0
0
1, 85 x 0,75 x 1 + 7, 4 x 1, 66 x 1
L (d2 ) = ln
= d3 = 0
0
op
CHNG 5
Bi 1
227
Hng dn gii bi tp
Cho s b ngu nhin ha t ng b c a thc to m g(x)=1+x4+x5 vi iu kin ban
u thanh ghi dch l 10101.
a) V s b ngu nhin ha
b) Chng minh rng lung s ton khng sau ngu nhin ha s c bin i thnh lung
s c s s "1" v s s "0" gn bng nhau.
Gii
.v
a) S b ngu nhin ho t ng b
Ra
C
-
D
1
E
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
228
tit
.p
en
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
.e
B
1
du
Vo
A
-
op
Th
t
dch bit
/K ban
u
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
H
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
Hng dn gii bi tp
20
21
22
23
24
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
I
1
1
0
1
I
1
1
0
1
I
1
1
1
0
I
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
Bi 2
2. Cho s b gii ngu nhin t ng b c a thc to m g(x)=1+x4+x5 vi iu kin
ban u thanh ghi dch l 10101.
a) V s b gii ngu nhin
b) Chng minh rng lung s ton khng c ngu nhin ha sau khi c gii ngu nhin
s tr li lung s ton khng.
Gii
.e
du
.v
Vo
Ra
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
A
-
D
1
E
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
.p
B
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
en
C
-
op
Th
t
dch bit
/K ban
u
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
tit
b) 24 bit trong lung s u ra b gii ngu nhin c xc inhj theo bng di y. khng.
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
H
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
229
Hng dn gii bi tp
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
I
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
I
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
I
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
I
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
.v
Bi 3
du
Gii
Ta lp bng logic sau.
90
270
90
180
270
180
270
90
180
180
u1(t)u2(t)
270
90
270
0
270
90
180
op
en
180
90
.p
tit
.e
u1 (t T)u 2 (t T)
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Dng u ca bng th hin quan h ca cp bit thng tin (AB) cn m ha vi sai pha
(t) = (t) (t T)
230
Hng dn gii bi tp
Bng phi di 4x4 th hin quan h gia cp bit u ra b m ha vi sai v pha ca tn hiu
c iu ch.
.v
Bi 4
Thit k mch logic cho b gii m vi sai QPSK trn hnh 5.8.
du
Gii
Ta lp bng logic sau.
00
0
0
00
00
0
01
90
11
90
270
10
180
01
180
00
270
11
90
270
10
270
AB
11
90
180
01
00
10
180
u1(t)u2(t)
270
90
0
en
270
10
10
01
.p
00
11
180
Ct u ca bng logic trn th hin quan h gia cp bit u vo b gii vi sai v pha ca
tn hiu c iu ch
op
180
11
90
01
10
11
0
tit
t-T
01
0
.e
u1 (t T)u 2 (t T)
Bng phi di 4x4 th hin quan h gia cp bit u ra b gii m vi sai v sai pha
(t) = (t) (t T) .
231
Hng dn gii bi tp
Nhn xt cc ct ca bng th hin quan h gia cp bit u ra ca b gii m vi sai vi sai
pha (t) = (t) (t T) ta thy:
.v
du
Tm sai pha u ra b dao ng ni trong s kha pha vng Costas trn hnh 5.7.
Gii
Bn cht ca kha pha vng costas trn s 5.7 l tm cch nhn pha bn ln tn hiu sau
iu ch loi b c thnh phn iu ch:
1
1
sin(2 )cos(2 ) = sin cos sin( + / 4)cos( + / 4)
4
4
tit
Sau xt du ca sin(4 ) =
.e
.p
op
en
232
Hng dn gii bi tp
du
.v
.e
Bi 6
Gii
Ta s dng cc bin i sau y:
tit
.p
en
op
233
Hng dn gii bi tp
signsin'
sin '
co s '
signcos '
si gn sin 4 '
signsin '+
4
signcos '+
4
.v
Bi 7
Thit k b iu ch BPSK s dng xuyn diod.
"1"
Bi 8
.p
"0"
0
(t) = 0
(t) = 180
en
180
tit
.e
du
Gii
op
Gii
Ta phn tch iu ch QPSK thnh hai mch iu ch BPSK: mch iu ch BPSK 1 (nhnh
0
Hng dn gii bi tp
B iu ch BPSK 2
(nhnh Q)
Tham kho 2
00
01
B iu ch BPSK 1
(nhnh I)
Tham kho 1
10
11
0
1
.e
du
/2
.v
B iu ch BPSK 1
tit
Bi 9
.p
Gii
op
a)
en
235
Hng dn gii bi tp
Tn hiu dao ng
ni thu trung tn
Tham
kho
"1"
180
RLO1
"0"
0
Lung nh phn
(t) = 0
(t) = 180
b)
0
.v
0
Dng sng khi bit '"1" tng ng vi goc pha iu ch (t) = 180 c truyn
.e
du
(t) = 0
Dng sng khi bit '"0" tng ng vi goc pha iu ch (t) = 0 c truyn
Bi 10
en
.p
(t) = 180
tit
op
Gii
236
Hng dn gii bi tp
a)
/2
tit
.e
du
.v
en
Tn hiu thu
vi (t)=
.p
Tham kho
op
Tn hiu thu
vi (t)=5
u ra nh phn sau b lc m
Bi 11
237
Hng dn gii bi tp
Cho my thu i tn:
a) Thit k b bin i h tn c loi tr tn s nh gng vi gi thit tn s dao ng ni
fRLO2 nh hn tn s sng mang fc.
b) Gii thch hot ng b bin i h tn loi tr tn s nh.
Gii
a)
f IF
f IF
fimage
f RLO2
fc
cos(RLO2 t)
cos(image t)
cos(RLO2 t)
tit
cos(c t + (t) + 90 )
0
cos(image t + 90 )
.e
90
90
du
cos(c t + (t))
b)
.p
.v
cos(c t + (t))
cos(image t)
u ra b trn th hai
Bi 12
238
op
Cng
en
90
C=A+B=0
Hng dn gii bi tp
Cho mt h thng truyn dn 34,368 Mbps. Cc bit khai thc c ghp ti b ghp lung
v tuyn, trong c mi khung c 35 bit s liu v mt bit khai thc.
a) Tm tc u ra b ghp lung v tuyn v tc lung khai thc
b) Thit k b ghp lung v tuyn.
Gii
a) Tc u ra b ghp khung: R=34,368 Mbps x 36/35 35,35Mbps; Tc lung khai
thc bng: Rkt=R-Rb=35,35 -34369 0,982Mbps
.v
b)
du
Bai 13
Bi 14
.p
tit
.e
en
Gii
op
a)
239
Hng dn gii bi tp
b)
ng h 35,35
MHz c l
B so
pha
34,368 MHz
c lm u
34,348 MHz u
B lc
thp tn
Bi 15.
du
.v
VCXO
Thit k b phn nhnh siu cao tn cho mt h thng pht thu vi ba s gm ba my pht v
.
.e
cn f i l tn s thu.
.p
Anten
f2
f3
Tx3
Rx3
Rx2
Rx1
f1
Tx2
f3
Tx1
f2
op
f1
en
50
240
tit
Gii
Hng dn gii bi tp
CHNG 7
Bi 1
Mt h thng truyn dn v tuyn s lm vic ti tn s 1000MHz v khong cch thng tin
l 5 km.
a) Tnh suy hao trong khng gian t do
b) Tnh cng sut thu theo dBW. Gi thit rng cng sut pht l 10W, anten pht v anten
thu ng hng v khng c tn hao
c) Nu phn b) cng sut pht l 20 dBW, tnh cng sut thu theo dBW
d) Nu ng knh cho anten tng gp i, tnh s tng ca h s khuych i anten theo
dB
Gii
.v
Ls [dB] = 10 lg Ls = 32,5+20lgf[MHz]+20lgd[km]
du
.e
tit
.p
en
Df
8
G =
, trong l hiu sut ante, c=3.10 m/s l tc nh sng;
c
ta c:
op
c
3.10
Df
1010/10=10=0,55
=0,4 m
= 4, 26
D= 10 / 0,55
6
f
c
.1000.10
Bi 2
Mt h thng v tuyn s c cng sut pht 3 W, tn s pht 2 GHz, anten pht v anten thu
c ng knh 1 m v hiu sut anten 0,55.
a)Tnh h s khuych i anten
241
Hng dn gii bi tp
b) Tnh EIRP theo dBm
c) Tnh cng sut thu theo dBm nu c ly thng tin 10 km v ch c suy hao khng gian t
do.
Gii
2
x1x2.109
Df 2
=23,82dBi
a) 10 lg G = 10 lg
= 10 lg 0,55
8
3.10
c
Ls [dB ] = 10 lg Ls = 92,5+20lgf[GHz]+20lgd[km]=92,5+10lg2+10lg10=105,5dB
PRX=EIRP-Ls=56,62dBm-105,5dB-48,88dBm
Bi 3
du
.v
Gii
.e
10 /10
Eb
P
= RX = 10
= 10 PRX=10kTRb=10x1,38.10-23x600x5.107
N 0 kTR b
tit
=4,14.10-12W-114dBW
.p
Ls [dB ] = 10 lg Ls = 92,5+20lgf[GHz]+20lgd[km]=92,5+20lg12,5+20lg36.000
en
=200dB
/ 0,55
c
3.10
= 38.
=0,23m
9
f
.15,5.10
op
D= 10
Bi 4
242
Hng dn gii bi tp
Mt b khuych i c tr khng vo v ra l 50 m, h s khuych i l 60 dB, bng
thng l 10kHz. Khi mt in tr 50 m u vo u vo, tp m trung bnh qun phng ti u
ra l 100v, tm nhit tp m hiu dng cu b khuych i.
Gii
Cng sut tp m u ra b khuych i:
Nout= ANi+Na
Do u vo phi khng nn:
Ni=kTif= 1,38.10-23x290x10.103=4.10-17W
Nout=(100.10-6)2/50=2.10-10WNa=2.10-10-4.10-17x106=1,6.10-10W
Tp m b khuych i quy i vo u vo:
Nai=1,6.10-10/106=1,6.10-16=kTafTa=1,6.10-16/(1,38.10-23x10.103)
=1,16.103K=1160K
.v
Bi 5
du
Gii
.e
x50 =5.10-7V=0,5V
tit
Ta c: Pi=(Ui)2/RU= Pi R = 5.10
Bi 6
.p
en
op
Gii
a)
243
Hng dn gii bi tp
E
2 b =3,1(Eb/N0)req=0,5x3,12=4,8
N 0 req
(Eb/N0)Rx=Mx(Eb/N0)req= 100,3x4,8=9,6.
Suy hao khng gian t do:
Ls [dB ] = 10 lg Ls = 92,5+20lgf[GHz]+20lgd[km]=92,5+20lg3+20lg40.000=194dB
PRX=EIRP-Ls+G2=10lg100-194+10=-164dBW
(Eb/N0)Rx=
PRX
=9,6N0=PRX/(9,6xRb)= 10-16,4/(9,6x100)
R b N0
= 10-18 /(9,6.100,4)=4.10-20W/Hz
TRX=Ts-290=2900-290=2610K
.v
c) TRX=(NF-1)290NF=TRX/290 +1=99,5dB
Bi 7
Gii
tit
a) TRX=(NF-1)290=(101,3-1)290=5496K
.e
du
b) Ts=490+5496=5886 K
.p
c) SNRin= P/Ni=Pi/(kTif)=10-12/(1,38.10-23x490x2.106)=0,74.102=7416,7dB
NF[dB]=SNRin[dB]-SNRout[dB] SNRout=16,7dB-13dB=3,7dB
en
Bi 8
op
Gii
K hiu Ni, Na l cng sut tp m ngun v cng sut tp m my thu, ta c cng sut
tp m h thng thu cha mc thm b tin khuych i quy i u vo my thu :
244
Hng dn gii bi tp
N1=Ni+Na = k.TA.f+ k.(NF1-1). 290.f
= k.f.(TA+(NF1-1).290)=1,38.10-23x500.106(10+(101-1).290)=1,8.10-11W
Np=k(NFp-1).290.f=1,38.10-23(NFp-1)x290x500.106=1,54.10-12
NFp=1,54/(1,38x2,9x0,5)+1=1,772,5dB
du
Bi 9
.v
a) Tm h s tp m tng ca my thu
.e
tit
Gii
= 10
0,3
0,3
0,3
1.6
1 10 (10 1)
2 1 2(40 1)
=2+ 2 +
=2,794,46dB
+
2
2
2
10
10
10
10
10
op
b)
NF2 1 L(NF3 1)
L 1 L(NF3 1)
= NF1 +
+
+
A1
A1
A1
A1
en
NFtol = NF1 +
.p
Bi 10
245
Hng dn gii bi tp
Tm nhit tp m h thng TS cho php cc i m bo xc sut li bit 2.10-4 i vi
s liu Rb=10kbps. Cc thng s ng truyn nh sau: tn s pht 12GHz, EIRP=10dBW,
khuych i anten thu 0 dB, kiu iu ch BPSK nht qun, cc tn hao khc bng khng, khong
cch pht thu l 100km.
Gii
Tra cu bng trong ph lc 1, ta c:
u=
2E b
=3,4 Eb/N0=5,78
N0
Eb/N0=PRX/(RbN0)=5,78N0=PRX/(5,78Rb)=10-13,3/(5,78x10.103)
.v
=10-17/(5,75x2)=8,6.10-19W/Hz
N0=k.TsTs=N0/k=8,6.10-19/1,38.10-23=6,232.104K
Bi 11
tit
Gii
.e
du
a)
= 701/(300-T1)
A1
230
265
290
300
10
20
70
8,5dB
10dB
13dB
18,5dB
op
A1[dB]
200
en
T1,K
.p
246
Hng dn gii bi tp
b)
A1 , dB
Bi 12
du
.v
T1 , K
.e
tit
Gii
.p
Nri=kTr f=1,38.10-23x3000x40.106=1,66.10-12W
en
op
Bi 13
Hng dn gii bi tp
b) u ra cp c tn hao.
Gii
a) K hiu t s tn hiu trn tp m u vo v u ra b khuych i l SNRi v SNRout,
ta c:
SNRi=Pi/(kTAf)= 10-9/(1,38.10-23x290x0,25.109)=100030dB
SNRout=SNRi-NF=30-3=27dB
b) K hiu SNRL , HFL l t s tn hiu trn tp m u ra cp tn hao v h s tp m cp tn
hao, ta c:
SNRL=SNRout-NFL=SNRout-L=27-10dB=17dB
Bi 14
.v
du
Gii
.e
tit
Ntol= L+L(NFr-1)+L(NF2-1)/A=100,25+100,25(100,3-1)+100,25(101,3-1)/102
=3,95,9dB
c)
.p
Bi 15
en
=2,343,7dB
op
Mt h thng thng tin v tinh s dng my pht cng sut 20W, tn s 8 GHZ, anten
parabol ng knh 1m. Khang cch n trm mt t l 10.000 km. H thng thu mt t s
dng anten ng knh 2,5m v c nhit tp m h thng 100K. Gi thit rng cc anten c
hiu sut =0,55. Coi rng cc tn hao khc Lo bng 2dB.
a) Tnh tc s liu cho php cc i nu iu ch BPSK c s dng v xc sut li bit
bng 2.10-4
b) Lp li a) vi gi thit tn s pht xung t v tinh l 2GHz.
248
Hng dn gii bi tp
Gii
2
x1x8.109
D1f 2
a) G1= 10 lg G1 = 10 lg
=35,86dBi
= 10 lg 0,55
8
c
3.10
x2,5x8.109
D 2 f 2
=46,42dBi
G2= 10 lg G 2 = 10 lg
= 10 lg 0,55
8
c
3.10
PRX=PTx+G1+G2-Ls-Lo=10lg20+35,86+46,42-190,56-2=-97,28dBW
2E b
=3,4 Eb/N0=5,78
N0
du
.v
N0=kTs=1,38.10-23 x100=1,38.10-21W
PRX/(RbN0)=5,78Rb=PRX/(5,78N0)=10-9,7/(5,78x1,38.10-21)=0,025.1012bps
.e
= 25 Gbps
b)
.p
tit
x1x2.109
D1f 2
=23,82dBi
G1= 10 lg G1 = 10 lg
= 10 lg 0,55
8
c
3.10
en
x2,5x2.109
D 2 f 2
=31,78dBi
10 lg G 2 = 10 lg
= 10 lg 0,55
8
c
3.10
Ls=92,5+20lg2+20lg10.000=175,5
op
PRX=PTx+G1+G2-Ls-Lo=10lg20+23,82+31,78-175,5-2=-109dBW
Rb=PRX/(5,78N0)= 10-10,09/(5,78x1,38.10-21)=0,1. 1011=10Gbps.
Ph lc
PH LC 1: HM Q V ERFC
Cng thc hm li b v hm Q(u):
erfc(u) =
2
2
exp(z )dz , Q(u) = (1 / 2 ) exp(z / 2)dz
1
u
erfc( )
2
2
Q(u)
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.50000
0.46017
0.42074
0.38209
0.34458
0.30854
0.49601
0.45620
0.41683
0.37828
0.34090
0.30503
0.49202
0.45224
0.41294
0.37448
0.33724
0.30153
0.48803
0.44828
0.40905
0.37070
0.33360
0.29806
0.48405
0.44433
0.40517
0.36693
0.32997
0.29460
0.48006
0.44038
0.40129
0.36317
0.32636
0.29116
0.47608
0.43644
0.39743
0.35942
0.32276
0.28774
0.47210
0.43251
0.39358
0.35569
0.31918
0.28434
0.46812
0.42858
0.38974
0.35197
0.31561
0.28096
0.46414
0.42465
0.38591
0.34827
0.31207
0.27760
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.27425
0.24196
0.21186
0.18406
0.15866
0.27093
0.23885
0.20897
0.18141
0.15625
0.26763
0.23576
0.20611
0.17879
0.15386
0.26435
0.23270
0.20327
0.17619
0.15151
0.26109
0.22965
0.20045
0.17361
0.14917
0.25785
0.22663
0.19766
0.17106
0.14686
0.25463
0.22363
0.19489
0.16853
0.14457
0.25143
0.22065
0.19215
0.16602
0.14231
0.24825
0.21770
0.18943
0.16354
0.14007
0.24510
0.21476
0.18673
0.16109
0.13786
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
0.13567
0.11507
0.09680
0.08076
0.06681
0.13350
0.11314
0.09510
0.07927
0.06552
0.13136
0.11123
0.09342
0.07780
0.06426
0.12924
0.10935
0.09176
0.07636
0.06301
0.12714
0.10749
0.09012
0.07493
0.06178
0.12507
0.10565
0.08851
0.07353
0.06057
0.12302
0.10383
0.08692
0.07215
0.05938
0.12100
0.10204
0.08534
0.07078
0.05821
0.11900
0.10027
0.08379
0.06944
0.05705
0.11702
0.09853
0.08226
0.06811
0.05592
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.05480
0.04457
0.03593
0.02872
0.02275
0.05370
0.04363
0.03515
0.02807
0.02222
0.05262
0.04272
0.03438
0.02743
0.02169
0.05155
0.04182
0.03363
0.02680
0.02118
0.05050
0.04093
0.03288
0.02619
0.02068
0.04947
0.04006
0.03216
0.02559
0.02018
0.04846
0.03920
0.03144
0.02500
0.01970
0.04746
0.03836
0.03074
0.02442
0.01923
0.04648
0.03754
0.03005
0.02385
0.01876
0.04551
0.03673
0.02938
0.02330
0.01831
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
0.01786
0.01390
0.01072
0.00820
0.00621
0.01618
0.01255
0.00964
0.00734
0.00554
0.01578
0.01222
0.00939
0.00714
0.00539
0.01539
0.01191
0.00914
0.00695
0.00523
0.01500
0.01160
0.00889
0.00676
0.00508
0.01463
0.01130
0.00866
0.00657
0.00494
0.01426
0.01101
0.00842
0.00639
0.00480
250
0.01700
0.01321
0.01017
0.00776
0.00587
0.01659
0.01287
0.00990
0.00755
0.00570
0.09
du
.e
tit
.p
en
0.01743
0.01355
0.01044
0.00798
0.00604
0.08
.v
0.00
op
Ph lc
0.00466
0.00347
0.00256
0.00187
0.00135
0.00453
0.00336
0.00248
0.00181
0.00131
0.00440
0.00326
0.00240
0.00175
0.00126
0.00427
0.00317
0.00233
0.00169
0.00122
0.00415
0.00307
0.00226
0.00164
0.00118
0.00402
0.00298
0.00219
0.00159
0.00114
0.00391
0.00289
0.00212
0.00154
0.00111
0.00379
0.00280
0.00205
0.00149
0.00107
0.00368
0.00272
0.00199
0.00144
0.00104
0.00357
0.00264
0.00193
0.00139
0.00100
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
0.00097
0.00069
0.00048
0.00034
0.00023
0.00094
0.00066
0.00047
0.00032
0.00022
0.00090
0.00064
0.00045
0.00031
0.00022
0.00087
0.00062
0.00043
0.00030
0.00021
0.00084
0.00060
0.00042
0.00029
0.00020
0.00082
0.00058
0.00040
0.00028
0.00019
0.00079
0.00056
0.00039
0.00027
0.00019
0.00076
0.00054
0.00038
0.00026
0.00018
0.00074
0.00052
0.00036
0.00025
0.00017
0.00071
0.00050
0.00035
0.00024
0.00017
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0
1.59E-04
1.08E-04
7.23E-05
4.81E-05
3.17E-05
1.53E-04
1.04E-04
6.95E-05
4.61E-05
3.04E-05
1.47E-04
9.96E-05
6.67E-05
4.43E-05
2.91E-05
1.42E-04
9.57E-05
6.41E-05
4.25E-05
2.79E-05
1.36E-04
9.20E-05
6.15E-05
4.07E-05
2.67E-05
1.31E-04
8.84E-05
5.91E-05
3.91E-05
2.56E-05
1.26E-04
8.50E-05
5.67E-05
3.75E-05
2.45E-05
1.21E-04
8.16E-05
5.44E-05
3.59E-05
2.35E-05
1.17E-04
7.84E-05
5.22E-05
3.45E-05
2.25E-05
1.12E-04
7.53E-05
5.01E-05
3.30E-05
2.16E-05
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
2.07E-05
1.33E-05
8.54E-06
5.41E-06
3.40E-06
1.98E-05
1.28E-05
8.16E-06
5.17E-06
3.24E-06
1.89E-05
1.22E-05
7.80E-06
4.94E-06
3.09E-06
1.81E-05
1.17E-05
7.46E-06
4.71E-06
2.95E-06
1.74E-05
1.12E-05
7.12E-06
4.50E-06
2.81E-06
1.66E-05
1.07E-05
6.81E-06
4.29E-06
2.68E-06
1.59E-05
1.02E-05
6.50E-06
4.10E-06
2.56E-06
1.52E-05
9.77E-06
6.21E-06
3.91E-06
2.44E-06
1.46E-05
9.34E-06
5.93E-06
3.73E-06
2.32E-06
1.39E-05
8.93E-06
5.67E-06
3.56E-06
2.22E-06
4.6
4.7
4.8
2.11E-06
1.30E-06
7.93E-07
2.01E-06
1.24E-06
7.55E-07
1.92E-06
1.18E-06
7.18E-07
1.83E-06
1.12E-06
6.83E-07
1.74E-06
1.07E-06
6.49E-07
1.66E-06
1.02E-06
6.17E-07
1.58E-06
9.68E-07
5.87E-07
1.51E-06
9.21E-07
5.58E-07
1.43E-06
8.76E-07
5.30E-07
1.37E-06
8.34E-07
5.04E-07
op
en
.p
tit
.e
du
.v
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
251
Ph lc
1, t < 1
0, nu khc
1, t < T
0, nu khc
==
p - nT
pT (t - nT)
du
Hm tam gic n v
1- | t |, khi| t |< 1
0,
nu khc
.e
L (t) =
Hm tam gic n v y 2T
khi| t |< T
nu khc
.p
tit
1 - |t | ,
T
L T (t) =
0,
d(t)dt = 1
en
Hm ly mu l tng chu k T
T(t)=
d(t - kT)
op
tng t hm f(f)
f(f)=
252
d(f - kf)
.v
s(t) =
Ph lc
Hm bc thang n v
U(t) =
0, t < 0
1, t > 1
Xung hm m tt dn
khi t = 0
s(t)= exp(-t)U(t)= 1 / 2,
0,
khi t < 0
Xung hm m tng dn
0,
khi t > 0
khi t = 0
s(t) = exp(t)U(t) = 1 / 2,
exp(t),
khi
t< 0
Hm du
.v
1,
t> 0
- 1, t < 0
sgn(t) =
Hm Sinc n v
sin(p x)
du
Sinc(x) =
px
sg(t) =
s p (t), - T / 2 t T / 2
0,
nu khc
.e
sp(t) =
tit
.p
en
s1(t)=p(t/(mT))cos(2ft)
op
253
Ph lc
1. Chui Fourier lng gic
n =1
n =1
A n cos(2nt/T) + B n sin(2nt/T)
s(t)=A0 +
trong :
f(t) =
a+T
f(t)dt
T
n= 1
2p nt
T
- f
.v
du
trong
n l s nguyn dng
C0=A0
2
A n + Bn
.e
Cn=
tit
n = tan-1[Bn/An]
3. Chui Fourier hm m
trong
.p
s(t) =
en
n l s nguyn bt k (-<n<)
f l tn s c bn = 1/T
op
2.2.2. i vi cc hm qu
254
Ph lc
S(f) = F[S(t)] =
S(t) exp(-
2. i ngu
Nu s(t)S(f), th S(t)s(-f)
3. Hm phc lin hp
.v
nu s(t)S(f) th s*(t)S*(-f)
Nu s(t)S(f) th s(at)
1 f
S
|a| a
6. Dch tn
nu s(t)S(f), th s(t)exp(j2f0t)S(f-f0)
tit
s(t)dtS(0)
.p
nu s(t)S(f), th
.e
du
S(f)df
en
nu s(t)S(f), th s(0)
op
nu s(t)S(f), th ds(t)/dtj2fS(f)
nu s(t)S(f), th
s()d
1
S(0)
S(f ) +
(f )
j2 f
2
255
Ph lc
11. Nhn vng thi gian
nu s1(t)S1(f) v s2(t)S2(f) th
s1(t)s2(t)
S1 ()S2 (f )d = S1 (f ) S2 (f )
s1 ()s 2 ( t )d = s1 ( t ) s 2 ( t ) S1 (f )S2 (f )
h(x) =
.v
du
* hon v: fg=gh
* lin ht: f(gh)=(fg) h
* phn phi: f(g+h)=(fg)+(fh)
.e
Bin i Fourier
Ch nht
t+ T/2
T
) hay
p T (t + T / 2)
Tam gic
TSinc2(fT)
en
t
hay L T (t)
T
Sinc
2w
op
Sinc(2Wt)
Sinc2(2Wt)
Hm m
256
TSinc(fT)
.p
tit
Hm thi gian
f + w
P
2w
1 f
2W 2W
Ph lc
exp(-a t)U(t), a >0
1
+ j2f
1
2 + (2f ) 2
exp(- t2)
exp(- f2)
exp(-j2 f0t)
(f-f0)
Xung kim
(t)
(t-t0)
exp(-j2 ft0)
T0(t)
fo f0(f)
(f)
1
[ (f+f0)+ (f-f0)]
2
sin(2f0t)
sgn(t)
1/(j f)
1/( t)
tit
-jsgn(f)
Bc thang
Ly mu
en
k =
1 (f)+ 1
2
j2f
.p
U(t)
.e
Sign (du)
du
cos(2 f0t)
.v
Sin
(t kT0 )
k =
T0
d(f - kf0 )
k= -
op
n+1
dx = x /(n+1)
257
Ph lc
x dx = loge|x|
1
cos(ax)dx = a sin(ax)
1
sin(ax) = a cos(ax)
1
)dx =
1
exp(ax 2 )
2a
x exp(ax
.v
Sinc( x )dx = 2
Sinc
( x )dx =
du
1
2
.e
exp(ax )dx = a
)dx =
1
2
)dx =
1
/a, a > 0
2
exp(ax
0
1
, a >0
4a a
op
en
exp(ax 2 )dx =
.p
x exp( x
tit
258
Thut ng vit tt
THUT NG VIT TT
Angle Diversity
Phn tp gc
AWGN
BEP
Xc xut li bit
BER
T ls li bit
BPSK
CD
Code Division
FD
Frequency Division
FD
Frequency Diversity
Phn tp tn s
FDD
GMSK
HD
Hybride Diversity
HFDD
HS
Hot Stanby
D phng nng
IF
Intermediate Frequency
ISI
LNA
MAP
Maximum A Posteriori
MODEM
B iu ch v gii iu ch
MSK
M-FSK
M-PSK
RF
Radio Frequency
Tn s v tuyn
.e
du
.v
AD
Trung tn
tit
B khuych i tp m nh
op
en
.p
Cc i hu nh
RFPA
RLO
B dao ng ni thu
SD
Space Diversity
Thut ng vit tt
PD
Polarization Diversity
Phn tp phn cc
Hm mt xc sut
PSD
Mt ph cng sut
TLO
B dao ng ni pht
QAM
iu ch bin vung gc
QPSK
Rx
Receiver
My thu
SNR
T s tn hiu trn tp m
TD
Time Division
TDD
Tx
Transmitter
My pht
op
en
.p
tit
.e
du
.v
ST
260
.v
5. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, 1997. Quy hoch tn s v thit k tuyn vi ba s,
HVCNBCVT.
8. Dr. Simon Haykin, 1988. Digital Communications, John Winley & Sons.
op
en
.p
tit
.e
du
261
Mc lc
MC LC
LI NI U..................................................................................................................... 1
CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG ................................................................................ 3
1.1. GII THIU CHUNG ............................................................................................... 3
1.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng .................................................................................... 3
1.1.2. Hng dn.................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1.3. Mc ch chng ......................................................................................................................... 3
.v
du
.e
tit
.p
en
op
262
Mc lc
2.8. NH HNG CA CC C TNH NG TRUYN ...................................23
2.8. 1. Nhiu, tp m, t s tn hiu trn tp m v t s bit li..........................................................23
2.8.2. Tp m v cc quyt nh nh phn ...........................................................................................27
2.8.3. Mo dng sng do c tuyn tn s ca ng truyn ............................................................29
3.2. IU CH S .........................................................................................................35
.v
du
.e
tit
.p
3.11. GMSK....................................................................................................................59
3.12. IU CH ASK NHIU TRNG THI, M-ASK................................................63
en
op
263
Mc lc
3.17. SO SNH TNH NNG CA CC K THUT IU CH.............................. 77
3.17.1. Tng kt xc sut li k hiu................................................................................................... 77
3.17.2. Hiu sut s dng bng thng ................................................................................................. 78
3.17.3. So snh cc phng thc iu ch di nh sng ca l thuyt dung lng knh. ............... 80
4.2. M U ................................................................................................................. 85
.v
du
.e
tit
.p
en
op
264
Mc lc
4.8. CU HI V BI TP ........................................................................................129
.v
du
.e
tit
5.11. CU HI V BI TP ......................................................................................152
.p
en
op
265
Mc lc
6.5. CU HI............................................................................................................... 170
.v
du
.e
tit
.p
en
op
266