HNG DN XY DNG WEB SITE

MUC LUC
Chng I Khai quat chung .......................................................................2
Chng II Thit k giao din....................................................................8
Chng III Thit k web site..................................................................22

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Chng I
Khai quat chung
Bai vit nay da trn c s thc tin khi chung ti thc hin vic
xy dng mt Web site (khai nim ch n mt may hay mt
mang cung cp cac trang thng tin di dang WWW). No phan
anh nhng c gng va hiu bit cua chung ti trong qua trnh hoc
hoi cung nh thc nghim.
Trn Internet, qua thc co rt nhiu Web site chu trong n ngn
ng HTML, cung co rt nhiu Web site danh cho muc ch thng
mai, ngh thut. Th nhng lai co t ngun thng tin cp n
vic thit k mt trang Web, mt Web site, thit k hoa, giao
din ngi s dung hay nhng kin thc v cach thc t chc
thng tin.
Muc ch cua Web site cn thit k
Bc u tin trong cng oan thit k mt Web site la chung ta
a co nhng quyt nh chc chn v vic chung ta se "xut ban"
cai g vi Web site cua mnh. Khng co chu nh va muc tiu ro
rang th ca web site o se tr nn lan man, sa ly va cui cung i
n mt im kho co th quay tr lai. Thit k cn thn va nh
hng ro la nhng cha khoa dn n thanh cng trong vic xy
dng mt Web site.
Trc khi xy dng mt Web site, chung ta nn:
Xac nh i tng c gia cua web site.
Web site co muc ch ro rang.
Thit lp cac chu chnh cua web site.
Thit k cac khi thng tin chu yu ma web site se cung cp.
Chung ta cung nn bt u vi vic xac nh ngun tai nguyn v
ni dung, hnh anh thng tin ma chung ta cn n tao nn web

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site phu hp vi muc ch c ra - o la ngun thng tin se

duy tr cho web site hoat ng sau nay na.
Xac nh muc tiu c ban cua web site
Trc tin cn co mt tuyn b khai quat ngn va ro rang cho cac
muc tiu cua web site, iu se giup rt nhiu cho cng vic
thit k. No la im xut phat chung ta m rng n cac muc
tiu chnh, va cung la mt cng cu hu hiu anh gia s thanh
cng cua mt web site. Xy dng mt web site la ca mt qua trnh
lin tuc, no khng n thun ch la mt d an duy nht, mt ln
vi cac thng tin tnh. Vic bin tp, quan ly va duy tr ky thut
dai han nht nh phai bao trum ln k hoach xy dng web site.
Thiu iu nay, tng lai cua mt web site se cung s phn ging
nh bao nha vn, nha bao, y long say m bui ban u, nhng
chng co kt qua cui cung nao ca.
Xac nh c gia
Bc tip theo trong cng vic thit k la xac nh cac c gia
chnh cua web site, chung ta co th thit k cu truc phu hp
vi nhu cu, mong mun cua ho. S hiu bit, trnh , s thch
cung nh yu cu cua c gia thay i t mt ngi oc hoan toan
khng co kinh nghim, ngi se cn n mt s dn dt cn thn,
n ngi oc thanh thuc, ngi se ni gin vi bt c cai g mang
ve chiu c ti ho, hoc lam chm tr vic truy nhp thng tin cua
ho. Mt h thng c thit k tt se thch hp cho mt dai rng
trnh , nhu cu c gia. V du, nu muc ch web site cua chung
ta la chuyn tai cac thng tin v tnh hnh cua ni b cng ty, cac
tai liu v nhn lc, hay cac tai liu khac dung cho vic in cac
hng dn se thch hp cho cac c gia oc hang ngay, va cho ca
cac c gia ch truy nhp t ln.
c gia (web surfer)
Cac trang web (homepage) cho cac chng trnh duyt web cung
nn tng t nh cac ba tap ch. Muc tiu la tnh toan th vi
hnh anh bt mt, chu ni dung gy chu y. Tt ca cac lin kt

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trn trang chu nay nn ch tip n cac trang bn trong web site.
Chung ta cung phai tao c thng bao ngn gon, suc tch cai co
trong web site co th c c gia quan tm.
c gia mi va c gia khng thng xuyn
S c gia nhom nay phu thuc vao mt cu truc site ro rang, d
truy nhp n s tng quat v cu truc toan b thng tin trn web
site. Ngi mi truy nhp se co cam giac b e doa bi mt cu
truc menu phc tap, ngai i su vao web site nu trang u
khng co hin anh hp dn va khng c sp xp ro rang. Theo
Jakob Nielsen Sun Microsystems, th co di 10% c gia cun
man hnh xung di phn u cua mt trang web. Cac c gia
khng thng xuyn lai chu trong n trang khai quat, cu truc
co phn lp va hnh anh hoa, biu tng giup ho nh, kt ni
n v tr thng tin ho cn trong web site cua chung ta. Mt t
in cac khai nim ky thut, t vit tt va danh sach cac vn
thng c xay ra (FAQ - frequently asked questions) co th rt
hu dung cho cac c gia mi va khng thng xuyn cua chung
ta.
Cac c gia chuyn nghip, thng xuyn
S c gia nay phu thuc vao web site cua chung ta nhn thng
tin nhanh chong va chnh xac. Cac c gia chuyn nghip rt st
rut vi menu nhiu lp co hoa cht lng kem ma ch cung
cp t 2 n 6 la chon mt ln. Ho khat khao cac menu khng
hoa (text), co th keo tha c va thi gian nap xung nhanh
chong. Cac kiu cach lam dang hoa se lam ho phat in. Cac
c gia chuyn nghip, thng xuyn thng co chu nh ro rang
trong u, do vy se anh gia cao cac menu text chi tit, cac net
chnh cua web site hoc cac ch s site phong phu giup ho tm
kim, thu nhn thng tin nhanh chong.
Cac c gia nc ngoai
Phai lun nh la chung ta ang thit k cho World Wide Web. Cac
c gia cua chung ta co th la mt ngi ngay ngoai ph, hoc mt

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ai o ang bn My, Nht

ban. ap ng ti a s
lng c gia trn cac quc gia
khac nhau, chung ta cn bin
dch, t nht cung la cac trang
chu ao. Tranh cac t a
phng, hoc cac khai nim
ky thut, vit tt trong ban
gii thiu hay cac trang giai
thch. V du, ng bao gi vit tt ngay trn cac trang web, v i
vi mt ngi My, th "10/5/97" se c hiu la ngay 5 thang 10
nm 1997, nhng a s c gia cac quc gia khac se hiu o la
ngay 10 thang 5 nm 1997.
Chin lc thit k
Moi hnh thc trnh bay thng tin u b khng ch bi cac yu t
c xac nh bi muc tiu cua web site, bi mi trng chung ta
chon va bi ban thn cac c gia. Hnh anh sau y th hin 4 chu
t i vi thng tin chuyn tai, phu thuc vao hai yu t: cu truc
trnh bay va thi gian truy nhp i vi c gia.
Dao chi trn Web (browsing)
Trong th gii rng ln cua World Wide Web, cac web surfer la cac
c gia lang thang, khng ly do, nhng ngi co th oc web site
cua chung ta ma khng yu cu bt c s thuc ep nao, hoc mt y
nh nao. Chung ti khng co y nh trnh bay cac ky thut li
keo cac c gia nhom nay vao cac web site vi muc ch giai tr,
thng mai. Mt muc ch khac cua cac web site chnh la cac site
cho cac doanh nghip, giao duc, dang "intranet", ni ma c gia
tm oc vi muc ch ro rang hn nhiu.
ao tao
Cac ng dung ao tao trn c s cng ngh web rt co trnh t
trong mt thit k, co rt t c hi i lac t trang gii thiu
chnh. ng lam c gia va ca muc ch cua chung ta b ln xn

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bi cac mi lin kt ra ngoai thng tin chu cht. Gii han cac lin
kt bng nut "Tip tuc", hay "Quay v trang trc" am bao moi
c gia se nhn thy cung mt giao trnh, cho phep chung ta d
oan chnh xac hn thi gian truy nhp cua ngi oc. ai a s
giao trnh gia thit thi gian truy nhp di mt gi, hoc se c
phn oan thanh cac phn t hn mt gi. Chung ta cung nn
thng bao cho ngi oc v lng thi gian cua bai giang, hoc
cung lu y ho ng i xa khoi phn chnh cua bai giang nu bai
giang o cn phai tra tin oc.
Cac ng dung ao tao loai nay thng yu cu s log-in cua c
gia, va cung thng s dung cu hoi dang form co tra li ung/sai
hoc theo dang la chon cu tra li t mt danh sach. Thng tin
v oc gia, bang im c lu tr trong c s d liu c lin
kt vi web site.
Day hoc
Trong cac ng dung day hoc da trn cng ngh web, thng tin
c trnh bay thng tinh t va co chiu su hn la trong cac ng
dung ao tao. Cac mi lin kt la mt manh cua web, tuy nhin
chung co th la mt s gy ri cho cac hoc sinh t trang trnh bay
chnh. Nu chung ta cho phep ngi oc lin kt n cac tai
nguyn web khac ngoai web site cua chung ta, chung ta nn nhom
cac lin kt trong trang nay cach bit khoi phn thng tin chnh.
Thng thng ngi oc mun in thng tin trn web va se oc
chung sau nay. Chung ta nn cung cp cho ho mt phin ban "in"
ring, trong o cac trang ring bit, ngn se c gp lai thanh
mt trang dai.
Giao duc
Cac c gia t hoc hoi, t kham pha se bc mnh vi phong cach
thit k qua thu gon, qua trnh t. Thng thng cac c gia
nhom nay thng co trnh cao. Thit k mt cu truc uyn
chuyn, co tng tac, khng n iu la ly tng i vi cac c
gia nay, do rt kho oan nh chnh xac chu nao se c quan

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tm nht i vi mt giao s hay vi mt sinh vin, ky s. Thit

k cung phai cho phep truy nhp nhanh n mt pham vi rng cac
chu , va thng cung rt phong phu vi cac lin kt n cac
thng tin co lin quan, trn web site cua chung ta hay trn cac
web site khac. Cac danh sach dang text cua cac lin kt cung rt
thch hp cho cac muc luc, ban ch s v chung c nap xung
nhanh, y u thng tin, nhng cho nhom c gia nay lai d chan,
va th cn co hnh anh hoa thit k ep, thay i cung cac
minh hoa i kem thng tin. Thi gian truy nhp khng th d
oan c, nhng thong ngn hn cac site cho ao tao, giao duc
v c gia thng khn cp. La chon cho in n cung la bt buc
phai co cho cac c gia nay.
Tham khao
Cac web site tham khao c thit k tt cho phep ngi oc
nhanh chong i thng vao vn , tm cai ho cn va sau o d
dang in hoc lu gi cai ho tm thy. Thng thng thng tin
khng phai la cac "cu chuyn", do o cu truc cua no hoan toan
khng co trnh t. Cu truc menu, ni dung nht nh phai c
t chc cn thn h tr tm kim , thu nhn nhanh, d lu gi
cac file, in n khi cn. Cn gi cac hnh anh hoa nho thi
gian nap xung nhanh, va chung ta cung nn nghin cu, ap dung
phn mm tm kim thay v ch cung cp mt danh sach cac lin
kt. Thi gian lin kt cang ngn cang tt.

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Chng II
Thit k giao din

Khai quat
Cac c gia cua web khng ch xem thng tin, ho tng tac vi no
theo cach thc mi khng nh cac tin l trong vic thit k tai
liu giy. Giao din ngi dung hoa (GUI) cua h thng, cng
thm cac tng tac n du, hnh anh va cac quan nim c s
dung chuyn tai moi tnh nng, thng tin ln man hnh, va trai
qua thi gian cac c thu trc quan cua cac thanh phn giao din
hoa va s tng tac chc nng hoa a tao nn net c trng
"nhn thy va cam nhn" cua cac trang web cung cac mi lin kt
hypertext. Thit k hoa va cac hnh anh "ky hiu" trc giac
khng ch lam ep trang web - hoa tr thanh mt phn c
tch hp cua kinh nghim cua c gia i vi web site cua chung
ta. Trong cac tai liu co anh ln nhau, khng th hoan toan tach
ri thit k hoa vi thit k giao din.
Trang Web i lp vi thit k tai liu thng thng
ai a s nhn thc hin tai cua chung ta v thng tin co cu truc
bt ngun t vic t chc cac quyn sach, tap ch xut ban nh
kya c in va cng tac ch s hoa th vin, cac h thng phn
loai c phat trin quanh cac n ban o. "Cac tiu chun v hnh
thc" cua cac cun sach trong th gii noi ting Anh a c thit
lp cung nh cng nhn rng rai; cac hng dn chi tit cho vic
toa mt cun sach co th tm oc trong cac quyn nh The
Chicago Manual of Style. Moi c im cho mt cun sach, t muc
luc n chu thch, ch s a c rut ra qua hang th ky, va ngi
oc trc kia cung a phai i din vi cac vn t chc ht nh
ngi oc by gi cua cac tai liu a phng tin (hypermedia).
Cun Kinh thanh nm 1456 cua Gutenberg thng c trch dn
nh cun sach hin ai u tin, tuy th cung phai sau khi phat
trin manh vic xut ban cung hn 100 nm kinh nghim th vic

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anh s trang, ch s, muc luc cung nh cac trang ba mi tr

thanh c im routine cho cac cun sach. Cac tai liu web tng
t nh vy, cung phai trai qua s phat trin va s chun hoa cach
thc thng tin c t chc, thc hin dang in t.
Cac tin l trong in n
Mc du cac tai liu a phng tin trn mang a ra cac thach
thc mi cho nhng nha thit k thng tin, ai a s hng dn
chung ta cn n thit k, tao lp, lp rap, hiu chnh va t
chc mt media phong phu, a dang v cn ban khng khac so vi
thc t trong cng vic cua nha xut ban. a s trang web co th
c tao ra phu hp vi cac qui c cho hnh thc bin tp va t
chc vn ban cua The Chicago Manual of Style. Nhiu iu chung
ta cn bit v phng phap tao cac tai liu ro rang, bao quat, nht
quan co th oc trong cac hng dn nh Xerox Publishing
Standards: A Manual of style and Design. ng b lac trong cac
trang web la thng ma bo qua cac chun mc c ban cua thit k
hoa cung nh bin tp.
Hay lam cho cac trang web cua chung ta c ao
Cac trang World Wide Web khac sach va cac tai liu khac mt
net c ban: cac mi lin kt siu vn ban cho phep ngi oc truy
nhp n mt trang web n le khng cn n li noi u hay ta
. iu nay thng co ngha la cac u trang, chn trang cua
trang web se phc tap, nhiu thng tin hn cac trang in trn giy.
Co th la v ly, bun ci khi lp lai cac thng tin ban quyn, tac
gia, thi gian xut ban tt ca cac trang sach, nhng mt trang
web ring le thng cn n nhng thng tin nay v cac trang n
le co th ch la mt phn nho cua ca web site chung ta co ma c
gia o co th nhn thy. Vn tao cac trang web c ao khng
ch co i vi cac trang web. Cac bao chuyn , tap ch, a s cac
bao ngay u lp lai thi gian phat hanh, s ban tai phn u hay
cui tng trang v ho bit c gia cua ho thng ct cac bai bao,
hoc photocopy cac trang t tap ch va cn thng tin trch dn
theo doi ngun gc nguyn ban cua cac bai.

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10

Cho cac kho khn khi tao cac web site va d s dung, va y u
ni dung, chin lc thit k tt nht la ap dung nht quan mt s
qui c thit k c ban trong moi trang web cua chung ta. Cac
thanh phn c ban cua mt tai liu khng phc tap, no cung
chng la g so vi cng ngh Internet. No rt ging vi iu c
giang trong mt lp bao ch: ai, cai g, khi nao va u.
Ai
Ai ang noi? Cu hoi nay tht c ban, va thng tin thng c
am bao n ni cac tac gia cua web thng bo qua phn tin quan
trong nht ma mt c gia cn n anh gia ngun gc, lai lch
cua tai liu: ai ang noi cho ti? Du trang web co xut phat t mt
ca nhn hay t mt vin nghin cu, cung lun phai thng bao
cho ngi oc ai a tao trang web o. Cn thac cac web site truyn
ba thng tin khng chnh xac, hn na la gat v tai nan may bay
TWA 800 la tt v du sng ng cua vn thng tin khng ngun
gc hoc khng xac ang se nhanh chong tr nn tri hn, ln at
cuc iu tra va kt lun chnh thng.
Cai g
Moi tai liu u cn tiu d hiu gy s chu y cua c gia,
nhng trong nhiu trng hp c bit i vi cac trang web, yu
t c ban nay lai c ky quan trong. Tiu la cai u tin cac c
gia cua cac trang World Wide Web nhn thy khi cac trang c
nap dn xung. Trong cac trang nhiu hnh anh hoa, tiu la
cai duy nht ma ngi ta co th nhn thy trong thi gian ch anh
c nap ln trang web. Ngoai ra, tiu la phn vn ban se c
chng trnh duyt s dung nh mt "anh du trang" nu c
gia chon no a vao danh sach ghi nh. Mt tiu khng sat
thc, ti ngha, hoc mt tiu qua ky thut se khng giup
ngi oc nh c tai sao ho lai cho trang web nay vao danh sach
lu tr.

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11

Khi nao
Tnh hp thi la mt yu t quan trong trong vic anh gia toan
b mt tai liu. Chung ta lam thng tin trong thi ai ma moi tai
liu giy a am bao: bao, tap ch, va hu nh moi quan h th t
vn phong a c xac nh ngay thang. Do o chung ta hay
ngay thang cho moi trang web, va thay i mi khi tai liu c
cp nht. iu nay c bit quan trong i vi cac vn ban online
dai va phc tap ma ch c cp nht tng phn, tuy vy iu nay
cung co th khng u ni bt cho cac c gia vang lai, khng
thng xuyn. Thng tin v doanh nghip, cac ban hng dn,
thng tin v san phm va cac tai liu ky thut di dang trang
web nn co thm thi gian c sa cha, cp nht lai.
Ni nao
World Wide Web la mt a im duy nht co chiu thng tin cc
ln nhng lai co t ch dn ro rang v v tr thc s cua tai liu.
Nhn vao mt lin kt web, chung ta co th kt ni n mt web
server Sydney (Uc) hay Chicago (My) hoc mt ni nao o trn
Internet rng ln. Nu ban khng thng thao lm trong vic phn
tch a ch Internet (URL), tht kho khn xac nh tai liu
ang thc s nm u. Sau cung y chnh la World Wide Web,
va cu hoi tai liu n t u i khi khng th tach khoi cu hoi
tai liu nay cua ai. Chung ta nn lun lun thng bao cho c gia
chung ta ang u, cung vi (nu no thch hp) cac thng tin v
doanh nghip, vin, c quan cua chung ta.
Nn kt hp a ch cua trang chu (home URL) t nht cac trang
chnh trong web site cua chung ta tao thun tin cho vic thc
hin cac kt ni n chung ta. Mt khi c gia lu cac trang nh
mt file text hoc in ra giy, cac mi lin kt co th se b mt i.
Cac phin ban mi cua mt s trnh duyt chnh co thm tnh
nng t ng thm a ch vao cac banr in, nhng rt nhiu c
gia khng s dung cac c tnh nng cao nay. Va a s chung ta
by gi co hang nui ban in cac trang web, khng d g tm lai a
ch cua mt tai liu nao o.

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12

Chung ta hay s dung nht quan tiu , cac thng tin phu tr
nh tn s hu, thi im cp nht va t nht mt lin kt n
trang chu trong moi trang web cua chung ta. Nn t a ch cua
trang chu ln mt s trang chnh trong web site cua chung ta.
Thm cac thanh phn c ban nay va chung ta a thc hin c
90% con ng cung cp cho cac c gia cua chung ta mt giao
din web co th hiu c.
Thit k giao din c ban
Thit k hng ti ngi s dung
Giao din hoa cho ngi s dung (GUI) c thit k nhm cho
ngi dung iu khin trc tip may tnh cua ho. Ngay nay, ngi
s dung yu cu mt mc hoan hao cua moi thit k giao din
hoa, k ca cac trang web. Muc ch la cung cp moi cn thit
cho tt ca c gia quan trong cua chung ta, m phong cng ngh
web cho moi mong ch cua ho, va khng bao gi oi hoi ngi oc
ch n gian la lam theo mt giao din ma t nhng can tr
khng cn thit ln con ng cua ho.
y la ni nghin cu cua chung ta v cac nhu cu va tm ly hoc
khach hang la nhng yu t quyt nh. Khng th thit k cho
mt c gia v danh ma chung ta khng bit n cac yu cu cua
ngi o. Chung ta nn tao cac kch ban mu cho cac nhom c
gia ang tm kim thng tin trn web site cua chung ta. Mt c
gia co kinh nghim tm mt mu tin nht nh co c giup
hay can tr bi thit k cua chung ta? Mot c gia mi co b lung
tung trc mt h thng menu phc tap? Th nghim cac thit k
cua chung ta va nhn cac phan hi t c gia la phng phap tt
nht tm ra cac y tng thit k cho phep c gia nhn c cai
ho mun t web site cua chung ta.

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13

Cac giup nh hng ro rang

Vi thc tai cua cng
ngh web, a s c
gia tng tac vi cac
trang web bng cach
thc hin cac lin kt
gia cac tai liu. Vn
chu yu cua giao
din trong cac web
site la c gia khng y
thc c ho ang u trong t chc thng tin. Cac biu tng
nht quan, d hiu, cac lc hoa ng nht va ban khai quat
( hoa hay vn ban), man hnh tng hp co th cho c gia s tin
tng la ho co th tm thy cai ho tm ma khng lang ph thi
gian.
c gia phai lun co kha nng quay tr lai trang chu va cac im
chu cht trn web site cua chung ta. Cac lin kt c ban nay nn
co trn moi trang web cua chung ta, no thng la cac nut n
hoa vi hai muc ch: tao cac mi lin kt c ban va giup tao mt
biu tng hoa thng bao cho c gia bit ho vn con ang
trong web site cua chung ta. V du, trn web site cua Netscape,
thanh biu tng sau y co tai cui mi trang web:

c thu gon t hnh anh ly tai: home.netscape.com

Thanh nut n hay c s dung (cho nhiu la chon trong mt
din tch nho), co th oan trc (co tt cac chn trang), va tao
mt c tnh ng nht cho moi trang web cua Netscape site.
Khng co trang cui cung (dead-end)
Moi trang web nn co t nht mt lin kt.
Cac trang "dead-end" - cac trang khng
moc ni n cac trang khac trong cung
site - khng ch la mt s tht vong vi
c gia, chung thng lam mt kha nng
a c gia n vi cac trang khac trong
web site cua chung ta.

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14

Cac trang web thng c a ra khng co li ta u: c gia

thng tao hay i theo cac lin kt thng n cac trang ct su
trong cu truc cua web site. Do vy ho co th khng bao gi nhn
thy trang chu (Homepage) hoc cac thng tin m u trn we
site cua chung ta. Nu cac trang pha di cua site khng co cac
lin kt quay ln, v trang chu hoc quay lai menu, c gia thc
cht la b loai khoi vic truy nhp n cac phn con lai cua web
site.
Cho phep truy nhp trc tip
Muc ch la cung cp cho c gia thng tin ho cn vi t bc nht
va vi thi gian ngn nht. iu nay co ngha la chung ta cn
thit k cu truc thng tin hiu qua nht, giam ti a cac bc
qua h thng menu. Cac nghin cu v giao din ch ra rng c
gia thch cac menu ma co t 5 n 7 lin kt, va c gia cung thch
t man hnh day dc cac la chon hn la nhiu trang vi cac menu
n gian.
Bang sau y cho thy chung ta khng cn nhiu mc menu
tao nn mt s lng ln la chon:

Dai thng va anh hng

c gia khng chu ng thi gian tr dai. Cac nghin cu nhn
t con ngi cho thy i vi a s cng vic tnh toan, ngng cua
s mt tac dung la khoang 10 giy. Cac thit k trang web ma
khng thch hp vi tc truy nhp mang cua c gia se ch lam
cho ho thm tht vong. Nu c gia ch la mt ngi dao chi web
bnh thng s dung modem tc 28.8 kbps qua ng in
thoai, tht dai dt t mt anh ln (kch thc) ln trang web, c
gia se khng u kin nhn ch n khi anh c nap xung. Th

HNG DN XY DNG WEB SITE

15

nhng, nu chung ta xy dng mt web site cho ni b (intranet)

trng hoc, doanh nghip, ni ma moi ngi truy nhp web server
vi tc mang LAN hay cao hn na, th chung ta lai nn s
dung nhiu anh va multimedia.
n gian va nht quan
c gia se khng n tng vi s phc tap khng ly do, c bit
cac c gia phu thuc vao web site cua chung ta v thi gian hoc
thng tin chnh xac, lin quan n cng vic. Cac biu tng nn
n gian, quen thuc la de hiu vi c gia, v du nu chung ta
mun mt biu tng cho vic thit k thng tin, nn chon quyn
sach hay th vin, ch ng chon tu v tru hay vo tuyn truyn
hnh. Thit k thng tin tt nht la nhng cai ma a s c gia
cha bao gi nhn thy.

c thu nho t anh cua www.adobe.com

Adobe (do Studio Archetype thit k) la mt m hnh xut sc cho

thit k web site. Cac trang s dung hoa mt cach rng rai vi
cac tr giup nh v (navigation), ap dung nht quan tt ca cac
trang trn web site. Mt khi chung ta bit cac lin kt c ban nm
trn u trang, ranh gii tr thanh v hnh va vic nh v se d
dang hn.
at c ti a vic chc nng hoa va tnh ro rang, thit k
trang cua chung ta nn c xy dng trn cac n v mu nht

HNG DN XY DNG WEB SITE

16

quan, tt ca u s dung chung mt kiu hoa, phong cach bin

tp va m hnh t chc. Muc ch la tnh ng nht, co th oan
trc, c gia cm thy thoai mai khi khai thac web site cua
chung ta, va chc chn ho bit phai tm cai ho cn tm. Cac biu
tng hoa trn trang web cung cp cac tn hiu trc quan v s
tip ni cua thng tin. Biu tng hoa trn tt ca u trang
cua Adobe site tao nn mt giao din c gia nht quan, va cung
la net nhn dang duy nht cho site cua Adobe:

c thu nho t anh cua www.adobe.com

Ngay ca khi cac trang cua chung ta khng s dung hoa, s

dung nht quan cac tiu , cac chn trang va cac lin kt n
trang chu, cac trang lin quan se tng cng cam giac cua c gia
la ho ang trong khung canh web site cua chung ta.
tao hiu qua cho mt h thng "khng t oan - seamless",
chung ta nn xem xet n vic a cac thng tin quan trong vao
web site cua chung ta, gp no vao h thng hn la tao lin kt a
c gia cua chung ta ra khoi site cua chung ta (nu khng vi
pham ban quyn cho vic sao chep thng tin).
Tnh n nh thit k
Nu chung ta mong mun thuyt phuc c gia cua chung ta rng
cai ma chung ta cung cp la chnh xac, ang tin cy, chung ta
cung phai thit k web site cua chung ta cn thn, ging nh
chung ta tao cac mi lin h vi cac doanh nghip khac, vi cung
s bin tp va cac trnh thit k cao. Mt site trng lum
thum, vi thit k trc quan ngheo nan, trnh bin tp kem se
khng truyn c s tin cy cho cac c gia.
Tnh n nh chc nng trong thit k web co ngha la gi cac
thanh phn giao tip cua web site lam vic n nh. Tnh n nh
chc nng co hai thanh phn - t cac vt ung ch ngay t u
khi thit k web site, va sau o gi chung hoat ng nhp nhang
trong sut thi gian. Cac web site tt co t no a co tac ng qua

HNG DN XY DNG WEB SITE

17

lai, vi nhiu lin kt n cac trang trong site o, va co cac lin

kt n cac site khac. Trong khi thit k, chung ta cn kim tra
thng xuyn cac lin kt am bao chung con tn tai, moi cai
trn web thay i rt nhanh, ca trn web site cua chung ta va cac
web site khac. Chung ta cn co lch kim tra lai cac lin kt va ca
ni dung cua no co con thch hp khng.
Phan hi va i thoai
Thng qua hnh anh hoa, cac nut bm, cac lin kt t mt ni
duy nht, thit k web cua chung ta nn a ra kha nng xac
nhn v tr, la chon cua c gia.
Phan hi cung co ngha la bc chun b cho vic tra li, ap ng
cac oi hoi, gop y cua c gia. Cac web site thit k tt lun cung
cp mi lin h trc tip ti ban bin tp hoc "webmaster" phu
trach ky thut cua site. Ln k hoach am bao quan h lin tuc
vi cac c gia la quan trong sng con i vi s thanh cng lu
dai cua mt doanh nghip.
Thit k cho cac trnh duyt khac
Khng phai moi c gia cua chung ta co hng li t cac anh
hoa chung ta a ra trn trang web, va rt nhiu c gia khng co
chng trnh duyt hoa. Mt trong nhng cai hay cua web va
HTML la kha nng thay th thng bao (nhan ALT trong HTML)
cac c gia vi web browser khng co kha nng hoa (lynx)
vn hiu c chc nng cua hnh anh trn trang web. S dung
chng trnh c bit, cac c gia mu co th nghe cac thng bao
thay th ma chung ta cho h tr cung hnh anh hoa, do o
khng hoan toan mt hn ni dung cua bc anh, phm hoa i
kem trang web.
iu khin
Cung cp mt tp hp phong phu cac iu khin hoa va lin
kt tng tac trong trang web se thu hut s chu y cua c gia
xung trang web, qun i cac lin kt a nng cua trnh duyt va

HNG DN XY DNG WEB SITE

18

li cun ho vao ni dung. Bng cach s dung cac phm n ng

nht, co th oan c, chung ta a giup c gia co c cam
nhn cua web site cua mnh, va lam cho logic va trt t cua web
site tr nn ro rang. V du sau y t trang chu cua PBS phong
phu hoa, lin kt a hp dn ngay ngi oc vao site nay:

c thu nho t anh cua www.pbs.org

Tao ng canh hoc mt c gia

c gia cn cam nhn ng canh, v v tr cua ho trong t chc
thng tin. Trong cac tai liu trn giy, cam giac "ta ang u" la
s phi hp cac cach x ly v bin tp, hoa co c t thit k
sach, cach t chc vn ban va cam giac vt ly cua cun sach. Cac
tai liu in t khng cung cp mt am ch vt ly nao cho vic
truy nhp thng tin. Khi chung ta thy mt lin kt web trn mt
trang, chung ta co t cam nhn chung ta se c dn i u, co
bao nhiu thng tin o, va chnh xac thng tin o quan h th
nao n trang hin tai nh th nao. ai a s cac trang web
khng va khp vi man hnh 14-15 inch, va do o lun co mt
phn cua trang ma c gia khng th nhn thy.

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19

Cac trang web cn cho c gia cam nhn ro rang ng canh va t

chc thng tin, v ch co mt phn nho cua web site (t hn mt
trang) c hin th vao mt thi im:

Nu la mt ngi thit k web, chung ta cn chun b cung cp

cho c gia cac kha nng nay.
Lin kt va iu khin
"Quay lai"va quay v trang trc
Tt ca cac h thng siu vn ban u chia se mt vn chung o
la: quay lai t mt loat cac lin kt ma c gia a i qua se khng
ging nh lt cac trang ngc lai trong cac tai liu in, khi ma cac
trang c anh s. Khi c gia nhn vao mt lin kt trong mt
tai liu web, ho thng di chuyn t mt web site nay n cai
khac, co khi t mt quc gia nay n mt quc gia khac. Cung do
lin kt la hai chiu, c gia co th quay lai web site ma ho va ri
khoi bng cach nhn vao phm "Back" cua trnh duyt. Co phm
"Back", th phm "Forward" cho phep c gia lai i n web site
mi.

HNG DN XY DNG WEB SITE

20

Tac dung cua thanh phm n

i vi cac nha thit k thng tin, cac lin kt siu vn ban la mt
may mn pha tap. S thay i cn ban trong ng canh ma cac lin
kt tao ra d dang lam lung tung cac c gia, nhng ngi cn
n cac am ch va cac yu t tac ng co t chc, khi ho theo ui
va hiu cac lin kt siu vn ban t trang nay sang trang khac.
iu nay c bit ung khi chung ta a ra cho c gia cac tai
liu co nhiu phn anh s. Trn hnh trn, c gia a nhay n
web site th hai tai trang 6, va web site o gm cac trang c
anh s.
Bng vic tng thm cac phm chun (Back va Forward) cua trnh
duyt vi cac phm "Trang trc" va "Trang tip" c a vao cac
trang, ban thn c gia a co thm cng cu nh v qua h
thng thng tin cua web site nh chung ta mong mun. Thanh
phm n cung co th hin th v tr cua thng tin, ging nh tiu
chng cua cac cun sach in:

Lin kt c nh va tng i
Khng nh cac phm Back hay Forward trong cac trnh duyt nh
Netscape va MS Internet Eplorer, Mosaic, ch co chc nng tng
i n cac trang ma c gia va ri khoi, phm Trang tip va
Trang trc trong cac trang web la cac lin kt c nh do chung
ta tao nn ch n mt vn ban nht nh. Bng cach tao cac phm
lt trang, phm ch n muc luc, chung ta a cung cp cho c gia
phng tin hiu cach thc chung ta t chc thng tin trn web

HNG DN XY DNG WEB SITE

21

site, ngay ca khi ho n khng phai t trang chu, hoc t muc luc
ni dung. Phm n khng cho phep c gia oc tin theo th t ho
chon, nhng cho phep ho oc cac trang lin tip nh ta trnh bay:

HNG DN XY DNG WEB SITE

22

Chng III
Thit k web site

Khai quat
Tn tai nhng ly thuyt co h thng va c ban cho vic chia nho
bt c khi thng tin ln nao, cho du no c em i in hay cho
World Wide Web. C s cua moi h thng ly lun la gii han cua
con ngi trong vic lu gi va nh lai thng tin. Cac nha tm ly
hoc nhn thc a bit t hang thp nin trc rng ai a s
chung ta ch co th lu gi khoang 4 n 7 mu thng tin ri rac
trong tr nh ngn han. Muc ch cua cac h thng t chc la gi
s lng mu thng tin ma ngi oc cn lu nh n ti thiu,
bng vic s dung kt hp gia thit k hoa, qui c lp va
bin tp thng tin thanh cac n v ring re. Phng phap c gia
timg kim va s dung thng tin cung tha nhn, cac tin ngn hn,
ring bit se chc nng hoa hn va d nh v hn khi thng tin
dai.
ai a s web site co thng tin tham khao c gia tm kim
trong cac bai ngn hn. c gia rt t khi oc cac tai liu dai, lin
tuc trn man hnh, va a s ho, nhng ngi i tm mt mu tin,
se kho chu khi phai ra soat mt bai dai toan ch cui cung tm
cai ho cn. Cac oan tin nho cua cac thng tin co lin quan se d
t chc hn thanh cac khi thng tin ring tao nn h thng
ng nht, hnh thanh nn c s cac lin kt hypertext. "Nho" ch
co th c xac nh trong ng canh cua tai liu chung ta trnh
bay va cai ta mong mun cho c gia.
Cac bc trong t chc thng tin
Ngay lai ngay, cuc sng xa hi va cng nghip cang t oi hoi
chung ta tao ban tng trnh chi tit v cai chung ta bit va
nhng cai o lin quan n nhau nh th nao, nhng khng co
mt nn tang h thng hoa logc va vng chc, web site cua chung

HNG DN XY DNG WEB SITE

23

ta se khng hoat ng tt, ngay ca khi cac ni dung c ban cua

chung ta la xac ang va hay. Bn bc c ban trong vic t chc
thng tin cua chung ta la chia no thanh cac n v logic, thit lp
h thng cp bc theo tm quan trong va tnh tng quat, s dung
h thng nay tao cu truc quan h gia chung, sau o phn
tch s thanh cng v chc nng va thm my cua cac h thng.
Ct oan thng tin
a s thng tin trn World Wide Web gm co cac bai gii thiu
ngn khng cn oc ni tip. iu nay rt ung i vi cac web
site cua cac t chc, chnh phu, doanh nghip va giao duc hay
cung cp cac thng tin a c in trn giy trc o. Nhng nha
vit tai liu ky thut a phat hin rt lu trc khi web ra i
rng c gia anh gia cao cac oan thng tin ngn do co th
nhanh chong ra soat va nh v chung. Cac oan thng tin ngn,
t chc thng nht c bit thch hp vi trnh bay cua web, do
Co t c gia danh thi gian oc tai liu dai trn man hnh.
a s ho se lu tai liu dai vao a, hoc in chung, ch oc
nhng g bao quat trc tuyn.
Cac mu tin ngn, riwng bit thch hp vi lin kt web. c gia
thng mun tm thy mt phn thng tin chu nh, ch khng
phai toan b ca quyn sach ri loc no ra. Nhng cung ng
chia ct qua nho thng tin, chung ta se lam c gia tht vong.
T mt n ba trang (in) thng tin la u cho mt oan thng tin
trn web. Mt lin kt ma ch n mt mu tin cut lun se tht
ng ngn trong moi trng hp.
Hnh thc ng nht cua cach t chc va hnh thc trnh by
thng tin cho phep c gia ap dung kinh nghim cua ho co t
web site cua chung ta tm kim, kham pha, va cung cho phep
c gia d oan c phn web site mi, la se c t chc nh
th nao.
Cac oan thng tin ngn gon, suc tch se thch hp hn vi man
hnh may tnh, cai ma gii han tm nhn cua cac vn ban dai.

HNG DN XY DNG WEB SITE

24

Vic ap dung phn chia thng tin phai linh ng, va nht quan
vi y thc chung, vi h thng logic va vi s thun tin cho c
gia web. Cach tt nht phn chia va t chc thng tin thc
hin theo ban cht cua ni dung. Cung co luc cn tao mt tai liu
dai trn web nh mt ban tng hp cua cac oan thng tin. iu
nay cn thit khi chung ta tao cac trang web c gia co th lu
hay in chung.
H thng phn cp
Nu ch xac nh cu truc nh v c ban cho c gia th moi t
chc cn n s phn cp theo tm quan trong. Moi "oan" thng
tin co th va nn c sp xp theo mc quan trong, va c h
thng theo mc quan h gia cac thanh phn. Khi chung ta a
xac nh c hp ly cac mc u tin, chung ta co th xy dng
mt h thng phn cp t mc u tin nht hay mc tng quat
nht, xung n mc cu th nht hay mc chi tit nht. H thng
phn cp thc s la cn thit i vi web, v y tng trang chulin kt phu thuc vao s phn cp, di chuyn t cai nhn khai
quat nht cua toan web site (trang chu), qua cac menu con xung
n trang ni dung a ngay cang tr nn c trng.

Cac mi quan h
Khi i din vi mt h thng thng tin mi, phc tap, c gia bt
u xy dng cac m hnh ly tr, va sau o s dung chung anh
gia cac mi lin h gia nhng chu , va gia thit v v tr tm
thy thng tin ho cha thy trc o. S thanh cng cua web site
chung ta nh mt h thng thng tin se chu yu c xac nh bi

HNG DN XY DNG WEB SITE

25

h thng thng o cn xng bao nhiu vi cac mong mun cua c

gia. H thng hp ly cho phep c gia d oan ung v tr ho tm
thy thng tin ho cn tm. Thng tin c sp xp bng hnh anh,
dan nhan, c nhom va phn loai nht quan cho phep c gia m
rng nhn bit t cac trang a xem vao cac trang mi la i vi
ho. Nu chung ta lam c gia lac li vi mt cu truc khng hp
ly, d hiu, c gia se b tht vong lin min bi cac kho khn khi
tm thng tin. ng nn xy dng mt web site trong nh sau:

Chc nng
Sau khi a tao nn web site, chung ta nn phn tch tnh thm
my cua no, va tnh thc t cung nh tnh hiu qua cua ca c cu
h thng. Chung ta chon cu truc h thng nao cho web site
khng quan trong, quan trong la thit k web site thch hp, cn
bng gia cu truc va quan h cua menu hay cac trang
"homepage" vi cac trang ni dung c lp, cac hoa lin kt, tai
liu. Muc ch la xy dng mt h thng phn cp cua menu,
trang web sao cho t nhin i vi c gia, khng gy tr ngai
hoc lam lung tung khi oc web site.
Cac web site qua nng, ch co mt mc lin kt, uy thac vao cac
trang menu nng n ma sau mt thi gian se ging nh mt m
hn n cac thng tin khng lin quan n nhau, c lit k
khng theo mt trt t nao ca:

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26

H thng menu lai co th qua su, ct giu thng tin di nhiu

lp menu:

Cac Gopher site la v du in hnh cho nhng bt tin cua cac

menu lng nhau, ni ma chung ta i khi phai m nhiu th muc
trc khi chung ta gp cac tai liu. Menu mt gia tr khi chung
khng chuyn tai t 4 n 5 lin kt; cac trang menu da trn
danh sach, bng ch co th tai rt nhiu lin kt ma khng dm
su c gia hay bt ho cun man hnh qua mt danh sach dai dc.
Bt c gia phai nh v qua nhiu mc menu lng nhau trc khi
oc c thng tin la troc tc c gia va khng cn thit.
Nu web site phat trin nhanh, s cn bng cac menu va trang
web la rt cn thit. Cac phan hi cua c gia (va s phn tch
vic s dung web site) co th giup chung ta quyt nh c cu
truc web site co con thch hp khng, hay co phn nao thit k
kem khng.Cac tai liu phc tp oi hoi s phn b menu su,
nhng c gia lai khng bao gi mun vao cac trang lai cac trang
toan menu nu co kha nng truy nhp trc tip. Muc tiu la tao
mt cy phn lp thch hp co kha nng truy nhp thng tin
nhanh, va giup c gia hiu c thng tin c t chc nh th
nao.

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27

Cu truc site
Nu ban la ngi quan tm, chu y n World Wide Web, ban tht
kho thoat khoi dnh dang n hypertext, hypermedia. Ngay nay,
ch ban may tnh y p y ngh ky quc v vic thng tin trn
web co th bng cach nao o lin kt moi cai vi nhau. Vi gi y
nay, ban co th bo qua mt trong nhng thach thc ln nht cua
vic trnh bay thng tin - t thng tin vao trt t logic nh th
nao va tao mt web site d hiu, ang quan tm cho c gia.
Khng co g xa s tht ca. Nu chung ta ch co y tng m h v
cach thc mt phn web site lin quan n phn khac, nu chung
ta khng co mt cai nhn tng th hoc y thc ro rang v t chc,
c gia cua chung ta se sm bit u, va ai a s ho se bo i
tm thng tin khac tt hn.
S ni tip
Cach n gian nht h thng thng tin la theo day, vi no
chung ta co th hin th thng tin mt cach tun t. Thng tin se
tip ni nhau nh mt ban tng thut, theo thi gian, hoc trong
s sp xp logic no la y tng cho s lun ban ni tip. Sp xp
tun t co th theo th t thi gian, v du nh mt chui logic cac
chu c phat trin t tng quat n cu th, hoc cung co th
theo th t abc, nh cac ch s, t in bach khoa, t in thut
ng. Tuy nhin, cach t chc nay ch thch hp vi cac web site
nho (hoc cac danh sach cu truc nh ch s), cac chui cang dai

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28

cang tr nn phc tap hn, va khi o cang cn co cu truc hn

vn d c tnh d hiu.

Nhiu web site ln vn con c t chc kiu ni tip, nhng mi

trang trong chui chnh co th co mt hay nhiu trang noi ngoai
, thng tin chen gia, hoc cac lin kt n cac web site khac.
li
Nhiu ban hng dn, danh sach cac khoa hoc cua trng ai hoc
hoc cac giai ngha cho cac trng hp ky thut c t chc tt
nht theo phng thc li. No la cach tt tng quan cac
bin s nh s kin, cng ngh, vn hoa,... thanh cng, tng
n v ring bit trong li nht nh phai co cung cu truc cho
cac chu ln va nho. Cac chu thng khng co s phn cp v
mc quan trong. V du, "TCP/IP" cung quan trong khng hn,
khng kem so vi "IPX/SPX", do vy ca hai m ta nn co cung cu
truc. Nh vy c gia co th i tip (doc xung li) oc din
giai v "TCP/IP", hay i ngang (i ngang li) bng cach oc phn
"packet" cua ca hai chu TCP/IP va IPX/SPX. Co iu khng hay
la t chc li co th kho hiu vi c gia chng nao c gia xac
nh c mi lin quan gia cac loai thng tin. Nhng no rt tt
vi cac c gia co kinh nghim, nhng ngi a co sn kin thc
v chu va h thng cua no. Cac s tng quat co th rt hu
ch i vi cac site kiu li.

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29

Phn cp
S phn cp thng tin la mt trong nhng cach tt nht t
chc cac khi thng tin phc hp. Sp xp co phn cp c bit
thch hp cho cac web site, v cac web site lun c thc hin
theo cach re nhanh t mt trang chu duy nht. a s c gia quen
thuc vi cac biu phn cp, va cac ch du se tr nn d hiu
hn. Mt t chc phn cp cung tac ng co ch n ban thn vic
phn tch ni dung web site do s phn cp ch hoat ng hiu
qua khi chung ta a t chc hoan hao ni dung cua chung ta. Do
biu phn cp rt ging n cu truc cua cac doanh nghip,
vin, c gia d dang xy dng m hnh ly tr cua ca web site:

Web (mang nhn)

Cu truc t chc ging mang nhn yu cu t han ch cho vic s
dung mu thng tin. Muc ch thng cho y tng lin kt ging
nhau va t do, ni ma c gia i theo s quan tm cua ho trong
mt m hnh t kham pha, t do t tng i vi tng c gia n
web site. M hnh web site nay y ry cac lin kt n cac tai
liu trong web site o cung nh trn toan World Wide Web. Muc
ch la khai thac trit nng lc cua web trong vic lin kt va
kt hp, tuy vy cac cu truc theo kiu mang nhn nay rt d
phat trin thanh mt m hn n, ln xn cua cac khi thng tin.
Cung rt tr tru, cac web co t chc lai thng co cu truc phi
thc t nht i vi cac web site, v no rt kho hiu, d oan i
vi c gia. Cac web lam vic tt nht cho cac site nho, co nhiu
danh sach lin kt, nhm vao cac c gia chuyn nghip hoc
trnh cao, nhng c gia tm kim nhng kin thc chuyn
su.

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Kt lun
a s cac web site phc tap u s dung ca bn kiu cu truc
thng tin trn. Ngoai tr cac site ma co yu cu kht khe v vic
phai h tr cac trang hin th ni tip, c gia cua chung ta thch
s dung cac web site theo kiu t do nh "mang nhn", nh a s
cac sach tra cu hay ky thut vn hay s dung. Tuy nhin, iu
nay cung khng thao g cho ban khoi s cn thit phai h thng
hoa suy ngh va trnh by no mt cach minh bach, nht quan, cai
ma se h tr cho cac muc ch cua web site. Sau y la biu th
hin mi tng quan gia bn kiu cu truc va muc ch, s phc
tap cua ni dung.

Cac thanh phn cua site

Cac web site co th v cung a dang v kiu cach, ni dung, cach
t chc, va muc ch, nhng tt ca cac web site u c thit k
thc hin chc nng cua chung la cac ngun tai nguyn cung
chia se nhng c im c ban.

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31

Trang chu (Home Page)

Tt ca cac web site u c thit lp quanh "home page" gi
nhim vu nh mt im xut phat n cac trang web phc tap
khac trong web site. Trong h thng phn cp, trang chu chim v
tr trn nh cua s . URL WWW cua trang chu cung la a ch
web ma chung ta s dung hng dn c gia n vi web site
cua chung ta, va trong nhng nm ti a ch cua trang chu quan
trong cung nh a ch nha ring hay a ch cua mt doanh
nghip. u trang chu se la cai u tin c gia nhn thy khi
truy nhp n web site cua chung ta, do o trang chu c thit
k thch hp la iu kin c ban web site thanh cng. Chin
lc thit k trang chu rt bin hoa, da trn chc nng va yu
cu cua cac c gia c trng cua eb site, muc ch cua web site
va cung phu thuc vao tnh cht, s phc tap cua toan b web
site.
Menu hoa hay vn ban
Quyt nh cach b tr c ban nht cho trang chu lin quan n
vic s dung hoa nh th nao trn trang web. a s cac trang
chu cua cac doanh nghip, vin hay trng hin th t nht mt
thanh anh nho (banner) trn u trang, va trn cac trang thng
mai, xu hng lai la anh hoa toan trang, phc tap, c xy
dng t cac menu thay i lin tuc tao nn cam giac nh cac
trang multimedia cua CD-ROM. Trang web nhiu anh hoa co
th co hiu qua gy s chu y cua c gia, nhng lai tn thi
gian nap xung, c bit khi c gia kt ni vi Internet qua
modem hay mang truc tc thp. Ngay ca khi c gia truy nhp
web site vi tc Ethernet (10 Mbps), cac menu hoa cung
chm hn danh sach cac lin kt trn c s text n 10 ln.
Ai la c gia cua trang chu?
Vic phn cach gia cac trang chu trang tr hoa hp dn, nap
xung chm vi cac trang text khng chut th mng, nhng lai
nap nhanh a phan anh s cn thit phn bit s khac bit i

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32

tng c gia cung nhu cu cua ho. Muc ch cua a s web site la
chuyn tai thng tin ni tai (cho sinh vin, nhn vin va cac
khach hang) va giao thip vi cac khach hang quan trong, nhng
mt maket c thit k cn thn khng ch m rng kha nng
cua mt man hnh vn phong. Bng cach gi anh hoa va phai
v kch thc, trang web c nap xung khng chm lm ma vn
co menu hoa.

c lam nho t trang chu ly t web cua www.kodak.com

Trang chu cua W3C kha n gian, chu yu la menu text cung cp
mt ty l y hiu qua gia s kt ni vi kch thc trang, nhng
vi mt giao din thun khit. Trang web nap nhanh va c
thit k thch hp cho cac c gia web c bit, nhng lai khng
hp dn i vi cac c gia bnh thng:

c lam nho t trang chu tai www.w3.org/pub/WWW/

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ng la chon - hay s dung ca hai

Cach tt nht ap ng oi hoi cua ca c gia ngu nhin va c
gia thng xuyn, yu cu cao la cung cp ca cac trnh bay thay
th cua web site. Mt cach tip cn la cung cp mt trang chu y
n tng cho cac c gia chung, nhng cung co mt trang chu
thay th, chu yu la text, chu trong v tc truy nhp thng tin
qua cac menu chi tit. Cach tip cn khac la s dung banner
hoa trn u trang, sau o la cac lin kt text. Web site "Thomas"
cua Library of Congress phan anh ca hai cach tip cn, vi banner
hoa va phai va cac lin kt phong phu, t chc tt.

c lam t anh tai web site: http://thomas.loc.gov

Thi gian quan ly
Nhiu web site cn c cp nht thng xuyn thng tin
khng b cu rch. Nhng khng phai t nhin ma c gia cam
nhn c thng tin mi nu chung ta khng bo cng sc ra
lam cho c gia bit n no. Nu mt chc nng nao o c cp
nht, chung ta nn t mt ky hiu "Mi" ln canh no. Chung ta
cung nn ghi thi gian ln tng trang web, ca thi gian cp nht
c gia c am bao la nhn thng tin mi nht. Tuy nhin,
nu web site cua chung ta phc tap, nhiu mc thng tin, trai ra
hang chuc (thm tr hang trm, nghn) trang web, tt hn ht la
chung ta nn lam mt trang "Co g mi - What's New" c thit
k c bit danh cho vic thng bao cho c gia s thay i trn
web site.

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34

Trang chu, menu va cac submenu

Khi web site cong nho, co th chung ta ch cn mt t trang menu
con c gia i tip t danh sach cac chu chung. Trong cac
web site ln, phc tap vi hang chuc chu , th khng thc t a
cho c gia mt trang chu vi hang ta lin kt - mt trang qua dai
nap xung, va cac trang nay se lam nan long c gia.
Mi submenu ln co th tr thanh mt trang chu nho cho khu vc
o cua web site. i vi cac menu chi tit, c bit chung ta co th
khuyn khch cac c gia thng xuyn kt ni trc tip vao cac
submenu trong web site. Khi o, cac submenu nay co th tr
thanh cac trang chu danh ring cho cac nhom c gia nht nh.
Ch cn am bao la trn tng submenu, chung ta thm cac lin
kt c ban n cac khu vc khac cua web site, va quan trong nht
la, thm lin kt n trang chu hay menu chnh trn moi trang
web cua chung ta.
Ban k "cac site lin quan khac"
World Wide Web thay i nhanh chong n ni ngay ca cac dch
vu tm kim web nh Yahoo cung ch la mt phn thng tin co th
truy nhp trn web. Thng thng, tp hp u tin cua cac lin
kt khi xy dng web site la b su tm cac web site a thch, co
lin quan n cng vic, ngh nghip hay s thch cac nhn. Tuy
nhin, trong cac web site cua cac doanh nghip ln, vin th trang
tham khao c bin tp tt co th lai la trang co gia tr nht, la
ngun tai nguyn c s dung nhiu nht trong web site.
Th vin, phu luc, ch s
Khai nim tai liu, vn ban trong mi trng in t nh trang
web thng linh ng, va vic xut ban in t v mt logic, kinh
t a tao kha nng cung cp nhiu thng tin hn cho c gia ma
khng phai tra gia nh tai liu giy. lam mt ban bao cao
nhn s trn giy, chung ta cn in ban sao tng nhn s mt. Gia
ca va thc t ch nh ban bao cao phai gn gon suc tch, khng co
nhiu thng tin h tr hay phu luc. Nhng han ch nay khng con

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35

i vi cac trang web, bn canh phn chnh cua ban bao cao,
chung ta co th thm danh sach cac ngun thng tin cn thit
khac. Th muc, phu luc, t in thng tin co th to ln s co
th i kem vi ban bao cao, nhng co th t ln web, tao iu
kin cho cac c gia khac co th tm hiu ma khng cn oc qua
ban bao cao co ca nhng phn khng cn thit vi ho.
Cac vn thng gp - cac trang FAQ
Web va mi trng trn c s web a m ra mt hoc vin n nht
v song, o la trang FAQ, ni ma cac vn , cu hoi thng xay
ra t c gia c lit k cung cac cu tra li. Cac trang web FAQ
ly tng cho vic thit k web site h tr, cung cp thng tin trong
nhom lam vic, cho ni b doanh nghip. Vi mt trang FAQ c
thit k tt, bng cach tham chiu c gia n o, chung ta co th
lam cho c gia hiu thng tin va cac dch vu chung ta cung cp
qua web site. Trang FAQ cung co th giam thiu nhn s tiu tn
vao vic h tr khach hang, nhng ngi bnh thng ch tra li
cac cu hoi lp lai, thng ky cua khach hang, c gia.
Thit k Intranet
a s cac web site oc thit k cho cac c gia trong hoc vin,
cng ty, va khng cung cp ra ngoai th gii World Wide Web. Cac
site intranet chia se cung cng ngh vi cac site c thit k cho
c gia web trn Internet, tuy vy s thit k va ni dung cua
intranet nn phan anh c s thuc y rt khac nhau cua cac
c gia intranet.
Cac site bn ngoai
Cac site bn ngoai thng nhm n vic thu hut c gia. Muc
ch chung nht la nng cao thi gian truy nhp, dn dt c gia
vao su trong site va i lai cho s tm hiu c gia la thng tin
hp dn, giai tr. Trong cac web site bn ngoai, cai cn ganh vac la
c gia t co ng lc lu lai, do vy phai lun thu hut c s
chu y bng anh hoa ep, thi thuc ho tm hiu kham pha web
site.

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36

Cac site bn trong

Cac intranet site thanh cng thu thp nhiu thng tin hu ch, t
chc no vao cac h thng logic va cung cp no trong mt cach thc
co hiu qua. Chung ta khng th mong mun c gia intranet nn
na trn cac trnh duyt web hay lung tung vi vic khng th tm
thy cai ho tm, hoc ch dao chi trn mang cuc b ma khng giai
quyt c vic g. Hay c gia (trong trng hp nay la cac
nhn vin, hoc vin,...) nhn c cai ho cn ly nhanh chong ri
ho i tip.
Cac tiu chun thit k

Cac Internet va intranet site cua Sun Microsystem la cac m hnh

cua vic thit k web v vic nht quan, tip cn theo chiu su.
Cac cu hoi thm tra ch ra rng cac nhn vin cua Sun trung
bnh oc 12 trang intranet mi ngay, va khoang 2 sub-site
intranet mi mi tun. Jakob Nielsen, chuyn gia thit k giao
din ngi dung cua Sun, c tnh rng vic thit k lai giao din
Intranet cua Sun, co th tit kim cho mi nhn vin 5 phut 1
tun thng qua cac giao din chun va cac ng dung thng nht
toan cng ty. Tng s thi gian nhn vin cua Sun tit kim co th
ln n 10 triu $ mi nm, nh tranh c cac vic v ch, nng
cao hiu qua do mi nhn vin s dung intranet cua cng ty.
Cac tiu chun thit k
Tt ca cac n v ng dung intranet u co nhng ng lc v xa
hi va kinh t phat trin va truyn ba cac kinh nghim v
thit k cac web site ni b va ngun thng tin cua ho. Nhng
cung co nhiu vn vn nay sinh khi cac nhom, ca nhn
muoon co quyn c thit k va xut ban theo y mun, va thng
la co kinh nghim va thao s dung hn la quan ly no. Cac nhom
s dung web nhiu nm cung co s u t ang k vao nhng
thit k cua chnh ho, va se rt min cng nu phai thay i. Cac
quan tr vin h thng lai thng eo hep v tai chnh vit cac

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ban hng dn s dung, hng dn thit k va thuc y c cac

phong ban hanh chnh ban hanh chung. Khng co mt tiu chun
chung mang tnh quc gia hay quc t v cai g la phn t lam
nn mt web site tt cang lam cho vn tr nn phc tap hn.
Thit k coi trong ngi oc
Danh sach cac vn c nu trn rt quen thuc vi moi
webmaster, va cho bt c ai mun a tng ngi trong ban chp
hanh Intranet, Web site. y la nhng ly do ln chng phai
lam g ca, ngay ca vic bo qua nhn t quan trong nht cua bt c
mt intranet nao: ngi s dung. Khng co s thit k cn trong,
thng nht, ngi s dung se lac vao m cung, khng co hiu qua,
cung khng co c hi thu li t cng ngh intranet. Nu chung
ta chon cach tip cn coi ngi s dung la trung tm cua moi thit
k, li th cua giao din chun, thit k nht quan la ro rang va
no se thuyt phuc c cac s thch c bit cua cac b phn, ca
nhn tham gia. Chung ta nn lun nh mt iu la nu mt ngi
s dung c trng cua intranet thy no hn n hn la thy mt
ngun thng tin hu ch th se chng co mt ai thu li c t
intranet o ca.
Khng co tiu chun thit k ro rang, intranet se phat trin thanh
tp hp cac trang ln xn, chp va - luc th thit k rt tt, luc lai
tham hai v cung, va tt ca cu thanh mt h thng ri rac hay
hoan toan t lit. Thiu tiu chun thit k cung gii han vic s
dung intranet do phai tun thu hang loat qui tc phc tap i vi
ngi dung mi mun phat trin cac site intranet, nhng lai phai
i din vi cac cng vic nh phat trin hoa, thit k giao din
thay v n gian ch ap dung nhng cai a co.