Par Pra - 22-11-15

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lawang@buu.ac.th
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PRA
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(Participatory Rural Appraisal)
The Wisdom of Nursing for the Well-being of Mankind Faculty of Nursing, Burapha University, Thailand
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PRA: Participatory Rural Appraisal
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a growing family of approaches and methods to

enable local people to share, enhance and analyze
their knowledge of life and conditions, to plan and to
act.
(Chambers, 1994: 953)
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a short-cut method for data collection. It involves

local people & outside from different sectors &
disciplines. Outsider facilitation people in analyzing
information, practice critical self-awareness, taking
responsibility & sharing their knowledge of life &
conditions to plan & action.
(Bhandari, 2003: p.9)
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2.
3.
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1.
PRA
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Learning: From & with local people
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Empowerment: local people

Respect: local intellectual and analytical capabilities
Localization: Building & creating from local materials
and avoids imposing external.
Enjoyment: making fun in the process.
Inclusiveness: All group including vulnerable groups,
women, children, aged, and disabled people
PRA (action-reflection)
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(motivate community)
(identify
issue/concern)
(collect & analyze data)
(Present & Reflect on)
(use results as a knowledge to
improve knowledge & create community s literature)
PRA
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(secondary data)
(observation, interview,
questionnaires)
(diagram)
(map)
(Stories)
(workshop)
( )
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PRA
//:
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PRA
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( , 2540)
PRA
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1.
2.

3.
4.

Principles
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Community learn from outsiders (professionals)

Outsiders learn from community
Method
Benefit
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Outsiders let community participate (go to rural area, but they

facilitate rural people in collection, presentation, & analysis of
information by themselves)
Community take command of own (community) process
PRA information is owned & shared local people

Knowledge creation (knowledge belongs to the people)
Empowering community
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PAR
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(Participatory Action Research)
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Action Research (AR)
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AR is not a panacea for ills & does not

resolve all problems, but it does provide
a means for people to get a handle on
their situation & formulate effective
solutions to problems.
(Stringer, 2007, p. 18)
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AR is a collaborative endeavor achieved

through participation. Collaboration &
participation refers to cooperation between
researchers (outsiders) & participants
(insiders) who are in the same situation.
(Holter & Schwartz-Barcott, 1993; Kemmis & McTaggart, 1990)
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Participants work together to critically

examine their actions, make change decisions
& implement action.
(Kemmis & McTaggart, 1990; Waterman, et al., 2001)
Participatory Action Research (PAR)
(Rains & Ray, 1995)
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PAR is a combination of community participation,

research, & action that supports local insights &
abilities regarding the resolution of community issues
.
PAR promotes self-reliance & understanding.
PAR can be undertaken through partnerships between

academic, health services, community-based
organizations that work to increase understanding with
the capability of developing interventions within
systems & across diverse cultures.
(Stringer, 2007)
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Aim of PAR
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To understand a real social situation

To change or solve specific problems
To improve practice.
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(Dick, 2002; Kemmis & McTaggart, 1986; Stringer, 2007)
Key Features of PAR
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1. PAR cannot be understood through intellectual argument

but only by doing it. (Waterman 1995 )
2. Partnership & collaboration between researchers &
participants
3. A group activity / A working group (Stakeholders)
4. Spiral framework through action & evaluation (spiraling
cycles)
5. Critique of existing social situations
6. Location in a specific context & situation.
7. Change (improvement of practice)
(Brannick & Coghlan, 2001
Processes of PAR: Spiraling cycle
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Reconnaissance or initial fact finding about the

specific situation of caregivers of adults with a
physical disability.
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Plan for action or simply whom, when, where, & how

statements of specific support interventions to deal
with problems.
Taking action or implementation of a developed plan
with the observation, collection, & analyses of data.
Reflection on process & consequences of actions.
PAR process is...
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learning by doing with community
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Establish a working group

Identify a problem,
Do something to resolve it,
See how successful their efforts were,
If not satisfied, try again...
Action Research Spiral
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implement plan or intervention

carefully developed to address a
set of problems.
observe the process &
consequences of the change
identify a problem or issue

that interests
identify a plan of action
that aims to bring about an
improvement in
understanding.
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reflect on process &

consequences
develop revised action

plans based on new
understanding or questions
that arose during the
previous phases
(Kemmis & McTaggart, 1982, 1988, 1990, 2005; Carr & Kemmis, 1986)
Action research
interacting spiral
Reconnaissance
Look gather relevant
information
Building a picture or
describe situation
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(Stringer, 1996, 1999, 2007)
Plan
Action
Reflection
Think interpret & explain
Act implement or
Evaluate judge the
situation.
resolve issues &
worth, effectiveness,
plan for action or look at
problems
appropriateness, &
areas of success, any
outcomes of those
deficiencies or problems
activities
Data collection of PAR in community
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Quantitative method makes comparisons between
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variables (breadth)
Qualitative method tries to describe a phenomenon
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(depth)
Mixed-methods (a mix of both qualitative & quantitative

data) or called multiple methodology (Greenwood & Levin, 2007)
allows corroboration of findings, add clarification to results
from data gathered by different methods (breadth & depth)
Techniques using in PAR
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PRA
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Focus groups
Peer observations
Reflective narrative accounts of practice
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ExamplePAR Planning Guide

Output
Awareness of the
issue
Identify issues relevant to situations & key

informants views
Analyse potential risk factors contributing to

issues
Set an optimal goal to solve problems
Common goals
Identify a potential set of action plans
Potential action
relating to specific
Prioritize a potential set of action plans
goals in each group
Discuss consensus goal priorities & action
Mutual goals
plans
An initial action
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- Set an optimal goal

- Identify & prioritize
potential action plans
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Activities
Reflect on findings of reconnaissance
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Purpose
- Identify issues
- Prepare a set of action

plans for
implementation
- Identify person
responsible for action

plans
Create an actual set of action plans
Identify persons responsible to implement
plan (appropriated
interventions)
Rigor & validity of AR

1.
Data triangulation through using mixed-methods collection & analysis.
Checking & sharing of results by members of PAR group (professionals &

non-professionals) provided validation of the findings (Creswell, 2009)
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Permit cross-checking the accuracy of findings (Mills, 2011)

Reduced bias of the researcher (Dick, 2002)
3.
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Researcher gathered together & examined the previous findings to consider

Members reflected their own experiences
Members developed their own interpretations.
PAR process itself allows the development of greater credibility through

repeated cycles (at least 2 cycles)
By progressing through a number of cycles, there was ability to review the
research results within the context in which the research occurred.
As the earlier cycles were used to inform how we would conduct the next
cycle (each subsequent cycle added greater credibility to the results).
CBR PAR
3.
4.
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2.
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1.
CBR
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/
not an expert but rather to work with participants with recognition that each of us
brings unique experience & understanding to any situation.
Changes from one of director, controller, or chief to one of facilitator, associate, &
consultant
Flexible in character.

work with the researcher & take roles as co-researchers (diagnosing the problem,
planning a solution, implementing interventions, & reflecting)
Members of PAR group were empowered to transform their situation for their own
benefit & the benefit of others in the community (Street, 1995)
(Stringer, 1995 & 2007)
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:
WE CAN DO by TIM
( , 2554)
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Action research interacting spiral
(Stringer, 2007)

- -
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Faculty
of Nursing,
Burapha University, Thailand
The Wisdom of Nursing for
the Well-being of
Mankind
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WE CAN DO by TIM
W willing
O
Outstanding
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E Exploration
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D Decoration
N Notice
T-Team
C Cognition
A Action
I-Inspiration
M-Mankind
W-Willing
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()
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...
(Stakeholders) (
)
...
... Build-up Rapport
...

... (Partner)
W-Willing
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1.
2. (Inform)
3. (Prepare)
4. (Motivate)
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W-Willing
1.
2. (MOU)
3. (Social interaction)
4. (Social movements)
E-Exploration
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..
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()
E-Exploration
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1.

(Problem identification)
2.
(Problem diagnosis)
E-Exploration
1. (inform)
2. (prepare)
3. (motivate)
C-Cognition
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()
C-Cognition
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1.
2.

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C-Cognition
1.

2. (Action plan)
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A-Acting
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( )
A-Acting
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1.

2.

A-Acting

N-Notice
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()
N-Notice
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1.
2.
2
(formative evaluation)*
(summative evaluation)**

N-Notice

D-Decoration
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()
D-Decoration
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...

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.
D-Decoration
(Model shaping)

O-outstanding
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()
D-Decoration
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1.
2.
3.

4.
D-Decoration

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(TIM)
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Team Approach
Inspiration
Mankind
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(T-Team approach)
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-
-
-
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(I-Inspiration)
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(Drive)
(Motivation)
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(M-Mankind)
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WE CAN DO by TIM
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1. (Seamless Continuing Care)

2. (Family Strength)
3. (Community strength &
capacity)
4. (Collaborative Learning
to Goal Success)
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BR
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PRA & PAR

CBR
(Network)
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2
3
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(Participation)
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(Humanization care)
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( )
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1. (Compassion)
...
2. (Respect)

3. (Humility)
( )
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(Empowerment)
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Potere (to be able) ...
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(Gibson, 1991, P. 354)
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1
2
3
4
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1.
2.

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( I or You I massage)
Reference
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. (2554). . :
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Bhandari, B. B. (2003). Participatory rural appraisal (PRA). Virgina: Institute for Global Environmental Strategies.
Baskerville, R.L. and Wood-Harper, A.T. (1996). "A Critical Perspective on Action Research as a Method for Information
Systems Research," Journal of Information Technology, 11, pp. 235-246
Chambers, R. (1994). The origins and practice of participatory rural appraisal. World development, 22(7), 953-969.
Checkland, P., (1991). From framework through experience to learning: the essential nature of action research. In: H.E.
Nissen et al., editors. Information Systems Research: Contemporary Approaches and Emergent Traditions.
Elsevier, North-Holland. Pages 397403.
Chisholm, R.F. and Elden, M. (1993). Features of Emerging Action Research. Human Relations, 46(2), pp. 275-298.
Elliot, J. (1991). Action research for educational change. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Kemmis, S., & McTaggart, R. (2005). Participatory action research: Communicative action and the public sphere. In N.
K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp. 559-603). Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34-46.
Street, A. (1995). Nursing replay: Researching nursing culture together. South Melbourne: Churchill Livingstone.
Stringer, E. T. (2007). Action Research. Los Angeles: Sage.

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BR

(Participatory Rural Appraisal)

PRA: Participatory Rural Appraisal

a growing family of approaches and methods to

a short-cut method for data collection. It involves

Learning: From & with local people

Empowerment: local people

Community learn from outsiders (professionals)

Outsiders let community participate (go to rural area, but they

PRA information is owned & shared local people

(Participatory Action Research)

Action Research (AR)

AR is not a panacea for ills & does not

AR is a collaborative endeavor achieved

Participants work together to critically

Participatory Action Research (PAR)

(Rains & Ray, 1995)

PAR is a combination of community participation,

PAR can be undertaken through partnerships between

To understand a real social situation

(Dick, 2002; Kemmis & McTaggart, 1986; Stringer, 2007)

Key Features of PAR

1. PAR cannot be understood through intellectual argument

Processes of PAR: Spiraling cycle

Reconnaissance or initial fact finding about the

Plan for action or simply whom, when, where, & how

PAR process is...

learning by doing with community

Establish a working group

Action Research Spiral

implement plan or intervention

identify a problem or issue

reflect on process &

develop revised action

(Stringer, 1996, 1999, 2007)

Think interpret & explain

Evaluate judge the

resolve issues &

plan for action or look at

areas of success, any

Data collection of PAR in community

Quantitative method makes comparisons between

Qualitative method tries to describe a phenomenon

Mixed-methods (a mix of both qualitative & quantitative

Techniques using in PAR

ExamplePAR Planning Guide

Identify issues relevant to situations & key

Analyse potential risk factors contributing to

- Set an optimal goal

- Prepare a set of action

responsible for action

Create an actual set of action plans

Identify persons responsible to implement

Rigor & validity of AR

Data triangulation through using mixed-methods collection & analysis.

Checking & sharing of results by members of PAR group (professionals &

Permit cross-checking the accuracy of findings (Mills, 2011)

Researcher gathered together & examined the previous findings to consider

PAR process itself allows the development of greater credibility through

Action research interacting spiral

1. (Seamless Continuing Care)

PRA & PAR

Potere (to be able) ...