MT S VN V CC NG B TNG CT THP NG SUT TRC

TRONG THC T P DNG VIT NAM

SOME PROBLEMS IN APPLYING OF PRESTRESSED REINFORCED
CONCRETE PIPE PILE IN VIETNAM
ThS. Lm Vn Phong v ThS. Trn Khanh Hng*
B mn Cng Cng Trnh Bin, Khoa K Thut Xy Dng,
Trng i Hc Bch Khoa, i Hc Quc Gia TPHCM
268 L Thng Kit, Phng 14, Qun 10, TPHCM, Vit Nam
Email: lamvanphong@hcmut.edu.vn
*Phng Cng trnh, Cng ty CP T vn thit k Cng K thut bin (PORTCOAST)
92 Nam k khi ngha, Qun 1, TPHCM, Vit Nam
Email: hung.tk@portcoast.com.vn
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BN TM TT
t lu, nc ta ni chung v ng bng sng Cu Long ni ring, vi c im a tng c
lp t yu trn mt kh dy, cc BTCT c ng dng rt rng ri trong kt cu mng ca a s cc
cng trnh xy dng, t dn dng, cng nghip, thy li, giao thng cho n h tng k thut. Trong
ngnh cng ni ring, hin nay cc ng BTCT ST ang dn thay th cho loi cc vung c khng
ST truyn thng v nhng u im vt tri ca n (trong khi cc nc tin tin iu ny din
ra t my thp k trc!). Tuy nhin thc t thi cng cc cc ng BTCT ST ang din ra nc ta
gp phi mt s bt n, c th lm cho kt cu cng trnh lm vic khng nh mong mun ca
ngi thit k, nh tnh trng cc b gy, nt dc, v u, lch trn mt bng, lin kt khng tt vi
kt cu bn trn. Tuy phn ln nhng hin tng ny u gp loi cc vung c truyn thng
nhng nguyn nhn dn n nhng hin tng ny c khc. Bo co ny cp chi tit n cc vn
trn, i su vo phn tch nguyn nhn, t xut cc bin php phng trnh.
ABSTRACT
For a long time, in Vietnam and especially at Cuu Long River Delta, the region has rather thick
weak soil layer on top, the reinforced concrete piles are used very popular in foundation of almost
structures, such as factories, buildings, hydraulic structures, bridges, port and habour, and also other
infrastructure. Today, in port structure, the reinforced concrete piles are being changed by the
prestressed reinforced concrete pipe piles (this kind of pile has been applied in developed countries for
many years). However, in Vietnam, the construction of this kind of pile encounter some troubles
causing not good status of structure, for example, broken pile, crack along pile, wrong in location i.e.
Almost troubles as mentioned above occurred on the rectangular solid piles too, but with this kind of
pile, there are the other causes. This paper will present those matters detailed, analyse the causes and
propose some prevention methods.
1. NHNG S C THNG GP
1.1 Cc b nt, gy khi cu chuyn

Trn thc t, mt s n v thi cng cho

cng nhn dng mc cu mc trc tip ti 2 u
cc cu chuyn (hnh 1a,b) m khng tnh
ton kim tra v ngh rng cc ng BTCT ST
c cng rt ln, cc khng th b tn hi.

mt s cng trnh xy ra hin tng gy cc

khi cu bng cch ny, va gy tn tht ln v
vt t, va gy nguy him cho thit b (cn cu,
x lan) v nhng ngi ang bn di. Nhiu
trng hp cc b nt do cch cu chuyn ny
nhng rt t khi c T vn gim st quan tm
pht hin; tn hi ny tuy khng ln nhng nh
hng n tui th ca cc, trong khi tui th
ca cu kin ny trong
cng trnh cng thng
l nhn t chnh quyt
nh n tui th ca c
cng trnh.

Hin tng ny gp kh ph bin, sau khi

cc ng su vo nn, mc v t nh (ch
b v mt phn BT u cc - hnh 3a) n nng
(ton b u cc v nt, thm ch bung c vng
thp tm u cc - hnh 3b).
1.4 Cc b nghing lch qu mc cho php
trong qu trnh ng cc
Trng hp ny thng xy ra i vi cc
cc c t hp t nhiu phn on trong qu
trnh ng, cng v giai on cui ca qu trnh
ng cc cng lch nhiu, c v ta u cc
trn mt bng v v nghing ca trc cc.
1.5 Kt cu bn trn b dch chuyn nhiu
trong mt phng ngang khi chu ti trng
ngang

Hnh 1a,b Cu chuyn cc ng bng cch mc

vo 2 u
1.2 Cc b nt dc theo thn
Trong qu trnh ng cc, cc cc c mi
h, thn cc chm trong nc, thy c hin
tng cc b nt dc theo thn cc, nc bn
trong tro ra theo cc khe nt ny mi khi ba
nn vo u cc (hnh
2a,b).

Sau khi thi cng xong kt cu bn trn ca

nn cc, khi cng trnh chu lc ngang (chng
hn lc neo tu, lc va tu,) th kt cu bn
trn b dch chuyn trong mt phng ngang ln
hn nhiu so vi tnh ton trong h s thit k,
trng hp ti trng ngang tc ng tun hon
(chng hn tc ng ca sng) cn gy ra hin
tng rung lc kt cu bn trn.
2. PHN TCH NGUYN NHN
2.1 Cc b nt, gy khi cu chuyn

Hnh 2 a,b Vt nt dc (nhn bn ngoi v bn

trong lng cc)

Thng thng cc cc ng BTCT ST

khng t trc mc cu nh ra khi cc m ch
nh du im cu trn thn cc bng sn ti
nh my ch to. Theo qui nh, vic cu cc
ng phi dng vng cu qung qua thn cc ti
im cu nng chuyn cc, sau khi nng
chuyn xong th tho vng cu ra (hnh 5a,b).

1.3 Cc b v u trong qu trnh ng cc

Hnh 5a,b Vng cp cu cc ng

Hnh 3a,b Cc b v u
sau khi ng

Vic lp v tho vng cu kh mt thi gian

nn dn n tnh trng n v thi cng khng
tun th nghim tc qui trnh ny.

Mt s tnh ton sau y vi cc cc ch to

sn nh my cho thy vic cu cc 2 u ni
chung l khng cho php i vi nhng phn
on c chiu di ln (xem bng 1).
Bng 1. So snh gi tr m men trong cc khi cu 2
u vi m men un nt v m men un gy ca cc
D
300

400

500

600

700

800

1000

1200

60

18

q
113

Mcu
6.9

Mnt

Mgy

KQ

2.0

60

13

113

3.6

2,4-3,9

3,7-7,9

80

20

201

15.1

4,6-5,6

65

15

171

7.2

5,4-8,8

8,1-17,7

100

22

314

28.5

9,9-10,8

80

15

264

11.1 10,3-16,7

15,5-33,4

110

22

423

38.4 13,5-14,4

25,0-26,9

90

15

360

15.2 16,7-28,5

120

22

547

49.6

100

15

471

120

30

641

110

15

596

140

30

946

130

15

888

150

30

1237

150

15

1237

38.0

19.9 26,5-44,1
108.2

65,0

25.1 39,2-63,8
159.6

120,0

37.5 73,6-117,7
208.7

39,7-88,3

58,9-127,5

110,4-235,4

52.2 117,7-196,2 176,6-392,4

Ghi ch:
Trong tng nhm ng knh cc, cc gi tr
dng trn tham kho trong bng Thng s k thut
sn phm ca Cng ty CP b tng 620 Chu Thi (t
D800 ly theo thng s ca Cng ty CP u t
Phan V); cc gi tr dng di tham kho trong
tiu chun Nht bn JIS A 5373:2004 Precast
prestressed concrete products.
D ng knh ngoi ca cc (mm)
d chiu dy thnh cc (mm)
L chiu di ln nht ca on cc ch to trong
thc t hoc khuyn co trong tiu chun (m)
q trng lng 1 md cc (kG/m)
Mcu = k.q.L2/8000 (Tm) m men ln nht trong
on cc khi cu 2 u.
k h s ng khi cu cc (k = 1,5)
Mnt M men un nt cc theo thit k (Tm)
Mgy M men un gy cc theo thit k (Tm)
KQ =? cha c s liu so snh v kt lun.
KQ =0 vic cu 2 u cc khng gy nt cc
(=> khng gy gy cc => c th cho php).
KQ =1 vic cu 2 u cc gy nt cc nhng
cha gy gy cc (=> khng cho php).
KQ =2 vic cu 2 u cc gy nt cc nhng
cha c s liu kt lun c gy gy cc khng.
Vic cu 2 u cc gy gy cc (=> tuyt i
khng cho php) khng gp trong trng hp so
snh vi s liu trong tiu chun v L b khng ch
khng qu ln (L15m).

Lu cng khng loi tr trng hp cc b

nt, gy do cht lng cc khng t (b tng b
r xp bn trong, lng thp b lch khi v tr
thit k nhiu trong qu trnh quay ly tm,),
nhng khuyt tt ny
gn nh khng th
pht hin nu ch
kim tra bng mt
(hnh 5).
Hnh 5 Lng thp
b lch nhiu so vi
thit k
2.2 Cc b nt dc theo thn trong qu trnh
ng cc
Hin tng ny thng gp cc cc c
mi h, thn cc chm trong nc hoc trong
qu trnh thi cng nc r r vo lng cc cc
mi ni khng kn. Trong 22TCN 289-02
Qui trnh k thut thi cng v nghim thu cng
trnh bn cng iu 7.6.9. c cp n hin
tng xut hin cc vt nt dc thn cc v cho
rng l do tc ng ca p lc thy ng
trong lng cc khi h cc trong nc hoc trong
t yu. Trng hp ny cho thy ct ai xon
cu to trong cc khng kh nng chu tc
ng ca p lc thy ng trong lng cc.
2.3 Cc b v u trong qu trnh ng cc
V u cc khi ng l hin tng ph bin
khng nhng ca cc ng BTCT ST m cn
ca tt c cc loi cc BTCT, tuy nhin qua
phn tch t thc t cu to cc v gii php thi
cng h cc, chng ti nhn thy cc ng
BTCT ST c mt s c im ring nn d b
v u hn, mc d b tng v ct thp ca
chng c cng cao hn so vi cc BTCT
thng thng nhiu:
1. B dy khng ln so vi ng knh ngoi,
ng knh ngoi ca cc cng ln th kt
cu cc thuc loi cng mng (tham kho
bng 1). ng knh ngoi cng ln th ma
st hng v sc khng mi cng ln, dn
n sc chu ti ca cc theo t nn ln,
mun ng c cc phi dng ba c nng
lng xung kch (E) ln, nhiu n v thi
cng thay v trang b ba c trng lng (Q)
ln, chiu cao ri ba (H) thp gim
ng nng va p ln u cc, li chn cch
tn dng ba c Q nh nhng H ln (vn

m bo tha iu kin v E), lm cho phn

u cc chu thm mt ng sut pht sinh do
va p, tng ng sut thng vt qu ng
sut gii hn ca vt liu cc gy v u
cc. Mt khc din tch tit din ngang ca
cc ng gim nhiu (do chiu dy thnh
nh) cng l mt l do lm cho ng sut
trong cc tng nhiu hn so vi loi cc c.
2. u cc khng c cu to c bit chu
ng sut pht sinh do va p ca ba ngoi
vng thp tm quanh ming cc. Tuy nhin
vng thp ny c chiu cao (theo phng
trc cc) khng ln (khong 150-200mm)
so vi phm vi nh hng ca lc xung kch
nn hiu qu khng cao. Mt khc thiu cc
chi tit neo lin kt vng thp ny vo
phn BT cc (hnh 6a,b) nn nhiu trng
hp vng thp b tch ra khi phn BT trong
qu trnh thi cng cng nh khai thc.

Hnh 6a,b Vng thp u cc cha c chi tit

lin kt vo b tng u cc
3. Cu to mi cc in hnh ca cc nh sn
xut cc ng cng cha tht s hp l v u
lm loi mi bng (hnh 7a,b), khng thy
khuyn co nn dng cho trng hp no,
d dn n vic n v thit k ngh rng
mi cc ny thch hp cho mi trng hp
a cht. Theo TCXD 205:1998 Mng cc
Tiu chun thit k iu 3.3.3. th loi
mi bng ch nn dng trong nn t st
ng nht. Thc t cho thy mi cc loi
bng lm cho vic ng cc kh khn hn
mi loi nhn nhiu v u cc d b lch
khi phng h cc (y l mt nguyn
nhn d dn n lch cc sau khi ng n
su thit k - c cp mc 2.4),
cc kh xung khi chi nh, khi n
v thi cng thay v chn ba khc ln hn li
chn gii php tng ti a chiu cao ri ba,
rt d gy v u cc.

Hnh 7a,b Thit k in hnh chi tit mi cc

loi bng ca nh sn xut v thc t ch to
2.4 Cc b nghing lch qu mc cho php
trong qu trnh ng cc
Nhng nguyn nhn ch quan gy nghing
lch cc khi c cc nh mi cc b lch, trc
cc b cong, mt phng u cc khng vung
gc trc cc, gp rt ph bin cc cc c
ti cng trng nhng hu nh rt t khi gp
cc ng BTCT ST v c c ti nh my
trong nhng iu kin kh chun. Tr vic ng
cc trn mi t nghing l nguyn nhn khch
quan gy nghing lch i vi mi loi cc
(phi chp nhn) th trong thc t cc ng BTCT
ST b nghing lch ch yu l do dng mi
cc loi bng (nh nu khon 3 - mc 2.3)
v cng tc ni cc thc hin khng chun (ni
cc trn gi ba d gy lch trc hn ni trn
mt bng), phn on cc cng ngn th cc c
cng nhiu mi ni, kh nng lch khi trc
chnh ca cc cng nhiu.
2.5 Kt cu bn trn b dch chuyn nhiu
trong mt phng ngang khi chu ti trng
ngang
Nguyn nhn l do mi lin kt gia u
cc v kt cu bn trn khng m bo l nt
cng nh gi thit trong s tnh. Trong
thc t, hu nh cc h s thit k u ly theo
chi tit ni in hnh ca nh sn xut cc (hnh
8a,b) m khng c tnh ton kim tra hoc phn
tch tnh hp l ca n.

Hnh 8 - Thit k in hnh chi tit ni ca nh

sn xut cc v thc t thi cng

Vic t lng thp ni (cng thng)

vo trong lng cc ng s lm cho ng sut ko
vnh cc ng (chnh xc hn l lng thp
cng cao trong thnh cc ng) dch chuyn
vo pha tm cc. ng knh trong ca cc
cng nh th lng thp ni cng thu nh v trc
cc, khi mi lin kt gia cc cu kin thin
v lin kt khp hn l lin kt ngm cng,
ngha l khi cc v kt cu bn trn d b
xoay tng i vi nhau khi chu tc ng ca
lc ngang, dn n hin tng kt cu bn trn
b dch chuyn trong mt phng ngang ln hn
nhiu so vi tnh ton trong h s thit k.
3. KIN NGH BIN PHP PHNG
TRNH
3.1 Cc b nt, gy khi cu chuyn
S c ny hon ton c th phng trnh
c mt cch d dng, ch yu i hi s tun
th qui trnh nghim tc.
Trong giai on thit k, ngi thit k cn
th hin r cc qui nh v vic cu chuyn, cu
dng cng nh k xp cc. Cc qui nh ny cn
xut pht t tnh ton c th cho tng trng
hp lm vic, tng kch c cc. Nhng nhm
cc no c cng ln, cho php cu ti 2
u mt (hoc nhng nhm cc no khng cho
php cu ti 2 u mt) cng nn ghi r, gip
Nh sn xut, n v thi cng v Gim st bit
thc hin ng, m bo an ton trong lao
ng.
Trong giai on thi cng, nhng ch no
thit k cha qui nh hoc cha th hin r th
phi yu cu thit k lm r, khng nn t thc
hin theo ch quan ca mnh, cn thn nht l
tin hnh tnh ton kim tra li (vic tnh ton
kh n gin, c th thc hin bng tay!). T
vn gim st cn c bit quan tm n nhng
yu t nh hng nhiu n cht lng cng
trnh v an ton lao ng, khi cn thit c th
yu cu th nghim d tm cc khuyt tt c th
tim n bn trong cc trong qu trnh nghim
thu cc (phng n tt nht l kim tra qu trnh
ch to cc ngn nga ngay t u cc yu t
c th gy khuyt tt cho cc).
3.2 Cc b nt dc theo thn trong qu trnh
ng cc
Theo 22TCN 289-02 iu 7.6.9. c nu
gim p lc thy ng bn trong cc ng

cn ht nc ra khi lng cc bng cc bm su

hoc cc phng php khc. Cho php s dng
phng php gim p lc thy ng bng cch
truyn kh nn vo phn di ca ct nc trong
lng cc ng, c p lc 0,6 n 0,8MPa.
Theo chng ti, thc hin cc bin php ny
kh kh khn trong khi ang ng cc. Chng
ti kin ngh cc gii php sau:
1. Thay mi cc h bng mi cc kn nc
khng th vo trong lng cc trong qu trnh
ng cc (gii php ny phi can thip vo
thit k, c th cn tnh ton kim tra li
chiu di cc thit k hoc sc chu ti ca
cc theo t nn), ng thi kim tra kn
nc ca cc mi ni cc.
2. Trong trng hp vn s dng mi cc h,
theo kinh nghim ca chng ti nn b tr l
trn thn cc vi ng knh ti thiu 30mm
gim p lc thy dng trong lng cc
ng thi b tr my bm ht nc trong
lng cc trong khi ng h cc. Bn cnh
cc lu v bin php thi cng th cht
lng ca cc vt liu ch to cc nh thnh
phn b tng, ng knh si thp cng, s
lng si thp cng, lc cng, v.v, quy trnh
dng h cc cng cn phi c quan tm
kim sot.
3. Sau khi dng cc xung nn (nhng cha
ng) th tin hnh lp y lng cc (bng
cc vt liu thch hp) khng cho nc
chim ch. Gii php ny ph hp vi iu
7.4.8. v 7.4.9. ca 22TCN 289-02.
4. Tng kh nng chu lc ca ct ai (tng
ng knh ct ai hoc tng dy bc
ai,).
3.3 Cc b v u trong qu trnh ng cc
T cc nguyn nhn phn tch mc 2.3,
ta thy cn thc hin nhng vic sau:
1. Ch nn dng ba xung kch h cc cho
nhng cc khng qu mnh (ng knh cc
cng ln th mnh ca thnh cc cng
ln). Trng hp dng ba th chn loi c
nng lng cng ln cng tt, u tin nhng
loi ba c trng lng qu ba ln, chiu
cao ri nh.
2. Cu to li u cc cho hp l hn trong
vic chu cc ti xung kch, m bo b tng
v thp (thp ct, thp hnh) thnh mt khi
thng nht, kh b tch ri (nh thm cc
ru thp neo vnh thp vo b tng, thm

cc li thp gia cng trong mt phng tit

din ngang ca cc).
3. S dng m u
cc thch hp (khng
qu cng cng nh
khng qu mm).
4. Cu to mi cc loi
nhn thay cho loi
bng (hnh 9).

cu to m cc nh th th khng cn phi ct
b hoc c bin php bo v vnh thp tm
u cc trnh tc ng n mn ca mi trng.
Mt s cng trnh c cu to m cc nhng cha
tha iu kin (2) v d lng thp bn trong
(hnh 10).
Hnh 10 M
cc cu to
cha t v
cao m u
cc v d lng
thp bn trong
lng cc

Hnh 9 Mi cc
ng loi nhn
3.4 Cc b nghing lch qu mc cho php
trong qu trnh ng cc
hn ch tnh trng ny do cc nguyn
nhn nu mc 2.4 cn lu :
1. Khi chn cu to mi cc nu khng v
nhng l do c bit th nn dng mi cc
loi nhn, v mt k thut th cng nhn
cng tt (nhng v mt kinh t th ngc
li!).
2. Chiu di phn on cc chn cng ln cng
tt trong iu kin sn xut, vn chuyn, cu
lp v kh nng thi cng cho php. iu ny
cn gip rt ngn thi gian h cc, tng
tin cy v kh nng chu lc theo vt liu
ca cc.
3.5 Kt cu bn trn b dch chuyn nhiu
trong mt phng ngang khi chu ti trng
ngang
khng xy ra tnh trng ny ch cn cu
to lin kt gia u cc v kt cu bn trn hp
l lun m bo s lm vic ca lin kt ny
nh mt nt cng. Chng ti kin ngh dng
lng thp (cng thng) bao xung quanh
mt ngoi cc, chiu di lng thp ngm vo kt
cu bn trn ly bng chiu di neo thp theo
qui nh vo kt cu b tng, chiu cao lng
thp m quanh u cc ly cn m bo hai iu
kin: (1)-din tch tip xc ca khi b tng bao
quanh u cc (tm gi l m cc) ln
khng b ko trt khi chu ti thit k v (2)lng thp tha iu kin neo trong m cc. Nu

4. KT LUN
Cc ng BTCT ST ngy cng c s
dng rng ri trong nhiu loi cng trnh, trong
ng dng nhiu nht c l l trong cc cng
trnh cng. Vic hiu r nhng nguyn nhn gy
nn cc hin tng bt li (nu khng mun gi
l s c!) lin quan n cu kin cc, s gip
chng ta phng trnh mt cch hiu qu nhng
hin tng trn. Cc bin php phng trnh m
chng ti xut ch l mt s trong rt nhiu
nhng gii php kh d m con ngi c th
sng to, xut pht t nghin cu l thuyt hoc
t thc tin thi cng, hoc kt hp c hai.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. TCXD 205:1998 Mng cc Tiu chun
thit k, VN, (1998).
2. 22TCN 289-02 Qui trnh k thut thi cng
v nghim thu cng trnh bn cng, VN,
(2002).
3. Japanese Industrial Standard - JIS A
5373:2004 - Precast prestressed concrete
products, Japan, (2005), pp. 110.
4. ICP Piles Brochure, Malaysia, (2006).
5. Thng s k thut sn phm ca Cng ty CP
b tng 620 Chu Thi, VN, (2007), trang 2.
6. Thng s k thut sn phm ca Cng ty CP
u t Phan V, VN, (2009).