ARTISTIC ANATOMY By WALTER FARRINGTON MOSES Revised and Enlarged Edition LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA BORDEN PUBLISHING COMPANYCopyricut 1930 WALTER FARRINGTON MOSES Copraicut 1939 BORDEN PUBLISHING CO. CopyRIGHT 1960 BORDEN PUBLISHING CO. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THIS BOOK OR PARTS THEREOF, MUST NOT BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. PRINTED IN UNITED STATES OF AMERICAPREFACE Art instructors and art students everywhere have long sought a clearly presented direct-to-the-point anatomy which would meet their requirements, from the viewpoint of the artist with the thoroughness of the surgeon, “Artistic Anatomy”, in the answer to 1 newly revised and augmented edition, is demand. It contains 147 separate drawings showing muscle and hone structure and their relationship to each other. These drawings are exceptional in their clear-cut presentation. Concise yet complete explanations are found on each page opposite the drawings. A general introduction and a glossary complete the anatomical information. ‘The book has been designed particularly ior the beginning student to start him along the road of drawing the human figure by a thorough foundation of the mechanism of the human anatomy. due to the late Dr, Monte Salvin for his con- scientious work in preparing the introduction and text, which by its clear Acknowledgement ¢ explanatory notes in addition to the drawings, will give the stu- dent a full understanding of the subject. co ‘Thanks are due to Mr. Walter W. Greeven for his permission to use the photograph printed on the cover and the publishers are indebted to Mr. Lawrence Kane for helping to prepare portions of the manuscript and correcting proof. mMIv INTRODUCTION The study of the human anatomy logically be- gins with the bony framework of the body which constitutes the skeleton and the muscles which pre- serve its shape. In the full grown adult there are a total of 206 hones, the hones of the skull containing 22, the spine 26, the ribs and breasthone 25, the upper extremities 64, the hyoid of the neck 1, the lower extremities 62. and those of the cars 6. ‘To the upper extremities belong, on cach side, the shoulder blade or Scapula, the collar bone or Clavicle. the long bone of the upper arm or Humerus, the two hones of the forearm, the Ra- dius and Ulna, and the smaller hones of the wrist and hand. To the lower extremities belong the hones which comprise the Pelvis, the long bone of the upper leg or Femur, the two bones of the lower eg known as the Tibia and Fibula and the smaller hones of the foot and toes. Because of characteristic peculiarities of the skeleton, a brief deseript tures is here given, At birth the skull is large in proportion to the other parts of the skeleton, and although one thinks of this portion as a solid bone, actually the skull consists of a number of bones which unite together at or soon after birth. In the child there is little difference between the skull of the female and that of the male, but as adulthood is reached, we find that the skull of the adult female is lighter and smaller, its walls are thinner, its muscular ridges less strongly marked, the con- tour of the face is more rounded, the bones of the face are smoother and the jaws and teeth smaller. It can he seen that more of the infantile charac- teristics are retained in the skull of an adult female than in that of the adult male. ‘The chest or Thorax, which contains and protects mn of the special struc- the principal organs of respiration and circulation, is a structure made up of bones and cartilage. The ribs bounding the Thorax are 24 in number, twelve of which are situated on either side, connecting in the back with the thoracic vertebrae, The first seven pairs are joined with the breastbone or Ster- num in front and are known as true ribs due to their attachment. The remaining five pairs are termed false ribs, while the lower two of these are called floating ribs, All the ribs are convex and slope downward to allow ample space for the organs contained in the chest, hence the name Thoracic Cage. The spine is a flexible weight-bearing column made up of a series of vertebrae, having a hollow interior for the transmission of the Spinal Cord, and separated from each other by intervertebral discs. These dises serve to diminish the jar of walking, while the bony hollow of the vertebrae serves to protect the Spinal Cord. The spine is divided into five regions corresponding to the parts of the trunk with which it is connected. The cervical region comprises the seven upper vertebrae, the thoracic, twelve, the lumbar, five, the sacral, five fused vertebrae and the coccygeal, 4 to 5 vertebrae. The length of the spine is quoted by different anatomists to be shorter in the woman than in the man, the average spine heing approximately 28 inches. However, although this may vary somewhat, the estimation of length is about 40 per cent of the total height of the individual. It is well for the art student to know that in its most natural, easy and graceful position, the body is not erect, due to the fact that the spinal column is waved and curved. The Pelvis, so called from its resemblance to a basin, is a bony ring supporting the spinal column and resting upon the lower limhs. It is composed of four bones: the two hip bones, one on each side and in front, and the Sacrum and Coccyx of the spine behind. The female pelvis is distinguished from that of the male by its bones being more deli- cate and its depth less. The upper opening of the female pelvis is larger and more nearly circular, the cavity shallower and wider, and its general structure less massive than that of the male. Thesize of the Pelvis varies not only in the two sexes, but also in different members of the same sex, so that women of short stature as a rule have broad pelves while the diameter of the average pelvis may be markedly decreased even in well-formed women of average height. ‘There are over 500 separate and distinct muscles, connected with the bones, ligaments and skin, either directly or through fibrous structures called tendons, The most important movements of the human being are brought about by muscle, which has the power of contraction and expansion. Some muscles have the function of extending, such as in the arms or legs, while others may bend certain parts toward the body. Siill others have circular cmtractions such as around the eye or the mouth. Each muscle, however, has another muscle with which it is counterbalanced and which returns it to its original position, ‘This arrangement, by ac- cumulating muscles into large masses in some places and withdrawing them from others, not only secures many mechanical advantages, but also contributes to the symmetrical appearance of the hody by giving curved outlines to the trunk, limbs and ankles. These displacements and replacements therefore have been given terms by which the various move- < can he determined and are knows as: 1oN—Act of lowering or pressing down 1ox—Aet of twisting or revolving xiox—Act of bending Exrension—Act of unbending Svpination—Turning the palm upward Proxation—Turning the palm downward Anpvetion—Bending away from the body Appuctiox—Bending back toward the body Evension—Aet of turning or twisting about Exvarion—Act of lifting up The size of the muscle may be signified by the term Maximus—greater or larger, the term Minimus— lesser or smaller, the term Longus—long and the term Brevis—short. ‘The most important muscle of the neck is known as the Sternocleidomastoid, which turns the head from side to side and which is sharply defined in the male. The next group of muscles are those which cover the spine and upper back to the shoulders. These consist of the Trapezius, the Pectoralis Major and Minor, the Deltoid and the Latissimus Dorsi. The upper arm consists princi- pally of the Deltoid, Biceps and Triceps muscles, while the lower arm consists of a number of Ex- tensor Muscles on one side and Flexors on the other side, their function being to extend and bend the wrist and fin, cers. In addition to these, there is a Pronator which turns the arm downward, and a Supinator which turns the arm upward. The chest muscles consist mainly of the Pectoralis Major and Minor which are located over the upper ribs dby a number of muscles ensheathed in a tissue called Aponeurosis arising from the vertebrae and form- ing three muscular layers in front of the abdomen, known as the External Oblique, Internal Oblique and Transversalis—which join in the mid-line and enclose another muscle called Rectus Abdominis, ‘The muscles which form the back are the Trapezius and the Latissimus Dorsi which are large and well formed in the muscular man. The buttocks consist of three large muscles known as the Gluteus Maximus, Gluteus Medius and Gluteus Minimus, the last of which cannot be seen, These muscles arise from the hip bones and Sacrum, and are found on the outer side of the thigh. The muscles in the front of the thigh a known as the Extensor group, are four in num ber and are inserted into the knee. The muscles in the back of the thigh are known as the Flexor group, also called the hamstring muscles, and are the Biceps, Semitendinosus and Semimembranosus. The muscles of the lower leg consist of the Gas trocnemius and Soleus, which make up the calf of the leg and unite behind to form the Tendon of Achilles, and the Flexors of the toe and ankle. and upper arms. The abdominal wall is coveVI CONTENTS Fall Figure of the Male Skeleton (Front View)... ‘The Skull (Front and Side Views) Bones of the Trunk (Front View) Bones of the Arm and Forearm Bones and Muscles of the Female Full Bones of the Trunk (Side View) 5 ar Bones and Muscles of the Arm (Side View). 5 5 Bones and Muscles of the Thigh and Leg (Side View) Bones of the Thigh and Leg ones and Muscles of the Female Full Figure (Side View) ; Full Figure of the Male Skeleton (Back View). 5 @ Bones of the Trunk and Neck (Back View) aus Bones and Muscles of the Arm (Back View) 5c Bones and Muscles of the Thigh and Leg (Back View) Bones and Muscles of the Female Full Figure (Back Muscles of the Male Full Figure (Front View) Muscles of the Face (Front and Side Muscles of the Trunk (Front View) Decp Muscles of the Trunk (Front View) : Muscles of the Trunk (Front View) 5 Muscles of the Trunk (Front View) Muscles of the Trunk (Front View) Bones and Muscles of the Arm and Forearm (Front View) Bones and Muscles of the Thigh and Leg (Front View) Muscles of the Shoulder (Front and Back Views) « Muscles of the Male Full Figure (Side View) Muscles of the Trunk (Side View). Muscles of the Neck and Shoulder (Front and Side Views) Muscles of the Neck (Front and Side Views) ‘Muscles of the Neck and Shoulder (Front and Side Views) ‘Muscles of the Trunk (Side View) : Muscles of the Trunk (Side View) fol Muscles of the Trunk (Side View) Muscles of the ‘Trunk (Side View) Muscles of the Trunk (Side View) 5 2 Lt Muscles of the Trunk (Side View) 5 0 Muscles of the Arm and Forearm (Side and Inside V “s) Muscles of the Arm (Back Views) 5 Muscles of the Arm and Forearm (Front View) 2). Muscles of the Arm and Forearm (Front View) Muscles and Bones of the Arm and Forearm (Side View) ‘Muscles of the Arm and Forearm (Side View) 5 Bones and Muscles of the Pelvis... 5 Muscles of the Thigh and Leg (Front, Back and Side Views) Bones and Murces of the Thigh and Log (Inside View) Muscles of the Thigh and Leg (Side View) . of the Thigh and Leg (Si : of the Thigh and Lag (Inside View) 1 Full Figure (Male) Muscles of the Back oa ‘Muscles of the Back =. Muscles of the Back =) Fk Muscles of the Back 5 Se Muscles of the Back =) 2) 1 Muscles of the Back 5 ee Muscles of the Back 5c Muscles of the Arm, Forearm and Trunk (Back View) Miscellaneous Views ar ar Gosary igure ‘Front Views 33 3 36 37 38 39 4a 42 43 ony 45, 47 50 51 52 53 55, 57. 38Page 1 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Fou. Ficur: or THe Mate Skezetow (Front View) AS Cu 1cLE — Collarbone, which joins the breast- bone in front and scapula in back (refer to Pages 3, 6, 13, 23 and 57). B — Heap or Homenvs — The expanded portion of the long bone of the upper arm (refer to pages 3,4 and 6). C — Srenxum — The breast bone, forming the middle portion of the front wall of the chest (refer to pages 3, 5 and 57). D — Scaputs — The shoulder blade, « triangular bone behind the shoulder (refer to pages 6, 13 and 57. E — Humerus — The long bone of the upper arm (refer to pages 3, 4 and 6). F — Raps — The shorter hone of the forearm (refer to pages 4 and 57). G — Peivis — The bony ring which supports the spinal column, and rests upon the lower limbs; com- posed of the hip hones, the sacrum and coccyx (refer to page 3). H — Uta — The long bone of the forearm parallel to the radius (refer to pages 4 and 57). 1 — Sack — The triangular bone which forms the back part of the pelvis (refer to page 12). J — Trocawrer or Femur — The upper expanded part of the thigh bone (refer to pages 8 and 9). K — Powis — The front and lowermost part of the pelvis (refer to page 11). L Femur — The thigh bone located between the pelvis and the knee (refer to pages 8 and 9. M ~~ Patetta — The knee cap, situated in front of the knee joint (refer to page 9). N — Trsta — The shin hone located in the lower leg (refer to pages 8 and 9). © — Fina — The bone in the lower leg placed parallel with the tibia (refer to pages 8 and 9)Plate 1 ARTISTIC ANATOMYPage 2 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Tire SkULL. (FRoxt avo Sipe Views) A -- Panterat, Rost, — A four cornered bone situated at the upper and side regions of the skull. TB -- Fkovtat Rove - A hone which enters into the n of the roofs of the eye and nose. continuous on its sides with the parietal The nasal hones, one on cach logether the bridge of the nose by joining in the center. D .- Tespont. Bove — Situated at the of the skull and contains the orgai F. -- Zycomytic Process — The portion of 1 poral hone whieh extends forward to join the check bone and thus form the zygomatic arch F + - Marat — Or check bone situated at the outer and upper part of the face, aiding to form the socket of the eye and complete the zygomatic arch, Masrom Pnocess oF Temronat. Boxe — Forms. the hack part of the temperal hone and serves for attachment of the sternocliedomastoid and museles of the hack of the neck, He Urren Jaw Boxe — Consists of two hollow hones together forming the upper jaw and the roof of the mouth and sockets for the upper teeth, 1 Rasmus oF Lower Jaw Iyxex Conpyie — Is the larger condyle and gives attachment to the flexor muscles of the hand. K — Oven Gonpyie -— Is small and serves as an at- tachment for the extensor muscles of the hand L_ ~~ Una — The upper part of the ulna is thick and ‘strong and forms a large part of the elbow. M - Rapies — The middle part of this bone is nar- rower above than below and is slightly curved. N= OLecRANON Process or THe Uiya Is a thick part of the upper back part of the ulna 0 — Coroxow Process oF THE ULNs ‘of hone in the uppe The humerus fits olecranon and coronoid and the ulna. Is a triangu- rand front 1 hetwe ns with jePage 5 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Bones ap Musctes of THE FEMALE FULL Ficure (Front View) (Bots) A — Cravicte on Coutansowe — Joins the breastbone in front and scapula in back (refer to pages Vand 6). B — Acromion Process or tie Scaruta — The sum- mit of the shoulder (refer to page 3) € — Scapura on SHOULDER BLADE — A triangular bone behind the shoulder (refer to page 6). D — Srensum — The breastbone, forming the middle portion of the front wall’ of the chest (refer to page 3). E — Homenus — The long bone of the upper arm (re- fer to pages 3 and 4). F — Ravius — The shorter bone of the forearm (refer to page 4). G — Unxa — The longer bone of the forearm (refer to page 4). H — Petvis — The bony ring which supports the spinal column and rests upon the lower limbs (refer to pages 1 and 3). 1 — Pusis — The front and lowermost part of the pelvis (refer to page 1). J — Femun on Taio Bont — Situated between the pelvis and the knee (refer to pages 8 and 9). K — Patria — A triangular bone situated in front of the knee joint (refer to page 9). L — Fisvta — The bone in the lower leg placed parallel with the tibia (refer to pages 8 and 9). M — Tita on Siw Bone — The larger bone of the lower leg (refer to pages 8 and 9). (Musczes) A — Stenvocueiomssto — A muscle originating from the sternum and the clavicle and insert. ing into the mastoid process of the temporal Done, its action being to rotate and flex the hea B — Trapezius — A muscle originating from the occipital bone and all the thoracic vertebrae, inserting into the clavicle and scapula, its action being to draw the head backward’ and sidowise and rotate the scapula. € — Detrom — A muscle originating from the cla ‘romion and spine of scapula, and insert into the upper outer side of the humerus, its action being to raise the arm and aid in carry- ing it backward and forward. D — Mawmany Graxos — Also known as the mammac, or the breasts (refer to page 10). E — Bicers Bractm —~ A muscle originating from the coracoid process, inserting into the radius, its action being to flex, supinate and adduct’ the forearm and arm. mnaTus MAGNUS — A muscle originating in the eight upper ribs, inserting into the scapula, its action being to pull the scapula forward and rotate it. G — Bracttatis Anticus — A muscle origi the lower half of the humerus on the face, inserting into the base of the coronoid process of the ulna, its action heing to flex the forearm. H — Recrus Anposnnis — A muscle originating in the pubis, inserting into the fifth, sixth and sev- enth ribs, its action being to compress the ab- domen and flex the body. 1 — Exrenwat. Ostiqu — A muscle originating in the ight lower ribs, inserting into the crest of ilium and pubis, its action being to compress the abdomen. J — Bractonapratis — A muscle originating in the ‘outer condyle of the humerus (the elbow), inserting into the lower end of the radius, its action being to flex the forearm and supinate it. — Exrexson Canpr Rapiauis Loncion — A muscle originating in the humerus and inserting into metacarpal of the index finger, its action ing to extend and abduct the wrist. I. — Guvreus Meptus — A muscle originating in the inserting. into the great trochanter, " heing to rotate, abduet and extent Fascia LATAE — A muscle originating in the upper part of the ilium, inserting. into the fascia lata, its action being to tense the thigh. Sawronms — A muscle originating in the superior ilium, inserting into the upper part of the inner side of the tibia, its action being to flex the hip and knee and rotate the leg. © — Appuctor Loxcus — A muscle originating in the pubis, inserting into the femur, ite action being to adduct and flex the thigh. P — Gracr ing_in the pubis ‘and ischium, inserting into the inner surface of the tibia, its action being to flex and adduct. and thigh, Recrus Femonis — A muscle originating in the mn of the ilium, inserting into the in being to extend the leg. The wertion of the rectus femoris, the fear Tigament, contains the patella, which is imbedded inside of the patellar ligament. R — Vasrus Larenatss — A muscle originating in the great trochanter and tubercle of the femur, in- serting into the knee, its action being to extend the knee. (Continued on Page 6)Plate 5 ARTISTIC ANATOMYPage 6 S_ — Bano or Ricuter — A fibrous band running from the lower inner side of the thigh outward and upward; it strengthens the thigh. T — Vastus MepiALis — A muscle originating in the femur and inserting into the knee, its action hing to extend the leg U = Pateta — A triangular hone situated in front of the knce joint. V ~~ Gastrocvemi’s — A muscle originating in the condyles of the femur, inserting into the ox caleis (heel bone), its action being to extend the foot and flex the leg. This is the important muscle which extends the foot at the ankle joint Together with the assisting soleus, this muscle is constantly called into use in standing, walk- ing and leaping. ARTISTIC ANATOMY W — Trotauss Antics — A muscle originating in the upper part of the tibia, inserting into the great toe, its action being to elevate the inner border of the foot. Penonrus Locus — A muscle originating in the hhead of the fibula, inserting into the great toe, its action being to extend, abduct and evert the foot. Y ~ Souevs ~- A muscle originating in the fibula and ia, inserting into the os. calcis, its action to extend the foot and rotate it inward. Z — Tims on Suin Bone: — The larger bone of the lower leg (refer to pages 8 and 9). Bones or THe Taunk (Sipe View) A-- Chavicn: — Or collarhone forms the front part of the shoulder girdle and is placed nearly horizontally above the and 57). B — Spine oF Searura — at the upper part of ist rib (refer to pages A hony ridge for ment of the trapezius and deltoid muscles. © — Sears Or shoulder bla a flat triangular hone which forms the back part of the shoulder girdle (refer to page 57). D — Homravs — The longest and largest bone of the tremity, joins the scapula above, and naand. radi below (upper portion shown) (refer to pages 3 and 4). E — Pris - Composed of four bones (refer to Drawing shows hipbone (a part ofPlate 6 ARTISTIC ANATOMYARTISTIC ANATOMY Bones axp Muscirs oF THE ARM (SIDE View) A — Ciavictr — The collarbone, side view, (refer to pages 3, 6, 13, 23 and 57) B_— Acromron Process — The summit of the scapula or shoulder blade (refer to page 3). © — Scarora — The shoulder blade as shown in side D — Homers — The bone of the upper arm (refer to pages 3, 4 and 6). EF — Raps — The smaller of the two bones of the forearm (refer to pages 4 and 57). F — Utxa — The larger of the two bones of the forearm (refer to pages 4 and 57). G — Trarrzis — A muscle which rotates the head ackward and sidewise and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5). H~ Devrow — A muscle which raises the arm and aids in carrying it backward and forward (refer to page 5). I — Biceps Brac — A muscle originating in the humerus and scapula, inserting into the ulna, its action being to extend the arm and fore- arm (refer to page 13). J. ~~ Bierrs Bracnm -— A muscle which flexes, supin= ates and adducts the arm (refer to page 5). K — Bracriatas Axticus =~ A. muscle originating in the front surface of the lower half of the humerus, inverting into the ulna, its action heing. to flex the forearm. LL. — Bracttonapratis — A.muscle which supinates the hand (refer to page 5). pr Rapiatis Loxcion — A mus the wrist (re M — Exrenson N-- Avcowevs - A muscle originating in the hum- inserting into the ulna, its action being tend the forearm. 0 — Exrexson Carry Rapiaiis Brevion — A muscle originating in the external condyle of the is, inserting into the third metacarpal ts action being to extend and abduct the wrist, P — Extensor Communis Dicrronum — A muscle inating in the humerus, inserting into the second and third fingers, its action being to extend the fingers. ENSORS OF THE THuMB — Small muscles orig- inating from the radius and ulna, inserting into the thumb, their action being’ to extend the thumb. R — Posterior ANNuLan LiaMeNt — A fibrous band which encircles the wrist and strengthens it.ARTISTIC ANATOMYPage 8 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Bones axp Muscies oF THE TH1cH Anp Lec (Ste View) ‘A — TRocHANTER oF Femun — Side view (refer to page 9). B — Femun — Side view (refer to page 9). C — Tunia — Side view (refer to page 9). D — Fiputa — Side view (refer to page 9) E — Guvrevs Maximus — A muscle origi ilium, sacrum and coccyx, inserting into the femur, its action being to extend, abduct and rotate the thigh outward. F — Tensor Fasciar Lataz — A muscle which tenses the thigh (refer to page 5). Rectus Femonts — A muscle which extends the Teg, (refer to page 5). H — Insorrmat. Baxb — A ligamentous band or i the ilium, inserting into the tibia on le of the thigh, its action being to strengthen the thigh and leg. -— Biceps Fronts (Lone Heap) — The long head of the muscle originates in the ischium, inserts into the head of the fibula, its action heing to flex the knee and rotate it outward. J = Vasrus Larenas A mu leg (refer to page 5). K — Bicers Femoxis (Suogt Heap) — The short head of the muscle originates in the central third of the shaft of the femur, inserting into the fibula and tibia, its action being to flex and rotate the knee outward. ing in the cle which extends the 1. — Semimempraxosus —~ A muscle oF ischium, inserting into the femu action being to flex the leg. and rotate it inward M the femur and inserting into the knee, its action being to extend the leg N= Gastnocnrants — A muscle which extends. the foot and flexes the leg (refer to page 6). © — Timanis Avricus — A muscle which elevates the inner horder of the foot (refer to page 6). P — Penowevs Loxcus — A muscle which extends, adducts and everts the foot (refer to page 6). Q 5 — A muscle which extends the foot and rotates it inward (refer to page 6) ion Locus Dicitorum — A muscle ori ting from the tibia and upper portion of the fibula, inserting into the four lesser toes, its action being to extend the lesser toes. SS — Penoxeus Brevis — A muscle originating from the fibula and inserting into the foot, its action being to extend the foot. ‘Tenpon oF Actities — A common tendon through which the ‘musclesPlate 8 ARTISTIC ANATOMYPage 9 vows am G ARTISTIC ANATOMY Bones oF THE THIGH aN Lec — Front View or Femur — Back Vi — Sie Vi -w oF FEMUR or Femur, — Instn View or Femur — Fronr View or Tinta anp FrBuLa — Back View oF Tria ap FIBULA — Swe View or Tinta aNp FrsuLa — Instn View oF Tita AND FIBULA The thigh bone, is the longest, largest and strongest bone in the entire body. In standing position, it forms the side of a triangle, the Ereatest breadth being at the pelvis, and grad- ually inclining toward the center at the knees. The degree of this triangle varies in different persons and is greater in breadth in the female. ‘These two bones and the kneecap form the leg. ‘The tibia, known as the shin bone, ranks next to the femur in respect to size and length. The fibula is @ long slender bone placed nearly parallel with the tibia on the outer side of the leg: its upper portion docs not enter into the formation of the knee, but its lower portion does form the outside of the ankle. — Greater Trocnanten oF FEMUR—A broad rough part of the femur directed outward and back- ward, to which the gluteus and vastus muscles are attached. == Lesser Trociranren oF Femun — A smaller pro- jection of the femur bone cone-shaped for the iliopsoas muscle. — Parents — A flat triangular hone situated in front of the knee joint. It serves to, protect the front of the joint and increases leverage hy assisting the extensor muscles of the leg to act at a greater angle. It is not considered in the true sense of the word as a bone, as it is imbedded in the rectus femoris tendon and therefore these two hones, one on each knee, are omitted from the total bones of the human skeleton. - Tima — Refer to E, F, G, H. M — Finvia — Refer to E, F, G, HeARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 9D F Page 10 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Bones axp Muscits oF THE FEMALE FULL FIGURE (Swe View) (Boxes) Chavicre on Cousarnoxe -- Joins the breastbone column and rests upon the lower limbs (refer in front and the scapula in hack ‘refer to pages to pages 3, 6 and 12). pee eniedy G Sacrum — A bone forming the back of the pelvis Searuts on Souter Blan —— A triangular (refer to page 12). ie eee elo eee HW. Fear on Tic Box — Situated between the Howervs -— The long hone of the upper arm pelvis and the knee (refer to page 9). (refer to pages 3, 4 and 6). 1 Parris — A triangular bone situated in front Uta ~~ The longer hone of the forenem (refer to of the knee joint (refer to page 9). pages and 57) J — Tasty on Sry Boxe — The larger bone in. the Ranms — The shorter bone of the forearm (refer lower leg (refer to page 9). to pages 4 and 57). —— Frnt. — The outer and smaller of the two bones Peivis- ‘The bony ring which supports the spinal ‘of the lower leg, (refer to page 9) (Musctes) Sreevocisipomasroin — A muscle which rotates sacrum, iliam and lower ribs, inserting into the and flexes the head (refer to page 8) Ihumerus. its action Tieng to. draw the arm mee downward and backward and to rotate it, Trarezws A muscle which draws the head ; F< Semnares Macwts A mele which brings the eekwerd and sdrwise and rotator The capita F ~~ Seminars Macy A mune wich rine the (refer to page 5) ser 1 A muscle which raises the arm and CG Exvervat Onuigue - - A musele which compresses ing it backward and forward (re- the abdomen (refer to page 5) fer to page 5). He Guvtens Mepmis A muscle which rotates, ab- and extends the thigh (refer to page 5) Masnnvry Graxns — Also known as the mammae, dn breasts. are accessory glands wf the ge 1 Guorrus Maxitis — A muscle which extends, erative system. They exist in the male ax well aldlurte and rotates the thigh outward (refer to as the female. but in the former only in rudd page 8) mentary state, Tn the female they are two * js rounded lobes of tissue situated on the front F son Fasciar: Lavan - A muscle which tenses and sides of the chest: each extends from the the thigh (refer to page 5). second rib above to the sixth ih below. and x jyyomtman Bao —— A ligamentous and on the from the side of th far the mid ‘ide of the thigh which strengthens the thigh axillary line, Th el dimensions es differ at different periods of life and in dif Se eee ferent individuals. Before puberty they are 1, — Thcers Feonis ~~ A muscle which flexes and ro: of small size, but enlarge as th organs become more completely The left mamma is generally a little larger than, the right. The deep surface of each is tates the knee outward (refer to page 8). Sarronius — A muscle which flexes the hip and ‘knee and rotates the leg (refer to page 5). nearly circular, flattened or slightly concave. N—_ Prrowevs Loxcus — A muscle which extends, and has. its long diameter directed upward duets and everts the foot (refer to page 5) toward the armpit. The surface of the mamma is ronvex and presenta just below the center « — Q--— Trmatis Avricus — A muscle which elevates the small cone shaped prominence. the papilla or inner border of the foot (refer to page 5). nipple. P — Texpon oF Acitta.zs—A common tendon through ‘which the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles Larissime's Donst — A muscle arising from the insert on the os calcis or heel bone (refer to lower six thoracic vertebrae, Iumhar vertebrae, page 15).ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 10Page 11 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Fou. Ficure oF THE MALE SKELETON (BACK View) A — C1avicie or CoLtarsone — Joins the breastbone in front and scapula in back (refer to pages 3, 6, 13, 23 and 57). B — Acnomtow Process oF THE Scaputa — The sum- mit of the shoulder (refer to pages 3 and 13). Scaruia — The shoulder blade, 9 triangular bone behind the shoulder (refer to pages 1, 6, 13 and 57) D — Humests — The long bone of the upper arm (re- fer to pages 1, 3, 4, 6 and 13). — Rapis ~- The shorter hone of the forearm (re- fer to pages 1, 4, 7 and 57). F ... Petvis — The bony ring which supports the spinal column and rests upon the lower limbs (refer to pages 1, 3 and 10) G — Sacrum — A triangular bone which forms the hack part of the pelvis (refer to pages 1 and 12). H -— Trochanten oF Femox — An expanded portion of the femur hone (refer to pages 1, 8 and 9) 1 -- Poms -. The front and lowermost part of the pelvis (refer to page 1). J — Femor — The thigh bone, situated between the pelvis and the knee (refer to pages 8 and 9). K — Tron — The shin bone, the larger bone of the ower leg, (refer to pages 8 and 9). L._~- Finis — The hone of the lower leg placed par Tel with the tibia (refer to pages 8 and 9).ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 11Page 12 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Bones oF THE TRUNK AND Neck (Back View) A — Cenvicat Vertesrar — The seven bones which form the neck and support the skull, The first cervical hone is called the atlas because it supports the head; it is smaller in size than the other vertebrae so that it prevents any inter ference with the movements of the skull. The second cervical bone or vertebra is called the axis, because it forms a pivot upon which the first vertebra, carrying the head, rotates. The other five are simply called cervicals, each having its own characteristic structure. B_— Twoxacie Vertennar — The twelve bones which form the trunk and serve for attachment of the ribs. These bones are slightly larger than those of the neck and in size from above downward. The thoracic vertebrae are heart shaped and have gro‘ express purpose of joining with the ribs. € — Lowman Verreorat — The five bones which form the lower back and serve as attachment to the pelvis, These are the largest bones in the movable part of the spinal column and can he distinguished by their extra thickness in front and extra width from side to side (this extra thickness and width achieving greater strength). D— Pr 18 — A hony ring which rests upon the lower limbs and supports the vertebral column (refer to page 3). E. — Sacrum — Forms the back of the pelvis (refer to page 1). The sacrum in carly life consists of five separate hones which unite in the adult stage. It is a triangular bone in the lower part of the spinal column which is like a wedge be hind and hetween the two hip bones. F — Coceyx — A triangular group of four or five hones which become as one in the adult _and which are located at the very lowest end of the spine, The coceyx is located just beneath the sacrum and like the sacrum unites as age ad: vances, sometimes not being completely joi until after the age of 30.Plate 12 ARTISTIC ANATOMYPage 13 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Bones ano Muscies or THe Arm (Back View) A — Chavicte — The collarbone, back view (refer to pages 3, 6, 23 and 57). B_— Acnomton Process — The summit of the shoulder shown as it joins the clavicle or collarbone (refer to page 3). © — Scaruta — The shoulder blade shown in back D — Humerus — The bone of the upper arm (refer to pages 3, 4 and 6). Eo — Exrenwat Conpy.e or THE HuMERUS — An ex- panded part of the humerus to which the ex- tensor muscles of the hand are attached. F — Raprs — The smaller bone of the forearm (refer to page 4). — ULNa — The larger bone of the forearm (refer to page 4) H — Dero — A muscle which raises the arm and ‘aids in earrying it backward and forward (re- fer to page 5). 1 — Taicers Brac — Outer head originating in the humerus, inserting into the ulna, its action being to extend the forearm. J — Tricers Brac — Long head originating i scapula, inserting into the ulna, its action to extend the arm and forearm. K — Taicers Tennon ~~ A tendon through which the triceps brachii muscle inserts into the olecranon, process of the ulna (see page 4). L — Bracmtonapiatis — A muscle originating in the humerus, inserting into the lower end of the radius, its action being to supinate the hand and flex the forcarm. M — Extensor Cant Raptatis Loncton — A 1 originating in the external condyle of th humerus, inserting into the base of the index finger, its action being to extend the wrist. N — ANconrus —- A muscle which extends the fore- arm (refer to page 7). © — Exrexsor Commonis Dicrrorum — A muscle which extends the fingers (refer to page 7). P — Exrensox Caner Uivanis — A muscle originating in the external condyle of the humerus, insert- ing into the hand, its action being to’ extend fand abduct the wrist. Q — Fuexor Carri UtNaris — A muscle originating in ‘the humerus and the ulna, inserting into the hand, its action being to flex and adduct the wrist. R — Exrensons oF THE Taums — The action of these muscles is to extend the thumb (refer to page 7).ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 13Page 14 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Bones AND Muscues oF THE THIGH AND Lec (Back View) A — Trochanter oF FeMuR — An extended part of of the femur bone (refer to page 8). B ~~ Femur — Back view (refer to page 9). © — Tapia. Back view (refer to page 9) D — Fina — Back view (refer to page 9). E — Ghorers Maximes — A musele which extends, abducts and rotates the thigh outward. (refer to page 8). F — Avpverox Macyes — A mi pubis and ischium, of the femur, its action b evert the thigh. G — Gnacitis .- A muscle which flexes and adducts the leg and thigh (refer to page 5). Je originating in the 1. into the lower half ing to adduct and TW Semiseameaxosus- A muscle which flexes the leg and rotates it inward (refer to page 8) 1... Semrrexpivosus —— A muscle origi ischium, inserting into the upper, of th ting inthe nner surface 1 its action being to flex the leg on the thigh J Vastus Lateratis A muscle which extends the knee (refer to page 8). K Biceps Frsonis A muscle which flexes and ro- tates the knee outward (refer to page 8). L.-= Vastes Intemmeniis — A muscle which extends the leg (refer to page 8) M.— Seaunteamranost's — A muscle which flexes the eg and rotates it inward (refer to page 8) ~ Syntoni’s — A muscle which flexes the hip and nee and rotates the leg (refer to page 5) 0 — Gasrnocvemmis ~ The inner head originating in the condyle of the femur, inserting into the os calcis (heel bone) hy the achilles tendon, its P inserting into the os calcis (heel hone) by the ackilles tendon, ite action being to extend the foot and flex’ the leg. (see page 57). Q — Souris —— A muscle which extends the foot and rotates it inward (refer to page 6). R — Tewnox oF Acuttes—A common tendon through which the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, insert on the os calcis or heel hone (refer to page 15).Plate 14, ARTISTIC ANATOMYPage 15 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Boves ano Musctes oF THE Femate FULL Ficure—(Back View) (Bones) A — Cravici: ok CoLLARBoNE — Joins the breastbone in front and scapula in back (refer to pages 3, 6, 13, 23 and 57). B — Acnomion Process oF THE Scat mit of the shoulder (refer to page 3) ‘The sum: — ScaPura on SuovLpeRMLane -- A triangular bone Dehind the shoulder (refer to pages 1, 6, 13 and 57). D — Homenvs — The long bone of the upper arm (re- fer to pages 3, 4 and 6). E <. Usna ~~ The longer hone of the forearm (refer to pages 4 and 57). F — Rants — The shorter hone of the forearm (refer to pages 4 and 57). G — Peuvis — The bony ring which supports the spinal column and rests upon the lower limbs (refer to page 3). H — Sacrum — A triangular bone which forms the back part of the pelvis (refer to page 12). — Thocuanter oF THE Featn — An expanded por- tion of the femur bone (refer to pages 8 and 9). jun on Tuc Boxe — Situated between the pelvis and the knee (refer to pages 8 and 9). Tima on Sain Bone — The larger hone of the lower leg (refer to pages & and 9). 1. — Finca — The outer and smaller of the two bones of the lower leg (refer to pages 8 and 9). (Muscues) A — Trapezius — A muscle which draws the head hackward and sidewise and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5). — A muscle which raises the army 0 aids in carrying it backward and forward (re- fer to page 5). BD Ienaspinatus ~~ A muscle originating in the scapula, inserting into the humerus, its action being to rotate the arm laterally D —. Tenes Maron — A. muscle originating in the seapula, inserting into the humerus, ils action being to adduct, extend and rotate the arm medially. F — Triceps Brac — A muscle which extends the arm and forearm (refer to page 13). F -— Larissimus Donst — A. muscle which draws the arm downward and backward and rotates it (refer to page 10) Ge EXTERNAL OnLIQUE — A muscle which compresses the abdomen (refer to page 5). H — Grurevs Mepris — A muscle which rotates, ab- ducts and extends the thigh (refer to page 5) 1 <= Grovetis Maximus — A muscle which extends, ab- ducts and rotates the thigh outward (refer to page 8). J — Bicers Fewos — A muscle which flexes and ro- tates the knee outward (refer to page 8) ‘EMITENDINOSU'S — A muscle which flexes the leg on the L — Gastnocxemmis — A muscle which extends the foot and flexes the leg (refer to page 6). M — Texnox oF AcHtLLrs—A common tendon through which the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles insert on the os caleis or heel hone.Plate 15 ARTISTIC ANATOMYPage 16 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Muscuts or THE MALE Fut. Ficune—(Front View) ‘A — Srenwoctetomastow — A muscle which rotates ‘and flexes the head (refer to page 5) B — Trarezus — A muscle which draws the head backward and sidewise and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5). € — Dezroi — A muscle which raises the arm and ‘aids in carrying it backward and forward (re- fer to page 5). D — Pecroratis Mason — A muscle originating in the clavicle, sternum and first six ribs, inserting into the humerus, its action being to adduct, flex and rotate the arm medially. E — Bicers Bractn — A muscle which flexes, supin- ates and adducts the arm (refer to page 5). F — Sernatus Macus — A muscle which brings the seapula forward and rotates it (refer to page 5). G — Braciazis Axticus — A muscle which flexes the forcarm (refer to page 5). H — Rectus Anpomixis — A muscle which compresses, and flexes the abdomen (refer to page 5) 1 — Bracutonapiatas — A muscle which supinates the hand and flexes the forearm (refer. to page 13). J — Extensor Canpt Raptatis Loxcion — A muscle which extends and abducts the wrist (refer to page 5). K — Fiexon Carri Rapianis — A. muscle originating in the internal condyle of the humerus, insert- ing into the index finger, its action being to flex and abduct the wrist. L_— Extensor Carri Raprauis Brevion — A muscle originating in the external condyle of the hum- crus, inserting into the base of the third meta carpal bone, its action being to extend and abduct the wrist M — Tensor Fascrae Laraz — A muscle which tenses the thigh (refer to page 5) N — Sanronius — A muscle which flexes the hip and knee and rotates the leg (refer to page 5). 0 — Rectus Femoms — A muscle which extends the leg (refer to page 5). P — Bano oF Ricirrer — A fibrous band that strength ‘ens the thigh (refer to page 45). Q — Vastus Mepianis — A muscle which extends the Teg (refer to page 6). R — Pareta — A triangular bone situated in front of the knee joint. Tima on Siw Bone — The larger bone of the lower leg. T — Tipnauis Anticus — A muscle which elevates the inner horder of the foot and flexes the ankle (refer to page 6). U — Penoneus Loncus — A muscle which extends, a ‘ducts and everts the foot (refer to page 6). Extensor Loncus Dictrorum — A muscle wl extends the lesser toes (refer to page 8). W — Soueus — A muscle which extends the foot and adducts it (refer to page 6). a+ PLatyswa — A muscle originating in the clavicle, inserting into the lower jaw-hone, its a to wrinkle the skin and depress. the mouth and lower lip. by — External. Omique — A muscle which compresses the obdomen (refer to page 5). cc — Furxor Carr Rapiauis — A muscle originating in the internal condyle of the humerus, insert- ing into the index finger. its action being to flex and abduct the wrist. 4 — Patmaris Loxeus — A muscle originating in the internal condyle of the humerus, inserting into the palm, its action being to stretch the palm, flex the wrist and forearm. © = Psoas Insacus — Two muscles originating in the last dorsal and lumbar vertebrac, inserting into the lesser trochanter of the femur, their action ing to flex and rotate the thigh outward. Prcrixeus — A muscle originating from the pubis, inserting just below the lesser trochanter of the femur, its action being to flex, adduct and ro- tate the thigh outward. f-— Anpuctor Loxcus — A muscle which rotates, adducts and flexes the thigh (refer to page 5). — Gractuis — A. muscle which flexes and adducts the leg and thigh (refer to page 5). — Gasrrocyemtus — A muscle which extends the foot and flexes the leg (refer to page 14).ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 16Page 17 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Muscies or THE Face (FHoxt ann Sipe Views) A — Frontatts — A muscle originating in the deep tissues of the scalp and inserting into the skin of the forchead, its function being to raise the eyebrows and wrinkle the forehead. B — Temronat. Fascia. — A fibrous coating over the muscles of the side of the head. © -— Onpictsants Ocuit — A muscle originating in the frontal bone, inserting into the skin of the eye- lids, forehead, temple and check, its action being to close the eyelids. D — Procenvs — A muscle originating in the occ pitofrontalis muscle, inserting into the cartilage of the nose, its action being to depress the inner angle of the eyebrow. — Nasauis — A muscle originating in the upper jaw bone, inserting into the skin of the nose, its ion being to narrow the nostrils. F ~~ Levaron Lapit Surentonts — A muscle originating, in the inferior margin of the hone surrounding the eye, inserting into the upper lip, its action being to lift and protrude the upper lip. -— Masseten — A muscle originating in the rypo- matic arch, inserting into the lower jaw, its action being that of chewing. H — Onprcurants Onis — A muscle originating in the nose and lower jaw, inserting into the sides of the mouth, its action being to close the mouth. 1 — Brccinator — A muscle originating in the jaw hones, inserting into the orbicularis oris, its action being to compress the checks. J — Twaxcorats — A muscle originating in the low: cr jaw, inserting into the side of the mouth, its action being to pull down the side of the mouth. K — Dernessor Lanit Iveriuoits — A muscle originat ing in the lower jaw-bone. inserting in the lower lip, its a 1 — Levator Mewt —- A muscle originating in the lower jawbone, inserting into the skin of the chin, its action being to raise the lower lip and jon being to depress the lower lip. nthe mastoid process of the temporal bone and the occipitalis and frontalis muscles, insert. ing into the car, their action being to pull back, raise and draw the ear forward. N — Occirratis — A muscle originating in the occi pital portion of the skull, inserting into the deep portions of the scalp, its action being to draw the scalp backward. © — Temporatis — A muscle originating in the side ‘of the head, inserting into the lower jaw, its action being to close the mouth and retract the jaw.ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 17Page 18 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Mosezes oF Tite TRUNK (FRONT ViEW) Srenvocieivomastoi — A muscle which rotates and flexes the head (refer to page 5). 1 — Trarezius — A muscle which draws the head backward and sidewise and rotates the sca- pula (refer to page 5). - Deutom ~- A muscle which raises the arm and ‘aids in carrying it backward and forward (re- fer to page 5). D .~ Pecronstis Mason — A muscle which adducts, flexes ‘and rotates the arm medially (refer to page 16). F — Breers Bractit — A muscle which flexes, supin- fates and adducts the arm (refer to page 5). F — Serkatus Macnus — A muscle which brings for- ward and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5). G — Exrenwar, Optio — A muscle which compresses the abdomen (refer to page 5). H — Recrus Anpom body and-compr page 5). A. muscle which flexes the the abdomen (refer toARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 18Page 19 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Deer Muscurs of THE Trunk (Front View) ‘A — Prcroraris Minor — A muscle originating in the third, fourth and fifth ribs, inserting into the scapula, its action being to depress the shoulder and lower the scapula, 1 — Pecronatis Mason — A muscle which draws the ‘arm downward and forward and aids in ex- panding the chest (refer to page 16). (— Reerus Anposivis — A muscle which compresses the abdomen and flexes the body (refer to page 5). D — External. Ontigué — A muscle which compresses the abdomen (refer to page 5). E. — Transvensauis Anpominis — A muscle originat- ing in the top of the ilium, lumbar vertebrae and lower ribs, inserting into the pubis, its action being to compress the abdomen and flex the body.ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 19Page 20 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Muscues or THE TRUNK (FRONT ViEW) ‘A — Srernocueiomasto — A muscle which rotates and flexes the head (refer to page 5). B — Trapezius — A muscle which draws the head backward and sidewise and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5). — Bicers Brac -- A muscle which flexes, supin- es and adducts the arm (refer to page 5). D ~~ Detrom -- A muscle which raises the arm and ‘aids in carrying it backward and forward (re- fer to page 5). — Triceps Bractn — A muscle which extends the ‘arm and forearm (refer to pages 7 and 13). F — Conaconeactiatis — A muscle originating in the scapula, inserting into the middle of the hum- crus, its action being to flex and adduct the ‘Tenes Mason — A muscle which adducts, extends and rotates the arm medially (refer'to page 15). H — Pecronatis Mason — A muscle which adducts, flexes and rotates the arm medially (refer to page 16). 1 — Larissimus Donsi — A muscle which draws the ‘arm downward and backward and rotates it (refer to page 10). J — Serratus Macxus — A muscle which brings the scapula forward and rotates it (refer to page 5) K — Recrus Appominis — A muscle which compresses. the abdomen and flexes the hody (refer to page 5). 1 Exrensat, Ontigue — A muscle which compresses the abdomen (refer to page 5). M — Givtevs Mepis — A muscle which rotates, ab- ducts and extends the thigh (refer to page 5). N — Sartontus — A muscle which flexes the hip and knee and rotates the leg (refer to page 5). © — Texson Fasciaz Lataz —A muscle which tenses the thigh (refer to page 5).ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 20Page 21 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Muscis or THE Taunk (Faont View) A — STeRNocrEIDOMASTOID — A muscle which rotates and flexes the head (refer to page 5). B — Trapezius — A muscle which draws the head backward and sidewise and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5). Pectoratts Mason — A muscle which adducts, flexes and rotates the arm medially (refer to page 16). D — Dexrow — A muscle which raises the arm and aids in carrying it backward and forward (re- fer to page 5). F — Sennates Macsus — A muscle which brings the scapula forward and rotates it (refer to page 5) F — Latissimys Dorst — A muscle which draws the arm downward and backward and rotates it (refer to page 10). Biers Bracit — A muscle which flexes, supin- ‘ates and adducts the arm (refer to page 5) H — Exrenvar On1igur — A muscle which compresses the abdomen (refer to page 5) 1 — Recrus Anpomiis — A muscle which compresses the abdomen and flexes the body (refer to page 5). J Gunteus Menus — A muscle which rotates, ab- duets and extends the thigh (refer to page 5) — Sanrontis -- A muscle which flexes the hip and knee and rotates the leg (refer to page 5). 1. == Tensor Fasciar, Latar — A muscle which tenses the thigh (refer to page 5).ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 21Page 22 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Muscies or THE TRUNK (Front View) A — Srernoci.cipomastor — A muscle which rotates ‘and flexes the head (refer to page 5) 1 Trarezis — A muscle which draws the head backward and sidewise and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5). C — Detrow — A muscle which raises the arm and aids in carrying it backward and forward (refer to page 5). D — Pecronatis Mason — A muscle which adducts, flexes and rotates the arm medially (refer to page 16). E Bracnn -- A muscle which flexes, supin- ates and adducts the arm (refer to page 5). F —. Triceps Braci —- A muscle which extends the arm and forearm (refer to pages 7 and 13). G — Sennates Macnus -— A musele which brings for. ward and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5). H — Larissimus Doxst —— A muscle which draws the ‘arm downward and backward and rotates (refer to page 10) 1 — Recrus Anpomryis — A muscle which compresses the abdomen and flexes the hody (refer to page 5). J — Exrensat, Opuigue — A muscle which compresses the abdomen (refer to page 5). K — Gioreus Mepis -— A muscle which rotates, ab- ducts and extends the thigh (refer to page 5). L_ — Guureus Maximus — A muscle which extends, ab- ducts and rotates the thigh outward (refer to page 8). M — Sartorius — A muscle which flexes the hip, and knee and rotates the leg (refer to page 3) N — Tensor Fasctaz Lataz — A muscle which tenses the thigh (refer to page 5).ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 22Page 23 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Bones aNb MuscLes OF THE ARM AND FOREARM (Front View) A Ciavicne — The collarbone shown from front (refer to pages 3, 6, 13 and 57). B ~~ Acnomion Process — The summit of the shoul- der which joins with the clavicle (refer to page 3). © — Scarura — The shoulder blade which is situated in the upper back (front view shown) (refer to pages 6 and 57), D —. ‘Humervs — The bone of the upper arm (refer to pages 3, 4 and 6). E — Extenvat Conpynr oF THe Humerus — An ex. panded part of the humerus. F — Rapws — The smaller hone of the forearm (refer to pages 4 and 57). — Unxa — The larger bone of the forearm (refer to pages 4 and 57). H — Dero — A muscle which raises the arm and aids in carrying it backward and forward (refer to page 5) 1 -~ Trrcrrs Bractn (Outer head) — A musele which extends the arm and forearm (refer to page 13) J — Bicrrs Bracin —- A muscle which flexes, supin- ates and adducts the arm (refer to page 5). K — Bracratis Axticus — A-muscle which flexes the forearm (refer to page 5). 1. — Tracers Bracsr (Inner head) — A muscle which extends the arm and forearm (refer to pages 7 and 13) M — Proxstor Rann Teres — A muscle originating in the humerus and ulna, inserting into the radius, its action being to pronate the hand. N -— Brerrrat, Fasc — Tendinous fibers that pase across the inner bend of the elbow and form houndaries in which the muscles are contained: they are part of the insertion of the hiceps Irrachii muscle 0 — Bracmonanratis ~~ A muscle which supinates the hand (refer to page 5). P -— Furxon Canpr Rapraras — A muscle which floxes and abducts the wrist (refer to page 16). Q — Parwanis Toxctis — A muscle which stretches the tissues of the palm (refer to page 16) — A muscle which flexes (refer to page 13). R ~~ Person Caner Trxan ‘and adducts thePlate 23 ARTISTIC ANATOMYPage 24 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Bones ano Muscues or THE TutcH ann Lec (FRONT VIEW) A — Greater Trocnanten oF Femur — An expanded part of the femur bone (refer to page 9). Femur — Front view (refer to page 9). (© — Paretta — A large hone placed in front of the knee (refer to page 9). D — Fira — Front view (refer to page 9). E — Tinta — Front view (refer to page 9). Guoreus Mepis — A muscle which rotates, ab- ducts and extends the thigh (refer to page 5). G Tensor Fascrar Latar — A muscle which tenses the thigh (refer to page 5) H — Appucror Loxcus —- A muscle which rotates, adducts and flexes the thigh (refer to page 5). 1 — Sawroxius — A muscle that flexes the thigh and rotates the leg (refer to page 5). J — Gracitis — A muscle which flexes and adducts the leg and thigh (refer to page 5) Tnormmat, Bayo — A ligamentous hand on the side of the thigh and leg that strengthens the thigh (refer to page 8). L.- Vasrus Larexatas A muscle which extends the knoe (refer to page 5). M — Recres Femoris - A muscle which extends the Teg. (refer to page 5) N -- Bayo or Ricrer — A fibrous band that strength- ens the thigh (refer to page 45). © = Pareuiar Licamerr — The attachment of the patella to the tibia, and the inserting ligament of the extensor group of thigh muscles (rectus femoris and vastus muscles) P — Gastrocxemius — A. muscle which extends the Toot and flexes the leg (refer to page 6) Q — Timaris Axricus A muscle which clevates the inner border of the foot (refer to page 6). R — Prxoneus Loncus — A muscle which extends, abducts and everts the foot (refer to page 6). S — Extensor Loxcius Dicrtonum — A muscle which extends the toes (refer to page 8). T — Soueus — A muscle which extends the foot and rotates it inward (refer to page 6).Plate 24 ARTISTIC ANATOMYPage 25 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Muscies oF THE SwouLper (Front anp Back Views) A — Trapezius — A muscle which draws the head backward and sidewise and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5). B — Dexrom — A muscle which raises the arm and ‘aids in carrying it backward and forward (re- fer to page 5). C — Tenes Minor — A_ muscle originating in the scapula, inserting into the humerus, its action being to abduct the humerus and rotate it out- ward. D — Tees Mason — A muscle which adducts, extends and rotates the arm medially (refer to page 15). E_ — Inrraspixatus — A muscle which rotates the arm laterally (refer to page 15). F — Ruompoweus — A muscle which pulls hack (re- tracts) and elevates the scapula (refer to page 26). G — Srexsoczeiomastow — A muscle which rotates and flexes the head (refer to page 5). H — Biceps Bractin — A muscle which flexes. supin ates and adducts the arm (refer to page 5). 1 — Triceps Bract — A muscle which extends the arm and forearm (refer to page 15). J — Coracownaciaris - A muscle which flexes and adducts the arm (refer to page 20) K — Prcroratis Mason — A muscle which flexes, adducts and rotates the arm medially (refer to page 16) L.— Larissimvs Dorst — A muscle which draws the arm downward and hackward and rotates. it (refer to page 10) M — Sexxatus Macnus — A muscle that brings for- ward and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5).ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 25Page 26 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Musctes or THE Maze Ficure (Sine View) 4 - Trapezius — A muscle which draws the head hackward and sidewise and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5). B Rtownom Muscres — Two muscles origi the seventh cervical and first five thoracic verte- hhrac, inserting into the scapula, their action being to pull back and elevate the scapula. Iveraspinates — A muscle which rotates the arm laterally (refer to page 15). D -- Trnes Mason A muscle which adducts. extends and rotates the arm medially (refer to page 15) FE -- Tenes Mixon - A musele which abducts the humerus and rotates it outward (refer to page 25). F — Guorrus Maximus — A muscle which extends, abducts and rotates the thigh outward (refer to page 8). G Gwrens Menics — A. muscle which rotates, ‘abducts and extends the thigh (refer to page 5). H-- Trxson Fasciar Latar — A muscle which tenses the thigh (refer to page 5). 1 — Extervat, Onnigue — A muscle wi the abdomen (refer to page 5) compresses Larissimus Dons — A muscle which draws the arm downward and backward (refer to page 10) Srrnatus MaGnus — A muscle which brings the scapula forward and rotates it (refer to page 5) 1. ~~ Preroraris Mason — A muscle which draws the arm forward and downward (refer to page 16). M — Sanronmis — A muscle which flexes the thigh and rotates the leg (refer to page 5). N — Rectus Fronts — A muscle which extends the leg (refer to page 5). (0 — Vastus Larenatis — A muscle which extends the leg (refer to page 5).ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 26Page 27 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Muscies oF THE TRUNK (SiDE View) ‘A — Tricers Braci — A muscle which extends the arm and forearm (refer to pages 7 and 13). B — Dettow — A muscle which raises the arm and aids in carrying it backward and forward (re- fer to page 5). C — Pecronatis Mason — A muscle which adducts, flexes and rotates the arm medially (refer to page 16). D — Tenis Mason — A muscle which adducts, extends and rotates the arm medially (refer ‘to page s Mixon — A muscle which abducts the humerus and rotates it outward (refer to page 25). F — Recrus Anpomivis — A muscle which compresses the abdomen and flexes the body (refer to page 5). Eo G — Sernatus Macxus A muscle which brings for ward and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5). H — Trapezius -- A muscle which draws the head backward and sidewise and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5) 1 — Inrraspinatus — A muscle which rotates the arm laterally (refer to page 15). J-— Rutomnonetis — A muscle which pulls back and clevates the seapula (refer to page 26). K — Larissimvs Donst — A muscle which draws the arm downward and backward and rotates it (refer to page 10). 1. ~- Exrervar Onuigue — A muscle which compresses the abdomen (refer to page 5) M -- Guvtrus Mepis — A muscle which rotates, ab- ducts and extends the thigh (refer to page 5). — Guvreus Maximus — A muscle which extends, abducts and rotates the thigh (refer to page 8). O — Texson Fascia Latar — A muscle which tenses the thigh (refer to page 5).ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 27Page 28 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Muscies or THE Neck aN SHOULDER (Front anp Sie Views) A — Omonvorw — A muscle originating in the scapul inserting into the hyoid hone, its action being to pull hack and depress the hyoid. B -- Sterxonyow -- A muscle originating in the sternum, inserting into the hyoid bone, its ac- tion being to depress the hyoid and voice box. © — SrerNocipomastom ~~ A muscle which rotates and flexes the head (refer to page 5). D -~ Trarrzus — A muscle which draws the head hackward and sidewise and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5). E — Prcrorauis Mazon — A muscle which adducts, flexes and rotates the arm medially (refer to page 16). F — Dezrow A muscle which raises the arm and ‘aids in carrying it backward and forward (re- fer to page 5) G — Spiextus — A muscle origina vertebrae, inserting, into its action being to rotate a and neck and flex it sidewise. ing from the cervi- «" mastoid process, d extend the head H — Scatent Muscies --- Several muscles origin the first and second ribs and lower cervicals, srting into the cervical vertebrae, their ac heing to bend the neck sidewise. “*Hyow Boxe — The hyoid bone may be mention here: it is a horse-shoe shaped bone bel and below the lower jaw, and just above the voice hox or larynx. To’ it are attached the sternohyoid and omohyoid musclesPlate 28 ARTISTIC ANATOMYPage 29 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Muscies or THe Neck (Front ann Ste Views) A — Spiexius — A muscle which rotates and extends the head and neck and flexes it sidewise (refer to page 28). B_— Srennoctemomaston — A muscle which rotates and flexes the head (refer to page 5). — Trapezius — A muscle which draws the head hackward and sidewise and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5). Scauenus Mepis — A muscle or first rib, inserting into the second to sixth cer vical vertebrae, its action being to flex the neck laterally. E — Scatenus Awrentox — A muscle originating in the first rib, inserting into the third to sixth cervical vertebrae, its action being to support the head and flex the neck sidewise. F — Scatenus Posteton — A muscle originating the second rib, inserting into the three low: cervical vertebrae, its action being to bend the neck laterally. G — Srenxorirynow — A muscle originating from the sternum, inserting into the voice box (larynx), its action being to depress the larynx. H — Omonyow ~~ A muscle which pulls back and depresses the hyoid (refer to page 28). 1 — Srersonyorm — A muscle which depresses the hyoid hone and larynx (refer to page 28)ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 29Page 30 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Muscies or THe Neck axp SHOULDER (Front ano Sipe Views) A — Omonyow — A muscle which retracts and de- presses the hyoid (refer to page 28). B — Srexvonvow — A muscle which depresses the hyoid and larynx (refer to page 28) © — Sphexius — A muscle which rotates and extends the head and neck and flexes it sidewise (refer to page 28) D —~ Srenxocieipomastoin — A muscle which rotates ‘and flexes the head (refer to page 5). E-~ Scare Muscirs = Muscles which support the head and end the head and neck sidewise (re- fer to pages 28 and 29) F — Trapezius — A muscle which draws. the head hackward and sidewise and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5) G =. Dezrow — A muscle which raises the arm and aids in carrying it backward and forward (re- fer to page 5) H — Pecroratis Mason — A muscle which adducts, flexes and rotates the arm medially (refer to page 16)ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 30Page 31 ARTICTIC ANATOMY Muscxes or THE Trunk (Sipe View) A — Srervocieiomasror —- A muscle which rotates and flexes the head (refer to page 5). B — Trapezius — A muscle which draws the head backward and sidewise and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5). Dentro - A muscle which raises the arm and ‘aids in carrying it backward and forward (refer to page 5). D — Tricers Braci — A muscle which extends the arm and forcarm (refer to pages 7 and 13). E — Terres Mayon — A muscle which adducts, extends ‘and rotates the arm medially (refer to page 15). F — Pecrorauis Mason — A muscle which adducts flexes and rotates the arm medially G — Ineraspinstos — A muscle which rotates the arm laterally (refer to page 15). H .~ Serratus Macus — A muscle which brings for ward and rotates the scapula (refer to page 16). 1 — Lanissimus Donsi — A muscle which draws the ‘arm downward and backward and rotates it (refer to page 10). J — Rrerus Anpominis —— A muscle which compresses the abdomen and flexes the hody (refer to page 5) K -— Exrernat, Ontigtiz. — A muscle which compresses the abdomen (refer to page 5). 1. — Guorevs Mens — A muscle which rotates, ab- ducts and extends the thigh (refer to page 5). M Gr Huis Maxis — A muscle which rotate ducts and extends the thigh (refer to page 8) N -— Tensor Fascist: Latae — A muscle which tenses the thigh (refer to page 5).Plate 31 ARTISTIC ANATOMYPage 32 ARTISTIC ANATOMY ‘Musctes oF THe Trunk (Swe View) A — SreRNoctetpomasto1n — A muscle which rotates ‘and flexes the head (refer to page 5). B — Trapezius — A muscle which draws the head backward and sidewise and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5). © — Detrom — A muscle which raises the arm and ‘aids in carrying it backward and forward (re- fer to page 5) D — Taicers Brachin — A muscle which extends the arm and forcarm (refer to pages 7 and 13) E — Bracmanis Asticus — A muscle which flexes the forearm (refer to page 5). F — Bicers Bracttn — A muscle which flexes, supin- ates and adducts the arm (refer to page 5) G ~ Bracionapianis -- A musele which supi the hand (refer to page 5). H — Exrexson Canpr Rapratis Loxcion — A muscle hich extends and abducts the wrist (refer to page 5). 1 — Prevoratis Masor — A muscle which adducts, flexes and rotates the arm medially (refer to page 16). J) — Sennaros Macxus — A muscle which brings for ward and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5). Larissimus Dorst — A muscle which draws the arm downward and backward and rotates it (refer to page 10). 1. — Exrernar, Onuigue — A muscle which compresses the abdomen (refer to page 5). M — Recros Anpowinis -- A muscle which e¢ npressrs the abdomen and flexes the body (refer to page 5) N — Guvtens Mepis — A muscle which rotates, ab ducts and extends the thigh (refer to page 5) 0 — Guurrus Maximus — A muscle whieh extends, ablucts and rotates the thigh outward (refer to page 8) Pp Fascia Latae — A muscle which tenses igh (refer to page 5).ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 32Page 33 ARTISTIC ANATOMY ‘Muscies or THE TRUNK (SIDE VIEW) A — Trapezius — A muscle which draws the head backward and sidewise and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5). B — Srernoctsipomastoi — A muscle which rotates ‘and flexes the head (refer to page 5). © — Dexrom — A muscle which raises the arm and ‘aids in carrying it backward and forward (re- fer to page 5). D — Pecroraus Mason — A muscle which adducts, flexes and rotates the arm medially (refer to page 16). E. — Bracitanis Axricus — A muscle which flexes the forearm (refer to page 5). F -~ Biceps Brac — A muscle which flexes, supin- ates and adducts the arm (refer to page 5). G — Sennatus Macnus — A muscle which brings for- ward and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5). H — Lanissimus Dorst — A muscle which draws the ‘arm downward and backward and rotates it (refer to page 10). 1 — Exrernat. Onuigt: — A muscle which compresses the abdomen (refer to page 5). J — Recrus Anpominis — A muscle which compresses the abdomen and flexes the body. K ~- Guurrus Menus — A muscle which rotates, aly ducts and extends the thigh (refer to page 5) L — Giurevs Maximus — A. muscle which extends, abducts and rotates the thigh (refer to page 8). M — Texsor Fascia: Latar — A muscle which tenses the thigh (refer to page 5).ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 33Page 34 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Muscies or THE Trunk (SIDE ViEW) Srenxociriomastor — A muscle which rotates and flexes the head (refer to page 5). B — Trarezius — A muscle which draws the head ackward and sidewise and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5). © —— Derrom © A muscle which raises the arm and de in carrying it backward and forward (re- fer to page 5) D — Inrrasrixatus A muscle which rotates the arm laterally (refer to page 15) Ruomnorw Muscies — Two muscles which retract and elevate the scapula (refer to page 26). F and rotates the arm medially (refer to page 15). — Tracers Bracin — A muscle which extends the farm and forearm (refer to pages 7 and 13) Ho Sranetes Macsus — A muscle which brings for ward and rotates the scapula (refer to paz 1 -— Lavissint's Doxst — A. muscle which draws the ‘arm downward and backward and rotates it (refer to page 10). J Ex AL, On1iQue — A muscle which compresses the abdomen (refer to page 5). K — Recrus Anposixis — A muscle which compresses the abdomen and flexes the body (refer to page 5). crus Menius — A muscle which rotates, ab- ducts and extends the thigh (refer to pay L MG Maximtis — A muscle which rotates, ab- ducts and extends the thigh (refer to page 8) No -= Texson Fasersr Latag A muscle which tenses the thieh (refer to nage 5)ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 34Page 35 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Muscies oF THE TRUNK (Sipe View) enn A muscle which rotates tand flexes the head (refer to page 5). B -- Tearezius — A muscle which draws the head backward and sidewise and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5). © = Detrom — A muscle which raises the arm and ‘aids in carrying it backward and forward (re- fer to page 5) D — Pecroratis Mason — A muscle which adducts, flexes and rotates the arm medially (refer to page 16). FE. — Tenes Mason — A muscle which adducts, extends and rotates the arm medially (refer to page 15). SexuaTus Macxus — A muscle which brings for- ward and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5). Lavissimt's Dons A muscle which draws the arm downward and backward and rotates it (refer to page 10). H — Exresexat, Onrsgue —— A muscle which compresses the abdomen (refer to page 5) 1 Gurrevs Mrpmis — A muscle which rotates, ab- ducts and extends the thigh (refer to page 5). J Gites Maximus — A muscle which extends, aby ducts and rotates the thigh (refer to page 8) K — Trxsor Fascise Lata — A muscle which tenses, the thigh (refer to page 5).ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 35Page 36 ARTISTIC ANATOMY ‘Muscies oF THE Trunk (Sipe View) Senratus MaGnus -— A muscle which brings for- ward and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5). B — Exrerwat. Ost1qve — A muscle which compresses the abdomen (refer to page 5). — Pecroratis Maso — A muscle which adducts, flexes and rotates the arm medially (refer to page 16). Latissimus Dorst — A muscle which draws the arm downward and backward and rotates it (refer to page 10). E_ — Ixrervar Omuigve — A muscle originating from the upper portion of the ilium and inserting into the lower six ribs. pubis and mid-line (center line of the body), its action being, to compress the abdomen and flex the bodyPlate 36 ARTISTIC ANATOMYPage 37 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Muscies or THE Anw AND FOREARM (Sie AND Insie Views) A — Derom — A musel raises the arm and aids in carrying it backward and forward (re- fer to page 5). B — Bicers Bracti — A muscle which flexes, supin ates and adducts the arm (refer to page 5). — Bracmiatis Anricus — A muscle which flexes the forearm (refer to page 5) D — Braciorapiasis — A muscle which supinates the hand and flexes the forcarm (refer to pages 5 and 13). — Twicers Bracun -~ A muscle which extends the arm and forearm (refer to page 13). TrNDON oF Tarcers — A tendon through which the triceps brachii muscle inserts into the ole- eranon process of the ulna (refer to page 13). G — Axconeus —- A muscle which extends the fore ‘arm (refer to page 7) H ~~ Extensor Caner Rapiatis Loxcion — A muscle which extends the wrist (refer to page 13). 1 — Exrexsor Ca tends and abi Unnanis — A muscle which ex- ets the wrist (refer to page 13). J — Extensor Comsunts Dicrrorum — A. muscle which extends the fingers (refer to page 7). K — Extensor Canpr Raratis Brewton -- A muscle which extends and abducts the wrist (refer to page 16). L. — Extexsons oF THE Tun —- The action of these d the thumb (refer to page M exon Carry ULNakis ~ A. muscle which flexes ‘and adducts the wrist (refer to page 13). natanis Loncts — A muscle which stretches the palm (refer to page 16) © — Proxator Rann Tenis — A muscle which pro- nates the hand (refer to page 23). P —. Fiexor Carer Rapiaris — A muscle which flexes and abducts the wrist (refer to page 16). Q — Conaconracttanis -~ A muscle which flexes and adducts the arms (refer to page 20). R — Deer Fiexons oF tHE Hann — Muscles originat- ing in the humerus, radius and ulna, inserting to the fingers, their action being to flex the fingers.ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 37Page 38 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Musctes or THE Arm (Back Views) A — Dero — A muscle which raises the arm and ‘aids in carrying it backward and forward (re- fer to page 5). B — Tucers Brac — A muscle which extends the arm and forearm (refer to page 13). cers Tenpox — A tendon through which the triceps brachii muscle inserts into the olecranon process of the ulna (refer to page 13). D — Bicers Bractu -~ A muscle which flexes, supin- fates and adducts the arm (refer to page 5). — Brac us — A muscle which flexes the forear to page 5) F — Exresson Cant Rapranis Loxcion —- A muscle which extends and abducts the wrist (refer to page 16). G — Proxaton Ravn Tunes — A muscle which pro: nates the hand (refer to page 23). H-~ Axconeus — A muscle which extends the fore: ‘arm (refer to page 7). 1 — Exrexson Carri ULNanis — A muscle which ex: ic and abducts the wrist (refer to page 13). J — Pataaius Loxcos — A muscle whieh extends and adducts the wrist (refer to page 16). — Fiexor Caner UnNanis — A muscle which flexes nd adducts the wrist (refer to page 13). L— Brewrrat, Fascia — Tendinous tissue, that part of the insertion of the biceps muscle that passes across the inner bend of the elbow (refer to page 23), M ~~ Fueson Carer Rapiatis — A muscle which flexes and abducts the wrist (refer to page 16). N - Furxons oF THe Han — Muscles whieh flex the fingers (refer to page 37)ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 38Page 39 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Musces oF THE Agm aNp Forearm (Front View) A — Coracomraciiatis — A muscle which flexes and adducts the arm (refer to page 20). B — Bracmatis Axticus — A muscle which flexes the forearm (refer to page 5). Biers Bracim — A muscle which flexes, supin- fates and adducts the arm (refer to page 5). D — Proxsron Rann Teres ~~ A muscle which pro- nates the hand (refer to page 23). — Frexor Caner Rapraiis — A muscle which flexes and abducts the wrist (refer to page 16). F —— Paraarts Loxcus — A muscle which stretches the palm (refer to page 16). — Fuexor Canpr Unnaris — A muscle which flexes and adducts the wrist (refer to page 13) H— Bracmtonaprauis ~~ A. muscle which supinates the hand and flexes the forearm (refer to paze 5). 1 — Extensor Carrs Rapratis Loncton © A muscle which extends and abducts the wrist (refer to page 5). J = Axcoxnr's — A muscle which extends the forearm (refer to page 7). K — Extensor Caner Rapratis Brevion — A muscle which extends and abducts the wrist (refer to page 7) 1. — Extensor Communis Dicrrontm — A muscle which extends the fingers (refer to page 7). M- Exrexsor Canpr UtNaris — A muscle which ex tends and abducts the wrist (refer to page 13). N — Exrinsons -— Muscles originating in the humerus, nserting: into the fingers, their action being te extend the fingers and bend the wrist.Page 40 ARTISTIC ANATOMY ‘Muscies or THE ARM AND ForEARM (FRONT VIEW) ‘A — Dezrom — A muscle which raises the arm and aids in carrying it backward and forward (re- fer to page 5). B — Triceps Bractit — A muscle which extends the ‘arm and forearm (refer to page 13). ©. Bracitatis Anticus — A muscle which flexes the forearm (refer to page 7). D — Bicers Brac — A muscle which flexes, supin- ates and adduets the arm (refer to page 5). E — Bractionapiais — A muscle which supinates the hand and flexes the forcarm (refer to page 5) — Extensor Carpi Rapiatis Loxcion — A muscle which extends and abducts the wrist (refer to page 5). G — Fuexor Carer Raprauis — A muscle which flexes ‘and abducts the wrist (refer to page 16). H -- Exrexsox Cant Raprauis Brevion — A muscle which extends and ahducts the wrist (refer to Page 7). 1 — Exrexsox Communis Dicrrorum — A muscle which extends the fingers (refer to page 7) J — Exrensons oF tHe Tuumn — These muscles ox- tend the thumb (refer to page 7). K —. Fuexor Canrr Unvanis — A muscle which flexes and adducts the wrist (refer to page 13), L — Extensor Carmi Unvaiis - A muscle which ex: tends and abducts the wrist (refer to page 13).Plate 40 ARTISTIC ANATOMYPage 41 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Muscies anv Bones of THE ARM AND FoxEanat A — Ctavictr — The collarbone, side view (refer to ‘pages 3, 6, 13, 23 and 57). B — Scaruta — The shoulder blade shown in side view (refer to page 6). © — Homenvs — The bone of the upper arm (refer to pages 3, 4 and 6). D — Unwa — The larger of the two bones of the fore- arm (refer to pages 4 and 57). E — Rapius — The smaller of the two bones of the forearm (refer to pages 4 and 57) F — Coraconracuratis — A muscle which flexes and adducts the arm (refer to page 20). G — Tricers Brac — A muscle which extends the arm and forearm (refer to page 7). H — Biceps Bracin — A muscle which flexes, su ates and adducts the arm (refer to page 5). 1 — Bracutatis Ayticus — A muscle which flexes the forearm (refer to page 7). J — Pronarox Rap Teres — A muscle originatin the humerus and ulna, inserting into the radius, its action being to pronate the hand. K — Bractitorapiatis — A muscle which supinates the hand and flexes the forearm (refer to pages 5 and 13). L — Frexon Carpi Rapiatas — A muscle which flexes the wrist (refer to page 16) M ~~ Patatanis Loxcts — A muscle which stretches the palm (refer to page 16) N = Fuzxors of tie HaNp — Muscles which flex the fingers (refer to page 37) ©) ~ Fuexor Carer Unnanis -~ A muscle which flexes and adducts the wrist (refer to page 13) PD — Heap or THe Unxa — An expanded part of the ulna bone (refer to page 4) Q => Postemton ANNeLaR Licawext — A fibrous band which encireles the hack «fhe wristARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 41Page 42 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Muscies or THE ARM AND FOREARM (SIDE ViEW) A — Detrow — A muscle which raises the arm and aids in carrying it backward and forward (re- fer to page 5). B — Twicers Bracim — A muscle which extends the arm and forearm (refer to page 13). €— Breres Bact — A: muscle which flexes, supin- ates and adducts the arm (refer to page 5). D — Baacinatis Antics — A muscle whieh flexes the forearm (refer to page 5). FE. .- Bracionapianis — A muscle which supinates the hand and flexes the forearm (refer to page 13) F — Exrexson Ca Rapianis Loxcion — A muscle which extends and abducts the wrist (refer to Page G — Avconers ~ A muscle which extends the forearm (refer to page 7). H — Exrexson Commusts Dicrrorum A muscle which extends the fingers (refer to page 7). 1 — Exrenson Caner Unvaris — A muscle which ex- tends and abducts the wrist (refer to page 13). J — Exresson Caner Rapiatis Brevion — A_ muscle which extends and abducts the wrist (refer to page 7) K — Furxor Caner ULNanis =~ A muscle which Mlexes and adducts the wrist (refer to page 13). ~ EXTENSORS oF THE TitUMB — These muscles ex- tend the thumb (refer to page 7).ARTISTIC ANATOMYPage 43 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Boxes axp Muscies oF THE PELvis Froxt Virw oF Pexvis — Showing the sockets for attachment of the femur (refer to pages 3 and 12). B.- Bacx i EW OF PELvIs — Showing the sacrum ing the hipbones (refer to pages 3 and 12). C — Sine View oF Peivis — Showing the very lowest extremity of the spine (refer to pages 3 and 12) ~ Guorrts Maximus — (Side view shown) * — A muscle which rotates, abducts and extends the thigh (refer to page 5). E — Grurers Maxis — (8/45 view shown)* — A muscle whivh extends, abducts and rotates the thigh outward (refer to page 8). F — Tensor Fascraz Latar — A muscle which tenses the thigh (refer to page 5). “Tue Grutran. Mu (three in-number) are broad fleshy masses covering the hip part of the sacrum and are attached to the upper part of the leg at the pelvis, The gluteus maxi- mus is the largest of the three gluteal muscles. its most powerful action being to cause the hody to regain the erect position after stooping hy drawing the pelvis backward. The gluteus medius and minimus are principally called into action hy supporting the hody on one limb.ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 43Page 44 H ARTISTIC ANATOMY Musctes oF THe Tac ap Lec (Front, Back anp Sipe Views) — Semrrenpinosus — A muscle which flexes the leg upon the thigh (refer to page 14). — Bicers Femowis — A muscle which flexes the knee and rotates it outward (refer to page 8). + SEMIMEMBRANOSUS — A muscle which flexes the leg and rotates it inward (refer to page 8) A muscle which extends the 5). — Reerus Feons leg (refer to TUS LATERALIS — A muscle which extends the knee (refer to page 5). — Vastus Inrenmepius — A muscle which extends the leg, (refer to page 8) — Psoas Traces — Two muscles originating in the last dorsal and lumbar vertebrae and the ilium, inserting into the lesser trochanter of the femur, their action heing to flex and rotate the thig! outward, flex the trunk on the pelvis, abduct and flex'the lumbar sping —— Pecrineus ~~ A muscle originating in the pubis, inserting into the femur, its action being to flex, adduct and rotate the thigh outward. — Avpuctox Macnus — A muscle which adducts and everts the thigh (refer to page 14) — Gastroessus A muscle which extends. the foot and flexes the leg (refer to page 6). — Soutus — A muscle which extends the foot and rotates it inward (refer to page 6) — Penoxrus Loxcus — A muscle whieh extends, ab: ducts and everts the foot (refer to page 6). — Tats Asticus - A muscle which elevates the inner border of the foot (refer to page 6) Exressor Loxcus Dicrrontt A: muscle whieh extends the lesser toes (refer to page 8) -— Penoneus Buevis — A muscle whieh extends the foot (refer to page 8) — Vastus Mepiatis — A muscle which extends the Teg (refer to page 6).ARTISTIC ANATOMYPage 45 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Boxes anv Muscies or tHe Tuicu anp Lec (sie View) A — Appuctor Macxus — A muscle which adducts and everts the thigh (refer to page 14). B — Gractuis — A muscle which flexes and adducts the leg and thigh (refer to page 5). C — Sanrontvs — A muscle which flexes the hip and knee and everts the leg (refer to page 5). D — Rectus Feaonts — A muscle which extends the leg (refer to page 5). E — Biceps Femonis — A muscle which flexes the knee and rotates it outward (refer to page 8). — SeMIMEMBRANOSUS — A muscle which flexes the Teg and rotates it inward (refer to page 8). G — Semrrenpinoss — A muscle whi con the thigh (refer to page 14). H — Vastus Mrpiatis — A muscle which extends the leg and moves the patella (refer to page 6). flexes the leg, 1 — Bano oF Ricuter — A fibrous band running from the lower inner side of the thigh upward and ‘outward, strengthening the thigh. J — Parents -— A bone placed in front of the knee (refer to page 9) K — Gastnocyemivs — A muscle which extends. the foot and flexes the leg (refer to page 6). L —Sourts — A muscle which extends the foot and rotates it inward (refer to page 6). — Texnow oF ActiLLEs — A tendon through wl the gastrocnemius and soleus extend the foot (refer to page 15). N — Tana — ide view (refer to page 9). 0 — Femur ~~ Side view (refer to page 9) P_ — Finvia — Side view (refer to page 9).ARTISTIC ANATOMYPage 46 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Muscurs oF THe TiicH avo Lec (Swe View) A -- Recrus Femonis — A muscle which extends the leg (refer to page 5). B — Vasrus Larenatis — A muscle which extends the knee (refer to page 5). Paretta — A bone placed in front of the knee (refer to page 9). D - - Vastus InteRmepius — A muscle which extends the leg, (refer to page 8) FE — Fear" Lower portion shown (refer to page 9). STROCNEMIUS —— A. muscle which extends. the foot and flexes the lew (refer 10 page 6). — Penoxevs Loxcus — A muscle which extends, abducts and everts the foot (refer to page 6). H — Timauas Awticus — A muscle which elevates the inner border of the foot (refer to page 6). 1. ~- Extexson Loxeus Dictronum — A muscle which extends the toos (refer to page 8) J — Guurevs Maximus — A muscle which extends, abducts and rotates the thigh outward (refer to page 8). K — Gores Maximus — A muscle which extends, abducts and rotates the thigh outward (refer to page 8). ~ Ghoters Mepis — A muscle which rotates, ducts and extends the thigh (refer to page 5). 1. — Texsom Fasciar Latar —_ A muscle which tenses the thigh (refer to page 5). M — Bicers Femonts, Lone Heap — A muscle which flexes the knee and rotates it outward (refer to page 8). N — Inorimat, Bayo — A ligamentous band situated on the side of the thigh which strengthens the thigh and leg. 0. - Bicers Femonis. Sttont Heap =. A muscle which flexes the knee and rotates it outward (refer to page 8). P_ — Souevs — A muscle which extends the foot and rotates it inward (refer to page 6). Q — Penowenis Brevis — A muscle originating in the middle of the fibula, inserting into the fifth metatarsal bone, (see page 57). its action being, to extend and abduct the foot.ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 46Page 47 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Muscies or THE Tatox ano Lec (Soe View) A — Guvreus Mepius — A muscle which rotates, ab- ducts and extends the thigh (refer to page 5). B — Guvrevs Maximus — A muscle which extends, abducts and rotates the thigh (refer to page 8). © — Texson Fasciag Latar — A muscle which tenses the thigh (refer to page 5). D —- Rectus Femonis — A muscle which extends the leg (refer to page 5). sts Ly knee ( ERALIS — A muscle which extends the er to page 5). FP — Vastus Iytermenitis — A muscle which extends the leg (refer to page 8). G — Femun -— Lower portion shown (refer to page 9). H — Paretta — A hone placed in front of the knee (refer to page 9) 1 — Soreus — A muscle which extends the foot and rotates it inward (refer to page 6). J — Penonetis Loxcus — A muscle which extends, ab- ducts and everts the foot (refer to page 6). K — Timtatis Antics A muscle which elevates the inner border of the foot (refer to page 6). — Penoxeus Brevis — A muscle which extends abducts the foot (refer to page 46) M — Bicers Femonts, Lone Heap — A muscle which flexes the knee and rotates it outward (refer to page 46). N — Breses-Feaonrs-Suort Heap flexes the knee and rotates to pape 46). 0 — Gastrocnemms — A muscle which extends the foot and flexes the leg (refer to page 6) d A muscle which outward (refer P — Tuorimtat, Bann ~- A ligamentous hand situated ‘on the side of the thigh which strengthens the thigh and leg.Plate 47 ARTISTIC ANATOMYPage 48 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Muscirs or tHe TuicH ayo Lec (Insive View) A — Vasrus Meviatis — A muscle which extends the leg and moves the patella (refer to page 6). B — Pareita — A bone placed in front of the knee (refer to page 9). C = Gastnocxemsus — A muscle which extends the foot and flexes the leg (refer to page 6). D — Soueus — A muscle which extends the foot and rotates it inward (refer to page 6). E —Texvox or Acunirs — A common tendon through which the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles insert on the os calcis or heel bone (refer to page 15) — Fuexons of tHe Tors — Several muscles ori nating from the tibia and fibula, inserting into the toes, their action being. to flex the toes. H — Recrus Femoris — A muscle which extends the leg (refer to page 5). A. muscle which flexes. the inward (refer to page 8). I —- SeMimempnanosus ~ leg and rotates it J Sanronius — A muscle which flexes the hip and knee and rotates the leg (refer to page 5). K — Gracias — A muscle which flexes and adducts the leg and thigh (refer to page 5). 1 — Appverox Macxus — A muscle which adducts and everts the thigh (refer to page 14). M ~~ Semrrenpinostis — A muscle which flexes the leg ‘on the thigh (refer to page 14) N — Femtn — Lower portion shown (refer to page 9)ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 48Page 49 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Font Ficure (Mate) Musctes of THe Back ‘A — Travezius — A muscle which draws, the head backward and sidewise and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5). B — Dero — A muscle which raises the arm and aids in carrying it backward and forward (re- fer to page 5). © — Inrnaservatus — A muscle which rotates the arm laterally (refer to page 15). D — Tents Mason — A muscle which adducts, extends and rotates the arm medially (refer to page 15). E — Rutompowevs — A muscle which pulls back and elevates the scapula (refer to page 26). F — Triceps Bracuit — A muscle which extends the arm and forearm (refer to page 13) G — Lamissimt's Dons! — A muscle which draws the arm downward and backward and rotates it (refer to page 10). H — Bracmtatis Anticus — A muscle which flexes the forearm (refer to page 7). 1 — Bracttorapiatss — A muscle which supinates the hhand and flexes the forearm (refer to page 13). J — Extenwat, Ontigte — A muscle which compresses the abdomen (refer to page 5). K — Extensor Commusis Dicrronum — A. muscle which extends the fingers (refer to page 7). L — Gioreus Mepis — A muscle which rotates, ab- ducts and extends the thigh (refer to page 5). M — Extensor Canpt ULNaRIS — A muscle which ex- tends and abducts the wrist (refer to page 13). N — Guuretis Maxis — A muscle which extends, abducts and rotates the thigh outward (refer to page 8) © — Guaciuis — A muscle which flexes and adducts the leg and thigh (refer to page 5). P — Sestrenprvosus — A muscle which flexes the leg ‘on the thigh (refer to page 14). Q — Bicers Femonis — A muscle which flexes and ro- tates the kn outward (refer to page 8). R — Gastnocnemis — A muscle which extends the foot and flexes the leg (refer to page 6). S -~ Penoxeus Loxcus — A muscle which extends, abducts and everts the foot (refer to page 6). T —Tenpon oF AcHiLLES — A common tendon through which the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles insert in the os calcis or heel bone (refer to page 15). U — Soreus — A muscle which extends the foot and rotates it inward (refer to page 6).ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 49Page 50 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Musctes oF THE Back A — CompLexus ~ A muscle originating in the cervi- cal and dorsal vertebrac, inserting into the occipital hone, its action being to draw and rotate the head. B ius — A muscle which rotates and extends the head and neck and flexes it sidewise (refer to page 28). C — Luvator Seamtiae — A muscle o in the four upper cervical vertebrae, inserting into the scapula, its action being to raise the seapula and aid in rotating the head. D — Rromsow Muscies ~The muscles whieh pull hack and elevate the scapula (refer to page 26). FE ~ Trapezi A muscle which draws. the head backward and sidewise and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5) F Doxst ward a) to page 10), G —. Deurow A muscle which raises the arm and aids in carrying it hackward and forward (re: for to page 5). Snscartianis A. musele originating in the scapula, inserting into the humerus, its action heing to rotate the head of the humerus inward and to lower the humerus. 1 — Inenasmivatus -— A muscle which rotat laterally (refer to page 15). J = Tenes Mason - A muscle which adducts, extends and rotates the arm medially (refer to page 15).ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 50Page 51 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Muscies oF THe Back A — Comptexs — A muscle which draws back and rotates the head (refer to page 50). SrenNoctrmomasrorn — A muscle which rotates and flexes the head (refer to page 5) © — Trarezws —— A muscle which draws the head backward and sidewise and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5). D — Denton — A muscle which raises the arm and aids in careving: it backward and forward (re- fer to page 5). F Trnasrrsatiis — A muscle which rotates the arm laterally: (refer to page 15) Fo Tenrs Mixon — A muscle which abducts the humerus and rotates it outward (refer to page 25). G —~ Rrownom — A muscle which draws hack and elevates the scapula (refer to page 26) H— Tenes Mason A muscle which adducts, ex- tends and rotates the arm medially (refer to page 15) T — Tricers Braci — A muscle which extends the ‘arm and forcarm (refer to page 15). J — Latissitrs Dorst — A muscle which draws the arm downward and backward and rotates. it (refer to page 10). K — Fxtenvat, Onriovr —- A muscle which compresses the abdomen (refer to page 5). 1, -— Gunrens Mrpmis — A muscle which rotates, ab- ducts and extends the thigh (refer to page 5) M -~ Grerens Maximus — A mmscle which extends, abducts and rotates the thigh (refer to page 8)ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 51Page 52 ARTISTIC ANATOMY ‘Muscies oF THE Back A. Bicers Brac — A muscle which flexes, supin- ates and adducts the arm (refer to page 5) B — Bractatis Anticus — A muscle which flexes the forearm (refer to page 5). -. Tricers Brac — A muscle which extends the ‘arm and forearm (refer to pages 7 and 13). D ~~ Dextom — A muscle which raises the arm and aids in carrying it backward and forward (re- fer to page 5). ‘Trapezius — A muscle which draws the head backward and sidewise and rotates the scapula {refer to page 5) F — Tenes Mason — A muscle which extends, adducts and rotates the arm medially (refer to page 15) G — Inewaseinatos — A muscle which rotates the arm laterally (refer to page 15) H — Ruownow — A muscle which draws back and clevates the scapula (refer to page 26). 1 — Larissimus Dost -- A muscle which draws the ‘arm downward and backward and rotates it (refer to page 10 Jo Externar, Ontigtie — A muscle which compresses the abdomen (refer to page 5). = Guurrevs Mepis — A muscle which rotates, ab- ducts and extends the thigh (refer to page 5). A muscle which extends, ab- 1d rotates the thigh (refer to page 8). ductsARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 52ARTISTIC ANATOMY Muscies or THE Back A — Trapezius — A muscle which draws the head backward and sidewise and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5). B — Dexrow — A muscle which raises the arm and ‘aids in carrying it backward and forward (re- fer to page 5). C — Inrnasivatus — A muscle which rotates the arm laterally (refer to page 15). D — Tents Miwon — A muscle which abducts the humerus and rotates it outward (refer to page 25). E — Teres Mayor -~ A muscle which adducts, extends ‘and rotates the arm medially (refer to page 15). F — Triceps Bracim — A muscle which extends the arm and forearm (refer to page 15) G — Larissimvs Donst — A muscle which draws the arm downward and backward and rotates it (refer to page 10). H — Exrerwat, Onuique — A muscle which compresses the abdomen (refer to page 5). 1 — Giureus Mepiws — A muscle which rotates, ab- ducts and extends the thigh (refer to page 5). J — Gurreus Maximus — A muscle which extends, abducts and rotates the thigh (refer to page 8).ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 53Page 54 ARTISTIC ANATOMY ‘Muscits oF THE Back ~~ Trarezius — A muscle which draws the head hackward and sidewise and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5). B ~ Detrow — A muscle which raises the arm and ‘aids in carrying it backward and forward (re- fer to page 5) © Iserasrixatus -- A muscle whieh rotates the arm laterally (refer to page 15). D Terns Mivow - A muscle which abducts. the humerus and rotates it outward (refer to page 25) FE. — ‘Teres Mason —~ A muscle which adducts, extends ‘and rotates the arm medially (refer to page 15). F ~ Rnomnom Muscirs — Two muscles which pull hack and elevate the scapula (refer to page 26). G -- Tricers Buacim A muscle which extends the arm and forearm (refer to pages 7 and 13). H— Larissimus Donst — A muscle which draws the arm downward and backward and rotates it (refer to page 10) I — Exrernat Ostigue — A muscle which compresses the abdomen (refer to page 5). J — Guureus Mepius -- A muscle which rotates, ab- ducts and extends the thigh (refer to page 5). K — Guurevos Maximus — A muscle which extends, abducts and rotates the thigh (refer to page 8)ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 54Page 55 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Musctes oF THE Back A — Trapezius -- A muscle which draws the head backward and sidewise and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5). B — Detrow — A muscle which raises the arm and ‘aids in carrying it backward and forward (re- fer to page 5). G — Ierasprsatus — A muscle which rotates the arm laterally (refer to page 15). D — Teres Mixon — A muscle which abducts the humerus and rotates it outward (refer to page 25) FE Terres Maron — A muscle which adducts, extends and rotates the arm medially (refer to page 15) F — Ruomnor Muscies — Two muscles which pull ack and clevate the scapula (refer to page 26). — Larissimus Dorst — A muscle which draws the arm downward and backward and rotates it (refer to page 10). TW — Exrenvat. Ontigue — A muscle which compresses the abdomen (refer to page 5). J — Guureus Mepis --- A muscle which rotates, ab: ducts and extends the thigh (refer to page 5). J. ~~ Guureus Maximus -~ A muscle which extends, ab ducts and rotates the thigh (refer to page 8) Texson Fascrar LATE — A muscle which tenses the thigh (refer to page 5).Plate 55, ARTISTIC ANATOMYPage 56 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Mosctes oF THE ARM, Foreanw ano TRUNK, (Back View) A — Biceps Brac — A muscle which flexes, supin- ates and adducts the arm (refer to page 5). B— Bractiauis Awrices — A muscle which flexes the forearm (refer to page 7). C — Proxator Rani Texts —- A muscle which pro: nates the hand (refer to page 23). D — Frexon Capt UtNanis ~~ A muscle which flexes and adducts the wrist (refer to page 13). E_ — Firxons oF TH Havp — Muscles which flex the ingers (refer to page 37) F — Patani Loncus --- A muscle which stretches the palm (refer to page 16). G — Fuexon Caner Rapiatis — A muscle which flexes the wrist (refer to page 16). H — Compuexus — A muscle which pulls hack and rotates the head (refer to page 50). 1 — Trarezivs — A muscle which draws the head hackward and sidewise and rotates the scapula (refer to page 5) J — Iyrnasrinatus — A muscle which rotates the arm Taterally (refer to page 15) K — Tenes Mixon — A- muscle which abducts the humerus and rotates it outward (refer to_ps 25). L. — Terres Mason ~ A musele which adducts, extends and roiates the arm medially (refer to page 15). M = Detrom =. Am aids in carrying fer to page 5) N — Larissistis Dowst A. musele which draws the arm downward and backward and rotates it (refer to page 10). Je which raises the arm and it backward and forward (re: © — Tracers Bracit A muscle which extends the arm and forearm (refer to pages 7 and 13) P~ Fxvenval, Ontuguiz — A muscle which compresses the abdomen (refer to page 5). Q — Guvreus Mepis — A muscle which rotates, aby ducts and extends the thigh (refer to page 5). R — Extensor Caxrt Raniauis Loxcior — A. muscle which extends the wrist (refer to pages 5 and 13) 5S — Ancoxgus — A muscle which extends the forearm (refer to page 7). T — Groreus Maximus — A muscle which extends ducts and rotates the thigh outward (ret page 8). U — Extensor Caner Utwants — A muscle which ex- tends and abducts the wrist (refer to page 13) V — Extensor Communts Dicitonum — A muscle which extends the fingers (refer to page 7). ab- toARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 56Page 57 ARTISTIC ANATOMY MisceLtanzous Virws A — Scapura — Back View B — Scapura — Side View C — Scapura — Inner View Called the shoulder blade; it can be clearly seen as a large flat triangular bone. The scap- ula together with the clavicles connecting the farms with the trunk are sometimes called the shoulder girdle, just as the bones making up the pelvic ring form the pelvic girdle. The shoulder girdle is important in giving freedom of movement to the arm D — Srenxum — The breastbone shown from the front E_ — Srenwum — The breastbone shown from the side. ‘The female sternum is shorter than that of the male (refer to page 3). F — Craviene — Shown from above G — Cuavicie — Side view H — Giavicie — Shown from below Os Cates — The heel bone is the largest of the hones in the foot, and is situated at the lower and back part of the foot. This hone serves to transfer the weight of the body to the ground (top view and side views shown). Meratansat, Bonrs ~~ Consist of five long hones ‘which join the phalanges in the front part of the foot. PHALANGES oF THE FooT — Consist of 14 hones, the very foremost extremities having expanded surfaces for support of the nails and pulp of the toes. PLANTAR APONEUKOSIS: the sole of the foot. Dense fibrous tissue on Anpucror Mixim Dict: — A muscle between the undersurface of the heelbone and the little toe which bends the litle toc inward. N — Fiexon Brevis Dictronum -— A muscle between the heel hone and the little toes which bends the litle toes. © — Appuctor Har.ucis — A muscle between the heel hone and the great toe which bends the great toe. The collarbones form the front part of the shoulder girdle and are placed horizontally at the upper part of the chest. Each presents a double curve flattened from above downward and is situated immediately above the first rib (refer to pages 3, 6, 13, and 23). P — Fiexor Brevis Mixa Diciti — A muscle be- ‘tween ofthe fifth metatarsal hone and the phalanx. ttle toe which lends the litle toe. Q — Fuexon Brevis Hattvers — A muscle origin in the undersurface of the into the great toe, its action being to’ hend the reat toe. R — Raps — The bone of the forearm shown at its lower portion (refer to pages 4 and 7). S — Una — The bone of the forearm shown at its Tower portion (refer to pages 4-and 7). T — Canrat, Bones —- These are eight bones placed in ‘two rows which comprise the wrist. U — Metacanpat, Boxes — These are five bones be tween the carpal bones and the phalanges. V — Puarances oF tHe Haxp — These are the finger hones of which there are fourteen in number, three to each finger and two to the thumb. W — Back View or tie Hann, X — Inner View of THe Hanp (Pata).ARTISTIC ANATOMY Plate 57Page 58-a ARTISTIC ANATOMY GLOSSARY EXPLANATIONS OF ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS AND LOCATIONS anterior in front posterior Iichind, in back internal inside external outside inferior lower superior upper Iateral to the side medial middle median line (midline) the renter Tine of the body and the center Tines of the extremities ANATOMICAL MOVEMENTS abduct to draw or bend away from m adduct to draw or hend toward the midline elevate to lift up extend to unbend evert to turn oF twist about depress to lower flex to bend pronate to turn face down to turn face up rotate to twist oF revolve PRONUNCIATION AND COMMON MEANING OF MEDICAL TERMS: Bones Term Pronunciation Meaning acromion ak-ro'-me-on. tip of shoulder carpal kar’-pal wrist cervical ser'vikeal pertaining to the neck clavicle Klav‘il coceygeal kok coeeyx ok -siks cuckoo (resembling the bill) tail bone condyle kon’-dil knuckle coracoid process Kor'-ak-oi hheak-shaped process of the seapula ccoranoid process koro crown-shaped or crow-shaped femur femur thigh hone fibula fily-ielah hruckle frontal front’-al in front, helonging to the forchead humerus y-mer-us hone of upper arm hyoid hv-oid ushaped hone i-ecum flank, hip iske-um hip. bone upon which the body rests in ting, lumbar lumbar pertaining to the loins malar ma‘lar cheek mandible rmar’-dibe lower jaw mastoi mastoid breast-shapedARTISTIC ANATOMY Page 58-b GLOSSARY — (Continued) Term Pronunciation Meaning metacarpal met-ah-kar-pal beyond the wrist metatarsal rmet-ah-tar’-sal beyond the instep nasal na-zal nose occipital ok-sip’it-al back part of skull olecranon process o-lek’-ran-on. process of ulna at elbow os caleis os kal’sis hheel bone parictal wall patella shallow dish, knee pan pelvis b phalanges Tine of soldiers pubis pubic bone radius spoke or ray of wheel ramus ramus branch sacral sa-kral pertaining to the sacrum sacrum sa’-krum holy bone, sacred scapula skap’i-lah spade, shoulder blade sternum ster-num breast bone temporal tem’ por-al temple, time thoracie tho-ras‘ik pertaining to or situated in the chest or thorax tibia tilv-e-ah shin bone, fute trochanter of femur tro-kanter of the femur wheel of pulley ulna ultnah cubit zygomatic 2-go-mat’ik pertaining to the check bone Muscles Term Pronunciation Meaning abductor ‘i ‘ab-duk’stor min’-imi dig’ leader away of little fingers adductor hallucis ad-duk’tor hallu’cis, ender of the great toe adductor longus aad-duk’tor long’-us long muscle which brings thigh wo mid adductor magnus ad-duk’tor mag’-nus Tange muscle which brings high to mid anconeus ang:ko-ne-us pertaining to the elbow auricular pertaining to the ear biceps brachi double-headed muscle of the arm biceps femori hit-seps fe-mor'-is double-headed muscle of the thigh Dicipital fascia sip’ital fash’. insertion band of the biceps muscles brachial pertaining to the front of the arm bracki from arm to the radius bu trumpeter complexus complex coracobrachilis from coracoid (beak-like) process of scapula to brachium or arm deltoid deltoid delta or triangular-shaped depressor labii inferioris de-pres“or la’-bi in-fe-re-or-is depressor of lower lipsPage 59-0 Term extensor carpi radialis longior extensor carpi radialis brevior extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor communis digitorum extensor longus digitorum external oblique flexor brevis digitorum flexor brevis hallucis Flexor brevis minimi digi flexor carpi radialis flexor carpi ulnaris frontalis gastrocnemius gluteus maximus luteus medius luteus minimus gracilis iliotibial hand infraspinatus internal oblique latissimus dorsi levator lab levator ment levator scapulae mammary glands masceter naselis cccipitalis amohyoid superiors orbicularis oculi patellar ligament pectineus pectoralis major pectoralis minor peroneus brevis peroneus longus plantar aponeurosis| platysma posterior annular ligament procerus pronator ronator radii teres ARTISTIC ANATOMY OSSARY— (Continued) Pronunciation cksten(-or karpi rade-alis Io rkstoneor kar’-pi raulo.a’clis brev" cketonsor karpi ul ekstens’or kom is dij ckstensor long’-us dij-ito-rum eternal abt fleks'or brevis dij-it-o-rum floks‘or brevis hal fleks‘sor brevis mi fleksor karpi ra-de-ois floks’or kar’ pi ub-na’-ris fron-talis as-rok-ne!-mos loo'te-us maks-im-us lo0-te-us me loots min’-im-us serasikin o-tibf-eal in-tor’nal oblek’ lat-isimus dorsi Ieeva’-tor la-be Teeva'-tor meni Tevatstor seap'-T-lay ster naval’ ok-siprit-a’dis onmo-hi-oid or-biked-la’sris of/@li or-bik: pal-ma’-ris longus patel-ar lig’am-ent pek-tin-e-us pek-tor-a’lis ma’-jor pek-tor-a’lis minor plantar ap-o-nd plat-ia/-mah pos-te’-re-or an‘t-lar ligament pro-se-rus pro-ne‘stor lor rade tere Meanings Jong extender of the wrist short extender of the wrist extender of wrist on ulnar side common extender of fingers Tong extender of fingers slanting outside ahdominal muscle short hender of fingers short bender of great toe short bender of little finger forearm muscle that bends wrist forearm muscle on ulnar sode that bends ‘wrist of the forchead frog's belly largest muscle of buttock riddle muscle of buttock lesser muscle of buttock slender, delicate and between ilium and ti below spine of scapula slanting internal muscle of the abdomen broadest muscle of back lifter of upper lip muscle which lifts skin of chin lifter of shoulder blades pertaining to the breast chewer pertaining. to the nose hase of head pertaining to both scapula and hyoid (shaped) hone circular muscle of eye circular muscle of mouth Tong musele of palm pertaining to kneecap ligament pertaining to attachment on public bone pertaining to greater muscle of breast pertaining to amaller muscle of breast short muscle arising from fibula Tong muscle arising from fibula fibrous membrane on sole of foot broad, expanded lingsike ligament surrounding back of ist and ankle * stretched out, long placing in prone position pronator of forearm and handARTISTIC ANATOMY Page 59-b GLOSSARY — (Continued) Term Pronunciation Meaning psoas iliacus so'-as ib’ak-us pertaining to flank and loin rectus abdominis rek’tus abrdo rectus femoris rek’-tus fem straight muscle of the thigh thomboideus ror-boid’e-us quadrilateral sartorius tailor’s muscle, used in crossing legs scalenus semimembranosus semitendinosus irregular, triangular, uneven half membranous half tendinous serratus magnus sera/-tus mag-nus large saw-toothed soleus so-le-us pertaining to the sole splenius sple’sne-us handage-shaped sternocleidomastoid ster-no-klisdo-mas’toid attaching to sternum, clavicle and mastoid hones sternohyoid pertaining to sternum and hyoid (u-shaped bone) pertaining to sternum and thyroid (ie. shicldlike) subscapularis sub-skap- eneath the scapula temporal fascia ppo-ral fash’-e-ah pertaining to fibrous membrane of the side of the head sternothyroid temporalis, tom-porra’is temple tendon of Achilles ten‘don of akeil-éx tendon where the Greek hero, Achilles, ‘was vulnerable (from Greek myth: ology) tendon of triceps ten’-don of tri-seps tendon of three-headed muscle tensor fasciae latae ten’sor fash’-e-ay la-tay broad band, holder or tightener teres major t-rex ma’-jor larger round muscle teres minor te’sree minor aller round muscle tibialis anticus tilve-a’is an’-ti-kus front of tibia transversalis abdominis trans-ver-sal’-is ab-dom’ muscle of the abdomen running trans versely triangularis tricang.gila-ris triangular musele trapezius tra-pe-re-us table-shaped triceps brachii tri-seps bra’ki three-headed muscle of the arm vastus intermedius vastus in-ter-me’-di-us big muscle between vastus medius and vastus lateralis vastus lateralis vastus lateralis, hig muscle outside vastus medius vastus mé-di-us big muscle inside