2

2.1 -
,

. , (. 2.1).
, ,

. ( ).

2.1:
( )

. 2.2
7
, (,).

1.2:

2.2
, , .
.
.
,
,
, D, , R, .
/

.
D R r
, ( 2.3).
=R .
:
R
=
(2.1)
r

2.3:

, .
206.265 , (arc sec, ), (2.1)
:
R
= 206.265' '
(2.2)
r
,
.
= 16
= 15 .
, ( 2.4). -

.
.
4,5
13, 2,3.

2.4:

, (2.1) & (2.2)

,
.
. Betelgeuse, ( , Ori),
, (0,055),
0,007.

2.3

,
.
,
. , Ox, Oy,
.
Oxy .
. ,

, .


.

2.4 -


.
, (. 2.5).

.
'
Greenwich, G',
.
G'T' '.
G''
Greenwich, , , geographic
longitude, . G'
0 180 0h 12h,
Greenwich Greenwich.
'
,
geographic latitude.
(0 +90)
(0 -90) .

10

 &

.2.5 :
.2.5 :

, ,

. (
) ( ) ,
, ( 2.5
), .
. :

.

2.5
()
(). ,
,
, (. 2.6). ,

.

. 2.6:

(
).

11

 ' ,
, .
, -
.
.
: (), (),
() (), (. 2.6).
.

.
, .
2.6

, , ,
, (. 2.7).
.
, azimuth, , ,
altitude. 0 360
, .
, , 0
90, (+) (-) .
(z)
z = 90-.

.

. 2.7:

2.7
'
, (. 2.7 & 2.8).
.
, hour angle,
0 360 0
24 .

12

 , declination,
0 90
(+), (-) , .
, , P, polar
distance, : = 90-.

.

,
. .
, ,
.

. 2.8: &

,
,
, (
).

2.8 ,

,
.
, (. 2.9).

,
. ()
:
,
,
,

180->90->
90-<
90->180-

13

 =90-, ( ),
180-=90-, .

. 2.9:

2.9

,
. (2.10)
(=0),
(=90) (<0), .
.
,
.

. .
, >0 < 0 .

. 2.10:

2.10

,
, , (. 2.9).
=0 =12h, .
,
, .
14

 2.9
,
. ,
, .
()
, :
=z

(2.3)

, +,
, ,
.
, , , , ,
, , :
=()(+)

(2.4)

, ,
.
2.11
,
, .

1 .
, (. 2.11),
1 2
1 2.


.
=2327' . '
, ,
', ,
.
'
.
( 21 , = 0),
'
( 22 = 0).

. 2.11:

15

 ' , ',
. (
21 = +2327'), '
( 22 = 2327').

8
.
(, , , , , , ,
, , , , ), ( & 2.12).

& 2.12:

2.12
' '
(4) ,
(. 2.13). ,
, ( ),

.
. (2.13) ()
() .
,
,

.

. 2.13:

16

2.13
,
'
, .
, ( 2.14).

2.14: &

( )

, right ascession,

0h 24h 0 360. ,
declination, .


.

2.14
, ''
,'
, (. 2.8).
. , ecliptic longitude,

0 360. , ecliptic latitude,
'
0 90,
.
(, )
,
, .
(,)

. , , ,

.

17

 ,
,
, ( ).

2.15
'
QCQ' (. 2.15). Q, Q'
:
Q.: Q = 12h 46m,6
Q = +27o 40',2
Q': Q' = 0h 46m,6
Q = -27o 40',2
:
C : c = 17h 39m,3, c = -28o54'

QC : QC = 123o = 62 19',8.
, , , (. 2.15), :
= 18h,8, = 6h,8.

. 2.15:

C1 1.
C1 , l,
C - - 0
360.
1 , b,
Q, Q' 1
0 90, Q
Q'.
2.16
,
,
,
.

<180.
18

.2.16:

(2.16).
.
, ,
, , , (. 2.17).

. 2.17:
:
cos = coscos + sinsincos

:
sin sin sin
=
=
sin A sin B sin

(2.5)

(2.6)

4 :
coscos = sincot - sincot

(2.7)

5 :
sincos = cossin - sincoscos

(2.8)

19


2.17
, .

,
. ,

.
, ,
.
- (
- , ).
, RI R
, (. 2.18).

. 2.18:

:
= ( RI-R)/R

= 1/297

(2.9)

R =6378 Km
R = 6357 Km, .
e : e =[1-(R/R)2].
(,) (. 2.18)
,
. ,

. , ,
, , ,
.
=,
.

. 2.18,
.
: =-.

20


. *
, , :
= 2(1- 2) + ... ( )

(2.10)

, 0,0034, ( = e2/2-e2).
, 2/(R)2 + 2/(R)2 = 1,
= (,)
:
2 = (R)4/[(R)2 + (R)22]
(2.11)
2 = (R)4 2/[(R)2 + (R)22]
=R, : R2=2+2
(2.11) :
R2 = {(R)42 + (R)42}/{(R)22 + (R)22}
= (R)2{2(1-)42}/{2(1-)22}

R ,
, :
R/R = [1-/2+(5/16)2]
+(/2)2 - (5/16)24
+... ( )

(2.12)

2 ,
.

*
:
= / = (/).(RI /R)2
: = .(RI /R)2
:
(-) = (1- e2)
:
=(e22)/2(1-e22)

= 2/(1+ 2)
(2.12)
e2/(2-e2), ( e,
RI R 0,0034 .
, (2.12) Taylor :
= 2(1- 2) + .

21

-
2.18.1
,,
.
,
,
( 2.19).
.
,
,
.
,

. ,
,
. O1F,
( -).
1 ,
. 1
, .
,

.
,
.
,
. 1.

2.19

O1F.
OF1 OF2 ,
O1F , : OF1 ,OF2 O1F.

22

 OF1 , ,
. ,
. ,
, ,
( ). ,
dt, Pxdt 1
2 . , 2 .
.

260 ( 25.800 ).
, .
.
.
,
,
.
, .
6 . ,

18,6 .
.
-
, ,
50".,3/. ,
50".,3, , .
50"., 3=46,"1 .
2/3 1/3 ,
.

.
. .

,
.

23

2.18.2


.
.
,
, .

2.20

4 , (
& ) ( & ). 2
1 , .
, (. 2.20).
, 6

18,6 ,
18,6 .

2.18.3
,
.

.

0.,"13/.

0,"3/.
.

0.,"13/.
.

2.18.4
2.21
.

24

 2.21:

, 2.22 ,
3.000 .. 14.000 .. ,
.

2.22:
3.000 ..
14.000 ..

25


.
.
,
.

.
,
.
,
.

2.19.1
, t,
.
t =

(2.13)

, :
t = +

(2.14)

, 12h.

=
+ 12h

(2.15)

2.19.2


.
(
) (
).

,
( ).

,
, 50",3
.
0,008
sec . ,
.
. ,
( ' )
1 ,

26

( ) 4 (1 4 )
.
4
.

.
,
,
.

.

2.19.3
,
.

' . '

,
.


' 12h.

=
+ 12h

(2.16)

.

( ).

2.19.4

. :
=
-
=
-

(2.17)

+16m -14m 4 , (. 2.23).

. 2.23

27

2.19.5


24 , (. 2.24). 15 (360:24).

Greenwich 7,5 .
11 11 ( 7,5 22,5
...) Greenwich ,
. (Universal Time U.T.)
Greenwich (MG), U.T. = MG.

2.24:

2.19.6

.

(.. , ... ).
.. :
1 2 Greenwich
, .


.
U.. G = MK +

(2.18)

>0 Greenwich <0 . (

= -2h).
.

.

28

2.19.7 -
(.. ), (2.18) :
U.. G = MT +

(2.19)

. > 0 Greenwich < 0
Greenwich. :
XG = XT +

(2.20)

, Greenwich, XG,
, .
: Greenwich :
Greenwich : .

2.25:

2.19.8 Greenwich
Greenwich to
Greenwich, 0h0m0S,
Greenwich. to
. tG Greenwich, to,
MG :
t G = t 0 + 366
365 M G

(2.21)

( 2.15.10).

2.19.9
,
. , ,
quartz.
quartz.
.

.

29

 (ephemeris time)
.
.
,
(
)
.

2.19.10

,
' .
,
, .
, , : ,
, . 27
.

(')
, ,
.
,

. -29,53 -
.
,
,
. ,
. ,
, ,
, .
50,3''/
12 ,
.
:
365,2564
365,2422
365,2596
366,2422 ,
()
(t) :
M 365.2422
=
t 366.2422

(2.22)

,
, .

30

 .
. ,
, .
.

2.19.11
, , , (Julian date).
1 4.713 ..
,
, (Hel. JD).
.

2.20
2.20.1 -
( )
. (2.26)

& - & .
, , (360-)
,
. , (180-)
,
. .

2.26: &

31

 z=90,
, :
90 =(90 -)(90 -)+(90 -)(90 -)
:
=-

(2.23)

(
) .
(1.30), 180 12
.
(90-) , :
(90 -) =(90 -)90 +(90 -)90 (180 -)
:
=-(/)

(2.24)

( )
. (2.24),
180 .


, :
, ,
.
(2.23) & (2.24), :
|/|<1

||<1

(2.25)

: 180->90->,
.
.

2.20.2

(2.23) & (2.24) ()

,
.
,
-2327' +2327'
. :
21

=0. (2.24)
(


) (


) ,
:

=270

=90

32

 21
.
,
(2.24) :
180<
<270

90<
<180

, ( >0).
21 ,
, (
=2327')

:
=-/
21

, 22 ,
' .

, .
22
,
(
=-2327').
21 .

, (>0),
( 21 22
)
( ). ,
12 ,
.
- 12
. -
22 , . -
.

.

33