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    Joanne Rappaport-The Politics of Memory_ Native Historical Interpretation in the Colombian Andes (Cambridge Latin American Studies)-Cambridge University Press (1990)

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    281 views120 pages

    Joanne Rappaport-The Politics of Memory - Native Historical Interpretation in The Colombian Andes (Cambridge Latin American Studies) - Cambridge University Press (1990)

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    Santiago Robledo
    joanne rappaport

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    of 120
    186. 100446 2 peedy BocIoLnaIA FL “0c Tare BONJ-CGE For at oft aks te on ambit Lt i St THE POLITICS OF MEMORY [Native bitorial iterprecation in the Colebian Auer JOANNE RAPPAPORT ty of Marta Cy 55883 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Conbite Nee Yee Pot nr arse ey BIBLIOTECA SAN JOAQUIN ‘SIBTEMA DE BIBOTECAS PONTIFICIA U.C. DE CHILE Pla Pow Seine be ty of Caner The Fi Beg, Tengen St "Cambnige ce ve Shon Rods Onis Mature 16 Anta © Candee Uno Pas tae Prin retain by te Univer Pe, Cambie Beith bro catalagig in pbc dete hpi ye ate [ ery fC lg obi Ragagas, Jae. The ples of mor: nate rl mpeaon inheCooabin Ante ace Happs hii |: Pie Indies ay, Tans of Seth Ameria ~ Calbia ~ Cay "apts The WWis'scoys8h eto. B96 coe IN MEMORY HELEN RAPPAPORT AND, JOSEPH B.CASAGRANDE, When Rabli Baer was fve yeus old, 2 fie broke out in is father’s house, Hearing his mother grieve ad cry about this, Ie asked her: * Mothes, do we have to beso unhappy because we have lost a house?™ “Tam 20e pievig for the house,” she said “but for ove family tee which barmed wp. Ie began with Rabbi Yolaoa, the sandaloaker, the mast inthe Talmud.” ‘And what does that matert” exclaimed the boy. “1 shall get you a new family ere which begine with mel” ‘bes, Tale of te Hedin Ou Contents Lite of trations Pry Twodoction:incerpretiog che past, Pare ‘The creation of a chietly “The tive of the eolonil carige The bith of the myth: Don Joan Taras y Calabi “The chiefdom tansformed: the nincecath-censuy Pace From sharecroppet 10 caw: Manel Quintin Lame are It ‘Contemporary historical voices “The cigs reborn: the vwentieth-eentary Phex Julio Nigunas, x conemporay Piez historian CConclssion: naritive and image in textual commanity Litt of referee In 9 up var 19 199 ig 8 a Illustrations The village of Taga A fel ia Togoima abildo members ftom the rgjerd of Quichays Atay om Sa Joe Oras Of Queha Manse! Quinta Lame Precohumbisn suake mot Chumbpe a Mra ‘Masieins from San Joss (Cross a8 Boundary makers ‘The Pes within thee broader geographic context ‘Topographic wap of the Colombian Cental Cores General map of the Pies aren Precohumbi cava of Tctradentro Colonia Paes eaveeggor ‘Ninetenth-ceatey Colombia: polite divisions Socred geogeaphy of Tieradentro Genealogies of the new carpe! Genealogies of minor racine Per house Per con of arms sey oe 9 Preface “This book wil sce the sore vision ofthe Pies ofthe highlands Of Caven, Colombia over threr centuries. Ta hy [ examine the polities, soe! aad econo forces, bath itera! tothe Pace and hove ariginating inthe dominant scit, that have impinged! upon fntvethoaght, casing age-old symbole to be deployed new ways {nd innovations to be estas historical. This proces of historical novation hts served as an ideological means of rexiting etbnocide ‘My analy « product ofthe tes in which Team to know the Diez, an ein which they wee under stack fom landowers and tony, accuted of polities! ybverson because they had organized themectves a Indians. Living with the Pier from 1978 10-1920, ‘hata with them thee fear of the soldiers who were oesopying thelr teeter, | Istened to ther thoughts on the past, and on how their history might help chem to survive the pretent Osiginly, 1 meant to sod) theit socion of sacred space, but quickly came to feat tat Pex cosmology was inextscably hour up in cistance facies, and thus eoald aot be sued in solo. My fine atteupr at analyzing the information 1 collected from typ to 1980 in Terrdentzo, Cauca, wis a dsertaion (Rappaport tod) that focued heavily on the comtemporary Plez tnd the colonial ote of hel histoical vision. Since then, a wocked with eeiheceatary historical matedals, 1 begin to realize thit Traditional Andean scholanhip war Aawed in is insistence upon ‘aural contineity from precolumbina umes to ehe present as an ‘rample ofthe persistence of enconscious structures tthe minds of Hndetn peoples I escovesed tht the nineteenth cooesy, equenty neglected by anthropologist, was key to an understanding of Contemporny al ction, On the one hand, fit a this peviod et the conscins reapproprition ofthe past is most cleely manifest ia the tctivies of indigenous policans. On the other handy the hineeenti-century reinvention of tdition is not so much the ai Prijo persiteace of mental srucare, #8 respplcation of older models Toque distinct socal ercumsanees. In shor, rbecime evident hat 4 deraled analysis of contemporaey orl tradition would have 0 be historical infocus. As I came to this tellation, my ethnographic ita became lesa centsl focus of nase than a means of cultoraly anchoring myself in te Pex historical experience that permined me, 28 ic were, 10 view my hstrial maevas "from the inside.” Ths book, then is noe so much an ethnography, 8 an ethnographic nfrted intellectual bistory of dhe Paes Firse, I would like to thank the Tastituto Colombisno de Anwopologia (CAN) and ite dzector in 979, Alvato Soto Holgain, for tating me permission to condactsthnographie search ia Colombia, by waiving thes-eisting rections on foreign anthro pologiea’setestch. De. Soto. and Inter directors of ICAN, Dis. Alberto Rivers, Ivin Porads nnd Roberto Pineds Girldo, fraciusly opened che resources ofthe Instituto to me. 1 would also like to thane the Fondacisn de Ineerigacioner Arquealigict [Nacionales (Banco de it Republica) and the Universidad del Canes for agreeing ro fond my teestch, ta time wihen North American foundations baited to suppor ethaographie investigation in Colombia, Inthe summer of 198, afte restrictions on the activities fof foreign satwopologsts had beea ited, my schival and bibliographic research was supported by 4 grantin-aid from the WeanerGren Foundation for Authopological Research and = faculty sommer rexetach fellowship frm the University of Maryland Behimore Couasy for which Tam graf Taleo wish to acknowledge che callaboration of the ditcetors of the various archives and Lbreies in which I condcted historic research in Colombi and in Ecuador, nludig the Archivo de le ‘Reademia Colombiana de Historie, she Archivo Cental del Cae the Archivo Fondaciin Colombya Neste, che Archivo Histxico de “Tidenco, the Atciva del Inateta Colombiana de le Reforma Agra, she Archivo Jin y Catmado, the Archivo Nacional de Colombia, the Archivo Nacional de Histor, the Archivo Provincia Franehcant de Santalé, the Archivo Provineal de los Paces ‘Vieesinos de Colombia, sh Biblioweca Luis Aagel Arango, and the Uibliotra, Necioaal de Colombia, In all of these repositories, slirectors and self went out of their way to alert me to important Imatesas, making the historical poction of my. cesearch doch Productive and enjoyable, Documents fem the Archivo General de Indie were consuleed fiom a micrflin collection compiled by Prafce aT Joseph B, Casagrande, with the suppor of the Nascea Science Foundation Taso received ext support fom lel people while nthe folds I would spect ike to shal he Pofecrce Apostlio de eceadnto wd onignoce Enrique Vallejo sod Geen Gate the Tlermasas Mionetse de lu Madre Lnore of Callers and ‘leony pul Palomin ad Fe. forge Bsa fo hei soppore ‘Two Crlombion ntbropolopy student, Sots Botero and Gustavo “Antonio Lepr, sly served sey austere daring arouses oie esearch In colombin, I meta cre of sethropologi, historians and poll acts with whom Isard intrest, beh with regard to The Pues and cthochory 1 genea. Although Teun the isk of forgetting some of them, I thank Segundo Bea, Victor Dail Boni Ana Masa Fale, Matis Tere Fndji, Ximene Pachén, Roberto Peli Camacho, Clemencin Phra, Gerardo. Reichs Dalinatof, Keleen Romol, Cals Albeno Use, Mase Viera Uribe and Lats Galen Vasco fr sharing hous of convertion tod aaa wth me ins Norh mess,» uber of individuals served 18 teacher, colleagues aod sostding-boarde st diferent stages of the de. elope of the ens inthis book. They ince Caberne Alen, uth Behar, Gonslo Cano, David Wiis Caen, Dvd Esl, Donald Lubrapy Ricard Pre, Prank Salomon, Jack Sinnigen Michiel Tsun R Tom Zeidena My sen anks th 69 Sete ad nome yuna as Galheine LeGrand, Sum Ort, Deborah Poste aad Linda Stligennn, I would pci ike eo. tank Wendy ube of Cambedge University Pres for her calboraion ta turing my tvanurepe into & book ‘Genz Cust ren edtor of Quinta Lame’ ete aed stor ofthe Intodaclon tothe 1971 ton of Lat pes, frucouly gested me permisson t0 quow extensively from de Tale Peimucer contibused dhe maps aed lasations in thie woe MY father, Iving Rappaport, provided coast support and novation fiom he very bia of the projet “Ths book is dedicated to the memory of fo people who would Je taken plese sting he completed book but did 09 909 iy Preface for me to share with them, Whout the support of my moth Helen Rappapar, and my distention director, Joseph B. Cas. grande, would never huve been posible, ‘Of all hose who contebuted in some vay t the final product, I must single ut the Paez of Caldera, Jamal, San Jo’, Toons fd Vitones, who shared with me thsi homes, thsi tne, thee eas, ther hopes for che fure and their huowledge ofthe past. 1 hope that, once taoshted into an appropriate medium and langeag, ‘ny analysis nigh become sn erm inthe srg fe astonorny ad ignity. My immense gratitde goes to these men and women, FOO! nd daughters of the Stas 1 Introduction : intexpreting the past In Les fmrses del Mata Grand, Gabel Garcia Manguez detares that he must tell his story "befor the hisonans bave time to five.” But in realy, the hstorane ardived long go, ea the rovelit is righting the wrongs of Colombian historiography by fiving hi and breath o long-forgotten incidents whick should have een atthe cener of the Colombian historic! conseusaess, bue ‘were mite by historine, Throughout the Americas indigenous peoples ave working toward thee snne end, revaldating, ei own Fiseaseal koowledge van arm agin thet subordinate postion ia ocery. For them histor} let soute of knowledge of how they were fist subjugated tad of information about cei legl rights the Hegionings of 8 ew definition of themselves 28 « people, # model tom which to base new national structuses (Bare 1983)" For them fat for Gavels Marquee, Westen historiography Is severed the Indias from their pst by aegletiag to mention chem except at ‘utc beings ora svages, Westen storiogeaphy thus astifes the European invasion. Neverthcess, fiom the perspective of aboriginal peoples the wigs of historians are more legendary than accurate (Qankat i981" 97-8). Baropean myths of the Americas have fecved as fle for dominating Native Americans by denying them fecss toa hncwledge of their owa past so necessary fr organizing’ inthe presca, Ta the words of one aative weiter: "The whites block four road cowstd the fare by blocking, ovr toed to the pus” (Waskar 198: #79). “This Boek wll race the process by which the Paez of soutera highland Colombia ave validated their histone vision since the Cgheensh cenrory by defining, sting, ceformulatig and acting “por theie own notion oftheir pice in the historical proces. 1 will treminethele proese of hostel definition, highlighting selected pevods in which native bistocins elaborated their past im x frm 2 The poli of memory accesible wo us, an tracing the comtinstis in naeatve themes that Tink Ite cwencieccereury storytellers othe colon counterpa ‘Aldwough Pee narrative exhibits else continaty from past to present, ii ao the produc of che historical conditions under ‘hich it was elaborsted. The historical consciousness ofthe people oF Terradentro is most clealy undestood when interpreted in Conjunction vith an anise of the changing elslonship of the borgioal population to the State, both the Spanish colonial state Gnd the modern Colombian aston. Since the advent of Europea fale Plex politcal action bas always aimed at defining ond empowering the group ia elaioa eo the dominant rocety, Paes history incorporates the memory ofthe varios jancsses at which the cammanity conftonted the Ceowa andthe State, Neverthe esther hives nor the State are the center of theee histocel [atetoas [astead the Pezhistonesl vision dlls upon indigenous. tectivities in the pase, documenting the sacesses at failares they fave encountered i their struggle to maintain themselves as 2 people. History ie a double-edged sword for the Pies. ‘The ‘ightentic and ely twenteth-eneary accounts availble tow te weten: chu, chey wese oxigilly aimed at literate non-ladian iudiences or at fulue generations of literate Indians, employing terry conventions to convey indigenous principles as well #812 empower the community. Neverihekss, much of theit argue tation uses Diez images, omkiag allusions to topographic ates aod iythologial occurrences whieh would only be understood by other Indians. Morsove, chey ate not organized chronologically. Tht, ia 4 tent, th examples we hve of Pac interpretations ofthe past ase, like theie Peewvan eounerpars, “chtonicles Of the impoosible,” indigenous anempes a imcegrating eis ow brand of hore ahd cosmologietl thought witia Werternsyle discourse, bot of which fe efaced ip the process becnuse they coatradct each “other ‘Salomon 1983) ‘The Pez lve onthe slopes of Colombia's Cental Corer inthe northester corner ofthe department of Case (Mae 89). Linked 15 the Colombian ation by commerce, eanaportaton, technology, swage iabor, teligion and poled proces ag well as by 8 common [istoriel experience, thei everyday lives ate also charged ‘with + history ofthis owa.* The wilages that dor the landscape (Pte 1) coanetted unsl recenly by brdlepsthe and today by coeds io Intrnction interpreting te att , ep 1 “Te ie witha Re broader gromphie eaeet ‘ he pois of emery Mp + Topogepic map af he Cloien Catal Cain ‘varying sites of distepie, were established in dhe seventeenth centory by Spanish authorter who hoped thereby to contol the Indians ot «source of labor and of tbute, the communis thertelves only came inc existence when the Diez were forced £0 Antrution: iterating the ast 5 Map Gene map he le ee sscend the Corie, wer having been upcooted ftom the warmer ‘alleys eo the east arcane La Pata, and after the Spanacds founded rev villages following the depopulation of conguest. The 62,000 people who today Mentify hemelver as Pécs do not lve in these Willges, but in dispersed homesteads fa dhe high mouatains, and se town centers only infrequently to atend festivals oF ‘ay tothe regional market centers of Svs ot Belles (Plate 3). ‘Most Pace are members of raguard,poliia a erica units that commavlly own lds granted them by the Crown in the cightenth century; individuals enjoy woulrct sights co paces, and 6 “The polite of manors Pte Theil of Te he seo Pater Casi y rae’ ison a ‘hey btwn oman ty rsa, Mo Ind dat vee tow ut apne houphow 6 vine Jou vic fova apy see eth ag Or eveseste titi Intadction: terprting te part 7 Pte yay neuro gta of Qo, Cali ete ty sy ofc he bed aly cee tects iy. ‘cannot sll thir lands to outsders. Although the Indians race « ‘connection between modern-day rugnardet and thet colonial foretac, in realty the insietion bas chenged considerably inthe ust soo pens The reipmrd's Ind base wis dined with the “apanion of great estates in the ineceeadh century, now ince Cclonization zoaes seed by mestizos and is smaller and wesker than its eighteeath-cntary” progenitor a 2 rexalt of posela- Alpendencelegistion that changed couse or abies, fot being, Independent polkiet authorities igo intermediaries between com taaices and the Seat (Plate 3) ‘ The polite of memory Pe 4 fh Sr ft San Jo me dente aig he ce wt of ‘he ret ns mares 2 open per har ‘swe “The Pie alive coeaanl manic, maze oF potatoes, depending upon the elevation at which they live, ranging from 1,600 10 3,500 meters above sen level. But cish eops tave abo been introduced, Including cafe tthe ttn of the century and hemp since the 19705 sind coca eukivaton his diminished 2s 2 rule of Colombia's ant caine policy, Dosing the nventeenth and eighteenth centuries, « futsal ayo of igre edt spent ine working on Spanish plntaions surrounding Popayéa, while i the snctecth ceatary, funy were absent from their communities exacting quiine fcr the forest forthe Colombien and intrrational markets. Today, they pesiodialysbundon their homes to engage in wage boron meaty Coles tnd apes Plantation, and some have no land st al, bot live ft tenant frmert on mestizoowned hacienda Although they no longer engage in the internecine warfare thet, hartctenised ssteenth-centry Plex chiefdoms, dhe Pie heseland ff Teeadentr hasbeen «sage fr violent confrontation sie then ‘The dominant Colomblan soley promotes 2 warlke image ofthe Plex, and outsiders seeking tschieve change ehrough vile meats have harnessed a presumed Pez ferocity over the yeas, fist ducing rtrd: inepoting the past ° the nineteenth cent civil war, lacer ia che wave of violence thet Sept the nation in the 19508 and most ecealy in the polical persecution that hes evt down over ico Indian leaders since cheesy tones Pat 4). "Tne Pies tration of sesitance finds its roe deep in dhe past “The people of Tiredentea have encoded thee history of gee in thei sacred! geography, so chat past mest presen inthe ver texan fn which chy ve, fat and walle Memory has bile upon memory, fonaecting events of the distin pash the more reeant past und the present in the topography oF Tieradento. Many contemporary [pala belong to one of « number of ernie eights orgeizetions teublished dosing the past cw decades to confront the dominant fociety heough land cline, the proclamation of shaceeroppers Fights he tenythening of eld sushority and the evitalnavion of fulture and language, Indian rights activists a fully conscious of fe lessons they must draw fro the memories of precolumbian tates with aborginl enemies, the itary resistance reir ancestors feet In response to the Spanish invasion of +472, the judicial tates chat established the reeds and tha assured tei eicence ‘antl eoday. OF all the fighters of yesteryear, thowe who oceapy the enter ofthe historial memory ae the eightcendh-cetary chit oF fetes, who cieated rages ane left Behind land tes. hele trample has been revived courtless times since their deaths, most proimtncady by nineteentvcentery Dex politica miltry leaders tho commanded Indian btalions inthe evil wars and by Manvel Quintin Lame, whose early ewenvcehcentory pancindian ongen- tation lay the si for today's etc demand. “The histoveal consciovsncis of the people of Tleerudenteo is fused on a mot lnk with the past that & operationalized ithe Incoress of achieving pola! goals in te preven. As We sal er, Piles history has ie own internal logic embodied in ine worn ter hat ae regenerated, century afte cenry, wo cnfioat new plicial conditions. In other words, the Paez historical vison can be Fehimatly studied as 2 symbole spate ixeroal o the community Bic thie i only hal he equntion: che moval history aseulated by conenporay Plez activist is operationalized at the oterace ofthe ftve commanity and the broader Colombian society, and. must ‘sess both internal and external ideological needs, Consequently, Pies hstovial conaciousnes must be exeined within the context of historical developmens: in ehe bronder society, including the ttaoaformation of polite system the changing nator of historical we The pale of memory evidence in the legal system and the history of Cotombian historiography. In otder to comprehend the internal logic of Pier history, tee, we must alo understand the history of Calera ‘To wha eat have aneropologts developed he analyte tots ceded to examine Pic biotic comsciosaee? Lets look a ow ‘chnohistorins have ded axtive hitorey 4 sk mow ably Sadetaken In rent yar by hora of Aten {Varina 19735 Nile 180; Caben 1) ed Afro: Ameren Pew) and whch is aloo cuhing co tong stents of Aan (Eragon 1999, ono toto) and Pace sociaee Harwood yy; Menphy nd Mowpy 19833 Berofsky 1987; Parmenter sgh) Stodents of indigenous cee ofthe Ameri have ends hie et made Upon chi Mestre essing. the wage of colonial and Snetecahceeary indigenovs tones (ther gb Sloman tolts Zvidema. 98s; Adorno sg) 0" contemporary Nave Ameria hori ierprettion (River phe; Fowler 199) ‘Mom of these sols gsee tae while non Wester hse are about the pasty they do ot gery kote eae evens om Sete or I er el Moy wot 462, these aecounts ae images of the pat and not om the pt ‘ciidoon by nibs of ou own Tine on whit mish be curred att nse of documenting "what realy ocured, they bring up megs of "wba should have happened” Many tines non Westen hintorisas employ mythic images ot metaphors 12 tepreset and expisin Hore creates aye shies equal overindow dhe events themaivey mating isl or ur to Ioeate them in die and in space Seales of cla memory techeiguesdemonttrate that shang images were reqenty aed a the Greco-Roman world at mnemone devies for vemetaberiag tnore commoapinereeens(Wacr1g) Buding wpe Capea Scholarship, Harwood (970) snd Mile (pe) sgges fa eb play a ania vole in non-wesern mh: fntsie trage are trnemonie devices for gensnting save sxc Histone als which would odervise remain increible ro the orl memary. Naive history ier most markedly om our own i thie narmive srr. A punt of ren ers ave sagged tat {hey cannot property beled “naruve,” sce hey at oquenty fot sled and are bit or epi taking form ging rah EEE EEE E eae CEES G EEE EEE GEE EEE EEE EEE EEEEEEEEEE [ Inaredetion: serprting te pat provers, 10 references 1a former howe ses to songs (Rosa Totes Pace 1985, Cohen pts, Allen (198) and Cohen (985) ainsi that histori is fot lodged in' sate cox, but in aa Ongoing procs of iterpretaion whee scons ae const ‘semble and reasembled Allon pocutes that thi procs {pow degree determined by sete norm ool (ad) Bode ‘ete ateives tobe difvte snd confsing to the son Andean, redo Beste Bey cannot be ubderttood st olted tex, but Taiyin cononcion witha whol range of ck, acadng tial Pilgage sad dance which clan, csborate upon sod prove keys {othe seneepretton of sete Many of thee acount are not chronological. ‘Theis cestore ypmapore time amen, omiting cate cxphonton, eflaing om Teag vente ta linear fem, oe Tang thr ore of ‘ronoloie me Tis does not mean tat ative Nolan have fo aovon of eavrton, neat oocon of hitoial proces ate ‘indestood by the arora lstener, pea eased by ther i another context and in diferent mode bat aot acemsy conveyed win the aration hele lal, mich of is sry ceded ia physical space, sed goqaphy does more than ety pow store vet: als ones the anne ia wich these fact are conceptunze, remembered and organic nto x {Enpon famewerk (larwond 1976; Remo 199) iE hire! bnowkdge bound the preset troagh it son Une expression in apace ed into, ths brout as pracesL tc Knowlsge ofthe part fndamenal compose of od Aloptes, pola presents and engument over nbetance! Is tio cent to efone at srengtheing. convo eny, Iinpennele inthe mairaneeof nitnomy i he fee oF Enrapenn dominion (Rou, ipo; Bice 1s; Cohen 1989 Lederman iit; owe 987). The non-native, non syzct e spiodc cute of the hitorkal viton fundamen Cteflness:exbity and ambigoy perm krowledge vo be wed in 1 atey of fn trees bread stay Of sacs Although tis usefil ro outline the general atsibotes of non Wester historical traditions, it is Hess productive to casi them in disinction to our own histones! canons. We commanly define historicity as embadied in chronological or near ananives, witha " The politic of memory accepting that these ae characteristics of the European theory of time, inextricably bound ap inthe proces of the European conquest (of the globe (Cohn ighi: 227=29). As an ourgeowth of these ‘Sreumetances we hive come 1 sceept ous wa temporal famewore as autual and gives, according second place othe historical schema (oF the conquered” Anthropologists have drawn upon classical studies in their evelopment of casifextory schemes, consequently de-empasaing the cultural, social and histoneal specicity of the Earoamerican Iisorielwition. This played out par exile in typologies Cat Jabel ou own construction of the pam “histor,” while alien smedes ae called "nth," Seminal hit dicussca it MI, Fakes "Myth, Memory, and History” (1963), which traces the de velopment of kistria! thought from Greek myth. For Fialey, the dltinction ie very clr: harry ie chronological, organied on the bss of a coherem diving echeme and sing evidence derived fom dlocarante tht ate then formulated ito a systematic preention; myth i the acthess of history: sonnet, atemporal, Aetoral, fonsjstematc. Goody (1977) has expanded upon Finley argument by suggesing that the potential for historia thought exists fenclasiely in iterate society where objective, analytic and chrono logics thinking i fowered through the ditancing that it only potable when range of conficng repors about a single cvent can be read and ruminated over” Wheo tansported co native South Americ, the mythrhicory distinction was transformed into the suppenition tat our own society is hot” and has bixory, wale primitive society is “cold” and tmeles (Lévi-Stenss 1986; Kaplan 98), Using this som of formulation, detaled.saalysce were andertaken of native text in onder to demonstrate that Andean peoples do nce sink in historical terms, but integrate the memory OF events into + mythical framework refecting mentel sructee ‘mote than temporal proces (Orso 1977; Zandema 1932). ‘What ie most wich 40 the aathropelogee caughe in the rnyth- history sare ir return fo the historical Iterator, where we fan see how theorists of hatory define their own discipline. They sggest thar deintons of histony are moving closer and cote % four own notions af myth or itertare. In The fie of Hit, one of the clases of histoieal theory, Collingwood (1946) defines the historia enterprise asthe analysis of evidence within the femework ff univenal plorstactur that is mythic in nature. To the moze ‘contemporary Hayden White (1975, 1978) the mythic framework is Intron: iearpreting th past 8 fanposed by the very language used by historians. Prisoners ofthe times in which they lve, they wl choose one ofa vasety of ses of exposiioa tha, in tun, wil determine thet analysis, History i not a matter of ath,” boc of the choice of particles expository siyle that is itselt detcrenined historically. Whte's defeition of Ihttory, ches, erases he divaing line between history and tents cose eenpeiceersepncereesfuinere iene eee erate ereenagaeete ee ERE esa emeicemalaare’s setges her tan ty, hich 0. by egisering eres s Eebpctiacreae samme ppm Spel eee Rao eas wanna el Sere eee aneeee SE Pefet pecrreapeccrecepeeeteaomreererteai ee ee cea eee eee is es sa White's work san atemp to distinguish the various myth modes which structure storie! interpretation. i Discussions amoag historaas break down our ows anthro- pological notion of the distinction benween “structure” and event" in which we ateibe stractare t the raythie mode, while history deal with “true events” (Saline 1981). Cantemporsty hhstonan force ut to recogaize that historcel thought i equally ‘determined by struct! considerations law the anthropologist funnot muke a ditincion Between “myth” and “history” unl both terms are adequately defined, and historias a now clouding ‘our once-elet typology. ‘AN tecond, more sedi spproach used by popu historians i ako useful ia breskiag down the sathropologts preconceived focion of the mies of historical thought. Much ofthe history we Jeno ftom dhe commonites we study is aot profesional history ‘wren by fulltime historians, but popalar hstory produced by Individuals who do not submit co ciscplinay stdards. Indeed, ‘much popular history i not eacoded ia formal naretions but i Deblicaetvtes and rival, n an ently non-ehronologieal hia (Popole Memory Group ig6s; see abo Lowy #9852 56-37). Tae ternative means of representing temporal” procese is ro les 4 The plies of rom, Iisrorcal than our own writen maratioas although it does not fui ta the sine enone, By dissociating them from “history” bcs they do not conform £0 our own peeconcelved standards of ‘he historia! enterpase, we do noe expla these histories, we only clasify them (Sperber 1973) (Our own difcuhis in accepting the historicity of non-Westera sccoones of the pst stem in part fom the fcr thet We have not Ieguately contextualized them, beyond drawing compaisoat berwen their structure and « more general cil erature. We ave fot situated them in thee historical or sociopoliteal contexte, but have analysed them as meless tex. In an atempe co ates this problem, Bloch (1977) miggests tht our lifeubies in expaiing Shy some socket have notions of near duratonal time while thers do not, eam be traced to our ova anchopelogcal biases in favor of stdying the teal sphere, while disregarding the importance of temporal reckoning in peace scl. While Bloch dliawe an wanecestly rigid caintion bexween the two spheres, be is correct in urging ub €0 consider te practial implications of ‘ieualze rec and fo exsmine thie uation inthe more practical domains of community and intercommonty hie. Bven more, we Ist consider the importance of temporal structures informed by ual ia the everyday activites of working, walking, eating, teeping, er. We are not dealing with state "ents," but with ever ‘hanging interpreuions tat ae applied in practice, whose form and oneeate are determined both by the memory of eadie intespre- tations and by the exigencies of the esation. TEhistorieal thought ie ial « product of historia! process, a6 ch related to the present atta the past, how thea should we as fhaogeephers approach history in the commonitis in which we ondoct our fieldwork? How can we grouad the atibutes of non- ‘western historical ehoughe described above ia historical proces ‘rthost neglecting the very real difrences that exist among histoneal wisions? Ia an offen quoted pastage, Waker Benjani (i968: 241) gives usa clue as to the meaning of history ouside of| the walle of Academe: ‘To eis hep hire doce ot tan eee the way i ely ic ha) eae to le ol of eno ah it ae pa ae ers The dager tc the cnt ft eon nd ee traction: meprting the past % {et co oepowet Applying the thoughts of Benji, and of Silva Boveaschen (1978) ‘nthe och ar an image of empowerment in the Feminist movement, ‘Michael Tassig (184: #8) suggests that South American shamaas ‘eof historical magery iz not mesnt to be understood ws ik in enusal sequence, bot se * metaphorical sppieaion of what iS known from he pat ‘ec ge cing dng na pein ‘Shspocdeermithhe hpe an eon he rs ‘The magia power of history lis inthe conti and conteadicions ‘between the past at Xt was expetienced and the stvctare of the present word “This ioe ha been aise in the broader arena of che uses of Ieratace and hisory in the Third Worle, History bas # power ia newly foemed mations because fuels the creation of on Barepenn, ‘ehaitions of sciey ‘uuons, sich arte’ Bucy nots eel ‘Shen sod tnnnmnon hc aye wh we al he tory a the ‘mole vad Cao rt 240) Hiscory i a question of power in the preset, and not of detached reflection upon the pis, Ir can serve maintain power, of eat become s vehicle for empowerment. “The power detived from controlling dhe past inorder to sedefine the fata of fundamental concern to Tita World novels who, Uke Tausig’sshamns, produce vison or an image ofthe ast 36 ‘opposed to a chronology. In their novels, prt present and Fore Interpenctate one another ater prernns cay a ote x nto a ately og ‘hgh edn etal foe et es sett ole momo “Kren etc ‘Shaan amen ngayon pwn fo at Baek 96-46 9119) For these itr, the loos ofthe hitorical memony i nt the pas tbr the peownt and the face Wel win, Tomortow ve ta he nage of tay, We cet grt, ‘Stecaanot pare te chp un Sed eh gin ote put test 6 Th plies of mem, ‘iter tecnica ea IF the vision of history at thing of the pretent which confers power sany where elt deepest, eis inthe wetings of Gabrie! Gurls Drguez. Ia his novels he re-writes Colombian histor, interweaving legendary and enythic images with isoscal fc, thus sharpening tbe eeuth he wishes to convey Eigen areata Hee Sees hea gS ge Soiree etainarers aetatoeneentat Re am Perhaps for this very reason, many Colombian inelectuals see Garcia Marque a8 one of the few oho fe able to convey the ere meaning of Colombianness, and to doi ie a form more geping than those eal and natural histories, This is why he rushes C0 el his stories “before the hiworiaas have cine co ativ.” ‘And this also explains the power of the mythic images 50 frequently encountered in aon-Werternaasttios ofthe past. tk not that indigencus peoples have no sente ofthe Bow of He, aoe that they ere unable to distingaish fet from fetion, nor that they prefer 10 confront univer! and logical problems 48 oppaved Problem on the ground, bot that Rive and Fanacic imager ay hep ther to elect more fully upon the ral By using aythic oF cys images 10 highlight the “hoes” inthe bltoret] memery, they empharize more powerfully the imporance ofthe past ecaake ies mote realy recognizable. Moreover, by sessing the repetitive ssricture of historia! process, they lin the past to the fatue, providing a emplate for undestsnding where we care fom, but also where we are going. Fortis eeasoa, native North ard South ‘American ‘histories, have mor images in futurist ‘visions, pecially apparent in those models whieh gauge me a moving sco a fed number of generations from past to ature, with the preset a «pivou! Bat otha i has native htrorit acral focus upon? And how oes histovialprocest determine the analyte toole that naive traction: erproting the pst ” ‘historians se to inexptet cheireccumstances? The nature of any particular example ofthis blending of pst, preseat and frase, fat nd fanasy, must be examined withia Is own historical end soci Context A asefel concept framework ean be drawn fom Marxist literary crim, Explton (1978) bas outlined the raiows elements which mast be taken into account inthe analysis of lieeaty tex, Gnderning the impottace of an understanding of the complex fevies of intentions among the brosder sol foration, the paticular mode by which literary tex ae produced snd eonreime the Hleology which determines sendatds of canonicty and cont the production and distribution of literary ate, the bogeaphlel stetbates of thesuthorand the axeti norms under which he oehe ‘works Eagleton’: epproach to iterate can guide in formating + series of questions guiding the study of Pe histoceal nerative, taking ws beyoed a formal snalsis of rolated myth text and into the intermediate ground where native histories ad the history ofthe dominant society Interact: What i¢ the relationship between the Insertion of indigenous peoples iato the Site and the form of [torical smespeeation they develop in cei struggle 0 survive a sn autonomeus people? Under what circumstances wil indigenous peoples produce histories in weiuen fons ameaable to the fneptual framework of the dominant seciety? How do these \wetes histories inlunce che iteprtive a nareative appronches| floc histories made by and For community members? Under what ‘izeumstances do suthots/hitorane cise ia these communitie and ‘what is this Infsenee on bistosie production within the loel Community? To what extent snd ander what conditions does the Ristoial vision of he dominant society ialseace the indigenout historia! vision? What isthe relationship Between ideology at tt ‘xpressed in these histories and asi enacted in politcal penice? How do the asthetie norman ar the sage of gentor in which these histones ate exprested afect the very naire of historical in teypreution? These quesios willbe addresed in the chapter that follow as we trce the development of 2 distinct Piez istricl coasciousaes fem the eighteenth century tothe presen. "This book ia history of Pee historical consiousaes, acing over che yeats dhe images tnd patterns that were created and revived by 1" The polis of memory ‘indigenous politicians snd inellectnls #8 chey srugeled © uphold thei dent ad land ba. [also hiscory of Paes relation with the dominant society, examining the space of histor interpretation that is athe incertae ofthe to worlds, This willbe accomplished hrough a joxtposition of politcal and txt analysis, in a4 ert tor illseate the hisovical constiints that have determined the boxiginal vision ofthe past at sevetl Janetures ia the history of ‘Terradentro ‘The Pier present an interesting case for the study of historical consciouenesr boonuse ofthe tmedepth of allele documentation ‘tee ioe thought, begining i the ently eighteenth centery in the form of mauarde tiles, continuing though the ninetoerth and sly eweatieth centuries with published eetses, and eding inthe present dy. with widespread sroytling by indivkdals of rest {nigh and talent. Many of the asertins of Pez irtorians singe the fighicenth century can be checked agaiat other documentary trradence, helping to determine he Iitority of thelr accounts. Moreover, this dccamentaton contains 2 vast quantity of in- formation onthe pola tacit f native historymakers, giving us futher indctions of how tei store vision was translated into pracace ‘Whats pchaps eos iceiguing about de Pex example che fat that ins eatvely eay to reconstruct dear chin of taasmussion ff hisoceal datt from one historian to the news each of the uceeeding genertions we will be examining had at its poss! ‘documents om the previous generation and used them ae bai foe hhsroical interpretation. has, we have 4 contauous sage of Ihstorieal evidence with which to analyze the srucrare of Plex historical houghe and at euaelation int an ideology tht informe slit aimed a the phyieal and altura aistenane ofthe group. ‘The chains of transmition ofthe Pies hitoria vison permit the Arming of amoral continuity between the precolumbian inhabitants ff Terndento. and the twentieth cearary population that lives ‘here. Moral concauty i expressed in Péce defitions oftheir owe iden, 8 much in myth asin topoaymy, genealogies and chiefly tides. Whether or uot they are the sae group a6 fought the Spaniards in 1973 is imematera: what mates i chat they peresive ‘is Lak as existing, and have fashioned theie cology 20 a8 1 legiimie i “Three key sources wil be aed to document the development of historia cansciousnes among the Pie nroactionsirpaing he past 9 4 Colonial rerguardo les Fightecnth-centory regards ties were writen with he pa ication of canis, the most well-krowa of whom was Doo Juan ‘Tama of Vitoncd. While establishing a terstoral and polka! base foreommunities, they sso provide a Plez interpretation of ncersibal relations and the tse of # new poltial authority.” Although the ‘es appear on the surface to be chronclogical stiatives of events that tamepired ducing the coming to power ofthese rulers, earful reading sugget thatthe azrtors condensed time-frame, giving 3 counts tat combine information from the pre-Conquest em vith ‘colonial data. These sources, which ae ofl colonial documents, swore weten in Spanish 4 Political tretines Ac the beginning ofthe twentieth centuty iad lesder Mansel (Quinsin Tame sero a teste ented The Tloght of te Inde Edsel in the Caleion Press (Lame 1971) which remind as 2 Ihandweten manuscript unt was published inthe early 19703 by the Comité de Defenss del lado. Waite in Spanish, tht document ilies Paes history eo justly the poltcalaciviues oF ws author. It tye presents blending of the chronological and fatal historical ttadion of non-ladian Colombian society with 2 more mythicst ee vision ofthe pus, Lames activities are well documented ia Colombian arches and aewspapers(Castrilldn. 19735 Sevilla Casas i; Tella 198s), allowing us to ace the polite implementation of his histories! knowledge: 4} Contemporary historical interpretation “The eoaterportry Péex expett their histarical tradition eheough poltealchetori, myth nal and visual images, conveyed ia bot Spanish and Pice, and act upon this kaowledge though thet polities! instutions, drawing upon the eatier historical visions Aescibed shove, Bat taleated and observant individuals, such a5 Joba Niguings follower of Lame and 1 long-time political ‘acivie who pariipated in the founding of contemporary ethnic fights organizations, more carefully articulate on and. writen ‘evidence to creute incerprertions that feel grassroots bistoseal eee » The pie of momar ier hitotiogzaphy x hest examined through the contribution of ‘ndiidual intellectuals, Given the marginal satus of the Pez within the colonial snd national systems, only intllertoals were able c0 bridge the gap between oral and written communication, permiting the utlaton of a vat range of sources of evidence and the ‘uansmission of historia inesprettions from one generation tothe ext. These individals were Fequealy also poluesl leadess,

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