(b)

d 2v t
dt

dv t

dt

6v t

3e

4t

. Try v f t

equation gives ( 4) 2 B 5( 4) B 6 B
(c)

d 2v t
2

dv t

6v t

2e

2t

. Try v f t

vf t
2t

Bte

dt
dt
Substituting into the differential equation gives
(4t 4) B 5 B (1 2t ) 6 Bt

. Substituting into the differential

3
.
2

4t

Be

3
e
2

4t

because 2 is a natural frequency.

vf t

2.

2t e

2t

Ex. 9.8-2
d 2i t

di t

20 i t 36 12 t . Try i f t
dt
dt
36 12t
equation gives 0 9 B 20( A Bt )
2

if t

A B t . Substituting into the differential

B

0.6 and A 1.53.

1.53 0.6 t A

Ex. 9.9-1

When the circuit reaches steady state after t = 0, the capacitor acts like an open circuit and the
inductor acts like a short circuit. Under these conditions
R2

vC

R1 R 2

Next, represent the circuit by a 2nd order differential equation:

vC t

KCL at the top node of R2 gives:

KVL around the outside loop gives:
Use the substitution method to get

R2

vs t

d
vC t
dt

d
iL t
dt

iL t

R1 iL t

vC t

9-6

vs t

d vC t
dt R 2

LC

d2
vC t
dt 2

vC t

d
vC t
dt

R1

L
R2

d
vC t
dt

R1 C

R2

d
vC t
dt
R1
R2

vC t

vC t

(a) C = 1 F, L = 0.25 H, R1 = R2 = 1.309

Use the steady state response as the forced response:
R2
1
v f vC
1
V
R1 R 2
2
The characteristic equation is
R1
1
R1
R2
1
s2
s
s 2 6s 8 s 2 s 4
R2 C L
LC
so the natural response is

vn

The complete response is

vc t
iL t
At t = 0+

vC t

1.309

d
vC t
dt

A1 e
1
2

2t

A1 e

2t

A1

4t

A2 e

1.236 A1 e

0 vc 0
0 iL 0

A2 e

2t

4t

3.236 A2 e

4t

0.3819

A2 0.5

1.236 A1 3.236 A2 0.3819

Solving these equations gives A1 = 1 and A2 = 0.5, so

vc t

1
2

2t

1
e
2

4t

(b) C = 1 F, L = 1 H, R1 = 3 , R2 = 1
Use the steady state response as the forced response:
R2
1
v f vC
1
V
R1 R 2
4
The characteristic equation is

9-7

R1

s2

R2 C

so the natural response is

R2

A1

The complete response is

1
4

vc t

A2 t e
A1

d
vC t
dt

vC t

At t = 0+

s 2 4s 4

LC

vn

iL t

R1

2t

0 vc 0

2t

A2

1
4

V
A1

A2 t e

2t

1
4

A1

0 iL 0

A2 t e
1
4

s 2

A2

A1

Solving these equations gives A1 = 0.25 and A2 = 0.5, so

1
4

vc t

1
4

1
t e
2

2t

(c) C = 0.125 F, L = 0.5 H, R1 = 1 , R2 = 4

Use the steady state response as the forced response:
R2
4
v f vC
1
V
R1 R 2
5
The characteristic equation is
R1
1
R1
R2
1
s2
s
s 2 4 s 20 s 2
R2 C L
LC
so the natural response is
The complete response is

iL t

vn
vc t
vC t
4

2t

A1 cos 4 t

0.8 e
1d
vC t
8 dt

2t

j4

A2 sin 4 t V

A1 cos 4 t
0.2

j4 s 2

A2
2

A2 sin 4 t V
e

2t

cos 4 t

A1
2

2t

sin 4 t

9-8

At t = 0+

0 vc 0

0.8 A1

0 iL 0

A2

0.2

Solving these equations gives A1 = -0.8 and A2 = -0.4, so

vc t

0.8 e

2t

0.8cos 4 t 0.4 sin 4 t V

Ex 9.9-2

When the circuit reaches steady state after t = 0, the capacitor acts like an open circuit and the
inductor acts like a short circuit. Under these conditions
R2

vC

R1 R 2

1, iL

and

R1 R 2

R2

vo

R1 R 2

Next, represent the circuit by a 2nd order differential equation:

d
iL t R 2 iL t
dt
vs t vC t
d
C vC t iL t
R1
dt
vC t

KVL around the right-hand mesh gives:

KCL at the top node of the capacitor gives:
Use the substitution method to get
R1 C

d
d
L iL t
dt
dt

R1 LC

d2
iL t
dt 2

vs t

Using iL t

vo t
R2

R 2 iL t

L R1 R 2 C

d
iL t
dt

d
iL t
dt

R 2 iL t

R 1 iL t

R1 R 2 iL t

gives

vs t

R1
R2

LC

d2
vo t
dt 2

L
R2

R1 C

d
vo t
dt

R1

R2
R2

vo t

9-9

(a) C = 1 F, L = 0.25 H, R1 = R2 = 1.309

Use the steady state response as the forced response:
R2
1
v f vo
1
V
R1 R 2
2
The characteristic equation is
R2
1
R2
R1
1
s2
s
s 2 6s 8 s 2 s 4
R1 C L
LC
so the natural response is

vn

The complete response is

vo t
iL t
vC t
At t = 0+

vo t

1.309

1.309 iL t

A1 e

2t

0 vC 0

4t

1
A1 e 2 t A2 e 4 t V
2
A1
A2
1
e 2t
e
2.618 1.309
1.309

1 d
iL t
4 dt

0 iL 0

A2 e

1
0.6180 A1 e
2

2t

4t

0.2361 A2 e

4t

A1
A2
1
2.618 1.309 1.309

1
0.6180 A1 0.2361 A2
2

Solving these equations gives A1 = 1 and A2 = 0.5, so

vo t

1
2

2t

1
e
2

4t

(b) C = 1 F, L = 1 H, R1 = 1 , R2 = 3
Use the steady-state response as the forced response:
R2
3
v f vo
1
V
R1 R 2
4
The characteristic equation is
R2
1
R2
R1
1
s2
s
s 2 4s 4
R1 C L
LC

s 2

9-10

so the natural response is

vn

A1

The complete response is

3
4

vo t
vo t

iL t

vC t
At t = 0

A2 t e
A1

d
iL t
dt

3 iL t

0 vC 0

2t

A1

A2

3
4

0 iL 0

A2 t e

1
4

2t

t e

2t

A1

A2

A2

A1
3
3 A1
4 3

1
4

t e

2t

A2
3

Solving these equations gives A1 = -0.75 and A2 = -1.5, so

3
4

vo t

3
4

3
t e
2

2t

(c) C = 0.125 F, L = 0.5 H, R1 = 4 , R2 = 1

Use the steady state response as the forced response:
R2
1
v f vo
1
V
R1 R 2
5
The characteristic equation is
R2
1
R2
R1
1
s2
s
s 2 4 s 20 s 2
R1 C L
LC
so the natural response is

vn

2t

A1 cos 4 t

j4 s 2

j4

A2 sin 4 t V

The complete response is

vo t
iL t

0.2 e

vo t
1

2t

0.2 e

A1 cos 4 t
2t

A2 sin 4 t V

A1 cos 4 t

A2 sin 4 t V

9-11

vC t

iL t

At t = 0+

1 d
iL t
2 dt

0.2 2 A2 e

0 iL 0
0 vC 0

2t

cos 4 t 2 A1 e

2t

sin 4 t

0.2 A1
0.2 2 A2

Solving these equations gives A1 = -0.8 and A2 = -0.4, so

vc t

0.2 e

2t

0.2 cos 4 t 0.1sin 4 t V

Ex. 9.10-1
At t = 0+ no initial stored energy

3 di (0 )
0 0
10 dt
0
KCL at A :
i1 (0 ) 0
0
1
KVL :

KCL at B :
For t > 0:

0 i2 (0 ) 10 0

v1 (0 ) v2 (0 ) i(0 ) = 0

di (0 )
0
dt
dv1 (0 )
0
dt
5 dv2 (0 )
i2 (0 )
10
6
dt

dv2 (0 )
12 V s
dt

1 d v1
i
0
12 dt
5 d v2
KCL at B :
i
10
6 dt
3 di
KVL:
v1
v2 = 0
10 dt
Eliminating i yields
1 d v1 5 d v2
v1
10
0
12 dt 6 dt
3 5 d 2 v2
v1
v2
0
10 6 dt 2
KCL at A :

v1
1

Next
9-12