Speaking Athabasca Oil Sands Read the notes about the A\ Canada. Do you think it is a go ‘abasca Oil Sands in \d idea to exploit them? 1 Worl’s biggest source of bitumen Equal tothe world’s 2 Exploration costs are low. You can see the o 3 Refining costs are high asi am oll extraction uses 2 lot of water risk of pollution, 5 Itisworth exploiting ti are high, 6 The Oil Sands are un 7 Explottation will destroy the forest and affect the lives ‘ands when world olf prices forest in id anc beautiful area, notes. Rfor Rafiq, and A for At Listen and write $ for Stev _" thinks that Canada should exploit the ____' thinks that it isa big financial thinks that the environment is more thinks that today's oil ou tisk. mportant than oil companies respect thinks that the Canadians shouldn t e th @ uste tick (V} the words and expressions again that they use. Giving your opinion ie / I believe nmy From my point of view Saying what you think is right They should. They shouldn't Giving someone else's opinion According to (someone else) Some people say Experts say Agreeing / disagreeing Idon'ta Yes, but Accepting someone's opinion Yes, Isee what you mean, Thear what you're saying ‘Asking for someone else's opinion What do you think? What's your view / opinion on this? cy the situation. List the advantages and disadvantages of exploiting oilfields in offshore Greenland. huge ol reserves offshore from Greeniand, Exploration wil e ciffcult and expensive tis only possible to explore three months ofthe year. re -30°C in winter Drilling offshore wll be rom icebergs There is also a ‘sno il. Greenland’s $2000 people ive mostly ftom fshing and hunting Oil wil allow i to and completely independent of Dermmark Driling and onshore installations ould damage Greenvanc’s, environment. The habitat of wldife ike polar bears isin ger Some people believe it will destroy the way of life of Greentanders and make social problems Work in groups of three and discuss what y should do Writing Short report and linking words Dave Bradley isa ma is thinking about exploiting the O ort Is Dave for or against i smpany th Sands. Read his Match the headings with the paragraphs. vironmental risk Background b Financial risk € The RecommendationsSubject: Athabasca Oil Sands Project The Athabasca OilSands in Canada have the world’s biggest source of bitumen. A working party was asketo look into exploiting the resource The Ol Sands provide an enormous and accessible eserve of oll When warid ol prices are high, companies lke ours may consider cexploting the Sands. 3 Although exploration costs ave low production costs are high. The steam extraction process is expensive because it uses lot of energy. ‘The Sands are covered by forest in an area of natural beauty Steam extraction needs alot of water so rivers will probably be poluted ané wildlife kiled. In adition it ill affect the lives ofthe native people ‘who lve there Onbalance, believe that the financial risk and risks tothe company’s reputation are too great. In my opinion we should continue toexpioit ur more corwentional resources. 3 Read the report again. Which of the words in bold 1 introduces a result? 2. adds an important idea? 3. introduces a reason? 4 is ike ‘but’? 5. introduces his final opinion? 4 Rephrase the sentences using the words in brackets 1 are oll reserves in offshore Greenland. Exploration ¥ be difficult. (although) 2. Drilling offshore will be difficult. Temperatures are -30°Cin winter, (50 3. There isa risk from icebergs It is dangerous. (because) 4 There is a chance there is no il. (in addition} 5 Oil will help Greenlanders live more successful lives. (in my opinion) 5. Use the headings from 2 to create a report about exploi ind’s offshore resel Exploration 27 mmm Checklist ‘Assess your progress in this unit. Tick (7) the statements which are true. I can talk about different petroleum research methods Ican use the Passive I can describe trends and movements | can express my opinion and ask others for their opinions I can balance and contrast ideas i a as Key words Nouns chtomatograph crude density geochemist geologist gravimeter magnetometer survey vibrator truck well log Verbs decrease double fall halve increase Look back through this unit. Find five more words or expressions that you think are usefulVocabulary The drilling rig and drill string 1 study t descript, kal use? ut a‘blow-out’? What kind es and lowers drilling equipment in and out — derioe — cingioisting ineDrilling 29 a ae In this unit © naming the parts of arig € revising prepositions € reading about drilling techniques € listening about the responsibilities of a drilling crew € discussing options and making suggestions writing an order 2. Read the text about what happens from the drilling platform to below ground. label the diagram with the words inthe list bt dellclar—drillppe’ ‘kelly wane’ | =——— The drill string qe The work of dling under the ground is performed by the diil string. The dril string consists of the kelly, sections. of dril pipe, the drill collar, and 2 bit to drill the rock. The kelly is a strong pipe that is always at the top of the cil string, Ithas four or six sides and goes thrdugh the rotary table which turns around (rotates). The rotary table is on the ofl floor There are many lengths of dil pipe between che kelly end the dil cellar Oil workers add sections of rill pipe one by ene to the kelly. Each time they add a section, thoy lft the kelly out ofthe hole, Then they add fa section of drill pipe at the top of the string and lower it bback into the ground. At the bottom of the string we can find the drill collar. The bit goes into the collar. tricone bit Bits are usually tricone in other words, they have three rotating cones. A circular bit with @ hole in the micidle is used to take core samples, Drill bits can be covered with industial diamonds to make them last longer Drilling mud is pumped through jets in the bit - this lubricates and cools it and, a the mud is circulated, it also carries the pieces of drilled rock Iragments to the surface. + Complete the sentences. aed we bd ‘The crown block is _______ the top of the derrick. FO ge Sige’ 2 Thedilealiaris_the tad the dl pipe sections ey geet viene 3. Amember of the crew stands the monkey board. crises Ree eens 4 The kelly goes rotary table. s ) ; 5 hoisting Lis __— the drawworks. we we we 2 ° Make more sentences of your own. 3 Work n pairs Student A, go to p09, Student 8, oto pl Take turns te describe your picture while your partner draws it 97 Go LoGx snmigx referenceListening 5 Drilling crews tiring? stressful? teresting? 6 Which o 1 would you like to do? Reading Drilling methods 1 How many different methods of drilling do you know? 2 Read the text and answer questions 1-3 with a number KAMPLE How many feet a day did people manage to drill in the h the jobs with the descriptio pany man in charge of the engines dan, an oil man with ng wells, Liste over thirty y' and check your answers to Complete the org: rt with the jobs in Drilling crew @ LUsten again er the qu 1 What is the difference between the company man and the drill paed etiling(o}drding at an angle, not vertically cerloit (te develop natural esources for business zie vf you lubricate a machine, you puta substance __lke oor grease to stop parts rubbing or sticking ‘The best way to drill In the early days, oil men didn't exactly drill, hey broke the rock with 2 kind of chisel and lifted out the pieces in a basker. Progress was slow ~ sometimes drilling zeams only drilled 20 co 30 fect a day. These days modern rotary drills can bore through several hundred feet of rock in the same time. Engineers pump mud down the borehole to lubricate the bit. This stops che bie from becoming coo hot, and also brings the drilled rock to the surface. This rock is analysed and the data is used t0 create a well log Borcholes can be vertical, in other words, hey go straight down. Ifa hc meets hard rack, the well may deviate; thats, it accidentally changes direction. However, with modern technology drillers choose deviated boreholes from the very beginning. Infact, this kind of drilling is more common than entirely vertical wells. Most oi-bearing mately horizontal so deviated drilling toencer horizontally across oil-bearing strata are ap allows deile cocks. Once the drill bic has entered the horizontal oil bearing rock (the reservoir, ic sends continuous feedback data for the well log. The engineers ead the log and then they adjust the angle ofthe borshole according ro the information they receive. In this way the well stays within the reservoi. This is especially useful when the sub-surface is Fractured. Horizontal drilling is much more efficient than the oldes, vertical wells. Ieis possible in some circumstances to drill into an undersea oil reservoir from alland-based derrick. It can also be useful where the oil is tundes saya large mountain. Deep water offshore platforms use multiple deviated form in the wells from a single well. The Cognac Gulf of Mexico has sixty-two deviated wells eunning From it! This way a single well can be used co exploit a large area. A horizontal well runs through the area above and wer five -down well. alse across the reservoir. A horizontal well can r ‘or six times more oil than a sti means that fewer vertical wells are dug and less damage isdone tothe surface Diiling 31 a ei rth and water Drilling mud isa special mixture of different substances that may include ol, water, and reservoir (n] hyarocarbons trapped in porous o: permeable rock a deep hole in the ground to supply clo Speaking Options and suggestions @ Ali Saleh, and Mark are having a meeting about possible drilling site Listen and vite A (Ali), S (Saleh), ‘or M (Mark). 1 sin charge of the meeting. 2 __ suggests deviated drilling. 3 ____thinks an offshore rig can exploit a bigger area 4 ____ thinks that offshore drilling is expensive 5 ___ suggest a semi-submersible rig 6 —__agrees to compare drilling costs. & Study the useful language. What form of the verb follows each of the introductory expressions? Presenting choices and making suggestions We couid dril! from onshore How / what about comparing the costs? Why don't we compare the costs? Let’shave another meeting Shall we say Thursday? Giving orders Can you arrange that for next week, Saleh? Will you compare the costs ofthe different methods? Promising action Yes,certainly. Yes, ofcourse. Tilcontact them after the meeting Work in groups of three and hold a short meeting, Student A, you aren charge of the meeting. Goto 107. Student B, go to p.109. Student C, goto p13, onuneiation The intonation of how we make a suggestion or give anorder is as important as what we say 4G Listen and repeat the sentences We could drill from onshor costs? How about comparing th Why don’t we compare the costs? wursday? Ilwe say 2 3 4 5 Can you arrange tl next week, Saleprogress ofan activity eport. "wireline logger’ is sec to lower and raise important recording equipment in the borehole It's my job 1 What is well ag? When ist made? 2 Read the text quickly and tick (/) the right box. Awell Awireline log dog a 1 uses sonde a 1 2 records the details of samples taken from drilling mud is created after the borehole is made lists fossils records measurements for resi and radioactivity is based on the first drilling ivity 4 6 Read the text again and answer the questions. 1 What is well completion’? 2. Which is more expensive, drilling the well or completing the well? 3. What is the basic reason for creating a wireline log? 4 Do you think this job sounds interesting? Would you like to do it? mcrae Ahmed ‘Ahmed Issa is a wireline logger. He has ‘worked in the Gulf and in the North Sea What's a well log and what kind of information does it record? Basically we create a well og when we fist drill ahole. Itis a record of some basic information about the hole A welllog lsts the rocks we meet and their depth, We colour-code them. We make a note of fossil content too. So what's a wireline log? ‘A.witeline log comes after the hole is made. sa second investigation of the borehole to check that its really ‘worth completing ‘Completing 2 hole’ means that you get iteady for production When a well is completed, the hole has a casing that is made of steel and concret Completing a well is far more expensive than drilling it ‘And this is where the wireline logger comes in? We perform extra tests, We put a metal viteline - down the hole with a sonde Writing Placing an order 1 Mustafa is talking to Patrick about what he needs to drill a well. Read their conversation and comp: itwith Mustafa's order, What other things cid Patrick remember he needed? M Have you completed your requisition form, Patrick? Yes, welll need a new kelly. Four or six sides? Six. And sixty lengths of drill pipe 20 or 30 feet long? Thirty feet OK. And what about drill bits? Well, we need two tungsten and one diamond ne. Great, ll order everything tomorrow. if you think of anyt tell me before then, weve ver = attached to it, This is a metal cylinder that contains measuring equipment. it measures the porosity of the rocks. ts radioactive properties, and its electrical resistance. The oil company wants to be as sure as it can be that it will be productive So the information you have is much more complete than that from the first well iog? Exactly. The results from the wireline log are carefull analysed. And i they are positive, the comps te the well complDrilling 33 Job number: GH345/723 Wadi Oil Company Please could you supoly the folowing | ‘wo tungslen-coated tncone aril bts | cone seven-inch damond tricone dil bit | fone crovar core extractor bit | two sxsided kely pipes three hardened steel dr cokers 60 x 30 foot lengths of dil pipe 20 x 20 foo lengths of ail pipe ‘To be dolvered to the GH346 ste, Please advise of any delay | Mastafe Said | oe Z study the example, How much information comes before the final noun? EXAMPLE Itis seven inches wide. Itis covered in diamonds. It has three cones. It isused to dril itisa bit = Aseven-inch diamond-covered tricone dril bit shape/size material features purpose noun 3 How are these described in Mustafa’s order? a kelly pipe with six sides a drill collar made of hardened ste! a length of pipe that is 30 feet long and used for drilling abit made of three cones that is coated in tungsten and used for drilling 5. acircular bit that is used to extract cores, Someone who isn't an exper is talking about what they need. How would a real expert say the same thing? We are drilling through some hard rock. So we'll need acouple of drill bits - the ones that are coated with diamonds. am also going to need a circular bit for taking samples. Also, we need 60 lengths of pipe — 40 that are 30 feet long and 20 that are 20 feet long, Another thing lined is a kelly - one with four sides to go with our rotary table. That’ all for the moment. Checklist Assess your progress in this unit. Tick () the statements which are true car describe the essential pats of a dariling rig can talk about the drilling process can discuss the advantages of different Griling methods Ican use avatiety of ways te describe position and direction ican run and participate in a meeting effectively and diplomatically I can provide a basic description of technical equipment |can piace a basic order for technica supplies aS Key wards Adjectives fractured horizontal rotary vertical Nouns bit blow-out derrick iil pipe diil string kelly platform Verbs complete {a well} connect dril Look back through this unit, Find five more words or expressions that you think are usefulKick off 1 Put the let ds mi ne = 3. Can you think of examples of pollution causes the pr his pollution?Environmental pr ection 35 Ie this unit @ reading about oil spills ‘# how to pronounce two-syllable nouns 1 how to describe cause and result relationships € listening to information about protecting the environment 6 good practice in writing emails Reading Oil pollution 1. Look at the pie chart, What is the biggest source of ol pollution? What do you think the other two sectors are? Regular maintenance % Read the text and label the last two ofsipe segments in the pie chart What causes oil pollution? 1. Oil causes pollution of rivers, lakes, and oceans. But where does this il come frome Scientists believe chat wast oil is responsible forthe most pollution, Some of this comes fom induscry some from our roads, and some is thrown away by people. 2 Oilleaks and spills happen because of technical problems, miscakes, vandalism (damage caused by people for no reason), accidents, or wat. The smallest amount of oil comes from offshore drilling activites where ol is sometimes spilled because of burst (broken) pipes or human error (mistakes, ‘made by people). Major oil anker disasters account for 1 slighely more ol pollution. Accidents with ships are che resul of ships hitcng each other or hitting sand or rocks below the water, Accidents happen because of human error, poor ‘maintenance, or poor communication berween the crew ‘members working onthe ship. They can also happen when bad weather frees an oil tanker against rocky cost. 3A majorcil leak or spill can result in very serious damage ro 1 and animals, the environment, andthe local economy. Some pars ofthe environment are more caily damaged than others. Fr example, in water near the coas there are thousands of plants and animals chat could die 4 Governments and oil companies around the world are 32. Improved safety training and management means fewer spills. Satelite and working together to reduce oi! pol aircraft are used t0 quicly Soysie-hued tanker densify new cass of pollution, New technical measures include double- hulled tankers, ships with cone body inside another, ‘uring oi Natural Seep Choose the best paragraph heading for paragraphs 1-4, 1a Themain source of oil pollution Waste oil from industry Tanker disasters ‘The reasons for oil spills ' Damage to the environment The effects of oil spills Preventing oil pollution Working together Pronunelation @ Listen to these nouns from the reading text How many syllables (sounds) do they have? EXAMPLE industry pipes 1 waste aircraft result disaster economy error problem sand accident rocks environment dlling tanker damage effects pollution Listen again and repeat the words Look at the two-syllable nouns above. Which are stressed © ¢ and which ¢ ®? EXAMPLE @s tanker @ Listen and check. What s the usual stress pattern for two-syllable nouns? Where is the stress in these two-syllable nouns? sect tv members ocean mistake amount members training measures, @ Usten and check36 Unit 6 eee a EE | ‘The amount of petroleum products ending up in the ocean is estimated at 0.25% af warld oi production: about 6 million tonnes ger How does this happen? How can th’s figure be reduced? e Language spot Listening Cause and result Protecting our environment 9 Coto Grammarreference 8 1 Workin paits. You are going to listen to a reporter talking toa scientist about how the oil industry affects the environment. Look at the questions she asks and some of the words the scientist uses. Check 1 Look at these sentences from Reading. Decide which part ofthe sentence talks about the cause and which art gives the result. eileen you know what the words mean. What do you think EXAMPLE the scientist's answers will be? Make notes Oil causes pollution of rivers lakes, and oceans (cause) > {result} eb ebe cei bedebecdebeetiete 1 When does ol cause pollution? 1. Waste oll is responsible for the most pollution. 2. Oilis sometimes spilled because of burst pipes. 3. Major oil tanker disasters account for slightly more oil pollution 4. Accidents with ships are the result of ships hitting each other or hitting sand or rocks below the water. 5. Accidents with ships happen because of human 4 How does oil cause air pollution? error. 6 A major oil spill can result in Z Is there a may we can reduce this pollution? 3 Does transportation cause the most pollution? rery serious damage. 5 How can the oll industry reduce air pollution? 2 Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form. 6 Dees oid cause any other kinds of pollution? 1. Oil that seeps naturally from the bottom of the ocean __ (account) for some water llution Ps bum Teak technology 2 1m1989,a major tanker disaste (cause) rads carbon dioxide light serious damage to the environment. ; 4 Msiorel eile (resutjintongterm 2 @ Listen and seeif your ideas are the same asthe Sawonment scientist's éamage to the environment 4 Anincrease in the demand for oil in the 1960s 3. Answer these questions. Listen again if necessary (result) in larger oil tankers ‘What is global warming? i 1 maker: lution? 5 Less oll pollution ___ (be) the result of 2. How do car makers help reduce pollu yw does the oil industry cause light pollution? governments working together. # Mowidees thet industry cause light pol Use the notes below to write sentences to explain elect fe cause and result relationships. 1 Oilin sea water / the death of marine plants and In April 2010, the worst oil pill in US history happened. animals in the Gulf of Mexico after the BP Deepwater Horizon 2 Birds can‘ fly or feed / oil on their feather drilling rig exploded. it was drilling 1500 m below the 3. Pollution of the coast /a reduction in tourists surface of the ocean. Use your library and your internet 4 Contaminated drinking water / leaking oil pipes skills to find out more about this disaster, Find out 5. The use of satellite technology / the quick detection what caused the disaster of oll spills 2. how long it took to stop the oil spill and why 3. how the spill was stopped 4 how much damage to the environm 5 the cost to BP 6 Some pollution / human errorthe burning of gaswhich company lor does not want touse It's my job Environmental engineers give companies advice about how they can minimize the damage to the environment and how they can protect the environment. What kind of projects could they work conin the oil and gas industry? Read about Lauro Ramos and find some of the projects he has worked on Lauro Ramos Iam a chartered environmentalist ‘with an international oil company. In my job I give advice on things that affect the environment Oil companies have to produce oil and gas but at the same time they have to try not to damage the earth. 1 have worked in many different projects, For example, | worked on the design of equipment to protect fish around offshore platforms. In another offshore project reduced the flaring of gas. On land, | worked to protect wildlife habitats where we were laying pipelines. work together with safety engineers. We all need to know the Jaw in counties where we are working I studied mechanical engineering at university and then got a job with an engineering company. {carried out design studies for new oil platforms. | became very interested in the environment and then got a new job in the Safety and Environmental section. 1 gained a lot of experience there. Now i work for large oil company and I work on many different projects Sometimes I travel to different parts of the world. People don't understand that the oil and gas industry tries hard to protect the environment. We take care to avoid accidents. Leaks, fires, and explosions can injure and kill people and also damage the environment. So rk hard to stop these things ha; Answer t questions. 1. What two things does Laure tell us an cil company has to do? Who does Lauro work with? 7 hey 2 Why do you think this is? sm about ther countries? Environmental protection 37 cexplosian (na sudden and dangerous bursting and loud noise 4 What was the first project he worked on after graduating from university? 5 Doyou think he h 6 What do peopl think this is? sto speak English? Why? inderstand? Why do you no! Vocabulary Word families You can improve your vocabulary by learning word families, for example refine (v), refinery (n), refined (adi, unrefined (ad. Complete the table below. Use a good English-£ like Oxford Wordpower, if necessary. lish Verb [adjective pollute DR - technical damage . 6 (unprotected 8 - transported 70 leaked globalize globe 2 - environment 18 - 4 seepage / seeps spill B “6 Complete the sentences below with words from * 1...The natural place where plants and animals live is the Ka pe carrying oil bursts, the oil causes Carbon dioxide is causing 4 New car more efficient _—_______ warming means that car engines are 5 Oil companies produce oil but they also try to the environment. \ker accident can cause serious to the envio38 Unit 6 Used cil can be refined into good-as-new lubricating 0. Oi but it gets dirty or contaminated Itis easier ang cheaper to recycle used ail than to make new il fiom crude One gallon of used ol can produce the same amount of motor oil as 24 gallo ude oll and it only requires about a third of the energy. Why don’t we recycle more used oll? Think about collecting it. teaching people about the value of it,and how the oil companie Professional skills Writing emails \e notes about how to write good emails. Which rules did Ken Nadal break? How would you improve his email? Writing good emails | ee 1 Be polite, never rude. Show respect in your wet 2 Greet people with Dear Mr/ Mrs / Dr Only use fir ‘names if the other person ha “ | as agreed. | 3 Be concise. Don't wri don’t leave out impor 40 K€ more than you need to, but ant information | ‘an use common abbreviations, e but don’t use abbreviations such : 88 Can pls send hat are normally use in text m ly ressages, 5 Don't use emoticons ( in business comm | ness communication, 6 Use correct spelling and 7 Don't use CAPITAL LETTERS to " shout your message and don't write ever thing in small lete 8 Reply toan email qu Work before send person. Tha KI. IF you need to do som he information, 01 for sour em the other et back ta as Ihave the information you necid environm al engineer 9 Never write something you don’t want others to sew engineering manager 10 Don't try to be funny 11 emer our writing says Jot about you, eet xX Oo From: Ken Nadal To: Peter De Martino Wet Subject: Landing site for offshore pipeline we bint Dear Peter An email Ihave a project meeting on WEDNESDAY next week to | 1 Peter De Martino, an environmental engineer has options for the landing si 1. Complete his email to Ke discuss the pipeline at Ross Bay. | hope that you have foran now FINISHED your study of the possible landing sites, Could you please let me have your opinion about the ciferent options BEFORE FRIDAY so | can prepare for the meeting? Did you know that Dave McDonald is leaving the ‘company? Don't tell anyonelt! S options ppy iohelp Ken cause problems 4 Best wishes i f 8 oor quality landE2225 22 From: Peter De Martino To: Ken Nadal Subject: Landing site Dear Ké I have looked at or bringing the pipeline ashore in Ross Bay. Site A 's close to people's homes. The pro) year and this wil living there during this time, Site B is an important sit for bras. In the past, local people and stogped any development Ste Cis *. this close to the route of the existing pipeline. Site C seems to be the best s the ground conditions at S C before making a decision I you have any quest an environmental engineer and you have reviewed four for bringing a pipeline ashore at South Bay. Write an email similar to the one in using the information below. Site | A_| Popular beach for local people and tourists in after pipeline is laid 8 | Farming land. Farmers can farm a; C | Good for flowers a environment D Hard ground rock. Expensiv local farmers and survey re deciding. Environmental protection 39 Checklist ‘Assess your progress in this unit. Tick (7) the statements which are true. | can understand a text about oll pollution | can pronounce two-syllable nouns | can describe cause and result tionships Key words Nouns burst pipes detection disaster ecosystem environment habitat human error oil spill pollution tanker Verbs avoid use damage protect recommend Look back through this unit. Find five more words or expressions that you think are usefulKick off Reading gas industry a-h with sentences 1-8. 1 Look at the pairs of adjectives a dr & mechanicalengineering correct adjective for each pi electrical engineerin £ structural engineering © environmental engineering g production engineering ERASER a 4 pr different brarches of engineering intheotland Oi platforms ss engineering 2 reservoir engineering i —— is about finding ways to protect plants and Pel animals and the environment and stop damage tothe environment —— is about designing, developing, and testing vertical horizon! tools, en, ‘echanical equipment. bout understanding ti a. ——___ is about understanding the complex forces that will act on the platform and designing the platform A taking account of the flow rates, of different fluids and the 1c change them into a useful product, ize and type of equipment required t getting the best oll and gas, Its. These engineers study detailed diagrams of the fed to help them is about managing nical side of driling we 1s about designing developing andtesting _—_‘fcating. submersible electrical equipment that s used to produce power and You are going toread about es of platform, that can be used for exploring for offshore ol. Read the descriptions and label the diagrams. control systems, 's about managing the reservoir and the well. These engineers watch the equipment and the ol and gas flow. a b— c‘The semi-submersible drilling rig has vertical columns that are connected to pontoons below the water. They often have an engine. This allows them to move easily Into position. The pontoons can be filled with water. This ets the rig go down into the water and makes itmore stable They can be used in water up to 300 metres deep, Drill ships can move easily into position. They are able to drill in deep water of more than 1,500 metres. But in bad weather they are unstabl The jack-up unitis ike a floating platform with legs, Ithas to be pulled into position by a ship. When the platform is in position, the legs are lowered to th seabed and then the platform is lifted out of the water, Its stable and can be used in water up to 100 metres deep. 2 What are the advantages and disadvantages of each of these platforms? Advantages Disadvantages Semi-submersible drilling rig Drill ship. Jack-up unit | & Find these words in the text above. What do you think they mean? How do you know? colurmns semi-submersible pontoons Practise saying the words. Work in paits. You are going to read a text about offshore drilling, What special conditions offshore do offshore engineers have to deal with? Make a © Read the text, Which points did you think about? did you think about that are not in How many pol the text? Work in sn what are the advantages and disadvantages of ROV systems? Discuss. Engineering and construction 41 SES SE ST Inthis unit @ reading about offshore drilling talking about ability © developing the skill of listening for detail how to talk about measurements € how to make and pronounce different types of questions # how to listen actively Challenges offshore uctures, and Platforms and pipelines, oil rig st equipment used offshore are engineered by cffshor ‘shore. Wi enginee's cult environmen ther conditions can chenge ouickly Rain, wird ce, and the uipment has to be strong to survive the weather as wel as the power of the seas and saline (sat} condi heat of the sun ail have an effe Structures are often located far from land and can be difficult to get to, especially inbad weather If there is an accident, its arest hospital Platiocms have to have their own source of energy, fresh way to the water, food supplies, materials, equipment, workers, and specialized engineers and technicians Working offshor n be dengerous, There is no room for mistakes pany millions of dollars. Mistskes can cause pollution or n small mistakes can cost the famage to the environment and people can be injured + killed ways looking for new technol and transportation ed vehicle make offshore drilling, extraction ROWs remotely oper a offshore technology conditions safe and cost effec stems) are an example of mod They are used to check structures ar in and instal str under wat and to maint and systems in the seabed. An ROV pilot operates the vehicle rom the plat electronic equipmentmanifeld () pipe with se ane outlet or one outlet and several inlets toptides (n) the part ofthe oil platform that is above water e Language spot Talking about ability >> Goto Grammarzeference 1 Complete the sentences with can can't and t orpassive form of the verb The semi-submersible drilling rig — {move} easily into position but it. (use}in deep water. The drill ship (use) in bad weather, but it use) in deep water. ‘The jack-up unit doesn’t have an engine so —_ (move) into position by itself. It (operate) in 100 metres of water but it (use} in d 2 Designers use CAD {Computer Aided Design) P des These programs allow designers tocreate in two dimensions (2D) or three dimensions (3D). Look at the lst of features of CAD, store drawings easly 2 display drawings 3. send drawings easily and 4 make calculations 5 rotate (tum) 2 design 6 view a design from different angles 7 8 8 1 uickly to other pet ange data quickly and eastly add standard designs ate volume, area, stresses, ete 10. test some designs, eg. electrical circuits 11. see the result of any changes 12. add colour and shading to make it easier to visualize Use the information in 1-12 above t the text below Put the verbs in the active or passive and add toif necessary. The sentences are in the same ox 1-12 above. Engineers and designers use CAD programs to draw technical diagrams. These programs allow designers drawings easily. Drawings can _ to other people Designers can __‘ calculations and they are able differe: quickly and easily Sand a design froma able__data angle, Designers a CAD allows designers —_ and__ designs can standard designs * volume, area, stresses, ete. Somme and designers can any changes, The program colour and shading to "the resul lets designers make it easier to visualize Listening Listening for detail Look at the map. The North Sea is an important area for oiland gas, Find the Britannia Gas Field. You are going to listen to Peter Gunn telling his friend about ‘he Britannia Gas Field, First, work in pairs. Look at the act sheet and decide what sort of will have to listen for. form tion you BRTANNA | cas Britannia Field Discovered: _# Distance to coast Gil companies: Weter depth: Location of sub-sea cer Width of carrier pipe ‘Special feature of carrie Number of ples Number of legs: Topsides accomim and Chevron @ Uisten and complete @ Listen again and check your answersEngineering and construction 43 The Yastreb driling rig was Gesigned ang bul for the extreme conditions on Sakkalin Island I was built to be strong in case of setsmice ‘operate in temperatures down to ~40°C ‘The Yastieb driling rig has drilled one ofthe deepest wells in the worl is 1,282 metres deep and was cilled in 61 days, Vocabulary Talking about measurements ‘What are these different measurements? Choose 3 noun from the list. width area height weight distance length — depth derrick | | 0 Fran badom borehole 2am d | dg ay loom ae taxeaso ||" do = 3,562,500 m? al San i 2 Look at these questions and answers, length = 24m Hiow long isthe pipe? It’s 24 metres or It's 24 metres long, Diameter = 42 em How wide is the pipe? It’s 42 centimetres or Its 42 centimetres wide, What are the adjectives? Complete the list. Noun Adjective width wide height 1 length 2 depth 3 weight 4 3 Choose the correct word in these sentences. Each pipe section is 10 to 1Smetres length / long. How weight / heavy is the platform? The borehole is over 90 metres depth / deep. ‘The structure is 50 metres How wide / width is the pipel Work in pairs. Practise a the measurements in How big is the processing facility? 1t 3,562,500 square metres, ig and answe e Language spot Asking questions ference ) 1. Work with a partner Match the wh- words with the answers. 1 When a three years 2 Where b the production engineer 3 What © aCAD program 4 Which about 150km from the coast 5 Who e105 metres 6 Why fin December 1998, 7 How deep g the largest one 8 How much h toprevent a blow-out 9 How iong 1 23 billion barrels Make a possible question for each answer Practise in pairs EXAMPLE When did gas production start? In December 1998. 5 Two friends are talking about an oi pipeline Complete the questions. ‘A The Baku-Toilisi-Ceyhan pipeline begins in the oil field in the Caspian Sea, on! In Ceyhan. It’s on the Mediterranean Sea does it end? 8 A B A it's 3768km long, B longest pipeline in the world? No.It's the second longest ‘did it take to build? About two yea! From 2003 to 2005. ollcan it carry? One million barrels @ day pipeline built? pepe pop Ey and the oil has to be transported to other countries. se there is s0 much oll below the Caspian SeaGQ Regd and listens Engineering and construction 45 checklist ‘Assess your progress in this unit. Tick (/) the statements which ae true Ican understand a text about offshore criling {can talk about what is possible and not sible a Project — Icanaskand answer questions about measurements out about Sede Reach Dring Sek and say estions i | | PIORUICIAE ON. fet about these people? 1S (O SRURALGR GSO Se istehing actively Lie © whatitis of. DL Fipd out arefnent nod youas ONe ip State He Code Clay a The voice goes down at t ry it Is us qu¥ouishould— You shouldn't. b The voice often goes up atthe e@9kat the speaker rae questions. __-7 yownorsigh ee core Meyuwords 1 Does ERD mean Extended Reach heshagu understand what they y 2 When did your course be; are saying , Adjectives 3 Ate you a mechinical engineer? move around Professiocaal skills Hive you got ar offshore safety etyotrinterest “es terng sil Why are oil companies exploringmiejetc) Greentand? lean forward a litle Whose job is it tolog a well? Canyouuse- CAB programs Would you like fo work offshore! submersible 1 look out of the windos nad your head alittle look fr things in your b @ Usten again and practise saying hy avEsiget show Now workin sll groups and ask QD hd By oh hy questions Write newequestions and your eyes ask questions vhe adth Lee Sharing informa’ cyan When we are Iltidtling to someone, we can give them ing infos tie. nt B describe something that APPEAL ragerenjayy suppor by Iistening atively Do yorefemtyenacechmica pnjeaeastudent A ‘nforgeee eve ie eye Scat Be? Why? Karl is explain isha to a group of students in his class Look at th€'4¢ture. Who is listening? vedas ie ge Mou Relea AAU it again. Discuss Look back npygh piffunit Findgve more hi en You a ee PIE speaRIAGLIE Fou feel encour words or gprs E that you thinere useful ask ang aPeehOHED aihiy 9 Uny RGENES. Use the By’) C qe by questigh words from Language spot Rerember to check spelling and numbers, USEFUL LANGUAGE Can /Could you spel that, please? Did you say 17 or 70? Could you repeat that, please? sorry? Student A, go to p108 Student 2, goto p.2 When you have finished, check that your partner has noted the information correctly What did you find easy? What did you find difficult?