“This file is censed to Gaye Kanal (gaye_hanal@hotmal com). Paliation Date: 6/1/2013, Related Commercial Resources CHAPTER 18 NONRESIDENTIAL COOLING AND HEATIN LOAD CALC Cooling Load Caleulation Principles I Internal Heat Gains 13 Taflration and Moisture Migration Heat Gains 1812 Fenesmatton Heat Gam 184 lect Balance Method. 1815 ULATIONS Radiant Time Series (RTS) Method. 18.20 Heating Load Calculations 1828 ‘Systam Faring and Cooling Load Efe. "1832 Example Cooling and Heating Load Calculations 1836 Previous Cooling Load Calculation Methods 18.49 Building Example Drawings 18.82 EATING and cooling load calculations are the primary design basis for most heating and air-conditioning systems and com ponents. These ealeuations affect the size of piping, ductwork, dif users, air handlers, boilers, chillers, coils, compressors, fans, nd every other component of systems that condition indoor envinoa- ‘menis. Cooling and heating load calculations can significantly affect fist cost of building construction, comfort and productivity of oczu- pans, and operating cost and energy consumption ‘Simply put, heating and cooling loads are the rates of energy input cheating) or removal (cooling) required to maintain an indvor environment at a desired temperature and humidity condition. Heat ing and airconditioning systems are designed, sized, and controled to accomplish that energy transfer. The amount of heating or cooling required at any particular time varies widely, depending on extemal (@3, outdoor temperature) and internal (e.g, number of people ‘ccupying a space) fers, Peak design hesting and cooling load calculations, which are this chapter's focus, seek to determine the maximum rate of heating and cooling eneray tansfer needed at any point in time. Similar pire ples, but with different assumptions, data, and application, can be ‘sed to estimate building energy consumption, as described in Chap- ters, ‘This chapter discusses common clements of cooling load calsu- Jation (e., intemal eat gain, ventilation and infiltration, moistre ‘migration, fenestration heat gain) and two methods of heating and. cooling load estimation: heat balance (HB) and radiant time series TS), COOLING LOAD CALCULATION PRINCIPLES Cooling loads result from many conduction, convection, end rdi- ation heat transfer processes through the building envelope and from internal sources and system components. Building components or contents that may affect eooling load includ the following + External: Walls, roofs windows, skylights, doors, partitions, ceil ings, and floors Internal: Lights, people, appliances, and equipment Infiltration: Air leakage and moisture migration System: Outdoor air, duct leakage and heat gain, rehect, fan and pump energy, and enerey recovery ‘TERMINOLOGY ‘The variables affecting cooling load calculations are numerwus, often difficult to define precisely, and always intricately interrelated “The preparation ofthis chapter is assigned o TC 4.1 Load Caution Data nd Procedures. 18.1 Copyright © 2013, ASHRAE Many cooling load components vary widely in magnitude, and pos- sibly direction, during 224 h period. Because these cyclic changes in Toad components often are not in phase with each other, each compo- nent must be analyzed to establish the maximum cooling load fora building or one. A zoned system (i. one serving several indepen- ‘dentareas, each with ts own temperature control) needs to provide no [greater toll cooling load capacity than the largest hourly sum of Simultaneous zone loads throughout a design day: however, t must, handle the peak cooling load foreach zone atts individual peak how. {Ar some times of day during heating or intermediate seasons, some ‘zones may requie heating while others requite cooling, The zones" ‘ventilation, humidification, or dchumidifiation needs must also be considered ‘Heat Flow Rates 1s air-conditioning design, the following four elated beat flow rates, each of which varies with ime, must be differentiated ‘Space Heat Galn. Tis instantancous rate of heat gain isthe rate avwhich heat enters into andor generated withina space. Heat gain, is classified by its mode of entry into the space and whether itis sen- sible of latent. Entry modes include (1) solar radiation trough trans ‘parent surfaces; (2)heat conduction through exterior walls and roofs, (3) heat conduction through cetings, floors, and interior partion, (4) beat generated inthe space by occupants, lights, and appliances; (5) energy transfer through ditect with-space ventilation and infiltra tion of outdoor ar; and (6) miscellaneous hat gains. Sensible heat is added directly to the conditioned space by conduction, convection, andlor radiation. Latent heat gain occurs When moisture is added to the space (e-2.,from vapor emited by occupants and equipment). To ‘maintain a constant humidity rato, water vapor must condense on the cooling apparatus and be removed atthe same rate it is added to the space. The amount of energy required to offset latent heat gain essen- tally equals the product ofthe condensation rate and latent heat of condensation. In selecting cooling equipment, distinguish between Sensible and latent heat gain: every cooling apparatus has different, ‘maximum removal capacities for sensible versus latent heat for par- ticular operating conditions, tn extremely dry climates, humidifica- tion may be required, rather than debumidification, to maintain, ‘thermal comfort “Radiont Heat Gain, Radiant energy must fist be absorbed by sur- faces that enclose the space (walls flor, and ceiling) and objets in the space (furniture ee). When these surfaces and objects become \warmer than the surrounding ar, some oftheir heat ranfers tothe ait by convection, The composite heat storage capacity ofthese surfaces and objects determines the mate at which their respective surface temperatures inetease fora given radiant input, and thus govems the relationship between the radiant portion of heat ain and its corre sponding part ofthe space cooling load (Figute 1). The thermal stor- age effet is critical in differentiating between instantaneous heat ‘gin fora given space ands cooling load t that moment. Predicting“Tis leis eens to Gaye Kanal (g it a ‘PeKH 7 cfiRoronl™ ean EE Fig. 1 Origin of Difference Between Magnitude of Instantancons Heat Gain and Instantaneous Cooling Load the nature and magnitude ofthis phenomenon to estimate a realistic ‘cooling load for particular set of circumstances has long been of interest ro design engincer; the Bibliography lst some early work on tho aubjoc. Space Cooling Load. This isthe ate at which sensible and atent heat must be removed from the space to maintain a constant space air temperature and humidity: The sum of all space instantancous heat gains at any given time does not necessarily (or even fie= ‘quently equal the cooling load forthe space at that same time. Space Heat Extraction Rate, The rates at which sensible and latent heat are removed from the conditioned space equal the space cooling load only ithe room aie temperature and humidity are con- stant, Along with the intermittent operation of cooling equipment, ‘conrol systems usualy allow a minor eyelic variation or singin ‘room temperature; humidity is often allowed to float, but it can be controlled. Therefore, proper simulation ofthe contol system gives ‘a more realistic value of energy removal over a fixed period than using values ofthe space cooling load. However, this i primarily important for estimating energy use over time; i is not needed 10 calculate design peak cooling load for equipment selection Cooling Coll Load. The rato at which energy is removed at @ - cooling and rebeating or some other dehumidifieation process is needed. ‘This chapter is primarily concerned witha given space or one in building. When estimating loads fora group of spaces (eg. foran air-handling system that serves multiple zones), the assembled ‘anes must be analyzed to consider (1) the simultaneous effects ak ing place; 2) any diversification of heat gains for occupants, ight ing, o other internal load sources; (3) ventilation; andior (8) aay ‘other unigue circumstances, With large buildings that involve more than a single HVAC system, simultaneous loads and any addition liversity also must be considered when designing the central equip- ‘ment tht serves the systems. Methods presented inthis chapter are expressed as hourly load summaries, reflecting 24 h input schedules and profiles of the individual load variables. Specific systems and applications may require different profiles. DATA ASSEMBLY Calculating space cooling loads requires detailed building design {information and weather data at design conditions. Generally, the following information should be compile. Building Characteristis. Building materials, component size, external surfice colors, and shape are usually determined from building plans and specifications. Configuration, Determine building location, orientation, and ‘external shading from building pians and specifications. Shadi from adjacent buildings can be determined from a site plan or by visiting the proposed site, bu its probable permanence should be carefully evaluated before itis included inthe calculation, The pos- sibility of abnormally high ground-tffected solar radiation (e.g. ‘rom adjacent wate, sand, or parking lots) or solar load from adj cent reflective buildings should not be overlooked, Outdoor Design Conditions. Obtain appropriate weather dat, and select outdoor design conditions. Chapter 14 provides inform tion for many weather stations; note, however, tht these design clry-bulb and mean coincident wet-bulb temperatures may vary considerably from data traditionally used in various arcas. Use jjudgment to ensure that results are consistent with expectations ‘Also, consider prevailing wind velocity and the relationship of a project site to the selected weather station. Recent research projects have greatly expanded dhe amount of available weather data (e.2., ASHRAE 2012). Inadditon othe cox- ventional dry bulb with mean coincident wet bulb, data are now available for wet bulb and dew point wth mean coincident dry bub. Peak space load generally eoincides with peak solar or peak dey ‘bulb, but peak system load often occurs at peak wet-bulb tempera ture. The relationship between space and system loads is discussed further in following sections ofthe chapter. “To estimate conductive heat gain through exterior surfaces and {nfltration and outdoor air loads a anytime, applicable outdoor dry ‘and wet-bu temperatures must be used. Chapyor 1 gives monthly ‘cooling load design values of outdoor conditions for many loatirs. ‘These ae generally midafternoon conditions; fr other times of dy, the daily ange profile method described in Chapter 14 can be used to estimate dry- and wet-bulb temperatures. Peak cooling load is ‘often detemined by solar heat gan through fenestration; this peak ‘may oecurin winter months and/or aa time of day when outdoor eit {temperature is no tits maximum, ndoor Design Conditions, Select indoor dry-bulb temperature, {indoor relative humidity, and ventilation rate. Include permissible variations and control limits. Consult ASHRAB. Standard 90.1 fr cenergy-savings conditions, and Siandard 55 for ranges of indoot conditions needed for thermal comfort, .Aanal@hetmailcon), Publication Dat: 6/1/2013 18.3 Internal Heat Gains and Operating Schedules, Obtain planned density and 2 proposed schedule of lighting, occupancy, Iernal equipment, appliances, and processes that contribute to the internal thermal load, ‘Areas. Use consistent methods for calculation of building areas. For fenestration, the definition of & component's area must be con sistent with associated ratings. (Gross surface area, Is ecient and conservative to derive gross surface areas from outer building dimensions, ignoring wall and oor thicknesses and avoiding separate accounting of floor edge and ‘wall comer conlions. Measure flor areas to the ouside of adjacent exterior walls or to the centerline of adjacent partitions. When apportioning to rooms, fagade area should be divided at patton center lines. Wal height shouldbe taken as floo-t-flor height “The outer-dimension procedure is expedient for load calculations, but itis not consistent with rigorous definitions used in building related standards. The resulting differences do not introduce signifi- ‘ant ermore in this chapter's presets. Fenestration area. As discussed in Chapter 15, fenestration r= ings [U-fictor and soir heat gain coeMicient (SHGC)] are based on the entre product are, including frames, Thus, for Toad calcula tions, fenestration area i the area of the rough opening in the wall or roof, [Not surface area, Net surface area is the gross surface area less any enctosed fenestration ate. INTERNAL HEAT GAINS Internal eat enins from people, lights, motors, appliances, and ‘equipment can contribute the majority ofthe cooling lead in a mod- tem building. As building envelopes have improved in response 10 ‘mote restrictive energy codes, intermal loads have increased because of factors such as increased use of computers and the advent of May adjust values inthe same way as for recesed Moors Ianare ‘with ens ‘winout ene Downligh conpastMuorescen 01202 D951 10 + Use middle or high values f delle features ars wakaown Tminare * Uselow sale fr space faction and high salve for radiative faction there anelarge holes in lamaie' reflector ‘Dowalghtincandosoon Tiowos Dost 10 > Usemidle values if mp ype unknown ‘mine + Uselow valu for pace Bacon if andar an (i. clap) is used {Ucehigh vale for space fraction i eflctor imp ce, HRI sed Nosin-aling Moorescert To TSiO057 > Use lower value forradinve Faction for suriee-mounvedTeninare imine 1 Usehigher ale fierdtve ton for pendant imine is intercepted by the floor; nonsolar RTF assume wniform distribu tion by area overall interior surfaces, This effect may be significant foc rooms where lighting heat gain i high and for which solar RTS. are signficanly different from nonsolar RTF ELECTRIC MOTORS Instantaneous sensible heat gain from equipment operated by lecric motors ina conditioned space is calculated as PE FeaFiae @ Gen where Gag ~ heat equivalent of equipment operation, W % = moe power ating W Ey = too efiiecy, decimal faction <1.0 Fas moore factor, 10 or decimal faction <1.0 Faue= tote ead fear, 10 decimal action <1.0 “The motor use factor may be applied when motor use isknown to be intermittent, with significant nonuse during all hous of operation (eg, overhead door operator). For conventional applications, its valve is 1.0. “The motor load factor is the faction ofthe rated load delivered under the conditions of the cooling load estimate. Equation (2) assumes that both the motor and driven equipment are in the cond tioned space, Ifthe motor is outside the space or airstream, 8 ‘When the motor is inside the conditioned space or airstream but the driven machine is ouside, on = PF ise o Equation (4) also applics to a fin or pump in the conditioned space that exhaust air or pumps fluid outside that space. “Table 4 gives minimum efficiencies and related data represemta- tive of typical electric motors fom ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010, Ifeletrie motor load is an appreciable portion of cooling Toad the motor efficiency should be obtained from the manufacturer. Also, depending on design, maximum efficiency might eccur anywhere ‘between 75 to 110% of full oad: ifunder- or overloaded, efficiency ‘could vary from the manufecturer's listing. Overloading or Underloading Heat output of a motor is generally proportional to motor lod, ‘within ated overload limits. Because of typically high no-load ‘Table 4 Minimum Nominal Fall-Load Efficiency for (©) HZ NEMA General Purpose Electrie Motors (Subtype T) Rated 600 Volts or Less (Random Wound) ‘Misia Nominal Fal Lvad Efclency (0) for Motors Mamubctured ‘on or after December 19,2010 ‘Open Drip-Proof Totally Enclowed “Motors Fan-Couled Motors vaaberofPols> 2 o 2 6 ‘Sjactronows Speed (RPMD=> 3600 1600 1200 36001900 1200 Motor Kilowatt 08 770 §S8 5] 7720 855 25 Lt s40 s65 865 | s40 a65 875 1s 855 KS 875/855 865 855 2 55 695 885 [805 495 895 a7 65 f95 895/885 995 $95 56 85 910 902/895 917 910 18 895 917 917 [902 917 910 Mu 902 930 917 fon 924 917 M49 910 930 924 [910 930 917 187 917 936 930 [917 936 930 24 917 91 936 |917 936 90 2s 924 961 941 [928 941 98:1 373 930 945 941 [930 945 98:1 as 936 950 945 |96 950 945 360 936 950 945 |9n6 954 948 146 936 984 980 Jon 954 950 933 v4 954 950 [950 954 950 m3) 941 958 958 [950 958 958 92 950 958 954 |9s6 962 958 1865 950 958 954 | 958 962 958 m8 954 958 958 [958 962 958 aot 954 958 954 |9sK 962 958 aos 958 958 958 [oss 962 958 3977 958 962 962] 958 962 958 370. 958 96.2 962 | 95% 962 958 ance ASTRAE Sard OT0 ‘Nami effsemes cba in scorn wit NEMA Standard MGI sgn A “ne Dein Dare Nasr Eectsc Manficacrs Amoco (NEMA) dig Ca ‘ignore aan) sl ane AC gel psi moe ‘mefor curent, fixed losses, and other reasons, Fay is wenerally assumed to be unity, and no adjustment should be made for under Toating or overloading unless the situation is fixed and can be acet fay ets an reduetodefcenydatacanbe oie from the motor manufacturer,“Tis leis eens to Gaye Kanal (g ‘Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations Radiation and Conveetion Unless the manufacturer's technical iterature indicates other ‘wise, motor heat gxin normally should be equally divided between radiant and convective components forthe subsequent cooling load calculations, APPLIANCES A cooling load estimate should ake into account heat gain frm all appliances (electrical, gas, or steam). Because ofthe Variety of appliances, applications, schedules, use, and installations estimates can be very subjective. Often, the only information available about ‘beat gain from equipment is that on its aameplete, which can over estimate actual heat gain for many types of appliances, as diseussed in the seetion on Office Equipment. Cooking Appliances tmese appliances include common neat-prodveing cooking ‘equipment found in conditioned commercial kitchens, Marn (1962) concluded that appliance surfaces contributed most ofthe heat to ‘commercial kitchens and tht when appliances were installed under an effective hood, the cooling load was independent of th fuel ot ‘energy used for similar equipment performing the same operations, Gordon tal, (1994) and Stith eta, (1995) found tat gas appi- ‘ances may exhibit slightly higher heat gains than their electiccoun- terparts under wall-canopy hoods operated at typical ventilation rates, This is because heat contained in combustion products es- hhausted from a gas appliance may increase the temperatures ofthe appliance and surrounding surfaces, 2s well asthe hood above the 2>- pliance, more so than the het produced by is electric counterpart ‘These higher-temperatue surfaces radiate heat tothe kitchen, adding ‘moderately tothe radiant gain directly associated withthe apliance ‘cooking eurfies. Mam (1962) confirmed that, where appliances are installed under an effective hood, only mdiant gain adds to the cooling load; ‘convective and latent heat from cooking and combustion products are exhausted and donot enter the kitchen, Gordon etal, (1994) and Smith etal (1998) substantiated these findings. Chapter 33 ofthe 2011 ASHRAE Handbook HVAC Applications has more informa- tion on kitchen ventilation, Sensible Heat Gain for Hooded Cooking A ppliances. To establish a heat gain value, nameplate energy input ratings may be used with eppropriate usage and radiation factors. Where specific rating data are not available (nameplate missing, equipment not et purchased, et.), representative heat gas listed in Tables SA to E (Swierezyna etal. 2008, 2009) for a wide variety of commonly {encountered equipment ites. In estimating appliance load, proba- bilities of simultaneous use and operation for diferent appliances located inthe same space must be considered. Radiant heat gain from hooded cooking equipment can range {rom 15 to 45% of the actual appliance energy consumption (Gor- dn etal, 1994; Smith et al, 199; Swierczyna etal. 2008; Talbert tal. 1973). Thisratio of heat gain to appliance enerzy consumption ‘may be expressed asa radiation factor, and itis a funetion of both appliance type and fuel source. The radiation factor F is applied to the average rte of appliance energy consumption, determined by applying usage factor F, to the nameplate oF rated enerzy input, ‘Mam (1962) found that radiant heat temperature rise can be su stantially reduced by shielding the fonts of cooking appliances. Although tis approach may not always be practical in a commer- ial kitchen radiant gains can also be reduced by adding side panels ‘or partial enclosures that are integrated with dhe exhaust hood. Heat Gain from Meals. Por cach meal served, approximately 15 W of hea, of which 75% is sensible and 25% is latent, i trans- ferred to the dining space .Aanal@hetmailcon), Publication Dat: 6/1/2013 18.7 Heat Gain for Generic Appliances. The average rate of appli ance eneray consumption can be estimated from the nameplate or rated energy inptt dana by appiying a duty eyele or usage factor Fi. ‘Thus, sensible hea gin g, for generic electric, steam, and gas appli ances installed under a hood can be estimated using one ofthe fol= Towing equations 96 Gap Fut 0 a Ing o ‘where Fis the ratio of sensible heat gain to the manufacturer's ‘ated eneruy input. However, recent ASHRAE research (Swiere- 2zyna etal. 2008, 2609) showed the design value for heat gui from ‘hooded appliance at idle (ready-to-cook) conditions based on its ‘energy consumption rate is, at best, a rough estimate. When appli- lance eet gain monouromonts during idle conditions wors regremed ‘against energy consumption rates for gas and eletrc appliances, the appliances’ emissivity, insulation, and surface cooling (eg. ‘through ventilation rates) scattered the data points widely, with large deviations from the average values. Because large errors could ‘occur in the heat load calculation for specific appliance lines by using a general radiation factor, heat gain value in Table S should ‘be applied in the FIVAC design. Table 5 lists usage factors, radiation factors, and load factors ‘based on appliance energy consumption rate for typical electrical steam, and gas appliances under standby or ide conditions, hooded. and unhooded. Recirculating Systems. Cooking appliances ventilated by rece ‘culating systems or “ductless" hoods should be treated as unhooded appliances when estimating heat gain. In other words, all energy ‘consumed by the appliance and all moisture produced by cooking is introduced to the kitchen asa seasible or latent cooling load. Recommended Heat Gain Values. Table 5 iss recommended rates of heat gun fom typical commercial cooking appliances. Data inthe “hooded” columns assume installation under a properly de- signed exhaust hood connected to.a mechanic fan exhaust system ‘operating at an exhaust rate for complete capture and containment ofthe thermal and effluent plume. Improperly operating hood sys: tems load the space with a significant convective component of the deat gai, Hospital and Laboratory Equipment Hospital and laboratory equipment items are major sources of sonsibie and Itent heat guns in conditioned spaces. Care is needed in evaluating the probability and duration of simultaneous usage ‘when many components are concentrated in one area such as a lab ‘oratory, an operating room, ete. Commonly, heat gain from equp- _meat in a laboratory ranges from 50 to 220 Win? or, in laboratories ‘with outdoor exposure, as much as four times the heat gain from all ther sources combined. “Medical Equipment. Its more dificult provide generalized ‘neat gain recommendations for medical equipment than for general office equipment because medical equipment is much more varied intype and in pplication. Some heat gain testing has been done, but the equipment included represents only small sample ofthe type of| ‘equipment that may be encountered Data presented for medical equipment in Table 6 ae relevant for portable and bench-top equipment. Medical equipment is very spe- cific and ean vary oreatly from appicatioa to application. The data are presented to provide guidance in only the most general sense. For large equipment, such as MRI, heat gain must be obtained from the mansfactrer Laboratory Equipment. Equipment in laboratories is similar to ‘medical equipment in that it varies significantly from space 10“Ths files ceased 1 Gaye Kanal gaye_hasal@hetmailcom), Publication Date: 6/1/2013 18.8 2013 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals (SI) Table SA Recommended Rates of Radiant aud Convective Heat Gain from Unhooded Electric Appliances During Idle (Ready-to-Cook) Conditions Toeray Rate W Rats of Heat Galas Tom Rade Se Seale Cate Factor Appliance Rated Standby Radiant Comvective Tateat Toul Fr Fe ‘Cabinet hor serving (ange) insulated eT re ot ving large), uisslted sp 15205 0 10% ost om proofing Cage)® so 410382 ° 3 4100088 proofing (nal 1S-hel) git 114s ee Coffee broving um 380382 2 MS 352 OORT Drawer warmer, 2- drawer (moist hodingy* be 1 ° ° 9° 9012 000 Ege cooker sist 20 so 0 205 ass Espresso machine* as 32 Ta 0 32 ais oa Food ware: tea able (2-992) lass 1026 11662102669 roca (smal) ml 6 re ry Hor dog roller” 9 OSs © mm ame oct seus ih sd ud gp det als ec er) Hotfood case (dy ol ds BS ak 88 0 Saas O86 Hotteod ese ost olng)® Dus 967 26k STH 97a Microwave oven: commercial (beat ty) 3198 ° ° ° ° oo 0.00 ‘Oven: countertop conveyorized bake fnishing® 600s 3688 ts 008 © 3688 ast aT Panioi* [0938352 SH ee Popeom popper sk 8 2 2 ° 3 Olas ‘Rapid-cook oven (quare-alogen)* 1016 ° ° ° ° oo 0.00 Rapid-cook oven (microwaveleovection)® 7m 909 0 2501608 ‘Reacvinetigertor MoT 382 268 0) 32025 2s Reffigeated prep able* 582k rn 0 28 0857 Steamer (bun) ss 208176 2» 0 205 Olds Toaster alice popup Cage: cooking ss 89 3 4037 aT contact vetcl) 3218162 0 15 aa? Ost ‘conveyor age) b513 309839 © 3019 ost 09, small conveyor V0 ose IT 867 O10 06st Wate ion m9 327 O32 0397 “ens we a AST APPE Gy SOHC SALE A AAT SSSA] aT Table 5B Recommended Rates of Radiant Heat Gain from Hooded Electrle Appliances During Tale (Ready-t0-Cook) Conditions Energy Rae TawefHarGanW Gage Radiation Appliance Rd Standby Seuble Radiant Factor Fy Factor Fy ‘niler underred 007mm TORI 9056 res om as (Chocsemelier® Sols 348 8 097 039 Fer ketle ols 528 ur 002 028 Fryer: ope doep-ft, ovat 18 a 2s 006 036 Fryer: presure Bs 71 0.06 019 ‘Geil! double sided 900 mm (clams down)® 21218202 O10 020 ‘Gade: double sided 900 clara up)" 22s 337 016 031 ‘Geile: a 900 ils 37 020 039 ‘Gees 900 mie 9718 020 oa ction cooktop” 21013 ° om 0.00 Induction wok 3488 ° 00 0.90 ‘Oven: combi combi-mode weal 612 010 ous ‘Oven: combi convection mode Iesl26l2 010 038 ‘Oven: convection fll-size ws 1964 0165 02 ‘Oven: convection balsize™ 55101084 020 oa Pasa cookar® 200 2491 oat 000 Range top op offen on” 4368 om 035 Range top: 3 elements onvoven of iss 4813, 030 oat Range op: 6 elements eave of bus 9730 065 042 Range op: 6 laments avoven on x70 10668 ost 040 Range: bot-iop 1582615038 093 023 Rosier nor aoa 036 033 Sica Kel: lange (225 L),simmes id down® ad 162 on 04 Steam Ket: small (10 L), simmer id down 21 399 28 002 017 Steamer compartment atmospherc* ono ata 046 ont ‘Tiki sil ening pan 9621553 046 0.00 em witness appear aly a Sula oa (WP al cas appear bot Swot (WA) cd GO,“Ths files ceased 1 Gaye Kanal gaye_hasal@hetmailcom), Publication Date: 6/1/2013 ‘Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations ‘Table SC_Recominended Rates of Radiant Heat Gain from Hooded Gas 18.9 Appliauces During Idle (Ready-to-Cook) Conditions Taagy Rate W Rateofliet Gain W Gage Raiaton Appliance Rated___Standiy_Seusible Radiat Factor Fy Factor Fr Broiler bach™ eat _20280 aa O78 oi Broiler: chain eomveyor) Bess 28.340 3869 073 os Broiler overized (aprgh™ D307 28761 2 ox 003 Broiler: underfired 900 ram dis 1658 2638 on 012 Fer: doughnut ns9s 363 028 023 Fryer: open dop-it, vat Bae TT 023 Fer pressure Date 2638, 09 Gri: Joule sided 900 me (clamshell down)® Simo Ms. 023 (Grd: double side 900mm (clamshell) Simlo 808, 033 Grid: 90 m0 ave 509 018 ‘Oven: combi: comb mode iss 1758 007 ‘Oven: comb: eameton mode iss 1700 017 (Oven: convection fllsize Res 3u8e 008 ‘Oven: conveyor (pizza) 982 2.9017 on (Oven: rack min-ating® i350 19 024 Pas cooter= ai 66 0.00 Range top: tp ofPoven ont 727 027 Range top: 3 barers onoven off 316817618 20st 012 ange tp: bumerson/oven of S169 35.408, 330 010 Range top: 6 burners onoven on 239536018 3986 on Range: wok Dold 25614, 1504 0.06 Rethemalizer* 2376 oD 30 049 Rice cooker® inas7 17 i 050 Salerandeet 279789 133 016 ‘Steam kote: large (225 L) simmer lid dow 2493 Se ° 00 ‘teem kee: smal (36 L smo hi dowra® 15240 967 88 009 ‘Stcam kote: smal (150 L) simmer id dowa, Dw) bw ° 000 ‘Steamer: compart: tmosperic® 720 o 032 0.00 “Tihing sileubeasing pa sag 3048 uy. 010 008 Sa ‘Table SD Recommended Rates of Radiant Heat Gain from Hooded Solid Fuel Appliances During Idle (Ready to-Cook) Conditions Facey Rae W Tate af ent Gains W ae Baton Appliance Tt Sanayi actor Fy Factor Fe Broiler sid oes charcoal ke T2309 1817 Na 015 Broiler slid ue: wood (esgaitey™ ike 14536 20st Nia on as wit nae appa oly 9 Swieaa aL GUO) A aay ars BO Swe SAL GOO) sa HO ‘Table SE Recommended Rates of Radiant aud Convective Heat Gain from Warewashing Equipment During Idle (Standby) or Washing Conditions Bate ofHeat Gai, W Energy Rate, W Tabooded Hood sage Radiation ‘Sanda? Senile Senate “Sensible Factor Factor Appliance Rated _Wathing Radiant Convective Latent Total Radiant Py Fr ists (coaveyor ype, chemical saniring) 1716 WervinT7—0——«BOF «HSE SDE COOH Dishwasher conveyor ype, otsvatersantzing) standby 13716 6713924973 86H NIA Dishwasher (door-1ype,chenical snitzing) washing 5093 3528698 058081139028 Dishnasher(door-ype htvaz sanitizing) washing 5393 3523898 058) 398026 Dishnasher(under-counter type, chemical sntzing) standby 7796 382/480 0 «6SB_«22D—18H) 030.00 Dishwashers (andercounter pe, hotter ining) stanlby 7796 498724 234 «30S BSZ_ MMP] 234 0270.4 Booster beater” seo ota oo ow 0 NA es wid a ait appr oly fm Swiezyan oo 0) al ws pyr Bath Sw” "ote ete alas a prod TPS wg TO 2ymtal UG and (08). ‘ty. space. Chapter 16 of the 2011 ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Appi- Office Equipment cations discusses heat gain from equipment, which may range ftom ‘5010270 Wim? in highly automated laboratories. Table 7 lists some values for laboratory equipment, bu, as with medical equipment it is for general guidance only. Wilkins and Cook (1999) also exare- ‘ned laboratory equipment heat gains. Computers, printers, copiers, ete., can generate very sigaifi- ant heat gains, sometimes greater than all other gains combined. ASHRAE research project RP-822 developed a method to measure the actual heat gsi from equipment in buildings and the radian’ convective percentages Hosni eta 1998; Jones etal 1998), This‘Thisfileis ceased to Gaye Kanal (gaye_kasal@hotmallcom). Publication Dee: 61/2013. 18.10 ‘tees teadmll, NA 198 fet ‘lsasound system 130010631080, ‘Vacuum suction 2 37a way en oes te ms su 480 2070 i Saver Toa a HT, Table 7 Recommended Heat Gain from ‘Typical Laboratory Equipment maeplate, W_ Peak, W Average, W 7 7 7 be ° #7 28136, ir 1176 70 leetrctemical analyzer 45 “4 85 # Flame photometer wr os haoeicen miroicope ua rs 205, v8 Fonction generator 29 2» Incubator 461 451 an 268 135m ‘Orbital shaker 16 16 Oscilloscope 8 38 a Rosary evaporator 4 2 2 2 Species 31 31 Spectphotometr 106 104 m a ir Bs Spectro Muorometer 405, 395 ‘Themocyeler 968 ‘at 23 198 “Tissue clare asi 46 aus 78 46 oar Hos a TH). ‘methodology was then incorporated into ASHRAE research project RRP-1055 and applied to @ wide range of equipment (Hosni etal 1999) as a follow-up to independent research by Wilkins and ‘MeGafin (1994) and Wilkins etal. (1991), Komor (1997) found similar results. Analysis of measured data showed that results for ‘office equipment could be generalized, but results from laboratory and hospital equipment proved too diverse. The following general ‘guidelines for office equipment are a result ofthese sts. Nameplate Versus Measured Energy Use. Nameplate data rarely reflect the actual power consumption of office equipment. 2013 ASHRAE Handbook— Fundamentals (SI) Acual power consumption is assumed to equal total (radian plus convective) heat gain, but its ratio to the nameplate value varies widely. ASHRAE research project RP-1055 (Hosni et al. 1999) found that, for general office equipment with nameplate power con- ‘sumption of Tess than 1000 W, the actual ratio of total heat gain to ‘nameplate ranged from 25% to 50%, but when all tested equipment is considered, the range is broader. Generally, ifthe nameplate value iste only information known and no actual heat gain data are avail- able for similar equipment, it is conservative to use $0% of name- plat as heat gain and more nearly correct if 25% of nameplate is ‘used. Much better results can be obtained, however, by considering Inet gain to be predictable based on the type of equipment. How= ‘ever, ifthe device has a mainly esstve internal electric load (eg, space heater), the nameplate rating may be a good estimate of is peck energy dissipation. Computers. Based on tess by Hosni etal (1999) and Wilkins and MeGaffin (1994), nameplate values on computers should be ignored when performing ceoling load calculations. Table ® pre ‘ents typical heat gain valcs for computers with varying degrees of safety factor, Monitors. Based on monitors tested by Hosni etal. (1999), heat ‘stn for cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors corelates approximately ‘wi sereen size as non = 0.2520 o whore “on ~ Seasibe heat gain fom monitor, W "3 = nominal screen size, mm Table 8 shows typical values. Flat-panel monitors have replaced CRT monitors in many work places, Power consumption, and thus heat gain, for Ma-panel dis plays are significantly lower than for CRT. Consult manufacturers fect or average power consumption dn for wen fe gan calculations. Laser Printers. Hosni et al. (1999) found that power consump- tion, and therefore the heat gain, of laser printers depended largely fon the level of throughput for which the printer was designed, ‘Smaller printers tend to be used more intermittently, and larger printers may run continuously for longer periods. Table 9 presents data on laser printers. These data canbe applied bby taking the value for continuous operation and then applying an appropriate diversity factor. This would likely be most appropriate forlarger open office areas. Another approach, which may be ap- propriate fora single room or small area, i to take the value that set lowly matches the expected operon ofthe pene with 0 versity. Copiers. Hosni et al. (1999) also tested five photocopy ‘machines, including desktop and office (freestanding high-volume copiers) models. Larger machines used in production environments ‘were not addressed, Table 9 summarizes the results. Desktop copi- cersrarely operate continuously, but offic copiers frequently operate outinuousy for periods of an hour or more. Large, high-volume ‘photocopiers often include provisions for exhausting air outdoors if 0 equipped, the direct-to-space or system makeup air heat gain needs to e included inthe foad calculation, Also, when the air is dry, humidifier are often operated near copiers to limit static elec tricity, if this oceus during cooling mode, ther load on HVAC sys- tems should be considered. ‘Miscellaneous Office Equipment. Table 10 presents data on ‘miscellaneous office equipment such as vending machines and ‘mailing equipment. Diversity. The ratio of measured peak electrical load at equip- ‘ment pancls to the sum of the maximum electrical load of each ‘ndvidual item of equipment isthe usage diversity. A small, one- oF ‘two-person office containing equipment listed in Tables & to 10“Ths files ceased 1 Gaye Kanal gaye_hasal@hetmailcom), Publication Date: 6/1/2013 ‘Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations 18.11 ‘Table S Recommended Heat Gaia from Typical Computer Equipment Eqipmeat____ Description ‘Nameplate Power, W_Averaye Power, W Radiant Fraction Desktop compule™ Manufacturer A (model Ay 28 ONz roceser, | OB RAM 0 3 Te ‘Manufaeturee A model By: 2.6 Gz processor, 2 GB RAM 480 4” nie “Manusetre B model A): 3.0 GHe prcessr,2 GB RAM cy 7 O10 Manufstre (model By 3.0 GHz pocessog, 2 GB RAM. 0 4s oe “Manufatucee A (enol C23 OH prcessr, 3 GB RAM 1200 7 16 [Laptop computer? Manuficturer1;20 GHz processor, 2 GB RAM, 4:0 mm screen 130. 36 2st ‘Manufitice 1 1 GH2 processor, GB RAM, 40 mm seen 0 Fy 02st “Manufteturee 1520 GH processor 2 GB RAM, 35 mm seen % 3 02st Manufacture 2; 213 GHz processor, GB RAM, 355 mm sree, 90 2 025° tablet PC “Manufaturee 2; 366 MHz processor, 130 MB RAM (385 mm sreen) ~ 2 02s [Manufaetuce 3 90 Mz processor, 286 MB RAM (258 ram sereca) 30 2 025 Flat-panel monitor’ ManufteturetX roel A; 760 mm sreen 36 90 aoe “ManufttrerX model By $60 mm seen 300 36 oa “Manufaturee¥ (model A), 480mm sereen 288 28 a0 anuftturee¥ (endl B) 430 ma ere 0 » eae ‘ManufstceeZ (mde A) 430 am srcen 240 FA ae Manufsetce Z (ede C); 340 mm sreen 240, » aoe ‘Saree Moai and Bo COIR) ‘Sfowe comin fr emer tap computers in operational meer rom 100; bats ‘nse va of shut 6S W maybe wed. oer comunpon slp mode elle Breas of ln fn eprsiotly 90% oad by comes ed 1s yan Arua oon ccmmgio nae 101 SS epee. ‘Towercomumpton fluo compat ray smal deeming on pacer pecd an sees. ‘it vars fon soa St 40 Ths teeing hence mae came rs OF (be coing kb unwed th es oa my clad ss comet Otrie 478) 2 spcbewee oectv tnd ave components in bus Aspe conszpion Ianope sb 55 nameplate sl ‘Fegan! ites tae rp thd tte (CRT) mentor ‘may wonpaces po dgtete slo atin ch bee Per onsen depen on ee nd eon. acs os ‘owt W (30 mn tat) 90W e160 ma). Tem com ‘eosin wc ae 4) abd SO mm, Sr wich an tose 40'W power canmpion value may be us, Use ODN pt ‘evaencomectvanirabtve compu nie ode monn: Ive neal pone comp Nameplate aes sold at be Table9 Recommended Heat Gain from Typical Laser Printers and Copiers Fgsipment Deception Nameplie Foner WerageFowen W ‘Radiant Facto ase printer piel dep, Pating speed po TO pages par me a0 TT 050" ‘laos pe Pranng sped wp 03 pases per mite 90 7% os Printing sped upto 19 pages per minste 508 6 030 Priating sped upto 17 pages po inate 508 8 030 ‘Printing speed upto 19 pages Pe mite 635 110 030 Printing spced upto 24 page pr singe bat bo. 0308 Muliftuacion cops; pein, scan)" Soll, desktop type 00 30 ‘ 0 4 ‘Medium, desktop type 70 Bs 4 Scanner? Smal, desktop ype 0 6 ‘ Copy machine! Large, mutusr, office typ 1950 00 (le 260 W) Gitte 0.009 Lao 580 (dle 138 W) 4 0.005) 1580 1060 le 308 W) 4 Gale 0.007) Fax machine ‘Medium 936 0 4 Small « 20 4 Ploter Manafctrer A 400 250 ‘ Manuicrre 456, 0 4 Sere Roars IO, "Seal sion (spy a, i) elena we abo TS v9 30 Wy mma oar woe low TSW. Power canst me ma smell Nemplne talus Go net pest pou estan Vio tts rises commerily ale ad ety ‘wed spore oflcs wee tad for poner cept Pit mode, wich varied en #0 [4 W, depending on ‘del pint capaci ad sped. Aes power eosin 10 may Rous Spt einen case saan Say bls ening oa ‘should tbs we, Seale singles scamer Consus Uns st 20 W and do storie Ss Powe conan fe spy machines ag oft am apy eter anges tat 0 1100 7 ‘copy mote Campin mse wares fem att 13:9 300 W-Cout ones: poner consign ‘Saopronely 000% plbtwaen smc nd ir beat us was dete hse pe of supe usuelly contributes heat gan to the space atthe sum of the appr pirat ised values, Progressvely larger arcas with many equipment items always experience some degree of usaue diversity resulting ‘rom whatever percentage of such equipment is notin operation t any given time. Wilkins and MeGaffin (1994) measured diversity in 23 areas within five different buildings totaling over 25 600 m2. Diversity was found to range between 37 and 78%, with the average (normalized based on area) being 46%, Figure ¢ illustrates the relationship between nameplate, sum of peaks, and actual electri- cal load with diversity accounted for. based on the average of the total arca tested. Data on actual diversity can be used as a guide, ‘but diversity varies significantly with occupancy. The proper diversity factor for an office of mail-order catalog telephone oper ators is different from that for an office of sales representatives ‘who travel regulary.“Tis leis eens to Gaye Kanal (g .Aanal@hetmail com), Publication Dat: 6/1/2013 2013 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals (SI) ‘Table 11 Recommended Load Factors for ous Types of Offices 2 Description 5 Tos Lapp, 269 — 1m wrkaaionaapop ep PE a Tt 10, sper mis. 9 mediuen 385 6 m?/workstation, all laptop use, | printer per 3 pears es Sits Lapp, 431.15 nworkstation, S0% apap / M4 dake Tig cpr 10 scr mi im «S381. erkttion, 50% app /50% dso, 1 primer per 10, speakers mise taweruate Taurens aoTN 100% Desiop, 646 18.5? wersation al tp oe, peer Ti Per 10 opeaters ie Fig. 4 Ofice Equipment Load Factor Comparison niedimm $6111.61 workstation all top 1 peter (ahi and McGatin 1951) pe 0, pak, ie. os Deskop, 10.78 Te mPivekstto al ests, 2 Table 10 Recommended Heat Gain from ee eee em 109% Desktop, 1615 7.9m wekstaton, ll desktp ue, 2 on Miscellaneous Office Equipment wee ‘etioreton, al deo 100% Desktop, 21.52 7.9mvekataon all den ws, 2 monrs, Eavinment faon 1 pene por pears mise ders Mapocesing equipo oes Wit ana MT, Folding machine bs so Imei aie 60103300 s90t02180 “Table 12 Recommended Diversity Factors for oes pees Labeling machine, 600 10 6600 390 to 4300 Office Equipment 1500 30000 pices i Recomacndnd Drona Fat Fence a ‘0 Desktop computer 758% vee » » Leb imonitor ors Cal eodbevrage ris0w 1920 st5t9s60 ——_Nobhook computer 586 oat 240 09 275 200 275 estimates even for densely populated and highly automated spaces, * ‘Table 12 indicates applicable diversity factors. aw “ ” Radiant/Convective Split. ASHRAE research project RP-1482 Case ectsation, 400 on (Gosn and Beck 2008 is examining the adinconvecuve split for TBs fsanmon office equipment: the most important difeentating Cote nk, 1 cape 1500 1050sens, features Whether the squipment had a cooling fan, Footnotes ‘solace “Tables Band 9 summarizes hose esl Microfiche ede ss s reader 2) S20 Mien Se iter im i INFILTRATION AND MOISTURE Microwave oven, 28 oo “00 MIGRATION HEAT GAINS Paper died 250103000 200192420 ‘We een 30 Uh “w 0 Two other oad components contribute to space coling load ASHRAE research project RP-1093 derived diversity profiles for use in energy calculations (Abushakra etal. 2004; Claridge etl 2004). Those profiles were derived from available measured data Sets fora variety of office buildings, and indicated a range of peak ‘weckday diversity factors fr lighting ranging from 70 t0 85% and for receptacles (appliance Toad) between 42 and 89% Heat Gain per Ualt Area. Wilkins and Hosni (2000, 2011) and ‘Witkins and MeGaffin (1994) summarized research on a heat gain per unit area basis. Diversity testing showed thatthe actual heat ‘gan per unit are, or load factor, ranged from 4.7 to 11.6 Wim, ‘with an average (normalized based on area) of 8.7 Wim. Spaces tested were fully occupied and highly automated, comprising 21 ‘unique areas in five buildings. witha computer and monitor at every ‘Workstation, Table Il presents a range of load factors With subjective description of the type of space to which they would apply. The medium load density is likely tobe appropriate for most standart office spaces. Mediumvheavy or heavy Toad densities may ‘be encountered but can be considered extremely conservative - ical of at leat the central United States is to estimate the ACH for ‘winter heating conditions, and then use half that value forthe cock ing load calculations, Standard Ais Because the specific volume of sir varies epprecialy, calcul Aone are sore sovuaie wits ado te backs at mat tnd of volume, However, volume flow rates are often required [oe Selecting cols, fans, dacs, et basing Volumes on measfementat standerd conditions may be sed for accurate results. One standard value is. 1.2 Kays! (0.833 mk). This density coresponds to about 16°C at stration and 21°C dry iat 101-325 kPa. Deca airusually passes through the equipment ata density close to stax dard for locations below about 300 m, the accuracy desired not ‘lly requires no corestion. When flow iso be measured ata parscular condition or point, suchas ata eoil entrance or exit the Corresponding specific volume can be read fom the sea-level payehrometric chart, For higher elevations, the mass Dow rates af Srmst be adjusted and higherelevation psychometric chars 9 algorithms mst be used. Heat Gain Calculations Using Standard Air Values Air-conditioning design offen requires the following infor Volumes 1. Tota! heat ‘Total heat gain, coresponding tothe change ofa given standard flow rate Q, through an enthalpy difference A is 17 120,44 6 where 1.2= kag “Tis total heat equation can also be expressed as = GO.4h where C,= 1.2 is the sir total heat factor, in Win) entalpy h 2 Sensible eat Sensible heat gain 4, corresponding to the change of dry-bulb {temperature Ar for given airflow (standard conditions) 0, is go 1.211.006 + 1.8497)Q,¢ 0 where 1.006 = specie heat of dy i LVCkg-K) = humidity rato, 1.84 = specifi heat of water vapor, KMkg-K) ‘The spovfic heat ae fora range from about 75 to 90°C. When =0, the value of 1 20(1,006-+ 1.8497) = 1-21; when 7 =0,01, the value is 1.23; when T7= 0.02, the value is 1.25; and when = 6.08, the value is 1.27. Because a value of IV = 0.01 approximates condi ‘Non’ found in many air-conditioning problems, the sensible Het change (in W) has traditionally been found as 4,= 1.230, a ‘This sensible heat equation cam also be expressed as .Aanal@hetmailcon), Publication Dat: 6/1/2013 18.13 4-60, where C, = 1.28 sth ar sensible heat ft, in Wim!-+K). 3. Latent heat Latent hea gain q corresponding tothe change of humidity ratio AW (in gy a) forgiven airflow (standard conditions) Q, is 417 1.20% 25009,.17=30109,a07 a ‘where 2500 isthe approximate heat conten of 30% rh vapor at 24°C less the heat content of water at 10°C, A common design condition for the space is 0% rh at 24°C, and 10°C is normal condensate tem perature from cooling and dehumidifying cols. This latent heat equation ean also be expressed as 9) 0,8" where C;~ 2010 i the air atant heat factor, in Wie) 4, Elevation correction for total, sensible, and latent heat equations The constants 1.2, 1.23, and 3010 are useful in air-conditioning calculations at sea level (101.325 kPa) and for normal temperatures land moisture ratios. For other conditions, more precise values Should be used. For an elevation af 1525 m (84.1 kPa), appropriate values are 1.00, 1.03, and 2500. Equations (9) to (11) ean be ‘corrected for elevations other than sea level by multiplying them by ‘the ratio of pressure at sea level divided by the pressure at actual a ‘ude. This can be derived from Equation (3) in Chapter I as © “eat Ceo? !Po ‘where Gyo isany ofthe sea-level Cvalues and P/P)=[1 — (elevation x 2.25577 x 10-9), where elevation isin metres. Elevation Correction Examples To correct the C values for El Paso, Texas, the elevation listed in the appendix of Chapter [4 is 1194 mC values for Equations (8) 19 (11) canbe corrected using Equation (3) in Chapter I as follows: Cjaaga = 1.2 * [1 (0194 * 2.25577 « 10-5)82599 = 1.08 Coupe 123 « [1 (1194 « 2.25577 « 10-5) = 107 ynags = 3010 % [1 = (1194 « 2.25577 » 10-5)}5259 = 2608, To correct the C values for Albuquerque, New Mexico, the ele ‘vation listed inthe appendix of Chapter 14 is 1620 m. C values for Equations (8) to (11) can be conected as follows: 1.2% [1 (1620 2.25577 x 108982889 Cue 99 gasp 1.23 «(1 (0620 % 2.25577 105)f259 = 1.01 gaan ~ 3010» [1 = (1620 » 2.28577» 10-5]5259 — 2475 LATENT HEAT GAIN FROM ‘MOISTURE DIFFUSION Diffusion of moisture through building materials isa natural phe ‘nomenon that is always present. Chapters 25 to 27 cover principles, ‘materials, and specific methods used to contro! moisture. Moisture transfer through walls and roofs is often neglected in comfort air conditioning because the actual rate is quite small and the corre- sponding latent heat gain is insignificant. Permeability and per ‘meance values for various building materials are given in Chapter 26. Vapor retarders should be specified and installed in the proper location to keep moisture transfer to @ minimum, and to minimize ‘condensation within the envelope, Moisture migration up through“Tis leis eens to Gaye Kanal (g 18.14 slabs-on-grade and basement floors has been found to be signif ‘cant, but has historically not been addressed in cooling load calou- Jations, Under-slab continuous moisture retarders and drainage can ‘reduce upward moisture flow. ‘Some industrial applications require low moisture to be maine ‘ined in a conditioned space. In these cass, the latent heat gain accompanying moisture transfer through walls and roofs may be treater than any other latent heat gain. This gain is computed by 4, J MAA hg —hy) c vehene 4, ~ let heat gain rom moisture ansiex, W AC~ peemeanee of vall or rot essembly, eiemPa) 4 = ten of wal of root suite, mn? ‘Ap, = vapor pressure dierece, Pa 4 stay ani Ag r= ental of water condensed at eoolng col kg 1h, Hy = 2500 Lig when oom empeature 24°C and condensate off cailis PC OTHER LATENT LOADS Moisture sources within a building (¢@., shower areas, swim- ring pools or natatoriums, arboretum) can also contribute to latent load: Unlike sensible loads, which coreate to supply air quantities required ina space, latent loads usually only affect cooling eolssz- ing or efigeration oad. Because ar from showers and some other moisure-generating areas is exhausted completely, those sisborne latent loads do not reach the cooling col and thus donot contribute +o cooling load. However, system loads associated with ventilation air required to make up exhaust air must be recognized, and any ‘escalated at's moisture must be considered when sizing the