1.Concrete Cylinder Test.

a) Draw the set-up of compressive strength test

Figure 1: Set up of compressive test

The concrete cylinder is tested to obtain the compressive strength using a typical compressive
test. The concrete cylinder is casted for 28 days and left curing in a pool of water. The
dimensions and weight of the concrete cylinder are calculated and recorded. In figure 1, the
compressive strength test is conducted by putting the cylinder into the machine. The magnitude
of the progressive compressive strength is applied and adjusted until the concrete cylinder fails
by using the computer software. The concrete cylinder is adjusted until it fails and the result is
displayed on the computer and recorded into data sheet.
b) Lab data sheet for compressive strength test

c) Nominal dimensions of the concrete cylinder

Nominal dimensions=Diameter Heig h t
Cy 3=99 206

Cy 4= 100 230

Diameter

= 150 mm

Height

= 300 mm

The dimensions of 2 cylinders are shown in the table below

Specimen No. Diameter (mm) Height (mm)
Area (cm2)

Volume (cm3)

Cy3

99

206

76.976

1585.706

Cy4

100

230

78.540

1806.420

d) Average failure load of concrete cylinder

Specimen No.
Cy3
Cy4

Failure Load (kN)

215.812
241.433

Average failure load =

=

215.812+241.433
2
= 228.623 kN

e) Average compressive strength of the concrete cylinder

Specimen No.
Cy3
Cy4

Compressive Strength (N/mm)

28.036
30.740

Average Compressive Strength (N/mm2) =

28.036+ 30.740
2

= 29.388 N/mm2

Calculation for the average compressive strength of concrete cube:

Specimen No.

Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

Cu03

12.40

Cu04

12.80

Average Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

=

=
12.40+12.80
2
= 12.60 N/mm2

f) Difference in percentage between cylinder and cube average compressive strength of the
concrete?
Average Compressive Strength of Concrete Cylinder

= 29.388 N/mm2

Average Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube

= 12.4145 N/mm2

The percentage difference

29.38812.600
29.388
= 57.13%

g) Failure mode of concrete cylinder and concrete cube

Figure 2: Failure mode of concrete cylinder

Figure 4: Failure mode of concrete cube

As shown in the photos above, the cracks of concrete cylinders and concrete cubes were due to
shear as the cracks happened along the surface of both concrete structures. Internal crack also
happened in concrete cylinders but not concrete cube.

2 Beam X Test
Beam 6s point load at mid-span shown below.

Beam 6s cross-sectional shown below.

Figure 5 Point load and cross-sectional of Beam 6

The specifications of Beam X (Beam 6) are as follows:
'
Concrete strength, f c=25 MPa

Section: 100 mm 100 mm

Bottom reo:

A ( f sy. f =250 MPa ) 2 R 6

Top reo: 2 R 6

Stirrups:

R 6 @150 mm(f sy .f =250 MPa)

Beam length: 350 mm

Beam span: 300 mm
2(a)
Before the centered the Beam 6 to flexural
strength test machine
All the dimension of Beam 6 was recorded in
table. Weight of concrete, Beam 6 was
weighted by electronic weight scale and
dimension (length width) was measured
by ruler.
The procedure of placing the Beam 6 to
flexural strength test machine
The technician placed the concrete beam on
the machine. Supports were placed at the end
of the beam. We were told to observed
clearly because the cracking is small and it
happen quickly. Technician start the machine
to apply load to the beam. Two of students
were assigned to observe and mark the
cracking pattern on the beam. A few of
students were told to observe the cracking
and informed the markers to mark. Another
group of students were assigned to observe
the values on machine display screen and
recorded it in table.
Figure 6 Flexural strength test machine
Technician informed us about applied load value to the beam. Cracking was happened; students
were drawing the cracking and wrote the number. It was informed another group of students to
record the cracking value. The experiments were processed twice.

b) Based on the above given specifications, predict the bending moment and load to produce
initial cracking?
[Clause 3.1.2], Modulus of elasticity of concrete, Ec= 1.5 0.043
[Clause 3.1.3], Density of concrete = 2400 kg/m

Assume fc= 25 MPa

Therefore,
1.5
Ec =( 2400 ) 0.043 25
=25278.734Mpa
Es
Modulus ratio, n= E s
3

n=

200 10
25278.734

= 7.91
8
According to Table 1 in formula sheet
2R6 Area of the reinforcement 2R6, Ast = 60 mm

Area of transformed reinforcement, Atrasnformed

= (n 1) Ast
= (8 1) 60
= 420 mm
Area of concrete, Ag
= 100 100
= 10000 mm
Total area,

AT

= Atransformed + Ag

A total=10 000 mm2 + 420 mm2

= 10420 mm

deffective

[ 10028( 2825 ) ] mm=69 mm

Taking moment at the top of the concrete beam, Mtop

ATdg

= [Ag h/2] + [Atransformed deffective]

10420 dg

= [10000 100/2] + [420 69]

dg

=50.765
51mm

+ Agd] + [

+ Atransformedd]

( 100 x 100 )3
=[
+ 10000 (50.765 50)] + [420 (69
12
50.765)]
4
= 8.478 106 mm

[Clause 3.1.1.3], Flexural tensile strength of concrete, f ct.f

= 3.0 MPa
G=0.1 0.1 24

G=0.24

[negligible]

Self weig h t=1.2 G

Self weig h t=1.2 0.24

Self weig h t=0.288

kN
m

When the first crack is seen, = f ct.f

Cracking moment,
M cr =

M cr =

I
y

(3 106 )(8.478 106 )

(10050.765) 103

M cr =516.584 Nm
M cr =0.517 kNm

P
2

P
2

150

300

Ay

By

M A =0
P
P
(75) ( 75+150 ) + B y (300)=0
2
2
B y ( 300 ) =

P
P
(75) ( 225 )
2
2

B y (300)=150 P
B y =0.5 P

F y =0
P P
A y +0.5 P =0
2 2
A y 0.5 P=0
A y =0.5 P

Shear force diagram (SFD)

kN
0.5 P

0.5 P

0.225 m

0.075 m
0.5 P

0.5 P

Bending moment diagram (BMD)

kNm

m
0.5 P

3
P
80

M=

3
P
80

3P
80

M cr =0.517 kNm
0.517=

3P
80

P=13.787 kN

c) Based on the above given specifications; predict the ultimate bending moment capacity of the
beam and corresponding load? Neglect self-weight in your calculation

2 = 1.0 0.003fc
= 1.0 (0.003) (25)

= 1.05 0.007fc
= 1.05 (0.007) (25)
= 0.875

= 0.925
Use 2 = 0.85 and = 0.85,

ku =
=

f y
2 f ' c
3

ku =

60
= 100 x 69

(8.696 10 )(250)
(0.85)(0.85)(25)

k u =0.12
=8.696 103

[Cl.8.1.5 ]
k u =0.12 0.36
It is ductiledesign .

M u= A st f sy d 1

A st f sy
'

2 2 bd f c

M u=( 60 ) ( 250 ) ( 69 ) 1

(60)(250)
( 2 )( 0.85 ) ( 100 ) ( 69 )( 25 )

M u=0.9821 kNm
M=

P=

3P
80

80 M u
3

P=26.19 kN
d) At what load did the beam fail? What is the corresponding moment?
Experimental result of the applied load and corresponding moment of beam 6 failure
The applied load of beam failure
Pultimate =42.51 kN
The corresponding moment of beam failure
3P
M=
80
M=

3(42.51)
80

M =1.59 kNm

e) Failure mode

Figure 7: Failure mode of Beam X

As observed during the lab demonstration, it is shown that the initial cracking of concrete beam
appeared at the mid-span bottom and move upwards of the beam.
In this figure, we can see that the initial cracking of concrete beam occurred at the mid-span and
side span bottom. More cracks are formed at the bottom of the beam as more progressive
loadsare applied to the beam. The beam experienced compression at the top of the beam whereas
the beam experienced tension at the bottom. The cracks are formed at the right side of the beam
in the figure above which is caused by many factors. One of the factors which cause the cracking
is the inconsistency during the casting of the beam. The size of gravel used is too tiny thus the
mixture is inconsistent.
Furthermore, the beam is not placed at the exact centre point of the machine leading to the
loading is concentrated more on the right side. The failure mode beam is considered as flexural
cracking and failed when 5.896 kN load act on it. Beam X failure mode is considered as bending
failure mode.

f)
Actual failure moment with the predicted ultimate moment capacity
Actual failure moment

= 1.59 kNm

Predicated failure moment = 0.9821 kNm

=
Predicted ultimate momentActual failure moment
Predicted ultimate moment
=

(0.98211.59) kNm
100
0.9821 kNm

=61.89

The actual failure moment is lower than the predicated failure moment. This may be caused
because of the errors that have been made during the experiment. The beam was not placed at the
middle displacement of the machine. Consequently, the load concentration point is not at the
exact middle spot.

Beam Y Test

a) Based on the predicted bending moment capacity of beam 1 as obtained in 2c, determine the
corresponding maximum shear force? Assume this value is the design shear force V*.

P=26.19 kN

Assuming maximum shear force, V u ,max =design s h ear force ,V

V =

P
2

V =

26.19 kN
2

V =13.095 kN

3(b)

'

V u ,max =0.2 f c bv d o
V u ,max =

[Cl.8.2.6 Shear strength limit by web crushing]

0.2 25 100 69
10 3

V u ,max =34.5 kN
=0.7

[Table 2.2.2 (e) Capacity reduction factor ( ) ]

V u ,max =0.7 34.5

V u ,max =24.15 kN
V V u , max

[Cl.8.2.7.1 Reinforced beams]

do
0.8
1000

69
0.8
1000

1=1.1 1.6

1=1.1 1.6

1=1.684>1.1
2=1

For member subject to pure bending

3=1
1
3

f cv=( f ' c ) 4 MPa

[Cl.8.2.7.1 Reinforced beams]

1
3

f cv=( 25) 4 MPa

f cv=2.92 MPa 4 MPa
A st =60 mm2

For 2R6

Shear strength of a beam excluding shear reinforcement, V uc =1 2 3 bv d o f cv

A st
bv do

( )

1
3

( 1.684 )( 1 ) ( 1 )( 100 ) ( 69 ) ( 2.92 )

V uc =

10

60
100 69

1
3

V uc =6.977 kN

[Table 2.2.2 (e) Capacity reduction factors () ]

=0.7

[Cl.8.2.5 (a) Requirements for shear reinforcement]

0.5 V uc =( 0.5 )( 0.7 )( 6.977 )

0.5 V uc =2.44 kN
V >0.5 V uc

[Cl.8.2.9

Shear

strength

of

beam

with

minimum

reinforcement]
V u ,min =V uc +0.1 f ' c b v d o
0.1 f ' c=0.1 25
0.1 f ' c=0.5<0.6
'
Adopt 0.1 f c=0.6

V u ,min =6.977 kN +0.6 b v d o

V u ,min =6.977 kN +

(0.6)(100)(69)
10 3

V u ,min =11.117 kN
V u ,min =( 11.117 ) ( 0.7 )
V u ,min =7.782 kN

[Cl.8.2.5 (b) Requirements for shear reinforcement]

Case D
V > V u ,min

V u=V uc +V us
V =V u
13.095=(0.7)(6.977+V us )
18.70=( 6.977+V us )
V us=11.73 kN

( A f s d ) cot
sv

V us=

sy. f

Assuming v =45 and f sy. f =250 MPa

A sv
f d cot v
s sy .f o

( )

V us=

A sv
( 250 ) ( 69 ) cot 45
s

( )

11.73 103 =

A sv
mm2
=0.68
s
mm

( )

S h ear reinforcement provided for t h e beam at least 0.68

mm 2
spacing sustain t h e design
mm

s h ear force ,V t h e .
3(c)
Experimental result of the applied load and corresponding moment of beam A2 failure
The applied load of beam failure
Pultimate =20.40 kN
The corresponding moment of beam failure
M=

3P
80

M=

3(20.40)
80

M =0.765 kNm
3) (d) In accordance with AS3600, would Beam 2 be able to sustain the design shear force V* as
obtained in 3(a)?
Description of beam (A2) failure mode

Figure 8: Failure mode of Beam Y

The initial cracking for both of the beam occurred at the bottom right section of the beam,
consequence of the bending moment. The first cracking in beam A2 is flexural crack. The reason
being is that the beam is under-reinforced and the failure mode is flexural failure. Flexural
bending occurred as the failure in bending exceeds the compression applied to the beam, but the
beam itself has the strength material to withstand the tension.
The second cracking in the beam A2 occurred whereby the beam undergoes excessive tensile
strength at the point of maximum shear stress. This situation is considered as web-shear crack as
it occurred at the right side of upper part of the beam. Based on the observation, we may
conclude that beam A2 is failed on the side where the failure occurred at the peak shear stress,
thus, it is considered as brittle beam type.
Lastly, the third cracking occurred in beam A2 is flexural-shear crack where crack occurred at the
left side of the middle section of the beam. It was also considered as flexural-shear failure.
Hence, the flexural shear crack is expanded from the flexural crack when the increased load is

applied.From the experiment, we may conclude that the bigger the failure load of a beam, the
higher shear stress resistant of the beam.