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I Taylor for the State. Annotations Link to Case Annotations é Flynote : Sleutelwoorde Trial - The accused - Accused not legally represented - Explanation of accused's rights - Duty of judicial officer to inform unrepresented accused of legal rights - Judicial officers shouldn't assume that accused people are fully aware of rights and of implications of ‘acting In own defence - Even If assumption correct, It Is incumbent on person presiding over criminal trial to Elensure that accused fully Informed, In open court, not only of right to legal representation but also of consequences of not having lawyer to assist In defence - However, crucial question Is what legal effect such irregularity has on proceedings - Failure by presiding judicial officer to Inform unrepresented accused of right to legal representation not per se resulting in unfalr trial necessitating setting aside of conviction. & Trial - Presiding officer - Duties of - Accused not legally representad - Judicial officers are not umpires - Their role Is to ensure that parties’ cases presented fully and fairly, and ‘that truth is established - They aren't required to be passive observers of trial; they are required to ensure fairness and justice, and If that requires intervention then It Is fully justifiable - It Is only when prejudice Is caused to Zlaccused that intervention will become irregularity - Trial must be so conducted that judicial officer's open-mindedness, impartiality and fairness are manifest to all those concerned In trial and Its outcome, especially accused - Presiding officer should refrain from questioning any witnesses or accused in way that, because of Its frequency, length, tlming, form, tone, contents or Eotherwise, conveys or is likely to convey opposite Impression or which would preclude her or him from detachedly or objectively appreciating and adjudicating upon Issues belng fought out by litigants - Where judicial officer breaches any of these injunctions one must still ask whether the irregularity is such as to cause prejudice - Ultimately test Is whether, even If she or he had not Intervened, evidence adduced ‘supports conclusions Gjreached. Headnote : KopnotaJudicial officers should not assume that accused people are fully aware of thelr rights and of the Implications of acting In thelr own defence. Even If the assumption is correct, It Is Incumbent on the person presiding over a criminal trial to ensure that the accused Is éifully informed, In open court, not only of the right to legal representation but also of the consequences of not having a lawyer to assist in the defence. However, the crucial question is what legal effect such irregularity has on the proceedings. Failure by a presiding judicial officer to inform an unrepresented accused of her or his right to legal representation, if found to be an irregularity, does notper se result in an unfair trial necessitating the setting faside of the conviction on appeal. In addition It must be shown that the conviction has been tainted by the irregularity - that the accused has been prejudiced, which is really a question that can be determined only by having regard to the whole trial, and the way in which it was conducted by the judicial officer; and the ability, as shown during the course of the trial, of the accused to represent her- or 2005 (2) SACR p332 himself adequately; and to whether the evidence adduced has led justifiably to the conviction and sentence, (Paragraphs [6], [7] Aland [8] at 334h - 335d.) Judicial officers are not umpires. Thelr role is to ensure that the parties’ cases are presented fully and fairly, and that the truth Is established. They are not required to be passive observers of a trial; they are required to ensure falmess and justice, and if that requires Intervention then It Is fully justifiable, It Is only when prejudice Is caused to an accused that intervention will become an irregularity. A #trial must be so conducted that the judicial officer's open-mindedness, impartiality and fairness are manifest to all those who are concerned In the trial and Its outcome, especially the accused. The presiding officer should consequently refrain from questioning any witnesses or the accused In a way that, because of its frequency, length, timing, form, tone, contents or otherwise, conveys or is likely to convey the opposite impression. A presiding officer should refrain &from Indulging In questioning witnesses or the accused in such a way or to such an extent that it may preclude her or him from detachedly or objectively appreciating and adjudicating upon the issues being fought out by the litigants. A judicial officer should refrain from questioning an accused or a witness In a way that intimidates or disconcerts or unduly influences the quality or nature of her or his Sireplles. Where a judicial officer breaches any of these Injunctions one must still ask whether the irregularity is such as to cause prejudice. Ultimately the test Is whether, even If she or he had not Intervened, the evidence adduced supported the conclusions reached. (Paragraphs [28] and [29] at 341/- 342g.) Cases Considered Annotations: € Reported cases Hlantialala and Others v Dyantyi NO and Another 1999 (2) SACR 541 (SCA): dictum at 545f- h applied Sv Malatjl and Another 1998 (2) SACR 622 (W): referred to Sv Radebe; S v Mbonani 1988 (1) SA 191 (T): referred to & Sv Rall 1982 (1) SA 828 (A): dictum at 831 /n fin to 8338 applied Sv Raphatle 1995 (2) SACR 452 (T): referred to Sv Rudman end Another; S v Mthwana 1992 (1) SA 343 (A); referred to Sv Tyebela 1989 (2) SA 22 (A): referred to ‘Sv Wellington 1991 (1) SACR 144 (Nm): referred to. Case Information Appeal from a decision In the Cape High Court (Sellkowitz J and Newdigate AJ). The facts appear from the reasons for &judgment, which was handed down by Lewis JA, Mthlyane JA and Mlambo JA concurring. W King (attorney) for the appellant. I Taylor for the State. In addition to the authorities cited In the judgment of the Court, counsel for the parties referred to the following authorities: SV Daba 1996 (1) SACR 243 (E) at 249 S v Davids; S v Diadia 1989 (4) SA 172 (N) at 193E‘THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA JUDGMEN Case No 523/07 In the matter between: BONGANI DUBE First appellant LODRICK ALLEN MKHIZE Second appellant NTOBEKO NDHLOVU Third appellant and THE STATE Respondent Neutral citation: Dube v The State (523/07) [2009] ZASCA 28 (30 March 2009) Coram: Mthiyane, Lewis, Cachalia, Snyders et Mblantla JJA Heard: 13 March 2009 Delivered: 30 March 2009 Summary: Special entry —recusal on grounds of appearance of bias.2 Test for bias — judicial officer's failure to recuse himself tainted the appeal process — order set aside — appeal remitted for rehearing. ORDER On appeal from: Bophuthatswana High Court (Mogoeng JP and Gura J sitting as a court of appeal). (a) The appeal succeeds to the extent that the special entry is upheld; (b) The order of the court a quo is set aside and replaced with the following: "The appeal is remitted to the High Court for re-hearing before a differently constituted Full Bench." JUDGMENT MHLANTLA JA (Mthiyane, Lewis, Cachalia and Snyders JJA concurring) [1] On 26 March 2002 at approximately 09h15 the First National Bank in Koster was robbed of R119 000 by four armed men. The appellants were subsequently arrested as suspects and charged in the Regional Court, Rustenburg with one count each of robbery with aggravating circumstances. They were convicted and sentenced: to 16 years’ imprisonment each. Their appeal to the Bophuthatswana High Court, before Mogoeng JP and Gura J against both conviction and sentence was based on several grounds, including alleged irregularities in the3 proceedings, and whether the identity of the appellants had been proved. ‘The appeal was dismissed on all bases. Mr Dube, the first appellant has since died. The appeal to this court is with the leave of the court a quo. [2] This appeal is based on a special entry relating to an alleged irregularity in the court a quo, in terms of's 317 of the Criminal Procedure ‘Act 51 of 1977, as well as on the merits. Only the issue relating to the special entry was argued before us. [3] Accordingly this judgment deals only with that issue — whether the Judge President should have recused himself mero motu because his wife, a state advocate, represented the State in the appeal before the court; and if so, whether his failure to recuse himself constituted an irregularity which vitiated the appeal proceedings. In answering these questions it is necessary to sketch briefly the background events leading to the application for a special entry. [4] According to counsel for the appellants, he and the correspondent attorney learnt on the day of the appeal hearing that the Judge President would be one of the judges presiding over the appeal. At that stage, counsel was aware that Mrs Mogoeng, the Judge President's wife, was arguing the appeal on behalf of the State. The appellants were not in court during the hearing. Their counsel did not foresee any problems and never considered the possibility of asking the Judge President to recuse himself on the basis that his wife was representing the State. He did not, at the time of arguing, believe that it was necessary to request a recusal because he had been involved previously in a full bench appeal presided over by Judge President Mogoeng and at which Mrs Mogoeng represented the State — S v Baletseng 2005 (2) SACR 28 (B). That appeal was decided infavour of the appellants. [5] After the appeal was dismissed in the present matter counsel met the appellants in prison to discuss the judgment and outcome with them. It was at that stage that the appellants enquired about the similarity of the sumames between that of the Judge President and the state advocate. Counsel thereupon informed them that the two were in fact husband and wife. The appellants were not comfortable with this revelation. This eventually led to the application for a special entry on the basis that the appellants had a perception of bias on the part of the Judge President. The application for a special entry was granted by the full bench. [6] The test applicable to determine whether a judicial officer is disqualified from hearing a case by reason of a reasonable apprehension of bias was enunciated in President of the Republic of South Africa and others v South African Rugby Football Union and others." In that case the Constitutional Court said: ‘It follows from the foregoing that the correct approach to this application for the recusal of members of this court is objective and the omus of establishing it rests upon ‘the applicant. The question is whether a reasonable, objective and informed person ‘would on the correct facts reasonably apprehend that the judge has not or will not bring an impartial mind to bear on the adjudication of the case, that is a mind open to persuasion by the evidence and the submissions of counsel. The reasonableness of the apprehension must be assessed in the light of the oath of office taken by the judges to administer justice without fear or favour; and their ability to carry out that oath by reason of their training and experience. It must be assumed that they can disabuse their minds of any irrelevant personal beliefs or predispositions. They must take into account the fact that they have a duty to sit in any case in which they are not obliged to recuse themselves. At the same time, it must never be forgotten that an impartial ¥ 1999 (4) SA 147 (CC) pera 48. This test was considered with approval in SACCAWU y Irvin & Johnson Lid ‘ison Fish Presi) 2000 ) SA 103 (CO), and in Locabail (UK) Lid v Bayfield Properties Ltd and another [2000] | All ER 65 (CA) st 76F to 77A.5 judge is a fundamental prerequisite for a fair trial and a judicial officer should not hesitate to recuse herself or himself if there are reasonable grounds on the part of a litigant for apprehending that the judicial officer, for whatever reasons, was not or ‘will not be impartial.’ [7] Where the claimed disqualification is based on a reasonable apprehension, the court has to make a normative evaluation of the facts to determine whether a reasonable person faced with the same facts would entertain the apprehension. The enquiry involves a value judgement of the court applying prevailing morality and common sense.? A comerstone of our legal system is the impartial adjudication of disputes which come before our courts and tribunals. What the law requires is not only that a judicial officer must conduct the trial open-mindedly, impartially and fairly but that such conduct must be manifest to all those who are concerned in the trial and its outcome, especially the accused.’ [8] It is settled law that not only actual bias but also the reasonable perception of bias disqualifies a judicial officer from presiding (or continuing to preside) over judicial proceedings. Once this is established the disqualification is so complete that continuing to preside after recusal should have occurred renders the farther proceedings a nullity.* This dual aspect is captured in the oft repeated words that justice must not only be done, but must manifestly be seen to be done.* [9] The Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct! are a comprehensive # $y Basson 2004 (6) BCLR 620 (CC) para 53. * Sy Roberts 1999 (4) SA.915 (SCA) para 25. ‘Take and Save Trading CC anaes v Standard Bank of SA 14d 2004 (4) 8A 1 (SCA) at para S. Hewart C Hague, i intended to establish standards for ethical conduct of judges and are designed to afford the judiciary a ‘framework for regulating judicial conduct,6 statement of ethical principles. The second value. identified by these principles is that of ‘impartiality’. The principle is articulated as follows: ‘Impartiality is essential to the proper discharge of the judicial office. It applies not only to the decision itself but also to the process by which the decision is made’. [10] ‘impartiality is the fundamental quality required of a judge and the core attribute of the judiciary. It must exist both as a matter of fact and as a matter of reasonable perception. If partiality is reasonably perceived, that perception is likely to leave a sense of unease, grievance and of injustice having been done, thereby destroying confidence in the judicial system. The perception of impartiality is measured by the standard of a reasonable observer. The perception that a judge is not impartial may arise in a number of ways, for instance, by a perceived conflict of interest; by the judge's behaviour on the bench, or by the judge's out-of-court associations and activities. A judge must therefore avoid all activity that suggests that the judge's decision may be influenced by external factors such as the judge's personal relationship with a party or interest in the outcome.” [11] It is helpful to refer to other jurisdictions to ascertain how the rule is applied. In some states of the United States of America, the rule is mandatory when a judge's spouse or relative to the third degree is a party. The Code of Judicial Conduct in Arkansas for example provides that a judge should disqualify himself or herself in a proceeding in which his or her impartiality might reasonably be questioned, including but not limited to instances where: he or she has a personal bias or prejudice concerning a party or personal knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts concerning the proceeding, where he or she or his or her spouse, or a person within the third degree or relationship to either of them, or the spouse of such person is acting as a lawyer in the proceeding. A judge disqualified in terms of the Code, may, instead of withdrawing, disclose on the record 7 Section 52 of the Commentary on the Bangalore Principles.7 the basis of his disqualification. If based on such disclosure and if the parties and lawyers independently of the judge's participation all agree in writing that the judge's relationship is immaterial or that his financial interest is not substantial, the judge may participate in the proceeding. ‘The agreement has to be incorporated in the record of the proceedings. [12] In this country a judicial officer was held to be disqualified in a case where his wife was called as a witness. In S v Sharp* the complainant was the magistrate's wife, He presided in a trial where his wife testified. The court on review held that the magistrate had a direct personal interest in the outcome of the proceedings and that it was difficult to conceive of a more obvious example necessitating recusal. [13] The rule is clear: generally speaking a judicial officer must not sit in a case where he or she is aware of the existence of a factor which might reasonably give rise to an apprehension of bias. The rationale for the rule is that one cannot be a judge in one's own cause, Any doubt must be resolved in favour of recusal. It is imperative that judicial officers be sensitive at all times. They must of their own accord consider if there is anything that could influence them in executing their duties or that could be perceived as bias on their part. It is not possible to define or list factors that may give rise to apprehension of bias — the question of what is proper will depend on the circumstances of each case. [14] In situations where the judge has a relationship with a party or a legal representative appearing before him or her, it is always appropriate for the judge to consider the degree of intimacy between him or herself and the person concerned. The more intimate the relationship, the greater * 2002 (1) SACR 360 (Ck) para 21.8 the need for recusal. In the case such as the present, where there is a close relationship between the presiding officer and one of the legal representatives, it appears to be undesirable if not improper for such judicial officer to sit.in the matter. No general rule as to the kinds of relationship that should require recusal need be laid down, however, given the clarity of the test in SARFU. [15] There may, of course, be instances where it is difficult to avoid closely connected people working in a matter. The preferred route would then be to bring in other judicial officers or legal representatives from different jurisdictions. If it is not feasible then the relationship must be brought to the attention of the parties and their consent canvassed before the commencement of the hearing. If such consent is given it must be entered into the record. [16] I tum now to consider the circumstances relating to the special entry in this appeal. Counsel for the respondent submitted that the perception of bias could not be established because counsel for the appellants had been aware of the relationship between the Judge President and the state advocate. This argument in my view is without merit, The test set out in SARFU does not relate to counsel but to the litigant. It is the litigant who must entertain a reasonable apprehension of bias for the disqualification to be sustained, Although counsel was aware of the relationship concerned before the hearing, it is common cause that he had not discussed the issue with the appellants. The appellants leant for the first time about the relationship when the judgment on appeal was shown to them. Consequently the fact that their counsel, on the basis of what had occurred in Baletseng, did not object to the sitting of the Judge President, is irrelevant to the present enquiry. In that case the relationship9 of the Judge President and his wife was not raised. It is not clear what would have happened if it had been. [17] In making the special entry, the learned Judge President was alive to this issue: He said: 'Be that as it may, we are inclined to allow the special entry irrespective of whether it, is the applicants or Mr Shapiro or both who have the perception that the Presiding Judge or both judges are biased against the applicants. We do so because we believe that a perception by a layperson thet a husband and wife may, in the secrecy of their bedroom, inadvertently or deliberately find themselves talking about the case in which they are involved cannot be said to be frivolous or ridiculous. An application for the recusal of a presiding officer in the position of the Presiding Judge in this matter cannot be said to be absurd or an abuse of process and an average right-thinking person would, in all likelihood, sympathise with a person in the position of the applicants in this matter.’ [18] Counsel for respondent contended that the appellants' submissions would be persuasive if the Judge President had been sitting alone. I do not agree with this submission. In R v Bow Street Stipendiary Magistrate, Ex parte Pinochet Ugarte (no 2)° a majority of the court, including Lord Hoffman, had issued an order against Senator Pinochet. He subsequently brought a petition to set aside the order on the basis that Amnesty International (AI) was a party to the appeal; that AI was joined in order to argue a particular result and that Lord Hoffman, a member of the Appellate Committee that had heard the appeal, was a director of a charity closely allied to AI. Lord Nolan held that in any case where the impartiality of a judge was in question, the appearance of the matter was just as important as the reality. The House of Lords held that Lord Hoffman's links were such as to give the appearance that he might have been biased against the applicant; that he had an interest in the outcome ° [1999] 1 All ER 577; [1999] 2 WLR 272.10 of the proceedings and was accordingly disqualified from sitting as a judge in those proceedings. The previous order of the House of Lords was set aside. Similarly in this case, the proceedings are tainted regardless of the fact that the Judge President heard the matter with another judge and irrespective of the fact that the Judge President did not conduct himself at the hearing in a manner that gave rise to a reasonable suspicion of bias. [19] Itseems to me that a reasonable litigant would have been justified in entertaining a reasonable perception of bias on the part of the Judge President given that he is married to counsel for the State. This does not of course mean that bias on the part of the Judge President was established. Nor does this judgment seek to lay down a tule that in every case in which a judge is related to a legal representative he or she will be disqualified from presiding or sitting. It is as I have said, a question that will have to be evaluated from case to case with due regard to the principles laid down in SARFU and other pertinent cases. [20] For the above reasons the failure of the Judge President to recuse himself when his wife presented argument for the State in the court below constituted an irregularity which vitiated the appeal proceedings. In the result the appeal succeeds to the extent that the special entry must be upheld. The order of the court a quo must be set aside and the appeal referred back for re-hearing before a differently constituted bench. [21] In the result the following order is made: (a) The appeal succeeds to the extent that the special entry is upheld. (b) The order of the court a quo is set aside and replaced with the following: ‘The appeal is remitted to the High Court for re-hearing before adifferently constituted Full Bench.’ NNZMBLANTLA JUDGE OF APPEAL 11Appearances: For Appellant: For Respondent: 12 PI Shapiro Instructed by: Ms Ester Resnik, Observatory, Johannesburg Giorgi & Gerber Attorneys, Bloemfontein GS Maema Deputy Director of Public Prosecutions, Mafikeng