3A 3B will, won't + base form (predictions) going to present continuous for future arrangements Pm going to work in a restaurant. [#) | Pm seeing some friends tonight. She's going to meet me atthe airport. We're having dinner at their house tomorrow. We aren’t going to stay very long. [=] | She isn’t leaving until Friday. | He isn’t going to like the weather there. —_ | They aren't coming to the party, ‘Are you going to find a job? [2] | What are you doing this evening? When is your brother going to visit you? Is she meeting us at the theater? + Use (be) going to+ base form to talk about future plans + You can aso use the present continuous for future and predictions. arrangements that you have planned fora fixed time Tm going to work in the US for sie weeks. (plan) or place Lthink its going to rain this afternoon. (prediction) + Don’t use the simple present for this, NOT Fee some + When you use going fo go, you can omit to go. friendstonight. Tim going to goto college next year + ‘The present continuous is especially common with the sor wriig so go collar eer ye: expressions tonight, tomorrows this weekend, etc. and with these verbs: go, come, meet, se, leave, and arrive. & &) 4 T T T T T You | You you you you He He he he he She ‘belate, | She won't be late. Will she belate? Yes, she will No, she won't, It |e it it it We | We we we we They | They they they they Contractions: I= will; won't = will not + We often use I think / I don’t think ..+ will... Think he'll fail the (You can also use going to. + The future of there is/are + Use will/ won't + base form for future predictions. exam. I don’t think he'll pass the exam. NOT Hhink he-won't pass. See 3A above.) there will bes the future of I can = I'll be able to NOT Elt-ean, 3c will (promises, offers, and de + Use will/ wor’t-+ base form for making decisions, offering, and promising. Decisions | I won't have the fish. Pll have the steak, T'llhelp you with those bags. NOT Ehelp- _| Well take the 6:30 tra ee . a Offers [ll help you with your homework. A In] sentences with Iand we, shall (and not will) is sometimes Pi open the door for you. used to offer to do something or to makea suggestion, but this Promises I'll always love you. or 8 Sanna eS Teentell spas Shall we go for a walk? 3D review of tenses: present, past, and future simple past ast continuous ‘going to + base form ‘will / won't + base form Tense Example Use simple present Llive downtown. “Things that happen always or usually She doesn't smoke. present continuous He's looking for a new job, Things that are happening now or plans for a fixed 'm leaving tomorrow. time or place. ___We didn’t do anything yesterday. _ 4 ‘We saw a good movie last night. ished actions in the past. He was working in Taipei. ‘Actions that were in progress at a past time. What were you doing at 7:002 Tim going to see Tom tonight. Future plans and predictions. It’s going to rain, = | You'll love Bangkok. Predictions, instant decisions, offers, and promises call her later. Pll help you. Pll pay you back tomorrow.beard 3A 4 Complete with going 10+ a verb. Cross out the wrong form. Put a check (v) if both eT ____ forms are possible. be buy getmarried not go not pass see snow stay ee ee ae z see / I'm seeing my boyfriend tonight. What movie are you going toe tonight? 1 What are you doing / do you do after class today? 1 He’s very lazy. 'm sure he ——_ his exams 2 Isit going to rain / raining tomorrow? 2 Your sister a new house? 3 We're going to go away / going away this weekend. 3 You in my class next year. 4 Pm meeting / Imeet Susan this evening 4 We ___ camping next summer. We ___atahotel. 5 Where are you going to stay / staying in Seoul? 5 AWhen they B In October. 6 Hurry up! We're going to be late / being late. 6 Its very cold, but I don't think i today. 7 She's going to come / coming tonight. 3B @ Write sentences and questions with will won’. b Complete the predictions with will/ won’t-+ a-verb. Use contractions where you can. bw be do ha ke it/be difficult #1? be difficult SEs See bes, Bee deer vin! “don’t think we’iLhave another war. This one is probably the last” Bee! wa Richard Niton, 1971 (lkng about the Vietwam War) e meeting / be long [7] 1 “He never —__—_ anything important in life” 3 he / get the job [=) nee: Bros nce bn atthe party 1H Albert Einstein's teacher (said wo his father), 1895 i 4 g 2 *No movie about the Civil War ever __ any money’ Basie nopossible to park [#] ‘An MGM executive, 1945 (about the movie Gone With The Wind.) 6 you / like the movie es ' = 3 “Isa bad joke. It__? 7 she love the chocolates we bought her #1 ne eae aEAR B there / bea lot of traffic at 6:00 [=] 4 “Idon't think there ‘a woman Prime Minister in my lifetime.” 9 you / can find a good job I Margaret Thatcher, 1973 3c 2 Match the sentences. b Complete the sentences with will won't + a verb. Its cold in here. G A Pithelp you with it. call forget have help pay take tell a B UL make you seven ‘A What would you like? B 'il have the pasta. 2 That msicistoo loud, C Flay one for you aint oRen oes een eee 3 This exercise is hard, D Iillend you some money. 2 It’s asecret. BI anyone, I promise 4 Tm hungry. F Illsend it by e-mail now. 3A When will Isee you again? BI you tonight 5 These bags are heavy. G Pilshut the window. 4 Can I borrow $5071 you back tomorrow. 6 Ileft my wallet athome, — HI'lltum it off 5 Alt my birthday next week. B Don't worry. 1 __. 7 Ineed that photo urgent, —T Tillgetyoua glass ofwater, 6 AI don’t fel very well. BI you home, 3D 2 Complete the sentences with an auxiliary verb, b Put the verb in the right form, Where —did_ you have lunch yesterday? A What are we doing tonight? (do) : B We! dinner with my sister. (have) pape eects cant ABut we? dinner with her last week! (have) 5 Pause palace B Yes, but she? to tell us some good news. (want) 4 Who you talking to a few minutes ago? Ah OK. some champagne. (buy) 5 Who you think —___winthe elections? B 157:00! What * to you? (happen) Qe 6 your brother like classical music? ‘A When Thome, to buy 7 What you going to cook tonight? the champagne. (come, stop) And then 8 itvaining when you left I*__ “fim at the store... (meet) B Well, hurry up. We? late! (be) ‘MultiROM — wwnw.oup.com/elt/americanenglisile/2 ca4A present perfect (experience) + ever and never ¥ + Use the present perfect to talk about past experiences a = when you don't say exactly when they happened. T've (I have) Thaven’t Tye been to London. NOT Pye been to London last year: Youve (Vou have) You haven't My brother has worked abroad. e's (He has) | been Hehastt | worked in} —* Re erbs the past participle is the same as the past shee (shehas) | Rivea” || Shehaent | 92454"°] Sl cea) forlergarveseepae 1s (Ithas) Ichasn’t *+ We often use the present perfect with ever (= in your We've (We have) We haven't life until now) and never. ‘They've (They have)] They haven't] Have you ever been to London? No, I've never been there. 2 v) x fl 7 ie) fz A. Compare the present perfect of go and be. Have you ever worked ina bank? | Yes, have. No, haven't. Hle’s gone to Paris, = He's in Paris now. Has he ever been to Korea? | Yes, he has. No, he hasn't. He's been to Pars, = He went to Paris and came back. present perfect or sirmple:past? + Conpciostonsofien begin the rams festa eth agcacral ‘A Have you ever been to Mexico? B Yes, have, juestion) and then change tothe simple past (with questions asking A speci dts, when where who with ec) A When did you go there: B I went last yeat.| «Use the simple past to ask / say exactly when something happened. 4B present perfect + yet and already yet already ‘A. Have you finished your homework yet? | [A B_Noynot yet. haven't finished yet. B_ No, ve already scen it three times. ee = A. Do you want a newspaper? + Use yet+ the present perfect in (=) and [7) B Nolve needy bate iy sentences to ask if something that you Do you want to see this movie? think is going to happen has happened or + Use already in [| sentences to say that to say it ant happened. something happened before now or + Put yerat the end of the sentence. earlier than expected. + Put already before the main verb, 4C comparative adjectives comparative adverbs 4D Adjective | Comparative Adverb | Comparative Comparative) short shorter one syllable: ter Regular Irregular bigger ‘one vowel + one consonant quickly | morequickly | hard double final consonant slowly | Iessslowly | well busier ‘consonant + y: y+ier badly more relaxed two or more syllables: - i? more + adjective 3 + Use comparative adjectives to compare people and things, better irregular My brother's taller than John. worse + Use comparative adverbs to compare actions. farther, further He drives more slowly than my father. superlatives (+ ever + present perfect) + You can also use (not) as + (adjective / adverb) + as. John isn’t as tall as my brother. Hee doesn't drive as fast as my father. ] + Use the-+ superlative adjectives to say which isthe biggest, etc. in a group, I's the highest mountain in Asia ‘She's the best in the class + We often use a superlative with the present perfect. Russia isthe coldest place we've ever been to. That's the most beautiful painting I've ever seen. “Adjective Comparative | Superlative cold colder the coldest “hot | hotter the hottest preity | prettier — | the prettiest beautiful | more beautiful | the most beautiful ood better the best bad ‘worse the worst far [further “the furthest4A a Write sentences or questions with the present perfect. he/ ever/be there? Has he ever been there? 1 you / ever buy / clothes from that store? Grammar BANK b Right (v) or wrong (x)? Correct the wrong sentences. He's got up late this morning. % He got up late this morning. 1 We've been to Pusan last year. : 2 Have you ever been to Chile? 2 T/ not read / the newspaper today. 3 We / never be / to that shopping mall. 4 your brother / live abroad / all his life? 5 They / go /to live in South America 6 She / never fly / before. 7 We / not save / enough for a vacation. 8 you /eat/ in this restaurant before? 3 Jane's gone to the bank an hour ago. 4 Tlike your shoes. Where did you buy them? 5 I've seen that movie last week. 6 Ispoke to him a minute ago. 7 My sister's a writer She's written five novels. 8 World War IThas ended in 1945. 4B Reorder the words to make sentences. 1 made have you yet your bed? 2. gone already to work she’s. 3 yet we haven't a cup of coffee had. 4 [found 2 job haven't yet. 5 sent me yet an he hasn't e-mail 6 house already sold they've their. he/ arrive (already) 4c a Write comparative sentences. Hong Kong is / expensive / Bangkok. 1 you / finish your homework? (yet) 2 the movie / start (already) 3 L/ not meet / his girlfriend (yet) 1b. Write sentences or questions with already or yet. Use the present perfect. He's already arrived. 4 You're too late. He / go home (already) 5 you / speak to him? (yet) 6 I / not read his new book (yet) b Rewrite the sentences so they mean the same. Ust as... as. Mike is stronger than Jim. Jim isn’t as strong as Mike. ‘Hong Kong is more expensive than Bangkok. 1 Cindy is taller than Kelly. Kelly isn’t = i jal fabth ny sce 2. Your laptop is heavier than mine. My laptop isn’ 2 T'm/ busy / this week / last week. 3 Mexico City is bigger than Bogoté. Bogoté isn’t a 3. Quebec is / far from Toronto / Ottawa. a oar popular eee I did / bad / on the final exam / the midterm. E : ate = played / wel / theirs. S™ 5 Gilden lear languages ater . than adults. Adults don’t = Say pean sarang aay oldlone, 6 You work harder than John. John doesn’t = 7 Brazil played better than Italy. Italy didn't 4D a Complete the sentences with a superlative. Is this the noisest city in the world? (noisy) 1 Yesterday was __ day of the year. (hot) 2 This is time of day to drive downtown. (bad) ‘ 3 She's person in the class. (friendly) ; 4 This is part of the test. (difficult) Z 5 The _____ month to visit is September. (good) 2 6 Its city in the world. (polluted) é 7 The ____T'veever flown is to Australia, (far) 7 ELD Multinom §— wwoup.com/elt/americanenglishfile/2 b Write sentences with ever. it / hot country / Ibe to Its the hottest country I've ever been to. it / good movie /I/ see he / unfriendly person / I/ meet it (hard test / he / take they / expensive shoes / she / buy it [long book / T/ read she / beautiful woman /T/ see it (bad meal /1/ eat5A uses of the infinitive (want, need, would like, etc.) See Verb Forms page 154. infinitive T want to go to the party + Use the infinitive after: I need to buy some new clothes. some verbs It'll be nice to meet some new people. Sates, I isn't easy t, It’s important not to be late, infinitive of purpose ‘A Why did you go to the party? B To meet new people. I went to the party to meet new people. find a job. Nice to meet you. The negative infinitive is not + infinitive. Try nat to be late tomorrow. + Use the infinitive to say why you do something. came to this schoo! to learn English. NOT for learn English, 5c makes me feel good. [enjoy reading in bed. after some verbs, (fish, practice, enjoy, etc.) See Verb Forms page 154. uses of the -ing form + Use verb + ~ing ~ after prepositions as the subject of a sentence He left without saying good-bye Eating outside in the summer Smoking is bad for you. + Remember the spelling rules for the -ing form (See page 126 1C ) I'm thinking of buying a new car. iad ARAL Snr homework? | have to, don’t have to, must, must not, can’t + base form hhave to, don’t have to ‘must / must not / can't [+] | She has to get up at 7:00 every day. You have to drive on the left in Japan. We don’t have to wear a uniform at this school He doesn't have to work on Saturdays. Do I have to buy a grammar book? Does she have to study tonight? Don’t contract haveor has Thave to g0. NOT Fve to go. + Use have fo + base form to talk about rules and obligations, orto say something is necessary. + Use don’t have to + base form to say there is no obligation, or something is not necessary. + Use do// does to make questions and negatives. Dol have to go? NOT Have {to go! All traffic must turn right. Passengers must not leave bags unattended. [=] | You can’t bring food into the library. ol ‘Use must + base form to talk about rules and obligations. You must turn off your cell phone before coming into class. Use can't) must not + base form to say something is prohibited or to state a rule. You can't park here. / You must not park here. ‘The words can’t and must not have similar meanings, but can’t is more common in speaking, You can also use cannot, The verbs must { must not | can’t are the same forall persons. ea eee 5D a A. Must and have to are very similar, but have to is more ‘common, especially in speaking. Must is often used in official forms, notices, and signs. ‘Must not and don’t have to have completely different meanings. Compare: You must not go = You can't go. It’s prohibited. You don’t have to go = You can go if you want, bat it’s not obligatory/nevessary. | expressing movement: go, run, etc. + preposition ‘The man went up the steps and into the building. Iran over the bridge and across the park. She drove out of the garage and along the street. + To express movement, use a verb of movement, for ‘example, go, come, run, walk, etc. and a preposition of movernent (up, down, ete.) * Be careful with in / into and out / out of. Use into / out of + noun, but if there isn't a noun, only use in or owt. Come into the living room. Come in. ‘He went out of the house. He went out.5A a Complete with an infinitive. 1'm planning to take. a vacation next month do notdrive go learn leave not make meet 1 AHi, I'm Su-jin, B'm Renata, Nice ___ you. Pe Uae b Match the sentence halves. ‘They want to go to Ecuador 1 He’ going to have a party 2 You'll need a visa 3 Don’t forget to call the D A tocelebrate getting the job. B to get some gas. C to buy stamps. se : i restaurant D to-visit their family there. ae is vena? station ell them where we are. 3 Ineed to the bank I don't have any money. 4 1 stopped at the gas sta enor : ay aise, Your-iathers aletp: 5 She's gone to the supermarket F to go to China. 5 Pd really ike Daeelansies 6 I went to the post office G to make a reservation, 6 Be careful too fast on the way home. 7 Tilsend them a text message __H to get some food for tonight. 7 She's decided ___her husband. 5B a Complete the sentences with a verb in the -ing form, be do go learn remember study talk teach b Put the verbs in the -ing form or infinitive. 1 feel like listening to a CD. (listen) 1 I don’t enjoy doing housework. 1 My mother is very bad at names, 2 ___ teenagers is realy hard work. 3 You can’t sing well without to breathe properly. 4 My sister spends hours on the phone ____ to her boyfriend. 2 We decided 3: We won't take the car. It’ impossible 4 T'm not very good at 5 You can borrow the car if you promise yoga is good for your health. (do) to the party. (not go) + (park) maps. (read) slowly. (drive) the dishes. (cook, do) 5 Thate the first to arrive at parties. 6 Have you finished — your homework? (do) 6 by train is cheaper than by plane. 7 Idon't mind but I dislike 7 Vil keep on until dinner time. 5c a Write sentences with the correct form of have t0. b Complete the sentences with have to, don’t have to, or can't. 1/ work on Saturday I don't have to work on Saturday. We don't have f0. work tomorrow. It’s a holiday. 1 Jane / work very hard 1 You ‘enter the country without a passport. BF sou /veatea wntearsa 2 We take the bus to school. It’s too far to walk. : = 3 The concert is free. You pay. 3 my sister! go to school I eRe 4 Is late. 1 go now. et) aah tao 5 You bring food into the library. 5 we / get up early tomorrow =] 6 You ____ come if you don’t want to. I can go by myself 6 Harry / work tomorrow (7) 7 In Australia you drive on the left. 7 we / hurry or well be late FI 8 You ___ be very tall to play soccer. 5D a Cross out the wrong preposition. My phone stopped working when we went aeross / through a tunnel 1 She ran to / down the lake and jumped into / out of the water. 2 If you go over / past the school, you'll see my house on the left. 3. He walked along / across the street until he got to the drugstore. 4 The plane flew on / over the town and then landed. 5 The police officer walked toward / to me, but then he stopped. 6 We drove over / out of the bridge and in / into the city 7 The cyclists went around / under the track three times. ELD MultiRom — wwwoup.com/elt/americanenglishfile/2 b Complete the sentences with in, ita, out, or out of She jumped — into 1 Like to go her car and drove away. ona Friday night. 2 Come The door's open. 3 He took his passport his jacket 4 She walked. the cafe and ordered a coffee. 1356A if + present, will + base form (first conditional) If I miss the bus, I'll get a taxi. ‘A You can also use the imperative or can. She won't be angry if you tell her the truth. Ifyou miss the bus, get a taxi ‘What will you do ifit rains? If you miss the bus, you can get a taxi + Use if+ present, will + base form to talk about 4 possible future situation and its consequence. + The ifclause can come first or second. Tilcome if you like. OR If you like, Pll come. 6c 6D if + past, would + base form (second conditional) Ifa bear attacked me, Pd run avay. If didn’t have children, I wouldn't live in the country. Would you take the manager's job if they offered it to you? + Use if+ past, would + base form to talk about an improbable / impossible or hypothetical future situation and its consequence. Ifa bear attacked me, I run away. = U'm imagining this situation. Its very improbable. + would / wouldn't is the same for all persons. + The contraction of would isd (I'd you'd, he'd etc.) and the contraction of would not is wouldn't. First and second conditionals (Compare the first and second conditionals: Use the first conditional for possible future situations. If Thave time tomorrow, I'l help you. (= maybe I will have time) + The if clause can come first or second. If L saw a bear, I run, OR Td run if I saw a bear. + Remember with can, use could + base form, not would-can. If Thad a car, we could drive there. A. With the verb be use were (instead of was) after 1 | and he she/ it Ihe were here, he'd help you. We often use the expression If were you... for advice. Use the second conditional for improbable / impossible or hypothetical situations. If Thad time tomorrow, Pd help you. (= I won't have time.) may / might + base form (possibility) If Twere you, Id find a new roommate. ‘We might have a picnic tomorrow, but it depends on the weather, I might not go to the party. I haven't decided yer. I may go to the party, but I'm not sure. I may not have time to do everything today. Might not and may not aren't usually contracted. A You can also use May I... / May we... to ask for permission. It might | may rain, = Its possible that it will rain. should / shouldn't + base form (advice) I think you should change your j The government should do more for old people. Use should | shouldn't + base fo You should cut your hair. = [think it would be a good idea. + should / shouldn't + base form is the same for all persons. + Use might / may and might not/ may not + base form to talk about a future possibility. ‘+ Might/ May (not) is the same for all persons, I might/ may, he might / may, we might / may, etc. to give somebody advice or say what you think is the right thing to do, + You can also use ought fo instead of should. We don’t usually use ought to in the negative form. You ought to change your job. May I use your phone? (Can [use your phone?)6A a Match the sentence halves. Ifyouleavenow, © A if you don't start now. Grammar BANK b Complete with the correct form of the verbs. If you _1ell_ me your secret, I won't tell anybody. (tll not tell) 1 Iwill be cheaper B will you giveit back to me? ‘1 If we —___ walking, the bus (start, come) 2 If Idon't see you later, | C you'lleatch-the-8:00-train. 2 He angry if you him. (be, not tell) Pee fleas D ityou goby bus. 3 1 nd 1 (not wit not remember) 4 Ifyou get the job, E Tllsee you on Friday. Vanes ee eae 5 Youwon'thave time |" F ifyoucome toevery class. 5 Ifyou her nicely she ut (ash fel) 6 If lend you this book, G will you earn more money? 6 You the test if you ‘not pass, not study) 6B @ Match the sentence halves. b Complete with the correct form of the verbs. You'd feel much better [GA we could go shopping. IE __ found _ a good job, 1 would move to Mexico. 1 Td enjoy the weekend more B Td get a new job. ; (find, move) 2 Ifyou stayed for another day, _C if youstopped smoking. tay eee Digger. 3 Would you wear it D iflwenttolivein China? yg] his number, 1 him. 4 If were you, E if Tbought it for you? (know, call) 5 T wouldn't work F ifI didn't need the money, 3 You _— more if you __ harder. 6 Would you come with me G if didn't have to work (learn, work) cee 4 Ifyou ____ fora week, you __see RE everything. (stay, can) 5 We ‘our son more often if he closer to us. (ee live) 61 to the doctor if you. (go, be) 6c a Match the sentence halves. b Complete the sentences with might + a verb. ‘Take your umbrella. D A You might fall. becold besick be ina meeting _go-to-the movies 1 Let’s buy a lottery ticket. 2 Call the restaurant. 3 Dont stand on the wall. 4 Let’ take a map. 5 Try the shirt on. 6 Don't wait for me. B It might not be your size. C We might get lost. D Kemightrain. E might be late, F You might cut yoursetf G Ie might be closed ‘on Sundays, 7 Be careful with that knife. We might win. 6D a Complete the doctor's advice with should or shouldn't. You __should _ stop smoking. 1 You — eat too much red meat, 2 You work 12 hours a day. 3 You _ lose some weight, 4 You cat more fruit. 5 You _— drink a lot of coffee. 6 You get enough sleep. 7 You ___ Start exercising, not have time —notlikeit wi T'm not sure what to do tonight. I might go to the movies, 1 Jong-mi wasn't in class today. She —_ 2 Danilo isn't answering his phone, He 3 It's an unusual movie. You 4 don't know if I'l finish it.1 5 Isa difficult game, but we 6 Take your coat. It = Complete the sentences with should or shouldn't +a verb. drive go leave relax study walk wear We should leave. early. There might be a lot of traffic later. 1 You a jacket. It’s cold outside. 21 _ tonight. I have a test tomorrow. 3 You alone in that part of the city. Get a taxi. 4 She ___ more. She's very stressed. 5 People so fast when it’s raining 6 You ____ to bed early tonight. You look really tired. ELNLD Muttikom —wonw.oup.com/ett/americanenglishfile/2 [TA _ present perfect + for and since ‘A. Where do you live now? B In Tokyo. A. You can’t use the simple present here. ‘A How long have you lived there?_B_I'velived there since 1990. NOT How: A. Where do you work? B_Inan elementary school Hivein Tokyo since 1990, A. Howlong have you worked there? B_I've worked there for five years. + Use the present perfect + for or since to talk about actions and states + Use since with the beginning of a period of time, that started in the past and are stil true now. for example, since 1980, sinc last June, ct. ve lived in Tokyo since 1990. = I came to live in Tokyo in 1990, TPve been afraid of water since Twas a child. and I live in Tokyo now. + Use for+ a period of time, for example, for two + Use How long?to ask questions about the duration ofan action ora state. weeks or Jen years, et ve had this car for three months 7B _ present perfect or simple past? A. Don't use since with the simple past. How longhas Tarantino beena director? He's been a director since the 1980s.]| Wthate toakeyfomr inne How many movies has he made? He's made six movies Pee en aa How long was Hitchcock a director? He was a director for 50 years. How many movies did he make? He made 52 movies. + Use the present perfect + how long? for, and since to talk about a period of time from the past until now. How long have you heen married? I've heen married for 10 years, (= 'm married now.) + Use the simple past + how long? and for to talk about a finished period of time in the past. How long was he married? He was married for two years. (= He's not married now.) TC used to / didn't use to a : a fl 1 |x I i 1 You | You you you you He Hea e 5 She used to | She didn't use to He use to wear glass? | Yes, "did. | No, ME didn't. Tre wear glasses. | f° wear glasses | we | We | We they | They | They - . + Use used to / didn’t use 10+ base form for things that happened repeatedly or over A a long period of time in the past but are usually not true now, for example, for AX Don’t use use fo for present habits. things that happened when you were a child. Use the simple present + usually. used to have long hair. I used to play in the street. I didn’t use to have a cell phone. J usually cook in the evenings. + You can also use the simple past here: I had long hair when I was a child. NOT Iuse to-cookinthe evenings: | TD _ passive: be + past participle | Present & 8 Risotto is made with rice. Itisn’t made with pasta. Ts it made with meat? These offices are cleaned every morning. They aren't cleaned on Saturdays. _Are they cleaned on Sundays? Past El & @ Guernica was painted by Picasso. It wasn’t painted by Dal When was it painted? The pyramids were built by the Egyptians. They weren't built by the Greeks. __ Why were they built? + You can often say things in two ways, in the active or inthe passive, + Make the present passive with Picasso painted Guernica. (active) — Guernica was painted by Picasso. (passive) am is are + the past participle. + In the active sentence, the focus is more on the person (eg, Picasso). + Make the past passive with + In the passive sentence the focus is more on the painting (c-g, Guernica) ‘mas were + the past participle + You can also use the passive when its not known or not important who does or + Use By to say who did the action. did the action ‘The Lord of the Rings was written ‘My car was stolen last week. (I don't know who stole it.) by Tolkien.TA a Write questions with How long and the present perfect. you/be married How long have you been married? 1 he/ have his car 2 your parents live in this house 3 you/ bea teacher meee 4 she / know her boyfriend 5 Poland be in the EU 6 you / have your dog 7 Tim / be afraid of water 7B a. Right (v) or wrong (x)? Correct the wrong sentences. She is married since 1990, % She's been marred since 1990 1 He has finished school last year. 2 Tlived in Ottawa for two years, but then I moved to Toronto. 3 She lives in Hollywood since 2004. 4 My sister has had her baby yesterday! 5 [work in a bank. I work there for twenty years. 6 The city has changed a lot since I was a child. 7 They have been married for a year. They're divorced now. 7c a Look at how James has changed. Write five sentences about b PWC u Le 'b Answer the questions in a, Use the present perfect + for or since. 3 Eve been married since 1986, s 1 He three years. 3 2 They along time. 31 990. i 4 She My. i sh 2004, # 6 We ____ about two years. 2 7 He he was a child. Complete with the present perfect or simple past. 1 A Where does Joanna live now? B In Washington. A How long there? (she / live) B For six months. She there in February. (move) 2A When 2 (Picasso / die) B In 1973, in France, I think. A How long in France? (he / live). B Fora long time. He Spain when he was 23. (leave) 3A My sister and her husband get along very well. B How long married? (they / be) b Make sentences with used to, didn’t use to, or did ... use to. how he was THEN. you / have long hair [7 THEN He didn’t use 0 be slim. Now Bs Se ae r ae 1 where / you / go to schoo! [2] 2 I like vegetables when I was a child [] 2_ heavy. 3 my sister / hate math in school 3 glasses. 4 what / you / do in the summer 2) 4 ~ a school 5 they live near here uniform. 6 this building / be a theater 5 wine. 7 your brother / study here [7] 7D b Rewrite the sentences in the passive. 2 Complete with present passive or past passive. ‘The Eiffel Tower __was built _ in 1889. (build) 1 All the singer’s clothes specially for her. (make) Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. Hamlet was written by Shakespeare, 1 Last night the police stopped us. Last night we ‘ pga Sra = Ser eee a 2. American teenagers eat a lot of fast food. 3 This morning I up by the neighbor's dog, (wake) ‘Alot of fast food 4 Baseball in the summer in the US. (play) 3 Toulouse-Lautrec painted At the Moulin Rouge. 5 These songs last year. (record) At the Moulin Rouge 6 Most children EXD wutiron in public schools. (educate) wwow.oup.cony/elt/americanenglishfile/2 4 The marketing manager organizes weekly meetings. Weekly meetings 5 Oxford University Press published this book This book8A something, anything, nothing, etc. & and E}verb [) short [=lanswer peuple’ [eocboi<' "anibedy aktay | 2 someone anyone noone __| Sh or things | something | anything nothing LTR 7 Somebodysin ls anybodyin There isnt. places | somewhere | anywhere nowhere [eee ore = renee + Use somebody, something, someone, etc. when you don’t say Use nobody, nothing, nowherein short exactly who, what, or where. | answers or in a sentence (with a : verb). Somebody broke the window. ‘Who’ in the bathroom? Tiwent somewhere nice last weekend. ‘Nobody. Nobody’s in the bathroom. + Use anything, anybody, arywherein questions or witha Elverb. NOT Anybody isin-the bathroom, I didr’t do anything last night. NOT ¥dide't do-nothing. + Somebod nobody, et. are the same a someon, no one es 8B quantifiers 00, too much, too many ia dread T hive too nach odie + Use 100, 100 much, too many to say “more than is good.” ‘My dist s unhealthy. Teat too men cookies. + Use 100+ an adjective NOT Fin-too much tired: I don't want to go out. Fm too tired. + Use foo much + uncountable nouns (e., coffe, time). + Use 100 many + countable nouns (eg, cookies, people). enough a little, a few Do you eat enough vegetables?| [A Do you take sugar? B Yes. justalittle, 1 don't drink enough water. A Do want some fries? B Yes, but just afew. ‘This dress isnt big enough. Teat alittle meat. Can you buy a few bananas? I drink very little coffee. He has very few friends + Use enough before a noun tomean “all that is necessary” + Use alittle/ very litle and a few/ very few to talk about small quantities. + Use enough after an adjective. + Use a file very tle with uncountable nouns and a few/ very few with countable nouns. 8C word order of phrasal verbs Peeesrmamiartaeirar aot + With these verbs you can put the particle (on, off etc.) before or after the object. ery Faas Pewee ee Put on your coat OR Put your coat on. always have to look for my glasses. Ere ese eee ee io + When the object is a pronoun (me, it, him, etc.) it always goes between the verb ‘A phrasal verb = verb + particle (preposition and particle. ‘or adverb) get up, turn on, look for. Here's your coat, Put it on. NOT Put ont 1 Some phrasal verbs don't have an object. [don't want to watch TV. Turn it off. NOT Farn-off it: ‘Come in and sit down. 3 Some phrasal verbs have an object and are inseparable. What tine do you get up? Tm looking for my keys. 2 Some phrasal verbs have an. T'm looking for them. and are separable. With these phrasal verbs, the verb (look) and the particle (for) are never separated. Put on your coat. looked through my notes. NOT Hookedl-my-notes through. Turn off the TV. 1 ooked through them. NOT Hooked-them through: 50, neither + auxiliaries + Use So do I/ Neither do I, etc. to say that you have + The auxiliary you use depends on the tense SOR OrS something in common with somebody. used in the sentence you are responding to. A Lwent to college. [i ‘Use So + auxiliary + Iwith [+] sentences. Tlove soccer. Sodol. B Sodid1 AT happy. B So am I. NOT So-Farn, didnt like the movie. Neither did I ‘A Tronotmarried, | * Use Neither-+ auxiliary + Twith [=] sentences. Tan swim So ean I B Neither am | An not hungry. B Neither am Twasrt very tired. Neither was A I dor’t smoke. NOT Neither Fam: ve been to Europe. Soave. B Neither do L Twouldh’ ike to go there. Neither would IPLCs 8A a Complete with something, anything, nothing, etc. i Ariane will Nobody -Noynera ot Noi Did you meet anybody last night? vnc yon ds We Ee ing OP 2 Where i op eet = 2 ________ called when you were out, He said he'd call back later. 3 I saw your car keys , but I can't remember where. ¢_ Answer the questions in b with a full sentence. 4 Did happen while I was out? area 5 Did you go exciting last night? Z — a 6 Tbought you for your birthday. : —— 7 L knocked at the door, but answered. 8 We went shopping, but we didn't buy — 8B Cross out the wrong form. b Complete the sentences with too, foo much, too many, or enough. How much / many meat do you eat? My father’s not in good shape. He doesn't get — enough exercise, 1 [drink too / to0 much coffee. 1 You eat _ red meat. It isn't good for you. 2 [eat too much / too many cookies. 2 Tean't walk to work. Its far, 3 I don't drink enough water / water enough. 3 "There are cars on the roads today. 4 [can’t go. 1 am too / too much busy. 4 Idon't get sleep — only six hours, but I really need eight. 5 You work too much / too many. Sigua tines Oh gal Ge ee might iT only diiniga fey a litle calles: 6 There were people at the party, soit was impossible to dance. 7 I don't have enough time / time enough. 8 She has a few / alittle good friends. 8c a Complete the sentences with a particle from the box. away back down (x2) for off on out up ‘Turn _ off your cell phone before you come into class. 7 1 Turn the radio. It too loud. 2 What time do you usually get in the mori 3 John called when you were out. He'll call ___ later. 4 My sister is looking ____a new job. 5 Tthink you should throw —__ those old jeans. 6 Talways try new clothes before I buy them. 7 Do you want to go tonight or stay home? 8 You should write ‘new words in your book. b Puta check (¥) next to the sentences in a where the particle (on, off, etc.) could also go after the object. ¢ Complete the sentences with itor them and a particle, away off (2) on up (x3) 1 Tcan't hear the radio. Turn 2. Your clothes are all over the floor. Pick 3 Here’s your coat. Put A 4 What does this word mean? Look ___ __. 5 Your shoes are wet. Take —_ 6 I don't need those papers. Throw 7 Don’t watch the TV now. Turn 8D a Complete B’s answers with an auxiliary verb. A Llike coffee. B So do | 1A Pm really hungry. B So 2A [didn't go outlast night. B Neither L 3 A Lwas born in India. B So___ 4 A [don't smoke. B Neither _. 5 A T'vebeen to Bangkok. B So L 6 A Leantt swim. B Neither i 7 A I'd like to gotoChina. Bo. 8 A Isawa movie last night. B So I. EXNLD Muttizom — www.oup.com/elamericanengishile/2 b Respond to A. Say you are the same, Use So...Lor Neither... A I don't like fast food. Neither do I. 1 A live near the school. i 2 A I'm not afraid of snakes. 3 A Lwent to bed early. : 4 A [haven't been to China. ———S 5 A I don’t have any children. = 6 A Ican speak three languages. 7 A Lalways have breakfast.9A _ past perfect & él T You You He He She’ seen the play before. | She hadn't seen the play before. S It It Seals macame Saremianie ok We We a + Use the past perfect when you are already talking about They ane. the past, and want to talk about an earlier past action, contractions: =Thad_ Thadn’t = Thad not When woke up the yard was all white Ithad snowed during the night. 2 vi a Larrived at the coffee shop twenty minutes late, and ry T hea T {friends had already lft. you | ye yee + Make the past perfect with had /hadh’t + the past Hed fy, it before? | Yes, fk. had. Ne hadn't EER ne Pe He Ye g se eee eee ee they they they Bi Be careful: Pdcan be Thad or F would. 9B reported (or indirect) speech reported sentences “Direct speech | Reported speech Reported speech “toveyou? | He sai (that) he loved her. “Do you want He asked her if she wanted ’ | vo dance?™ to dance, ee eee Soa “Where do you live?” | He asked her where she lived. + Use reported speech to say what another person sad. + In reported questions: Fie Al (dia ose = the tenses change in exactly the same way as in Ei eee eee ‘ported sentences eg pref pas te + Other tenses change like this: = we don't use do / did. Direct speech Reported speech What do you want > “Teanhelp you” | He said (that) he could help me. He asked me what I wanted. “Pil eallyou” | Hertold me (that) he would call me. NOI He pkeb me whet de bent ~ if the question begins with da, can, etc., add if Do you like the musie—> He asked her if she liked the music. Can you sing > She ated hi if he could sing. + thats optional after say and tell, 7 ~ the word order is subject + verb, + Pronouns aso change in reported speech, for example: : Tchanges to he she, etc, Areyoua student@> Berne va a student. Ym coming, 2 _ She old me that she was coming, Have you seen the movie=> She asked him if he had A You can use said or told in reported speech, but they are seen the movie. used differently. = You can't use said with an object or pronoun. NOT Hesaid her heloved her = You must use told with an object. He told her that he loved her NOT he told that... “[met a woman,” | He told me (that) he had met a woman. “Pve been at work | He said (that) he had been at work since 8:00." since 8:00.Peas 9A a Match the sentence halves. couldn't get into my house because DA He had made other plans. 1 When our friends arrived, B I realized that Vd seen it before. 2 Ttook the sweater back because C she hadn't flown before. 3 Jack didn't come with us. D Fd forgotten-my keys, 4 tuned on the TV E Thadn’t turned off the stove. 5 Fumiko was nervous because F he had bought me the wrong size. 6 When the movie started, G we hadn't finished cooking the dinner. 7 At work I suddenly remembered that H to see what had happened, b Complete the sentences. Put the verbs in the simple past or past perfect. We — didn't get _ a table in the restaurant because we hadn't made 4 reservation. (not get, not make) Maria because she ___ her hair. (not recognize, cut) to tell mel my jacket in the car. (call, leave) ___ the TY, the game (turn on, finish) me the book because she ityet. (not lend, finish) all his final exams because he _____ at all. (fail, not study) home, we saw that somebody the kitchen window. (get, break) 9B a Write the sentences in reported speech. b Make reported questions. Hesaid, “Ilove you.” He told her that Do you want to dance? He asked her i he loved her. 1 “Pmtired” She said that 1 “Do you like Mike asked me if == football?” 2 “Idon'tlike He told her 2 “Whatkind of asked her what kind of music orks. | je music do you like?” 3. “Til make He said 3. “Are you tired?” She asked me a reservation.” 4 “Tyeseen that Paul told us that 4° “Have youbeen asked them movie twice.” to Brazil?” 5. “Dlivein She said that 5 ‘Wheredidyou - Heasked me the city?” Sones live before? 6 “Weeandoit” They said that 6 “Can you swim?” She asked him 7 “Isa the movie Julie said that 7 “Where are [asked him on TV? Poet rae eae you from?” EXND muitinom —wwwoup.com/elamericanenglishie/2Classroom language YOU HEAR a Match the phrases and pictures. ‘Ask and answer the questions. Dor't write. Don’t speak (Spanish). Go to page 33. Write down the words. Sit down. Stand up. Look at the board. Tum off your cell phone. 1 Work in pairs. b Cover the phrases. Look at the pictures and remember the phrases. YOU SAY a Match the phrases. ‘ =} ‘ How do you say 2) Very bad. 1 2. How do you spell 84, 3 Could you repeat that, please? TA sheep. 4. How do you pronounce it? See you. Bye. 5. What does avial mean? Yes. SHEEP, 6 Can Ihave a (piece of paper), please? | ‘That's OK. Sit down, 7 Which page is it? Jip! 8 Sorry I'm late. You too. See you on Monday. 9 Bye. SHEEP, 10 Have a good weekend! Here you are. b Cover column B. Remember the answers. Then cover column A. Remember the phrases. YOU READ a Match the instructions and pictures. 3H is - is 8 Se A ® C How sya? gto FA Where a 2 pir pa & o tose Howser mal oe e 6 7 8 9 0 circle underline complete sane act 1 choose copy the rhythm © putanx ‘match cover the text 'b Cover the instructions. Look at the pictures and remember them. Ops MultiROM wivw.oup.com/elt/americanenglshfle/2WETICE LUT Adjectives 1 Personality adjectives @ Match the adjectives and definitions. friendly /frendli/ funny generous lazy shy talkative Adjective Opposite A person who talks a lot is .. talkative A person who likes giving presents is... - A person who never does any work is... 2s A person who makes people laugh is A person who is open and nice is ... ae ee A person who is nervous and uncomfortable meeting new people is... —____ Complete the Opposite column. hardworking outgoing quiet /‘kwarot/ serious ‘sirias/ stingy stind3i/ unfriendly © Cover the Adjective and Opposite columns. Look at the definitions and say the adjective and its opposite. Ops 2 Opposite adjectives 2 Match the words and pictures 1-8 Opposite boring crowded /"kraudod/ dangerous /‘demdgaras/ . T far eer modern ae noisy — polite /pa'tart/ = ~ polluted _ = b Match these adjectives with their opposites in a, cI clean empty exciting / teresting near old-fashioned quiet rude safe < Cover the words and look at the pictures. Remember the adjectives and their opposites. d Put the adjectives with the correct prefix to make opposites. comfortable /‘kamfortabl/ happy un healthy /hel@i/ mature /ma'tfor/ patient /‘peyfav polite possible ¢ Test a partner. A say an adjective. B say the opposite. Opa7 ‘MultiROM www.oup.com/elt/americanenglishfile/2 caaT a Match the words and pictures. arm(s) I ear(s) 6 eye(s) fav! face finger(s) ; 4 hair hand(s) head shed/ lips) mouth /mavb/ neck esas nose shoulders) ‘Jouldar/ stomach /'stamak/ back foot (plural feet) kknee(s) (ni 18 teg(s) 5 brain heart /hart/ teeth (singular tooth) toes /touz! 23 tongue /tan/ 6 2 B D Cover the words and test yourself or test a partner. Point to a part of the body for your partner to say the word. ¢ What part(s) of the body do we use to...? see hear _—__ smell kiss ____ bite touch /tat{/ think feel kick —___ d Test a partner. Ask What do you use to see? etc. A In English we use personal pronouns (my, your, etc.) with parts of the body, not the. Give me your hand. NOT Give-me-the hand. | Ops MultiROM _ wivn.cup.com/el/americanenglshfle/2Vacations tela cUd I Phrases with go 2 Match the verbs and pictures. g0 abroad /a'brod/ 1 go.swimming / sailing go sightseeing go camping go by car /bus / plane / train go to the beach .g0 out at night g0 away for the weekend go for a walk b Cover the phrases and look at the pictures. Test yourself or a partner. 2 Other vacation activities 2 Complete the verb phrases. buy have meet rent spend stay __ sunbathe / take walk stay ata hotel / campsite oon the beach in the mountains / around the town photos 2 good time friends souvenirs money / time a car/ an apartment & Test yourself. Cover the verbs. Remember the phrases. 3 The weather 2 Match the words and pictures. sunny windy fogey loudy /'klaudi/ ¥ rain snow A All these words are adjectives except rain and snow, which are nouns or verbs. It’s snowing. It snows every year. There’s snow on the ground. hot ei cs It rarely rains. It rained a lot this morning. There was a lot of rain last year. boiling b Test a partner. Imagine you were on vacation last week. Point to a picture. freezing |A Say What was the weather like? B Answer in the simple past. Tewas sunny: /Te rained. © pis MultiROM www.oup.com/elt/americanenglishfile/2 47a CSCS 1 at /in/ on a Complete the chart with at, in, or on. PLACE Countries Buildings, ‘Transportation home, work, the airport, the sation, and cities store, a museum, | arbike, a bus, train, plane, a ship (not car) | a bus stop, a party the door, the end France, Paris the library, school A surface Rooms Closed spaces the floor, a table, a shelf the kitchen a park, a garden the balcony, the roof, the wall gh ested TIME Months Years, Centuries Dates ‘Times February, June 2008, the 21st century | March Ist six o'dock, half past two, 7:45 Seasons ‘Times of day Days ‘Times of day | the winter the morning, Tuesday, New Year's Day, nights noon, midnight the afternoon, Valentine's Day dercheine theevening (not nigh | she yyeokend, weekends, Monday morning b Look at the chart for a few minutes. Then test a partner: ‘A (book open) say a place or time word, e., Singapore, Tuesday, etc. B (book closed) say the preposition (at, in, oF on). ‘Change roles. © pis 2 Prepositions of movement a Match the prepositions and pictures. ‘under (the railroad) along (the street) around (the lake) through /Oru/ (the tunnel) into (the store) across (the street) over (the bridge) up (the steps) past (the factory) toward /tordy (the lake) 1 down (the steps) out of (the store) b Cover the prepositions. Where did the dog go? It went down the steps. © pss MultiROM wwwoup.com/elt/americanenglishfile/2CEUTA OL 1 Opposite verbs a Match the verbs and pictures. buy (a house) Twin (a game) lend (money to somebody) find (your keys) push (the door) pass (an exam) forget (a name) turn on (the TV) send (an e-mail) iiss (a train) arrive (at the station) teach (a language) b Find the opposite verbs below. Write them in the Opposite column. borrow (from somebody) catch fail get / receive earn leave lose (x2) pull remember sell turn off © Cover the verbs and look at the pictures. Remember the verbs and their opposites. © p.31 2 Confusing verbs a Match the verbs and pictures. clothes abag win earn prize salary ogame money _=2 know meet ie somebody somebody for the Something first time make do cake homework, housework, lunch, dinner the dishes, the laundry, a noise Judo, aerobics, yoga, a job |S 6 hope wait that something for a bus ‘good will happen watch look at = Vv a photo i look look like happy your mother © psa b Cover the words and phrases and look at the pictures. Test yourself or a partner. MultiROM wwvw.oup.com/elt/americanenglshfile/2 j 149)a Match the words and pictures, Singular clothes a dress 1 atop a skirt /skort/ shirt abelt T-shirt a sweater /'swetar! a suit /sut a coat /kout! atie ta ascarf a warm-up suit a jacket ahat acap ablouse Plural clothes pajamas /pa'd3aemaz/ pants shorts shoes /fuz/ boots tennis shoes / sneakers socks tights / pantyhose b Cover the words and look at the pictures. Test yourself or a partner. Verbs used with clothes a Match the phrases and pictures. get dressed wear (a black hat) take off (her boots) try on (a dress) put on (her coat) b Cover the phrases, What is she doing in each picture? © pao ELV Multikom wwwoup.com/elt/americanenglishfile/2