Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Farih Abdillah
Petir Langlang Buana
Feri Eko Hermanto
Wahyu Isnia Adharini
Sayyidatul Awalia Nuzula
Meylinda Kurniawati
(135090107111010)
(1350901xxxxxxxx)
(145090100111001)
(145090100111002)
(145090100111008)
(145090100111004)
Introduction
Replication Components
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
DNA
Helicase
Topoisomerase and Gyrase
Single stranded binding protein (SSB)
DNA polymerase
Eukaryotic
: , , , ,
Prokaryotic : I, II and III
6. Primase
7. Ligase
Replication Components
Replication Mechanism
Initiation
Begin at specific site called origin of replication (Ori)
to which certain initiator proteins bind and trigger
unwinding
Enzymes known as Helicases unwind the double
helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between
complementary base pairs
Other proteins called SSB keep the single strands
from rejoining and finally form a replication fork
The topoisomerase proteins surround the unzipping
strands and relax the twisting that might damage the
unwinding DNA.
Fig. 4. Initiation process of DNA replication (Reece et al., 2014)
Replication Mechanism
Elongation
Specialized RNA polymerase called primase initiates
polynucleotide synthesis and by creating a short RNA
polynucleotide strand complementary to template DNA
strand
DNA polymerase extends the new strand with
nucleotides complementary to the template DNA
DNA gyrase also is required so untwists the rotations that
are generated ahead of the moving replication fork
RNA nucleotides in the primer are removed and replaced
with DNA nucleotides by DNA polymerase I
The gaps are closed with the action DNA Ligase (adds
phosphate in the remaining gaps of the phosphate sugar backbone)
Fig. 4. Elongation stage of DNA replication (Campbell et al., 2010)
Replication Mechanism
Leading and Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
The new DNA strand at the replication fork is
synthesized in the 5 ' 3' continuously
Lagging Strand
DNA strands on the opposite side of the Leading
Strand running in the 3 'to 5', because the DNA
polymerase III is unable to synthesize in the 3 ' 5'
Lagging Strand being synthesized in short segments
known as Okazaki fragments
Replication Mechanism
Leading and Lagging Strand
Replication Mechanism
Termination
A mechanism of repair fixes possible errors caused
during the replication
Enzymes like nucleases remove the wrong
nucleotides and the DNA Polymerase fills the gaps
helped by Ligase
Replication Mechanism
Termination
Linear DNA cant complete the 5 ends of daughter
DNA strands, especially in lagging strand
As a result, repeated rounds of replication produce
shorter and shorter DNA molecules with uneven
ends
So Eukaryotic chromosomal DNA molecules have
special nucleotide sequences called telomeres at
their ends and An enzyme called telomerase
catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres
Telomerase is not active in most human somatic
cells, but its activity varies from tissue to tissue
Fig. 4. Shortening of the ends of linear DNA molecules (Reece et al., 2014)
Eukaryotic
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
DNA Polymerase
Primer synthesis
Faster
Slower
Strand synthesis
Termination
Conclusion
1. DNA replication model theories are Conservative, Semiconservative, and
Dispersive. The most acceptable model based on replication mechanism is
Semiconservative model
2. DNA replication mechanism have 3 major stages, they are Initiation,
Elongation and Termination
3. The Mechanism of DNA replication between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
cells doesnt have any significant differences, only based on their enzymes
4. Mechanism of PCR is adapted from DNA replication. There are 3 steps of
PCR methods, denaturation, annealing and extension.