Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Nguyenly 6 Sigma PDF
Nguyenly 6 Sigma PDF
1. Six Sigma l g?
1.1 nh ngha
Six Sigma l mt h phng php ci tin quy trnh da trn thng k nhm gim thiu t l sai st
hay khuyt tt n mc 3,4 li trn mi triu kh nng gy li bng cch xc nh v loi tr cc ngun
to nn dao ng (bt n) trong cc quy trnh kinh doanh. Trong vic nh ngha khuyt tt, Six Sigma
tp trung vo vic thit lp s thng hiu tng tn cc yu cu ca khch hng v v th c tnh nh
hng khch hng rt cao.
H phng php Six Sigma da trn tin trnh mang tn DMAIC: Define (Xc nh), Measure (o
Lng), Analyze (Phn Tch), Improve (Ci Tin) v Control (Kim Sot). tm hiu thm v tin trnh
ny, vui lng tham kho mc s 3 ca ti liu ny v DMAIC.
Six Sigma khng phi l mt h thng qun l cht lng, nh ISO-9001, hay l mt h thng chng
nhn cht lng. Thay vo , y l mt h phng php gip gim thiu khuyt tt da trn vic ci
tin quy trnh. i vi a s cc doanh nghip Vit Nam, iu ny c ngha l thay v tp trung vo cc
xng cht lng vn u tin vo vic kim tra li trn sn phm, hng tp trung c chuyn
sang ci thin quy trnh sn xut cc khuyt tt khng xy ra.
Xc nh cn nguyn ca cc vn ;
Nhn mnh vic ci tin quy trnh loi tr dao ng trong quy trnh sn xut hay cc qui
trnh qun l khc gip gim thiu li v tng s hi lng ca khch hng;
Qun l ch ng y trch nhim trong vic tp trung ngn nga sai st, ci tin lin tc v
khng ngng vn ti s hon ho;
Sigma c ngha l lch chun (standard deviation) trong thng k, nn Six Sigma ng ngha vi
su n v lch chun.
Cp Sigma
Mt Sigma
Hai Sigma
Ba Sigma
Bn Sigma
Nm Sigma
Su Sigma
Li phn Triu
690.000,0
308.000,0
66.800,0
6.210,0
230,0
3,4
Li phn Trm
69,0000%
30,8000%
6,6800%
0,6210%
0,0230%
0,0003%
Mc tiu ca Six Sigma l ch c 3,4 li (hay sai st) trn mi mt triu kh nng gy li. Ni cch
khc, l s hon ho n mc 99,99966%.
Trang 1 trn 17
Mekong Capital
Trong khi phn ln cc doanh nghip sn xut t nhn Vit Nam hin ang mc khong Ba Sigma
hoc thm ch thp hn th trong mt vi trng hp, mt d n ci tin quy trnh p dng cc nguyn
tc Six Sigma c th trc tin nhm n mc Bn hay Nm Sigma vn cng mang li kt qu gim
thiu khuyt tt r rt.
Cng cn lm r rng Six Sigma o lng cc kh nng gy li ch khng phi cc sn phm li. Mt
sn phm cng phc tp s c nhiu kh nng b li hn. V d, cng l n v sn phm nhng kh
nng gy li trong mt chit -t nhiu hn so vi mt chic kp giy.
Di y l mt v d cho cch tnh s kh nng gy li trong qui trnh sn xut sn phm gh g:
Cng ty A phi sn xut 5 n hng cho khch hng, mi n hng c mt mt hng l gh g (5
chic). S kh nng gy li cho mt mt hng gh g c xc nh nh sau:
Gh c sn ng mu sc ( 1 kh nng)
Gii php in hnh: Cn i li chuyn bng vic cho thm cng nhn vo kim tra v ti ch.
Gii php Six Sigma: iu tra v kim sot cc tc nhn chnh ngn nga li xy ra t cng
on u tin. N c th bao gm cc th tc cn chnh my mc khng r rng, cc hng
dn cng vic ch nhm khng r rng, cc t trng khng c y k nng gim st cng
vic hiu qu, thiu qui trnh kim tra cht lng g ti phn xng ra phi g, vv..
Trong mt v d khc, mt cng ty chuyn sn xut sn phm nha thng xuyn gp phi tnh trng
sn xut sai mu sc sn phm so vi yu cu ca khch hng:
Gii php in hnh: iu chnh cng thc phi trn mu ang c s dng bng n lc thsai.
Gii php Six Sigma: Xc nh cc tc nhn u vo chnh ca qui trnh phi mu dn n vic
lm sai mu sc ca sn phm sau kim sot cc tc nhn ny. Cc tc nhn ny c th bao
gm nh cung ng vt t, s r rng ca cc hng dn cng thc phi trn, h thng thu thp
v kim tra cc cng thc phi trn, cn chnh thit b phi trn, kh nng thc hin ca cng
nhn theo hng dn cng vic.vv..
Trang 2 trn 17
Mekong Capital
o lng cc bin ng trong cc quy trnh kinh doanh, thit lp cc ch s thng k da trn cc h
thng o lng v sau s dng cc ch s ny a ra nhng cu hi v cn nguyn ca nhng
vn cht lng lin quan n cc sn phm, dch v v quy trnh.
gim thi gian quy trnh tuyn dng v hun luyn nhn vin mi;
Trong mt kho st gn y do cng ty DynCorp1 thc hin cho thy: Khong 22% trong
tng s cc cng ty c kho st ti M ang p dng Six Sigma;
38,2% trong s cc cng ty ang p dng Six Sigma ny l cc cng ty chuyn v cc ngnh
dch v, 49.3% l cc cng ty chuyn v sn xut v 12.5% l cc cng ty thuc cc lnh vc
khc;
So snh trn phng din hiu qu, Six Sigma c nh gi l cao hn ng k so vi cc h
thng qun tr cht lng v cng c ci tin qui trnh khc (tuy nhin, Six Sigma y cn
bao gm nhiu cng c cha c lit k trong kho st ny)
H thng qun tr cht lng, cng c ci tin qui trnh no cho cc hiu qu to
ln nht?
Six Sigma
53.6%
S qui trnh (process mapping)
35.3%
Phn tch nguyn nhn gc (Root cause analysis)
33.5%
Phn tch nguyn nhn v kt qu (Cause-and-effect analysis)
31.3%
T duy/Sn xut theo Lean (Lean thinking/manufacturing)
26.3%
So snh ly chun (Benchmarking)
25.0%
Gii quyt vn (Problem solving)
23.2%
ISO 9001
21.0%
Nng lc qui trnh (Process capability)
20.1%
Kim sot qui trnh bng thng k (Statistical process control)
20.1%
Cc ch s nh gi hiu qu (Performance metrics)
19.2%
Biu kim sot (Control charts)
19.2%
Qun l qui trnh (Process management )
18.8%
Qun l d n (Project management)
17.9%
Cc qui trnh nh hng khch hng (Customer-driven processes)
17.9%
Thit k th nghim (Design of experiments)
17.4%
Phn tch sai st v tc ng (Failure mode and effects analysis)
17.4%
Ngn nga sai st (Mistake-proofing/Poka yoke)
16.5%
Ti thit qui trnh (Process reengineering)
16.1%
Qun l s thay i (Change management)
14.7%
Qun l cht lng ton din (Total Quality Management (TQM))
10.3%
o lng s dao ng (Variation measurement)
10.3%
Cc tiu ch nh gi ca chng trnh Malcolm Baldridge (Malcolm 9.8%
http://www.qualitydigest.com/feb03/articles/01_article.shtml
Trang 3 trn 17
Mekong Capital
Baldridge criteria)
Phn tch lu cng vic (Workflow analysis)
Quy trnh ra quyt nh (Decision making)
Phn tch xu hng (Trend analysis)
Qun l da trn d kin (Management by fact)
Gim thi gian chun b cho quy trnh (Setup reduction )
Qun l tri thc (Knowledge management)
C cu phn chia cng vic (Work breakdown structure)
9.8%
8.9%
8.0%
6.7%
6.7%
5.8%
3.1%
Trang 4 trn 17
Mekong Capital
2. Nhng li ch t chng trnh Six Sigma
2.1 Chi ph sn xut gim
Vi t l khuyt tt gim ng k, cng ty c th loi b nhng lng ph v nguyn vt liu v vic s
dng nhn cng km hiu qu lin quan n khuyt tt. iu ny s gim bt chi ph hng bn trn
tng n v sn phm v v th gia tng ng k li nhun (gp) ca cng ty hoc cho php cng ty
bn sn phm vi gi thp hn v mang li doanh thu cao hn nh bn c nhiu hn.
V d, nu mt cng ty c t l hng khuyt tt khng th ti ch l 6%, chi ph nguyn vt liu l
60%, chi ph nhn cng l 10% ca doanh thu, li gp l 20%, mt phn tch n gin c th cho thy
hiu qu t vic gim khuyt tt c tc ng ci thin ng k cho ch s li gp nh sau:
T l khuyt tt
Nguyn vt liu / doanh thu
Nhn cng / doanh thu
Khu hao2 / doanh thu
Li gp
Mt vi ci thin
3%
58.3%
8%
9%
24.7%
Ci thin ng k
0%
56.6%
6%
8%
29.4%
Nhiu doanh nghip t nhn Vit Nam gp phi nhng vn ti din lin quan n vic sn phm
khng p ng c cc yu cu v quy cch k thut t pha khch hng khin khch hng khng hi
lng m i khi hy b n t hng. Bng cch lm gim ng k t l li, cng ty s c th lun cung
cp sn phm n tay khch hng p ng hon ton cc thng s k thut c yu cu v v th lm
tng s hi lng ca khch hng.
S hi lng ca khch hng gia tng gip gim thiu ri ro b chm dt n t hng t pha khch
hng ng thi gia tng kh nng l khch hng s t nhng n hng ln hn. iu ny ng ngha
vi vic mang li doanh thu cao hn ng k cho cng ty.
Hn na, chi ph cho vic tm c khch hng mi kh cao nn cc cng ty c t l tht thot khch
hng thp s gim bt chi ph bn hng v tip th vn l mt phn ca tng doanh thu bn hng.
Cng mt nhiu thi gian x l nguyn vt liu v thnh phm trong quy trnh sn xut th chi ph
sn xut cng cao, mt khi hng tn chm bn cn c di di, lu gi, m, tm li v chu nhiu ri
ro hn v h hng hay khng cn p ng c cc thng s yu cu. Tuy nhin, vi Six Sigma, c t
vn ny sinh hn trong qu trnh sn xut, c ngha l quy trnh c th lun c hon tt nhanh
hn v v vy chi ph sn xut, c bit l chi ph nhn cng trn tng n v sn phm lm ra, s thp
hn. Bn cnh vic gim chi ph sn xut, thi gian lun chuyn trong quy trnh nhanh hn l mt u
th bn hng i vi nhng khch hng mong mun sn phm c phn phi mt cch nhanh chng.
Mt vn thng gp i vi nhiu doanh nghip sn xut t nhn Vit Nam l c t l giao hng
tr rt cao. Nhng dao ng c th c loi tr trong mt d n Six Sigma c th bao gm cc dao
Vic gim t l khu hao trn phn trm doanh thu l kt qu ca vic tng sn lng t nh xng v thit b hin ti do
gim khuyt tt v ti ch, cng nh gim thi gian ngng my.
Trang 5 trn 17
Mekong Capital
ng trong thi gian giao hng. V vy, Six Sigma c th c vn dng gip m bo vic giao
hng ng hn mt cch u n.
Vic nhm n t l 3,4 li phn triu kh nng cho php cng ty thit lp nhng k vng cao hn. T
thit lp nhng k vng cao hn c th hng cng ty n nhng thnh tch cao hn nh gip gim bt
s t mn. Hn na, cc chng trnh Six Sigma gii thiu rt nhiu h thng o lng mi gip cng
ty pht hin v kim sot nhng vn ti din v v vy to ra thc cp bch trong vic gii quyt
cc vn ny.
Kho st bin s: Tin hnh nghin cu xc nh nhng bin s hay tc nhn gy nn dao
ng v cch thc cc bin tng tc ln nhau.
Tp trung vo ci tin quy trnh: Tp trung vo ci tin quy trnh c xem l nh hng then
cht t c s vt tri trong cht lng.
Tinh thn tin phong: Khuyn khch nhn vin tr nn ch ng v y trch nhim trong vic
ngn nga nhng vn tim tng thay v ch i i ph vi cc vn xy ra.
Tham gia su rng trong vic gii quyt vn : Thu ht nhiu ngi hn tham gia vo vic tm
ra cc tc nhn v gii php cho cc vn .
Chia x kin thc: Hc hi v chia x kin thc di hnh thc nhng ng dng tt nht (best
practice) c kim chng gia tng tc ci tin ton din.
Thit lp mc tiu: Nhm n nhng mc tiu vt bc, ch khng phi nhng ch tiu va
kh nng, v th cng ty khng ngng n lc ci tin.
Trang 6 trn 17
Mekong Capital
3. Tin trnh DMAIC
Tin trnh DMAIC l trng tm ca cc d n ci tin quy trnh Six Sigma. Cc bc sau y gii thiu
quy trnh gii quyt vn m trong cc cng c chuyn bit c vn dng chuyn mt vn
thc t sang dng thc thng k, xy dng mt gii php trn m hnh thng k ri sau chuyn i
n sang gii php thc t.
tin hnh nghin cu mc so snh (thng s o lng chung v mc thc hin trc khi d
n ci tin bt u);
Biu Xu Hng (Trend Chart)- Biu th trc quan xu hng cc li, khuyt tt xut hin
sau mt thi gian.
Lu Quy Trnh (Process Flow Chart)- Cho bit cch thc hot ng v trnh t cc bc
thc hin ca qui trnh hin ti.
phn tch kh nng h thng o lng v thit lp mc so snh v nng lc ca quy trnh;
tin hnh o lng v thu thp d liu cc tc nhn u vo, cc quy trnh v u ra;
lm r vn hay mc tiu ca d n.
Cc cu hi cn phi gii p:
Trang 7 trn 17
Mekong Capital
Phn Tch Trng Thi Sai St v Tc ng (FMEA) s khi - s dng cng c ny trong
bc o lng s gip chng ta xc nh v thc hin cc bin php khc phc tm thi
gim thiu khuyt tt v tit kim chi ph cng sm cng tt.
th tc nhn chnh (Main Effect Plot)- Hin th cc tc nhn chnh trong s cc tc nhn
c nghin cu.
Phn tch phng sai (ANOVA) y l cng c thng k suy lun c thit k kim tra
s khc bit ng k gia gi tr trung bnh cng (mean) gia hai hoc nhiu tp hp mu.
Hon thnh bng FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis) p dng cng c ny trn
qui trnh hin ti gip ta xc nh cc hnh ng ci thin ph hp ngn nga khuyt tt ti
din.
Trang 8 trn 17
Mekong Capital
3.4 Ci tin - Improve (I)
Bc Ci Tin tp trung pht trin cc gii php nhm loi tr cn nguyn ca dao ng, kim chng
v chun ho cc gii php. Bc ny bao gm:
thit lp dung sai cho quy trnh, cn gi l gii hn trn v di ca cc thng s k thut hay
yu cu ca khch hng i vi mt quy trnh nhm nh gi mc p ng ca mt c tnh
c th, v nu quy trnh vn hnh n nh bn trong cc gii hn ny s gip to ra sn phm
hay dch v t cht lng mong mun;
S qui trnh (Process Mapping) Cng c ny gip ta ti hin li qui trnh mi sau khi
thc hin vic ci tin.
Phn tch nng lc qui trnh (CPK)- nhm kim tra nng lc ca qui trnh sau khi thc hin
cc hnh ng ci tin bo m rng chng ta t c cc ci thin tht s trong vic
ngn nga khuyt tt
trin khai vic kim sot quy trnh bng k hoch kim sot nhm m bo cc vn khng
cn ti din bng cch lin tc gim st nhng quy trnh c lin quan.
Cc cu hi cn phi gii p trong bc ny:
Chng ta cn thit lp nhng bin php g duy tr cc kt qu thm ch khi c nhiu th thay
i?
Cc biu kim sot qui trnh bng thng k (SPC) - Tp hp cc biu gip theo di
cc qui trnh bng cch hin th cc d liu theo thi gian gia gii hn tiu chun cn trn
(USL) v gii hn tiu chun cn di (LSL) cng vi mt ng trung tm (CL)
Cc phiu kim tra (Check Sheets) cng c ny cho php chng ta lu gi v thu thp
mt cch c h thng cc d liu t cc ngun trong qu kh, hoc qua s kin pht sinh. Theo
, cc mu thc lp li v cc xu hng c th c nhn dng v trnh by mt cch r rng.
Trang 9 trn 17
Mekong Capital
4. Six Sigma vi cc h thng cht lng khc
Six Sigma c xy dng trn nhng yu t thnh cng ca cc chin lc ci tin cht lng trc
y v hp thnh nhng phng php c o ca ring n. So vi cc h thng qun l v ci tin
cht lng khc, Six Sigma ni bt vi h phng php gip xc nh cn nguyn ca cc vn cht
lng c th v gii quyt cc vn ny. Six Sigma c th thng c s dng h tr, b sung
cc h thng qun l v ci tin cht lng khc.
cc k thut thng k cn thit thit lp, kim sot, kim chng nng lc ca quy trnh v
c tnh ca sn phm;
kho st nguyn nhn gy li cho sn phm, quy trnh v h thng cht lng;
Trang 10 trn 17
Mekong Capital
gy nn nhng khuyt tt ni tri, trong khi TQM p dng mt h thng cht lng bao qut hn cho
tt c cc quy trnh kinh doanh ca cng ty.
Mt khc bit k tip l TQM nh hng p dng cc xng cht lng trong phm vi phng ban
trong khi Six Sigma mang tnh lin phng ban c ngha l n tp trung vo mi phng ban c lin quan
n mt quy trnh kinh doanh c th vn ang l ti ca mt d n Six Sigma.
Mt khc bit na l TQM cung cp t phng php hn trong qu trnh trin khai trong khi m hnh
DMAIC ca Six Sigma cung cp mt cu trc vng chc hn cho vic trin khai v thc hin. V d, Six
Sigma c s tp trung mnh m hn vo vic o lng v thng k gip cng ty xc nh v t c
nhng mc tiu c th.
Trang 11 trn 17
Mekong Capital
5. Trin khai Six Sigma
Mc du kt qu ca cc d n Six Sigma l mc tiu eo ui ca hu ht cc cng ty, tuy nhin cc
cng ty cn quan tm mt cch k lng ti qui trnh trin khai, bi v Six Sigma i hi mt s cam
kt rt cao ca ban lnh o cng nh cc nhn vin ng vai tr quan trng trong t chc.
Cp lnh o ca cng ty hiu v hon ton ng h vic trin khai Six Sigma?
Cng ty c ci m v sn sng thay i?
Cng ty c khao kht hc hi?
Cng ty c sn sng cam kt ngun lc, gm con ngi v tin bc, trin khai chng trnh
Six Sigma?
Trang 12 trn 17
Mekong Capital
Vic chn la cc d n Six Sigma giai on u l rt quan trng v do n ng mt vai tr then
cht cho s thnh cng ca cc d n Six Sigma. T chc cn xem xt mt cch k lng cc tc ng
c th nh hng n s thnh cng ca d n cng nh vic xem xt cc kh nng c th gii quyt
c vn m khng cn ti vic thc hin d n Six Sigma.
kim tra nh hng ti chnh tht s t d n (vui lng tham kho mc 5.2.6);
lin tc thng tin tin trnh ca d n n cp lnh o iu hnh v nhng thnh vin c lin
quan n d n;
trin khai cc k hoch kim sot hiu qu i km vi cc ti liu lin quan nh S Quy
Trnh (Process Maps), Ma Trn Nhn Qu (C&E Matrix), Phn Tch Trng Thi Sai St v Tc
ng (FMEA), Tm Lc K Hoch Kim Sot (Control Plan Summary) v cc thay i th tc
c duyt m bo rng cc ci tin c duy tr;
tin hnh hun luyn Six Sigma thng xuyn thc y chng trnh xuyn sut trong cng
ty.
Lng trc tip Tin lng cho cc nhn vin lm vic ton thi gian trong d n Six Sigma.
Lng gin tip Chi ph thi gian t nhng vin chc iu hnh cp cao, cc thnh vin ca
nhm d n, nhng ngi qun l cc quy trnh v nhng ngi lin quan trong vic trin khai
cc d n Six Sigma.
Chi ph thc hin ci tin Chi ph ci tin cc quy trnh sn xut loi tr cc ngun gy
dao ng c xc nh bi cc d n Six Sigma. Khon ny c th bao gm nhng thit b,
phn mm mi, chi ph nhn s cho nhng v tr mi hnh thnh.v.v
Trang 13 trn 17
Mekong Capital
6. nh ngha thut ng
Analysis of Variances (ANOVA) - Phn tch Phng sai: Mt cng c thng k cho php cng lc
so snh nhiu ngun dao ng, hay tc ng, xc nh xem c bt k ngun dao ng no nh
hng ng k n s thay i ca kt qu ang c nghin cu.
Black Belt (BB): chuyn vin trong vic dn dt thc hin cc d n vi kinh nghim thch hp trong
mt s lnh vc c th; c hun luyn chuyn su v c kin thc tt v phn tch, thng k. Mt BB
s c chng nhn sau khi p ng c nhng phm cht v nng lc quy nh r bi cng ty di
hnh thc mang li tit kim chi ph ng k; p dng hiu qu cng c v phng php, cc k nng
phn tch, qun l d n v xy dng nhm. BB cng chu trch nhim hun luyn v dn dt cc
Green Belt.
Cause & Effect Matrix - Ma Trn Nhn qu: Mt ma trn hay s u tin ho cho php chn la
cc bin u vo ca quy trnh (X) no c nh hng ln nht n cc bin u ra (Y). Cng c ny
cng c s dng tm hiu v ch ra nhng yu cu quan trng ca khch hng.
Champion: Nhng qun l iu hnh cp cao c chn ra, c hiu bit v cc cng c thng k c
bn v nng cao; ngi phn b ngun lc v dp b nhng ro cn i vi cc d n Six Sigma; to
ra vin cnh cho Six Sigma cng ty; xy dng k hoch hun luyn; chn lc cc d n c hiu qu
cao; tm chn ng vin tim nng; xy dng v ci tin c cu t chc thc hin; gim st vic nh
gi cp nht tin ca d n; nhn bit ng gp v n lc ca nhn vin.
Check Sheet - Biu mu Kim tra: Cc bng hay mu biu h tr vic thu thp v tng hp s liu.
Cc bng ny thng c s dng m cc loi li khc nhau.
Control Plan Summary - Bng Tm Lc K Hoch Kim Sot: Mt ti liu kim sot quy trnh
vi s m t hp l h thng kim sot v duy tr nhng ci tin nhm gip cng ty vn hnh cc quy
trnh mt cch n nh sao cho cc sn phm lun p ng c nhu cu ca khch hng.
Correlation Analysis - Phn Tch Tng Quan: Mt phng php thng k gip xc nh liu c
mi quan h gia hai bng cch v ra cc cp gi tr. nh lng mi quan h, mt ng hi qui, c
c tnh c xc nh bi dc v gc ct, c th c v t cc im phn tn ca nhng d liu
cp. Khi cc im d liu cp ny cng qui t gn ng hi qui c ngha l mi quan h cng mnh.
Critical to Quality (CTQ) - c Tnh Cht Lng Thit Yu: Cc yu cu (quy cch) c nu r
bi khch hng, nu khng p ng c th gi l khuyt tt.
Critical Inputs - Tc Nhn u Vo Chnh Yu: Mt vi tc nhn ch cht c chng minh l chu
trch nhim trc tin cho kt qu u ra c xc nh (Y).
Defect - Khuyt Tt / Li: Bt k sai st ca sn phm hay dch v trong vic p ng mt trong s
nhng tiu chun cho php ca khch hng cng ty (bn trong hay bn ngoi). Mt sn phm li c th
b mt hay nhiu li i theo. Cc khuyt tt/li nn lun c xem l khng t nu p dng thc o
biu th t/Khng t.
Defect Opportunity - Kh Nng Gy Li: Bt k tnh hung trong mt quy trnh i din cho mt
kh nng to nn khuyt tt trn mt n v xut lng vn h trng i vi khch hng. Mt sn
phm phc tp nh mt chic xe hi s c nhiu kh nng gy li hn mt sn phm n gin nh l
mt chic kp giy.
Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) - Thit K cho Six Sigma: M t ng dng ca cc cng c Six Sigma
dnh cho nhng n lc Thit K Quy Trnh v pht trin sn phm vi mc tiu "to lp" nng lc thc
hin Six Sigma. ng dng ny cng c p dng cho vic ti thit kt quy trnh trong bc Ci Tin
ca d n Six Sigma.
Design of Experiment (DOE) - Thit K Th Nghim: Mt phng php th nghim hiu qu gip
xc nh, vi s trc nghim ti thiu, nhng tc nhn v iu kin ti u ca chng c nh hng n
gi tr trung bnh v dao ng ca u ra.
DMAIC: Cc k t u ca mt H Thng Qun L/Ci Tin Quy Trnh i din cho Define (Xc nh),
Measure (o Lng), Analyze (Phn Tch), Improve (Ci Tin) v Control (Kim Sot).
Mekong Capital Gii Thiu v Six Sigma
Trang 14 trn 17
Mekong Capital
Failure Mode & Effect Analysis (FMEA) - Phn Tch Trng Thi Sai St v Tc ng: Mt
phng php c h thng nhm ngn nga khuyt tt bng cch ghi nhn cc s c sai st, cch thc
m mt quy trnh b sai, c tnh ri ro lin quan n cc nguyn nhn c th, sp xp mc nghim
trng ca cc vn tim tng v cch gii quyt chng.
Fishbone Diagram (cause & effect diagram) - Biu Xng C: Cn c bit n vi tn gi
"Fishbone" hay " Biu Ishikawa", mt cng c t duy nh hng c s dng xc nh cn
nguyn (phn xng ca con c) i vi mt nh hng hay vn c th.
Five Whys - 5 Ti Sao: Mt phng php dng i xuyn qua nhng du hiu b ni v nhn bit
c cn nguyn tht s ca mt vn . Phng php ny cho rng bng cch lin tc hi Ti Sao?
5 ln bn c th tin su hiu c cn nguyn ct li ca vn .
Gauge Repeatability & Reproducibility (GR&R) - nh Gi Tin Cy ca H Thng o
Lng: Mt cng c thng k o lng mc dao ng hay sai st trong h thng o lng gy ra bi
thit b o lng hay ngi thc hin cng tc o lng.
Green Belt (GB): Ngi ph trch cng vic hin ti c lin quan n vn cn c gii quyt
trong d n Six Sigma, ng thi vn ph trch cc cng vic thng nht ca mnh; kh quen thuc
vi cc cng c thng k cn bn v nhn c s hun luyn t chuyn su hn so vi BB.
Hypothesis testing (T-test, F-test) - Kim Chng Gi Thuyt: Tin trnh s dng cc cng c
thng k khc nhau phn tch d liu v sau cng chp nhn hay t b gi thuyt ban u (null
hypothesis). T cch nhn thc t, tm ra bng chng trn thng k cho thy gi thuyt ban u sai cho
php bn loi b gi thuyt ban u v chp nhn gi thuyt thay th (alternate hypothesis). Gi
thuyt ban u (H0) l mt gi nh cho rng khng c s khc bit trong cc tham s (trung bnh,
phng sai, li phn triu kh nng) gia hai hay nhiu tp hp d liu. Gi thuyt thay th (Ha) l
mt pht biu cho rng s khc bit hay mi quan h thy c gia hai tp hp d liu l c tht ch
khng phi do ngu nhin hay sai st trong mu nghin cu.
ISO-9000: Tiu chun v hng dn dng chng nhn cc t chc xem nh hon tt vic nh
ngha v tun th i vi cc quy trnh c th hin theo nh ti liu. H thng ny hu nh lin quan
n cc h thng qun l cht lng hn l nhng n lc ci tin cht lng.
Lean Manufacturing - H Thng Sn Xut Tit Kim: Mt h thng cc cng c gip gim thiu
thi gian t lc nhn n hng n qu trnh sn xut v phn phi sn phm bng cch loi tr cc
hot ng d tha (non-value added) v lng ph trong lung sn xut.
Lean Six Sigma: Mt chng trnh kt hp gia Lean vi Six Sigma.
Main Effect Plot - Th Tc Nhn Chnh: Mt nghin cu thng k ghi nhn li trng thi hot
ng ca quy trnh sau , qua phn tch thng k v th, xc nh cc bin quan trng.
Mean - S Trung Bnh: Gi tr trung bnh cng trong mt tp hp s. tnh trung bnh cng, ta
cng tt c cc gi tr s sau chi cho tng s hng.
Non-Value Added Activities - Cc Hot ng D Tha: Cc bc hay thao tc trong mt quy trnh
khng lm tng thm gi tr cho khch hng bn ngoi nh sa li, khun vc, di di, kim tra/kim
sot, ch i/tr hon.v.v
Non-Value Added Waste - Lng Ph Khng Lm Tng Gi Tr: Sn phm ph ca quy trnh khng
mang li gi tr.
Operating Flow Chart with Control Points - Lu Quy Trnh vi cc Mc Kim Sot: Tng
t lu quy trnh nhng c lm ni bt nhng khu trng yu ni m cc bin php kim sot c
p dng. y l mt ti liu thng xuyn c cp nht v rt c ch cho vic hng dn kim sot
quy trnh.
Pareto Chart - Biu Pareto: Mt cng c thit lp mc u tin da trn nguyn l Pareto, hay
cn c bit n vi tn gi nh lut 80/20, gii thch rng 20% cc tc nhn to ra 80% nh hng.
V d, 20% tc nhn ca kh nng gy li c khuynh hng to ra n 80% kh nng gy li. Biu
Pareto s dng s liu thuc tnh (khng lin tc) sp thnh nhng ct theo lng gim dn, vi ct c
tn xut cao (ct cao nht) ng trc. Biu s dng mt ng ly tch (cng dn) ghi nhn t
Trang 15 trn 17
Mekong Capital
l phn trm cho mi loi/ct gip phn bit 20 phn trm cc yu t gy nn 80 phn trm vn .
Mc tiu ca cng c ny l u tin ho cc vn cn c gii quyt.
Process - Quy Trnh: Mt chui cc hot ng hay cc bc to ra mt sn phm hay dch v.
Process capability - Nng Lc Quy Trnh: Kh nng ca mt quy trnh to ra mt sn phm hay
dch v hon ho trong trng thi hot ng c kim sot ca sn xut hay hot ng dch v.
Process Capability Analysis - Phn Tch Nng Lc Quy Trnh: Phn tch mc m mt quy trnh
c th hay khng th p ng cc yu cu ca khch hng.
Process Flow Chart - Lu Quy Trnh: M hnh minh ho lung quy trnh cho thy tt c hot
ng, im quyt nh, vng lp sa li v lung di chuyn. Cng c ny khc vi S Quy Trnh
(Process Mapping).
Process improvement - Ci Tin Quy Trnh: Phng thc ci tin tp trung vo cc gii php hay
thay i c li nhm loi b hoc gim thiu khuyt tt, chi ph hay thi gian chu trnh. Phng php
ny khng lm thay i thit k v nhng c tnh c bn ca mt quy trnh nguyn thy .
Process Mapping - S Quy Trnh: Mt chui m hnh theo trnh t ca mt quy trnh cho thy
cc yu t u vo, cc yu t u ra v cc bc ca quy trnh c xem l bc u tin tm hiu
tc ng ca cc yu t u vo ny n yu t u ra nh th no. Cng c ny khc vi Lu Quy
Trnh (Process Flow Chart).
Project Description - M T D n: Mt pht biu khi qut nh ngha lnh vc hay c hi c
quan tm bao gm tc ng/li ch ca vic ci tin tim nng, hay ri ro nu khng tin hnh ci tin.
Phn ny bao gm ch ra cc lin kt vi chin lc kinh doanh, vi khch hng, v/hoc cc gi tr ca
cng ty. Phn ny do ban qun l cp cao truyn t cho nhm ci tin, c s dng thit lp phn
m t vn v Bng Tm Lc D n (Project Charter).
Project Charter - Bng Tm Lc D n: Ti liu ghi r phm vi ca mt d n Six Sigma, mc
tiu, c tnh tit kim ti chnh, ngi u d n (Champion), nhm tham gia v thi gian tin
hnh d n.v.v
Process redesign - Ti Thit K Quy Trnh: phng php ti to cc yu t ca lung quy trnh
bng cch loi b cc di chuyn d tha, vng lp sa cha li, cc khu kim phm v cc hot ng
khng lm tng gi tr khc.
Quality management system (QMS) - H Thng Qun L Cht Lng: Mt h thng nh ngha
r cc cu trc t chc, cc quy trnh, trch nhim v ngun lc cn thit dng m bo cc tiu
chun cht lng ti thiu. ISO 9000 l mt h thng qun l cht lng.
Regression Analysis - Phn Tch Hi Qui: K thut thng k c tnh mt m hnh cho mi quan h
gia cc bin. Phng php ny cung cp mt hm s dng mt hay nhiu bin s gii thch dao
ng ca mt bin khc.
Regression Plot - Th Hi Qui: th minh ho dng nh gi mi quan h gia hai hay
nhiu bin bng cch xc nh mt hm s c tnh kt qu c quan tm t nhng hiu bit v cc
bin u vo.
Sigma (): K t Hy Lp dng biu din cho lch chun trong thng k.
Six Sigma Level - Cp Six Sigma: Mc thc hin vi ch c 3,4 li trn mi triu kh nng
gy li.
Six Sigma: Mt h phng php ci tin quy trnh da trn thng k nhm n vic gim thiu khuyt
tt n mc 3,4 li trn mi triu kh nng gy li bng cch xc nh v loi tr cc tc nhn gy dao
ng trong cc quy trnh kinh doanh.
Statistical Process Control (SPC) - Kim Sot Quy Trnh bng Thng K: S dng vic thu thp
d liu v phn tch thng k gim st quy trnh, xc nh vic thc hin, o lng dao ng v
nng lc, v phn bit gia tc nhn c bit vi tc nhn thng thng. Cng c ny phc v nh l
c s cho cho vic ra quyt nh da trn d liu, cho vic duy tr v ci tin cht lng sn phm hay
dch v.
Trang 16 trn 17
Mekong Capital
Statistical Quality Control (SQC) - Kim Sot Cht Lng bng Thng K: Xem gii thch trong
phn Kim Sot Quy Trnh Bng Thng K (SPC).
SPC charts - Biu SPC: Cc biu theo di d liu Kim Sot Quy Trnh Bng Thng K.
Tests for normality (Descriptive Statistics, Histograms) - nh Gi c Tnh Phn B: Mt
quy trnh thng k dng xc nh liu mt mu hay mt nhm d liu bt k tng thch vi mt
phn b chun bnh thng. Cc cng c thng k m t (Descriptive Statistics) v Biu Phn B
(Histogram) cho thy hnh dng phn b ca mt tp hp s - vi v tr ca nh trng tm v rng
dn tri v hai pha.
Time Series Plots - Th Bin ng theo Thi Gian: th thng dng trong vic nghin cu
dao ng quy trnh trong cc quan st (d liu) c v ra cho thy xu hng theo thi gian. Cc
gii hn kim sot trn v di cng c th c km theo gip nh gi tnh n nh ca quy trnh.
Total Quality Management (TQM) - Qun Tr Cht Lng Ton Phn: Mt h thng c cu trc
nhm tho mn cc khch hng bn ngoi, bn trong v cc nh cung cp bng cch hp nht mi
trng kinh doanh, vic ci tin lin tc v nhng t ph trong vic pht trin, ci tin v duy tr cc
chu trnh trong khi thay i vn ho ca t chc.
Trend Chart - Biu Xu Hng: Biu dng th hin xu hng ca d liu theo thi gian. Tt c
cc quy trnh u dao ng, nn vic nh gi nhng im d liu n l c th to ra sai lch trong
nhn nh. Vic trnh by d liu theo thi gian lm tng s hiu bit v mc thc hin tht s ca
mt quy trnh, c bit khi c so snh vi mt ch tiu.
Variables - Bin s: Dng ni n cc tc nhn u vo (X) vn gy nn cc bin ng cho u ra
ca quy trnh.
Variation - Dao ng hay Bin Thin: S thay i hay bin ng ca mt c tnh c th, gip xc
nh mc n nh hay kh nng c bit trc ca quy trnh; cc dao ng thng chu nh hng
bi mi trng, con ngi, my mc/thit b, phng php/th tc, h thng o lng v nguyn vt
liu. Vic ci tin quy trnh nhm gim hoc loi b dao ng.
Trang 17 trn 17