@ @dna@wba


@ @mg
@ a@pabjna






@ @
@ @


 @ @bra@na




 . .



  .





.
. .

.

2011

@ @dna@wba
@@ @mga@pabjna
@
@

@bra@na

. .

.
. .

2011
3

.

.

.




.

.
.

.


.



:
1
. 1999
3

 2
. 2001
3
. 2001

ARAB-NDT-CERT-001:
. 1998



ARAB NDT CERT -002 )ISO- 9712 (2005
.IAEA TECDOC487

.






.


.



.
.


. .

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:

:
:

7
15
27
41
55
63
85
127
143
153
169
217
239
251
265
273
277
301
307
315
325

@ @a@a
@ @a@aa@@b@
@ @ba@@na

Engineering Materials

1 1 )( Metals

Castiron

) (%4,5-2,4 )(

) ( very fluid

. intricate castings

compression

tension shear

alloying materials ) (Ni ) (Cr )(Cu

Malleable Castiron
tougher
.

Wrought Iron
moderately hard strong tough
vibrations absorber
)( .
Steel
iron iron carbide

)( alloying
elements .
8

 Carbon Steel
strength :
) ( .
) ( )Deal Mild (low carbon
%0,15 - 0,08
nails boiler plates worked
machine .
Mild Steel
%0,25
0,15
ships plates )(
.
Medium Carbon Steel
greater strength
easily machined
)( )(
. drop hammer dies
High Carbon Steel
%1,5 - 0,5
)(
spanners chisels
lathe tools
hacksaws )

( ball bearing )( . taps and dies

9

 Alloy Steel

more responsive

hardness

thoughness strength greater

resistance to corrosion ) : ) (Ni

) (Cr ) (Mn ) (Mo ) (V ) (W
) (Si ). ((Co

Nickel Chrome


good resistance to shock good ductility
high tensils bolts
hardned gears machine tools .
Stainless Steel
corrosion resistant %12
)( turbine blades sheet
form .chemical and food containers
Silver Steel
bright-drawn
) (Mn ). (Cr
Tool Steel
) (Mn )(W
) (Cr )( hardened dies

" " . inserts or brazed tips

10

 Tungsten Carbide
extremely hard
. machine tool tips
)(Cu
ductile reddish low strength

good conductor
gaskets and washers
) (Zn ) (Tn ) ... (Al .
"" Copper Nickel Alloys
2 %70

%45 - 40 resistance wire

"" constantan high resistivity

small resistanc temperature coefficient

%70 "" monel metal

coorosion salt

solutions organic acids ""

steam turbine . condenser tubes
Beryllium Copper Alloys
%20 ) (Be ) (Cu

very hard as strong as tool steel

springs bellows "" bourdon tubes

pressure gauges non-sparking

.tools

Brass
%52 30

) (Zn ) (Cu )(Pb

11

 machinability

%46-39

easily hard worked extruded sections

pump parts

bolts . screws
)( Bronze

Cu-Ti alloy

.
) ( Gunmetal

%2 fluidity
.complicated form
"" Lead Bronze
) (Pb
)( wear resistance . bronze bearings
Phosphorous bronze
0,1 ) %1,0 ) ((P

heavy-duty bearings non- springs

ferrous ) ( wear )
( .corrosion

Manganese bronze
"" ferro-manganese

. very high strength castings

Aluminium

light ductile good conductor

12

 switchgear kitchen utensils foil

wrapping )( window frames base

.

Aluminum Alloys
extremely soft strength

) (Cu)(Si

) (Mn ) (Mg .
Duralumin

) (Al ) (Cu )(Mn

) (Mg ) (Si strong

stampings

. rives

Aluminium copper zinc alloys

low melting point
gearboxes

. crankcases
(Y) - Alloy

) (Al %4 ) %2 (Cu )(Ni

%1,5 ) (Mg cylinder

heads pistons . IC engines

Magnesium Alloys

)(

Nimonic Alloys

) (Ni ) (Cr
) (Ti ) (C

900 . jet engines

13

 )( Zinc
protective coating
nails )(Al
) (Cu ) (Mg
. die castings
Chromium
) (Cr electroplating
high polish corrosion-resistance
)( strength .
Cadmium
) (Cd plating
.
Titanum
) (Ti )(
) (Al ) (V ) (Mn ) (Tn
.
Lead
) (Pb
roofing cable
sheathing lining chemical apparatus
nuclear works radiation shielding
bearing metals
. solders

14

@ @bra@a
@ @a@ba@a
@ @

15

2 1


)(
.

.
.
2 2 Stress and Strain :
load force

units

/.
) ( .
deformation

.

torsion tests

twist angle
. shearing strain

.
/ /


16

 ) 2 (1
.

.

nominal stress and strain

engineering conventional
true instantaneous

) ( ) (.
elastic range
poissons ratio
.
2 3 )( Stiffness :

)= (E

) (
youngs modulus
modulus of rigidity
2
( :
)
3
17


) (

2
5

flexibility
bending plastic
.range
.

) 2 (1

coefficient of compressibility
:

2 4 Stress - Strain Diagram :

.

extension compression
deflection twist ) 2 (2
.
18

 ) 2 (2
.
proportional limit ) (E
) 2 . (3

) = (E =

elastic limit

)( elastic range
)( plastic
. range

) 2 (3 )(E

19

 True Stress-Natural Strain :

Relations

necking

.

.
) (P ). (A
true strain
:
)+ Eo

= ln(l

L
Lo

= ln

dl
L

Nat

Lo

:
L

= element

L0

E0

L
Ao :
= ln
A
Lo

E nat = ln

= Ao
= A

) 2 (6
.

20

 Elasticity :

.
.

perfect-elastic


Imperfect elasticity
.
.

atoms molecules .
.transverse
.
)-2
(2

.

.
.
.

straight line

linear relation .

21

 . ) 2 (2
yield point

. upper yield point

lower yield point

) 2 .(4

) 2 (4
Plasticity :
rupture
slip
) 2 .(5
.
strain
. hardening
22

 ) 2 (5
) (45
.
:
) (1
) (2

.
.

)( residual stresses
.

.
23


.
Ductility and Brittleness :

mild steel
.
.


2 %5 .

.
Ultimate Strength :

) (A ) 2
(6
necking
.

) (B .breaking stress


.

.
24

 ) 2 (6
Hardness :
indentation abrasive
.

brinell hardness

scale

Fatigue Strength :



.endurance
.

25


. fatigue limit

. strength static tensile
Toughness :

.

) 2 . (7
.
/ .3 ) (35 )(120
/ .3 ) 2 (7
.

) 2 (7
26

@ @sbra@a
@ @ba@m
@ @

27

Metal Forming Equipement

3 1 )( Castings
pouring molten metal
mould solidify
)( casting .
sand castings
) 3 (1 )(
moulding box ) 3 (2
located dowels
replica )( pattern
cavity holes
)( cores
core box baked sand
runners
risers ) 3 (3 )(
sticks of metal
chipping grinding
. sandblasting

3 1
28

 ) (

3 2 )(

3 3
) (
)Investment casting (lost wax casting
permanent metal mould )(
wax )( slurry ceramic
harden baked

29

 precision
casting ) 3 . (4

3 4
Die Casting
dowel
gravity pressure
)( pins ) 3 . (5

3 5
30

 Centrifugal Casting
piston rings
cylinder liner pipes gear wheels
locomotive wheels rotating mould
centrifugal pressure
fine grain-high-quality casting

.
wheel-shaped objects
) 3 3 6 . (7

3 6

3 7
31

 3 2 Forging

hammering pressing
)( bending
red heat 3 . 8

3 8
Hand Forging
blacksmith
anvil swages
)( )( beak
)( hardie hole
3 . 9
32

 3 9
Drop Forging Machine

Pneumatic or hydraulic pressure )3
(10 hot metal blank
)( hard steel dies
powered hammer

machine table

3 . 11

3 10
33

 3 11
) ( Rolling Mill
)( red-hot ingots
)( successive pairs of
rollers flat sheet ) (I )3
(T) : (12 channel ) 3 (13
cold rolling better
. finish

3 12 ) )((I
34

 3 13 ) (
Hot Extrusion
billet
cylinder forced ram

hollow sections )( mandrel
orifice 3 . 14

3 14
35

 Cold Extrusion
soft metals )(

. several stages
Deep Drawing
sheet plate
box cup )( die
haped punch )( plastic
deformation ) 3 (15
cartridge cases )( washing machine tubs
. electrical fittings

3 15
Press
punching
)( piercing )( blanking notching

bending

drawing

36

folding

)(... crank
)( ) 3 . (16

3 16
)( Shearing Machine
)(
sheet metal 3 17 3 . 18

3 17
37

 3 18
Wire Drawing

successively smaller dies
yield strength
3 . 19

3 19
Spinning
items
thin metal disk
38

 )( cup cone )(
former forming tool )( roller
) 3 . (20

20

39

40

@ @iaa@a
@ @bza@
@ @

41

Welding

...
)( fusion . forging
: )(
.
4 1 Arc Welding

)( )( welding rod

coated solid flux
fill . welded joint

4 : 1
42

 )( a.c.
or d.c welding )( regulated low voltage
high current )( electrode holder
earthling clamp welding table

) 4 . (1
4 2 Types of Weld

pressure vessels
:
Fillet Weld

4 2
overlapping plates
4 . 2
Intermittent Weld
distortion
.

43

 ) ( Butt Weld
) ( end to end

by chamfering

) (

4.3

4 3 ) (
Plug Weld
series holes

4 . 4

4 4
44

 Slot Weld


4.5

4 5
)( Tack Weld
temporarily
4 . 6

4 6 )(
Resistance Welding


contact pressure
studs rods ...bosses
.
45

 )( Spot Weld

4 . 7

4 7 )(
Resistance Seam Weld

two rotating wheels 4 . 8

4 8
46

 Flash Weld
) (


solidify 4 . 9

4 9
Gas Welding

.
pure oxygen
)( acetylene )( butane )( propane
hudrogen )( torch )(
) ( filler rod .

leftward welding rightward welding
3 3
3 4 . 10
47

 4 10
Gas Welding Equipment
)( gas and
air control valves interchangeable nozzles
gas cylinder flexible hoses
regulators bottles 4 . 11

4 11
48

 Flame Cutting

)(
)( template
4 . 12

4 12

Gas Shielded Metal Arc Welding
metal inert gas
) (MIG argon ) ( flux

consumable wire 4 . 13

4 13
49

 Friction Welding
)(
chuck
under pressure

dissimilar
metals 4 . 14

4 14
)( Soft Soldering

thin film low melting point alloy
solder
) ( sweating
gas flame 4 . 15

4 soldering irons 15
50

 Soldering Irons
copper
bits 4 16
straight hatched
internal electric heating
element

working edge )
( tinned 4 . 17

4 16

4 17
51

 tin lead
183
bar form
wire with a resin
. flux core
Silver Soldering
silver solder
)( 700
brass copper
strip form 4 . 18

4 18
Flux
gaseous shield

active

flux ) (killed spirit

passive flux resin 4 . 19

4 19
52

 ) ( Brazing Hard Soldering

) brass
copper zinc spelter
900
round bar
granular form .
) ( borax
powder paste
. protective slag
)( Brazing Torch
)(

mains gas )( blower
adjustable gas and air taps
4 . 20

4 20 )(
)( Brazing Hearth
)(
fire brick

4 .21
53

 4 21 )(

54

@ @ba@a
@ @pbz@na@@c
(Metallurgy)

@ @

55

)(Metallurgy

5 1
)(

8 .

.
.
.
FeO

%0,2 %3
0,01 %0,02

) ( .
)
( .

.




. )( )(
56


)(
%0,18-0,12
) ( %0,008-0,001
) (
.

5 2


). (deoxidizers

)(

)
( (
.

.
.

:
FeO + Mn = MnO + Fe
) (MnO )(Fe

:
FeS+Mn = MnS+Fe

57

 ) (Mns .
) (FeS )
(
.


. )(

.
.


.
.
.

.
) (CaF
.
.
. :
.
1 1
.



58

 .
:
)(

.
)( )(
.
) (
.


.
:
.

5 3
.
5 1


.


) ( .
) (root of weld
) (overhead position .
59

 5 1
.
)( .

)( ) (

) 5 1(

) ( ) 5
1(
.

5 2 .

) (1
)( .

) (2

) (3

60

. ) (4
) (5

). (6

5 3

5 2

5 3
61

) (

62

@ @ba@a
@ @bza@pabjng
@ @

63

Testing of Welds

6 1


) ( .
fusion
welding

base metal

.


. cracking



) 6 (1

.
.
.

.

.
64

 ) 6 (1

:

) 6 (2

.

) 6 (2



resistance welding
65

 .filler metal
arc welding
.
.
Microstructure :

columnar grains
) 6 . (1
Segregation :

diffusion

. )

.
( .
.

Dissolved Gases and Weld

Porosity

Phase Changes :

66

 Size Changes :


.
6 2 Testing of Welds :
:
:
: warpage
.

.

.
.
) (1 .
Destructive Tests :

.
Tensile Tests :

.
.

67

 ) (50
) 6 . (3

) 6 (3
) (1

.1



.2

.3

.
) (

68


.4

) (18

) 6 3( .

) 6 (4

. :

) 6 (4

69



.


.

) 6
(5 .

.

.

.

) 6 (5
Bending Test :

) 6 (6
70


) ( .

) 6 (6

)(

).(100
:

Th . 100
R

= EL

:
= EL )(
= Th )(
= R )(

)(

.

Impact Test :

) (Izod Test

10
) 6 6( )( .
71

).(

Weldability Test :

T ) 6 .(7

. :
1

2
.

3
.

4
.

) 6 (7

1
2
3 ) ). (7
72

 Multiple Tests

.
:

1
2
3
4
:
1 )
( .
2
.

:

Non Destructive Tests

Visual Test

Magnetic Particle Test

Flouresent Penetrant Test

Radiography

) (

Tightness Test
Ultrasonic Test

Stethoscopic Test

Reheating Test

73

 Visual Test :

.
.

.
:
1

2
3
.
:
1
2
3
4

:
1 ) 6 (8
.
2 .
3 .

74

 ) 6 (8
Magnetic Particle Test :
) (

) .
( .

.
Fluorescent Penetrent Test :
.


75

 .
.
.
.


.

.
) ( Tightness Test :

.
.

.




.

.

.

.
76

 Stethoscopic Test :

.

.
.
.
Reheating Test :

.
.

.


.


.
Testing of Resistance Welds :


.
.

77

(Spoe-, Roll-Spoe, Seam-, Projection Welds

Tension Shear Test

Tension Test
Impact Test
Fatigue Test
Etch Test
Pillow Test
Radiographic Test
Hardness Test
Peel Test

Tension Shear Test :

) ( ) 6 (9

) 6 (9

78

)(
0.75
1.4-0.75
2.9-1.5
4.75 -3.0
4.78

)(
15.6
25.0
37.5
50.0
75.0

)(
75
100
125
150
200

Tension Test :
.U ) 6 (10
.U .
.

) 6 (10 U
:
.
.
Impact Test :

) 6 (11 ).(Freemont

79

 ) 6 (11





.

80



.
) 6 (11

.
Etch Test :

.
)
(

.


.
Pillow Test :
.

.

) 6 (12
.
.
.

81

 ) 6 (12
Peel Test :

) (3 .

) 6 . (13

.
. :

1 .
2 .
.

.
82

) 6 (13

83

84

@ @iba@a
@ @mg
a@pabjna@y@b@
@ @

85

7 1

.

.



.

:

.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9

Visula Inspection
Leak Test
Pressure Test
Liquid Penetrant Test
Radiographic Test
Magnetic Particles Test
Ultrasonic Test
Eddy Current Test
Vibration Testing

7 2
1
)(
86

 2
3
4

5
.

.


.



.

.



.





) 7 (1
. ) 7 (2
.
87

 ) 7 (1

) (

) (

.1

.3

.

) ( ) (Critical Regions

.5

.
.

.2

.4

.6

88

)
(


.

) (

) (

.7

.9

.8

10

12

11

)
(

89

)(Failure Mechanism

 ) 7 (2

(Visual Optical
)Methods

B/D

)(Radiography

B/C

B/C

C/D

)(Ultrasonic

(Magnetic
)Particles

(Liquid
)Penetrant

) (

C/D

)(Eddy Current

B/C

C/D

90

 7 3



.
) 7
(1 25
.
) 7 (2
.



:
1

2
3

4 .

) 7 (1
91

 ) 7 (2

( :

3
4 .

) 7 (3
.

) 7 (3
92

)(

.
20 20 .

) 7 (4 .

) 7 (4

7 4

93

:
1
.
2 .
3 .
4

) 7 (5 .

) 7 (5
94




) (

.

:
1
2
:
1
2
3
4

.

:
1
2
3
4
30
.
95



:


.

:
.
:

.

1

2
.
3 :

96




.





.

.

7 5
1955


.
. ""


) (

)(

.

97

) ( .

:
.1

0.005-0.01

.2

0.01-5

.3

10-4000

.4

4000-7500

.5

7500-10 x4
6

)186000/(
.

98

) 7 . (6

)
( ) (

)
(.

) 7 (6

.
:
1

2 ) (
3 .

99





) 7 (7

:
)(
)(

) 7 (7


60 192-
226- 137- 170-. 75-

100

 ) 7 (3
.

60
137
14.5
4.2

7 3
:
17
226
192
:RHF/CURIE
0.03
0 ,9

1.25
0 ,072

MEV
0 ,66

0 ,335

30
1600
5 ,3
130
75
) (
1-3

1-7
0.5
0.25-3

-
-
-

-
75-
.


:

1 : 20
) (5-8

.
2 :
.
101

 3 :
.
4 .
5 .

7 6


:


.
.



.

.

.



.
) ( ) (

102



.

). (Black Light
The Magnetic Field:

.

.

.




) 7 .(8

.

. ) 7 (8


.



) 7 . (9
103

 ) 7 (8

) 7 (9

104

 .

) 7 . (10

) 7 (10

) 7 (11



. permeability

.

) 7 (11
105

 Magnetisation and Permeability :

.

B )(
H )(

= )(

= B :

= H =

flux line
.

1 paramagnetic
) (105x2.3)(107x3.8
.

2 diamagnetic
). (108x8.8

3 ferromagnetic
.

Testing Equipement :

:
106


) (DC

) (AC

). (Rectified H,W,D,C

) ( .
.

:
:
.

:
.

) (%100 .

Testing Methods
:
.
Dry Method :
retentivity
.

.


107


.
Wet Method :


.


.








.




.

.
.
.

108

 Fluorescent Liquids :
)(
). (Ultraviolet
The Magnetic Inductive Method :
magnetic flow

search

coil .

) (E

)(

electromotive force

) (G .

Examples of Testing:

.
) 7 (11

.
) 7 (12
.


.
.
109

 ) (2000-600
.

) 7 (12

(Factors Effecting the Results) :






.
) (ASTM

.
:
.
.

.
110

 stiffening members
) (webs . supporting brackets
:
.

). (ribs

7 7


.



. .

) (
.

.
:
1 .
2 .
3 )( .
111



:
.

. ASTM


.
) 7 (13 )
(

.
)(

.

) (








...
.

112

.
.

:
E
I
Z
I=E/Z :

.


). (display

)(

( 7 .13

113

 )(
.

disturb
.
.

) 7 (13

)(

.

) (

.
)( :

114

 1 .
2 )(
.
3
.
) (

.


%37

) 7 (4
.
) 7 (4
) (%37

1MHZ

250KH

64KHZ

6KHZ

4KHZ

1KHZ

0.0060

0.008

0.008

0.016

0.063

0.126

6061T6

0.0046

0.009

0.009

0.018

0.072

0.144

7075 T6

0.0026

0.005

0.005

0.010

0.041

0.082

Copper

0.0165

0.031

0.031

0.065

0.0257

0.516

304

0.0006

0.001

0.001

0.0025

0.0095

0.02

.
115

1 .

2 .
3 .

7 14 7 . 15

) 7 (14

) 7 (15
116

(1 .

(2
.

) (

.
.

1 .
2 .

.
:

1 .

2 .
3 .

4 .

5 .
6 .
7 .

8 .

9 .
117


)(

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

12
.

.

118

 .
:

Seams
Lap
Cracks
Silvers
Scabs
Pits
Slugs
Open Welds
Missed Welds
Misaligned Welds
Black or Grayoxid Penetration
Pin holes

7 8

.

.


.





sweating

119


.

.
Hydrostatic Testing :
pressure vessels

) (Lime-Wash-Coating 24

.
.

.

) (Ammonia Phenol Phthalin

) (Pink

) (%2

.
Bubble Test :

) 7 . (5

120

 ) 7 (5

/3

)(NH3 and Indicator

10-2

)(Freon Technique

10-3 x 3

)(H2 - ether or H2 - alcohol

) (

10-4 x 5

) (1/3
.

.hair-cracks

1/6 1/8

) (10 -12

.
.

.
:
121

 1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
Testing by Radioactive Materials :


.

radiation
detector
.


.
100 / .
) (2 / .

122

) (5-6

.
(Helium Leak Detector) :

) (1 ) (10
portable spectrometer
.

filament


.

.



.
probe
.
throttle valve

123

7 9
.

.


)( . frequency 16
20 / 20.000
.

1000
.


:
1 ) ( 1-0.5
/ .
2 1-5
/ .
3 ) ( 5-10
/ .

:

1
.

124

 2
.

3 .

4
.

5
.

125

126

@ @bra@a
@ @ba@@la@pbba
@ @

127

8 1

.


.

.


.


.


.
.

.
.
.
8 2 Porosity

) 8 . (1
128

 ) 8 (1

8 3 :
: Discontinuity

) 8 . (2

) 8 (2
defect

.
129

 ) (Ingot
.
Non-Metallic Inclusions

.
Pipe

.
Lamination


Lamination ) 8 . (3

) 8 (3
Stringer

.Stringer
) 8 . (4
130

 ) 8 (4
Seams

. Seams ) 8 . (5

) 8 (5
Lap
. ) 8 . (6

) 8 (6
131

 )( Burst
.
) 8 . (7

) 8 (7
) ( Cold Shut
. ) 8 . (8

) 8 (8
) ( Hot Tears
.
). (9.8
132

 ) 8 (9
Shrinkage
. ) 8 . (10

) 8 (10
Micro Shrinkage
.
) 8 . (11
133

 ) 8 (11
)(Blow Holes

. ) 8 . (12

) 8 (12
Porosity
. ) 8 . (13

) 8 (13
134

 Welded Pipes
. ) 8 . (14

) 8 (14
) ( Seamless Pipes
) 8 . (15

) 8 (15
Explosive Forming
. ) 8 . (16

) 8 (16
135

 Grinding Cracks

. ) 8 . (17

) 8 (17
Hot Tears
. ) 8
. (18

) 8 (18
136

 Explorer Forming
.
) 8 . (19

) 8 (19
Fatigue Cracks
.
)(
. ) 8 . (20

) 8 (20
137

 ) (

Star Crack
Transverse Crack
Longitudinal Crack
Stress Cracks
Porosity
Inclusion
Tungsten inclusion
Lack of penetration
Lack of fusion
Under cut

) 8 (21 .

) 8 (21

8 4 :
:

:
138

 :
:

...

.
1

)( .

) 8 (1 )( .
2

:

-

139

) 8 (2

) 8 : (1

Welded Pipes

Lack of Fusion

Lamination

Seamless
and

Seams

Tubes

Slugs

)(Mondrel

Pipes

Gouges

Extrusion

Seams

Porosity

Galling

Cracks

Tears

Crack

Electro

Crack

Bending

Plating

140

 ) 8 : (1

Crack

Grinding

Heat

Cracks & Tears

Treatment

Crater Crack

Stress Crack

Porosity

Slag Inclusions

Tungsten Inclusions

Lack of penetration

Welding

Lack of Fusion

Undercut

Overlap

141

142

@ @bna@a
@ @pbza@@la@pbba
@ @

143

&

Defect

Welding

Discontinuities

9 1


.
.

.


.

.

)(

:
.
144

/
.
9 2 Crater Cracks :

.
.
.
9 3 Hot Cracking :

. .

9 4 Root Cracking :

.
.

9 5 Under bead Cracking :

or Hard Cracking

.
145

9 6

.

.

. .

.
9 7 Gas Inclusions :

.
.
.


/

.

.Linear Porosity

. .

146

 9 8 Slag Inclusions :

.

. .

.
) (Brushing
.
.


.
.
9 9 Inadequate Penetration :


:
.
.

9 10 Root Concavity :
.
)(

.
.
147

 9 11 Root Pass Oxidation :

.

.
.

9 12 Lack of Fusion :

9 13 )( Undercut :

9 14 )(Burn Through :

)( .
148

9 15 References :
.
.

.
:
ASTM
AWS
ASME
API
AWWA
CSA
CGSB
CWB
IIW

v
v

v
v

v
v

v
v
v

) 9 (1 .
) 9 (2 .
) 8 1 8 . (2

149

 ) 9 (1

Casting

Cold Shut

Lack of
Fusion

Shrinkage
Cavities

Hot Tear

Forging

Micro
Shrinkage

Porosity

Blow Holes

Lap

Lamination
Delamination

Seams

Burst

Rolling

Stringer

150

 ) 9 (1


Welded Pipes

of

Lack

Fusion

Lamination

Seams

Tubes

Seamless

and Pipes

Slugs

)(Mondrel
Extrusion

Gouges

Seams

Porosity

Bending

Galling

Cracks

Tears

Cracks

Electro Plating

Cracks

151

 ) 9 (2

Grinding

Crack

Heat Treatment

Cracks & Tears

Welding

Crater Crack

Stress Crack

Porosity

Slag
Inclusions

Tungsten
Inclusions

Lack
of
penetration

Lack of Fusion

Undercut

Overlap

152

@ @ba@a
@ @bza@pb@na@a
@ @mga@pabjna
@ @

153


10
10 1

AWS

AWS A2. 4.79:

) 10 (1
.

) 10 (1

154

 ) 10 10 2 (3






.

155

 ) 10 (2

) 10 (3

.
%80 %90
.

.

156

)( .

)( .


:

AWS 10 . 4
157

 ) 10 (4 AWS

)(E

)(N

}{

}{

) 10 : (5

158

 ) 10 : (5

159

 ) 10 (5

) 10 . (6

160

 ) 10 : (6

) 10 . (7
) 10 (7

)(

Backing

spacer

Flush or Flat

Convex

concave

161

 10 2


.


AWS A2-4
.


.
.

) 10 (1

.

162

 ) 10 (1

VT
RT
NT
MT
PT
ET
AET
LT
PRT

) 10 (8 )

( ) (

163

 .

) ( .



) 10 (8
.

) 10 (8



.




.

164

) 10 : (9

) 10 : (10

165


) 10 : (11

) 10 : (12

) 10 : (13
45

) 90(

166


) 10 : (14

) 10 : (15
)(

) 10 : (16

) 10 : (17

167

168

@ @@ba@a
@ @pbz@ja@z@ba@bja
@ @

169

 11

11 1
:

.

.

.

)(

. 108x3/

hv h
6.6x10-34 v .
170

 11 2

.
.

10-16 105.

10-3 10-5 -
10-3 -10-5 10-7 -10-6
3.8x

-9

10-7 10

10-9 -10-11 10-16 -

10.

-11

: SI
10-9 nm

10-6 Um

10-10 - A 5

11 3

) (A
C = AF

C

m/sec .

V= AF/n
n

171

 :


): (VIBGYOR
) (Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red

) (

.

)(

) (

480 450 -225

510 730 . 630
monochromatic

.





.



172


.
E2 - E1 = hv
= E1
= E2
= h
= v

11 4
:
1
2
5000 6000

.


1
.
540x1012 Hz
683


). ( 1/m = 1cd Sr

/
/ . 1cd/m (or) Lumen / n - Sr .
173


/
0.08
2.9x103
3.2x103
5.0x103
6x102
2.5x104
107
2x109

11 5

.

1 & 1/r

I 1 = r 2
I2
r 1

.

lumens / m
/

11 6

I = L cos O / r

174

 = L
= r





) (

/
3x10-4
0.2
100
103
104
105

11 7 :

116
8/7 120 .


.
= / ) /(
/
= /) /(
= 104

/ = 10.76 ) /. (

175

 11 8 :

n1 Sin o1 = n2 Sin 2
n1 n2

1
1.00029
1.33
1.3
1.46
1.54
2.42

) 20(

90

:

176

n1 Sin O1 = n2 Sin O2
O2 = 90
O1 = Oc

n1 Sin Oc = n2 Sin 90
n1 Sin Oc = n2 x 1
n
2
= Sin Oc
n
1

) Oc = Sin-1 (n2 / n1
n2 n1
:

Dispersion

.

D=/

177

 Deviation
.
) ( :

.
10.000
.

178

Io d It
Io :

It = Io e-t

1-

/ Io

It ) (T T = It x 100
.

Reflection

:
2
I r = n 1
Io n + 1

= R

- cosI

- cosi

n cosr
=
n cosr

= n

1.2 = n
R = 0.04 or 4%

Emissivity

179


) (
550 500


) w (W/m
W= e6t4 6
5.67x108 j/sec-k4-m / -4
T : k
w ) (
: e

.

11 9


.


.

25 ) 11 (1

.

sclera .

180

) 11 (1

" " white of the eye

8 cornea

aqueous humor

iris .

eye pupil

1,44
lens

celiary body

accommodation

retina

) 11 (2
rods and cones
.

181

optic nerve .

) 11 (2

vitrous humor
0,25

fovea centralis .

) (

par point

.
) (

near point 25.

182



. .
.


rhodopsin
retinene "" . ""
.
.
.

.
fovea centralis
.
.
.

.

.
.

183



. :


) 11 .(3

.

)
( .

11 3

Fusion

184

24 .

" " persistence :

projector ) 11 (4

slide
.

.

.
.

11 4

185





24
Persistence Time



.
.

11 10

.

. Isaac
Newton 1666
.


.

.

) 11 . (5

186

 11 5

.
.

) 11 (6

) 11 (6

187

.
)(

) 11 (7 Red
Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo
) Violet Roy G Biv
( .

. spectrum


.
Thomas Young
. wavelength

) 11 (7

188

 11 11
.

.
.
:


. ) 11 (8
I
r
)( .
J .
:
.

) 11 (8

189

 J
J I1

.Jmin

n
. A

)min = A (n-1
.

) 11 (9
) (

) 11 . (1

) 11 (9

190

 ) 11 (1

) (

660

1.520

610

1.522

580

1.523

550

1.526

470

1.531

410

1.538

11 12



) 11 .(10

90
.

) (
) ( 90
.

191

 ) 11 (10

n 2 sin 90

= sin

n1
n2

= sin

n1
n1 .

""

optical fiber ) 11 (11

core cladding

192

) 11 (11



.
)(.



.

.


.
.

11 13
:

193



.
principle of superposition
) (
.

. ) ( ) (
) ( .
) (


.

1801
.
.


.

) 11 (12
.
.
.
Huygens ) (1629-1690

194

) 11 (12

) 11 (13

.

) 11 (13

195


.
.

.
.

. ) 11 (13
) (
.
. .


.


.
) 11 (14
single slit diffraction
.

) 11 (14

196

 11 14

. .

)( )(

) 11 .(15

) 11 (15

1 : .

2 : .

3 :
.

4 :
.

5 :

.

6 :

.

197




.
.
.


.

paraxial
) (1 ) (2 ) (3
) 11 (16 :
) : (1
)(
) (F


.
) : (2
.

.
) : (3
.

198

 ) 11 (16
.



) 11 (16 .

.
) 11 . (17

) 11 (17

) 11 (18

199

) 11 (18

) (


.



.
) 11 .(19
.

= .

) 11 (19

200


. = .
.

.
25 . L
.

. .

. :
= .

) 11 (20
.

) N 11 20( )
(
) ( .

201

:

25
M = ( + 1) .
f
f .

: .
25
:
=M
f

.
:

) 11 .(21

objective

. eyepiece

. )( fo

fe .fo

) 11 (21

202

 ) 11 (22


.
.
fe
.

) 11 (22

. .
= x :

(L f e)N
fofe

=M

N L
.

11 15

.

203


.

.
:
:
: = .


.

) 11 (23
:
.
) 11 (23 .

.
.

204


) 11 (24

) 11 (24

) 360(

%98
.

205


) 11 (25
:
1
2
3
4 .
.

""
.

) 11 (25

) 11 (26
.

.

206

 ) 11 (26

) (N ) (
:

360

=N

90

207

) 11 .(27

) 11 (27

11 16


) 11 . (28

208


...

) 11 (28

108 x 3/ ) 300 /( .
.

.
.

refraction ""

. Snells law of refraction

refractive index or index of refraction

:

209

 n
:
c
v

light speed in vacuum

its speed in material

= n

20

20

20 1

2,419

)(

1,523
1,309
1,544
1,458

1,501
1,461
1,362
1,333
1,000293
1,00045
1,000271
1,000139

2,419 v
: 120 / .

210


589
.

)11
(29

) (a
.
)(
.

)(a

)(b

) 11 (29
) (b
d d
:

211

d
tan 2
sin 2
n
=
=
= = 1
'd
tan 1
sin 1
n2
n2
n1

d' = d

d
.d ) 11 (30
.

P

.

. d

d :

) 11 (30

212

n2
n1

d' = d

n1 n2
' d d
.

11 17

. .


:

.
.
.
. Helmholtz
:



.

.
.

213

 . .

.
.
.

. Retinal fatigue

) (

.

.
.

. .

214

absolute

. black body

.

.
.

.
.



.
.

215

216

@ @@bra@a
@ @ja@za@bqc@ba@b
@ @

217

12

12 1
1

y
x
2
= Sdyn

3
) 12 (1
:
(1 ): (x
(2 ): (ni

x= x-xi

ni= x /xi

(3 ): (nfsd

nfsd = x /xmax

) 12 : (1
4
) ( .

218

 5
.
6
.
7
... .
8
.

12 2
: .
1
) (
:
:
2
.
:
( :

(STEP
): INPUT
) 12 (2
) 12 (3

219

 ) 12 : (2

Y(t) = X(1-t/T) :
t : T :

1 Y 62,3 % .X
2 T .X

) 12 : (3
.

= Ccr

= 2mn = Ccr
k
= (n) :
m

= n

220

 :
12 4
x n

) 12 : (4
) 12 (5
. n

) 12 : (5

0.6 >
0.3 < n
221

( :
) 12 (6

) 12 : (6

12 3
.

.1
.
.2


.
.3

.

.

222

 .4
....
.5
.

12 4
.1
.
.
.2

.

) (.
:

.1
n

x
i =1

= xm

.2

i=1(xi )2
n 1

xrm =

..... xi : . i
.... n .

223

 .3 )(

x = xm + x rm

:
.1

.2

:
.1

)( : )(

.2

:
.

.3

: .

) ( :
: :

kg
m
sec
O

A
cd
mol

: )( :

224

N
N
Pa

 : :

1012
109
106
103
102
10
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
10-15
10-18

tera
giga
mega
kilo
hecto
deca
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
femto
afto

T
G
M
k
h
da
d
c
m

n
p
n
a

.1 )(

)
( .
.2

.

.3

( .%99,7

.%99,7

) %67 (
) %50 ( .

225

 .4 )(

.5

.6
) ( :

n

U = Ui
i =1

U = (U i ) 2

i =1
i n

)
( )
( .
.7
5233 1975
.
) .(
.8
:

) (

226

) ( < 30

> 30 .

) (%67

)( )> (30 )<: (30

" "
) = (R "" ) x (t )(
:

N
=
N -1

= s

X)2

i =1

) ( = N
= x
= f.x
= f

f(x

=s

=X

N = 10
%90

% 95

% 98

% 99

% 99,73

% 99,9

1,83

2,26

2,82

3,25

3,96

4,78

% 98 % 95

N = 20
%90
1,73

2,09

2,54

% 99

% 99,73

% 99,9

2,86

3,36

3,88

227

 : 250

8.0-10.0+10.0+9.5-9.0+10.0-9.0+9.5+8.5-10.5+ :
R . %95

.1 x- .S
.2 )(
.3 t %95 .

.4 R = t.


. .
2
S

R +U

=A

: )( 5+
25 . .
:
2

R +U

625 + 25 = 25.49 = 26g

=A
=

. )( = x x
:

) ( = + +
) U( = ] U ) ( U +

) ( U + ) ([
228

 12 5

)(L
) (La ). (e

) = ( e= La L

)(er
e

La L
L

)(%

La - L
x 100
L

=e %
r

:
(1
(2
(3
(4
) (
20

.
.

229




.
%50 %10
) 25(

25 40 %5
.


.
) .

(
.

) (
. (...

230


) 12 . (6

12 6
.

"

(
(

( .

3 8

231

.


.

20 0 5 +
.


.



) 30(
.
) ( L
) ( w.P
) (t C
) (Mt ) (20 C
:

232

])= Mt [1+ ( w.P - st ) (20 C t C

) ( L :

)L = (M20-Mt) = Mt ( w.P - st) (20 C t C

) (L
:

= Mt + L
= w.P

) ( = st
5x10-6 / mm
225,078
28
= / 10-6 x 18

)L = Mt ( w.P - st ) (20 C t C
) = 225.078 (18. 10-6 - 11.5 X 10-6) (20 28
)= 225.078 (6.5 . 10-6 ) (-8
= - 0.0117 mm
) M20 = Mt + L = 225.078 + (-0.0117

= 225.0663mm

.
400 10
16 .

233


(
)(L
) (
) (L cos ) (e

)e = L L cos = L (1 cos
) ( 2
1 0.6 .

) 12 (7

(

)( ) 12 (8
). L ( 1 cos

) 12 (8

234

) (L )(L cos
12 . 9

e = L (1-cos ) :

12 9
)(
12 . 10

= D
=L


=d

) 12 (10

D = L cos - d sin
e = L - (L cos - d sin ) = L- (1- cos ) + d sin

L = L cos : sin = rad
) e = d.sin : d . (in rad

235

 ) (r1
) (r2 ) (s

) 12 (11 )(X+y
:

)x = r1 (1 cos) = r1 (1 1 sin 2

S2
(r1 + r2 )2
2

= r1(1 1

r1 . S 2
) 2(r 1 + r 2
r2 . S 2
2(r1 + r2 ) 2
S2
2(r1 + r2 ) 2

) 12 (11

236

=Y

= ) (x + y


)(

) (E

) (1

p2
=
d

d = 3.373

: p : d .
50

= 400 - .
:
2

p
)(0.4
= 3.373 3
d
50

d = 3.373 3
= 0.49

) (2
p3 1
=
L d

d = 0.816

: p )( : )( L

: L )(

0.1

10 400
.

237

 :
0.4 3 1
1
= 0.186
d
10 0.1
) (3
3

L.p
A.E

p
L

d = 0.816

= d

: p : )( : A
: L )( : E 610 x 2,20/
10 200
400 .

610 x 2,20 /
:

L.P
A.E

= d

A = D24 = (10)24 = 78.5mm2

200 x 0.4 10 5
= d
78.5 x 2.2 10 6
= 0.046

238

@ @@sbra@a
@ @na@ba@pac
@ @ja@za@
@ @

239

13

13 1 ) ( Rulers
engineers rules
marked off
strips 10 30 10 ) 4( .
folding pocket rules extended length
60 ) 24( extending
spring rules
)( marking-off
setting calipers and divider ... ) 13 1 13 2 13 3
13 (4 .

13 1 12 ) 300(

13 2 6-4 ) 150 100(

) (V
ground base and
sides ) (V top
grooves clamp rigidly
"" ) 13 5 13 6 13 . (7

240

 13 3

13 4 ) (

13 5 ) (V
)BLOCK - (V

13 6

241

 13 7 )(V
13 2 Surface Plate

larger version
surface table ) 13 . (8

13 8

13 3 ) (
)(Dial Gauge Dial Indicator
plunger dial
0,0001) 0,02(
fixing lug
magnetic base test set 13 . 9

242

 13 9 ) (

long flat

fixed jaw
scale

sliding jaw )( eursor

) 13 . (10

projections on the jaws ) 13 . (11

13 10
Vernier Calliper Gauge

13 11

243

 13 4 Micrometers

instruments

)( )(

precision screw
outside micrometer
25 intervals 0,001 ) 1 0,001(

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movable anvil
semi circular frame fixed

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nipped
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extensions .

extension rods .

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12 13 13 13 . (14

13 12 ) 1 25(
244

 13 13

13 14
13 5 Gear-Tooth Callipers
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outside edge ) 13 15 13 . (16

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13 16
Outside Callipers
curved and hinged legs

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245

 13 17 ) (
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13 18 ) (
Dividers
pair of
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13 19

246

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13 21

247

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13 22

13 9 ) ( Surface Gauge

13 23
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holder )(
) 13

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248

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13 25
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13 26 ) (

249

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254

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263

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264

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268


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Quality Assurance or Total

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17 1
discontinuity

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.

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Crater Cracks

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Star Crater Crack

Transverse Crater Crack

Longitudinal Crater Crack

278

 Stress Cracks

Hot Cracks

.

Grain Boundary

Cracking )( .

Root Cracks
:

) (

.
Underbead Or Hard Cracking

279

 .
.

Miscellaneous Cracks

.
Porosity

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Slag and Oxides Inclusions

)
(
.
280

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Tangsten Inclusions

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Lack of Penetration
)

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281

 Lack of Fusion

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282

 Burn Through

:
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17 2 ISO 5817

ISO 5817

European Committee for Standardization

EN 25817 .1992

ISO 5817

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283

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h<0.5s
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1.5mm

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h<1.0mm

h<1.5mm

h<0.5mm

h<1.0mm

h<1.5mm

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: : 25 100
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: 25 100
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286

 ASME VIII UW - 51 :

1 ) ( )
(

2 :

) 6( ) 19(

) 19( 2,25 ) 57(

3 ) (t

) (12*t
) (6L L .

: API 1104 :

.
(IP) Inadequate Penetration

. IP

:

) 25,4( IP

) 25,4(
12 ) 25,4( .IP

IP %8
12 ). (300

(IPD) Inadequate
Penetration due to Hi-Lo
)(
IPD :
287

 )( IPD 2 ) 50,8(
IPD 3 ) 76,2(
12 ) 308,8( .
)(ICP

) (ICP :
)( IPD 2 ) 50,8( .

ICP 2 ) 76,2(

12 ) 308,8( .
)(Incomplet Fusion

discontinuity

(IF)
:

)( 25,4 ) (IF
) (IF ) 25,4(
12 ) 304,8(
) (IF 8 %
12 .

(IFD) Incomplete Fusion Line

due to cold lap
) (IFD

IFD
:

)( 2 ) 50,8(

2 ) 50,8( 12
) 304,8(
. %8
288

 (IC) Internal Concavity

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:
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BT
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289

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ESI 2 ) 50,8(

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ESI 16/1 ) 1,59(

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ESI ISI %8

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ESI

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ISI ESI . %8

290

 1 ) (P :
6/1 ) 3(

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291

 2 ) (CP
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:

2/1 ) 13(

12 ) (300
2/1 ) 13(

16/1 ) 2(
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3

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292

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( . II . III
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. III

293

I
APPENDIX I
ACCEPTABLE AND UNACCEPTABLE WELD PROFILES

294

APPENDIX II
WELD PROFILE ACCEPTANCE DESCRIPTION
(1) The faces of fillet welds may be slightly convex, flat, or
slightly concave as shown in Appendix V (A) and (B), with
none of the unacceptable profiles shown in (C). Except at
outside corner joints, the convexity, C, of a weld or
individual surface bead with dimension W, shall not exceed
the values noted in the table in Appendix V.
(2) Groove welds shall preferably be made with slight or
minimum reinforcement except as may be otherwise
provided. In the case of butt and corner joints, the
reinforcement shall not exceed 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) in height and
shall have gradual transition to the plane of the base metal
surface. See Appendix V. They shall be free of the
discontinuities shown for butt joints in (E).
(3) Surfaces of groove welds required to be flush shall be
finished so as not to reduce the thickness of the thinner base
metal or weld metal by more than 1/32 in. (0.8 mm) or 5% of
the thickness, whichever is smaller, nor leave reinforcement
that exceeds 1/32 in. However, all reinforcement must be
removed where the weld forms part of a faying or contact
surface. Any reinforcement must blend smoothly into the
plate surfaces with transition areas free from weld undercut.
Chipping may be used provided it is followed by grinding.
Where surface finishing is required, its roughness value shall
not exceed 250 in. (6.3 um). Surfaces finished to values of
over 125 in. (3.2 m) through 250 in. shall be finished so
that the grinding marks are parallel to the direction of
primary stress. Surfaces finished to values of 125 in. or less
may be finished in any direction.
(4) Ends of groove welds required to-be flush shall be finished
so as not to reduce the width beyond the detailed width or the

295

actual width furnished, whichever is greater, by more than 1/8

in. (3.2 mm) or so as not to leave reinforcement at each end
that exceeds 1/8 in. (3.2 mm). Ends of welds in butt joints
shall be faired to adjacent plate or shape edges at a slope not
to exceed 1 in 10.
(5) Welds shall be free from overlap.

296

APPENDIX III
VISUAL WELD INSPECTION ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
Slag shall be removed from all completed welds. All welds and the
adjacent base metal shall be cleaned by brushing or by any other
suitable means prior to visual inspection. All welds shall meet
visually acceptance criteria prior to any non-destructive or
destructive testing. To be visually acceptable, a weld shall meet the
following criteria:
(1) The weld has no cracks.
(2) Thorough fusion exists between adjacent layers of weld metal and
between weld metal and base metal.
(3) All craters are filled to the full cross section of the weld.
(4) Weld profiles are in accordance with Appendixes V and VI.
(5) When the weld is transverse to the primary stress in the part that is
undercut, the undercut shall be no more than 0.010 in. (0.25 mm)
deep.
(6) When the weld is parallel to the primary stress in the part that is
undercut, the undercut shall be no more than 1/32 in. (0.80 mm)
deep.
(7) The-sum of the diameters of visible porosity shall not exceed 3/8
in. (9.5 mm) in any linear inch of weld nor shall the sum exceed
3/4 in. (19.0 mm) in any 12 in. (305 mm) length of weld.
(8) Any single continuous fillet weld shall be permitted to underrun
the-nominal fillet weld size specified by 1/16 in. (1.6 mm).
(9) Visual inspections of welds in all steels may begin immediately
after the completed welds have cooled to ambient temperature.
Final visual inspection for ASTM A 514 and A 517 steel welds
shall be performed not less than 48 hours after completion of the
weld and removal of preheat.
(10) Arc strikes outside the weld groove are prohibited.

297

Table 17-2
Visual Inspection Acceptance Criteria
Discontinuity Category and
Inspection Criteria

Statically
Loaded
Nontubular
Connections

Cyclically
Loaded
Nontubular
Connections

Tubular
Connections
(All Loads)

1) Crack Prohibition
Any crack shall be unacceptable
regardless of size or location.
2) Weld/Base-Metal Fusion
Thorough fusion shall exist between
adjacent layers of weld metal and between
weld metal and base metal.
3) Crater Cross Section
All craters shall be filled to provide the
specified weld size, except for the ends of
intermittent fillet welds outside of their
effective length.
(4) Weld Profiles
Weld profiles shall be in conformance
with 5.24.
(5) Time of Inspection
Visual inspection of welds in all steels
may begin immediately after the
completed welds have cooled to ambient
temperature. Acceptance criteria for
ASTM A 514, A 517, and A 709 Grade
100 and 100 W steels shall be based on
visual inspection performed not less than
48 hours after completion of the weld,
(6) Undersized Welds
The size of a fillet weld in any
continuous weld may be less than the
specified nominal size (L) without
correction by the following amounts
(U):
L,
U,
specified nominal weld size, in. [mm]
< 3/16 [5]
1/4 [6]
>5/16 [8]
allowable decrease from L, in. [mm]
< 1/16 [2]
<3/32 [2.5]
<1/8 [3]
In all cases, the undersize portion of the
weld shall not exceed 10% of the weld
length. On web-to-flange welds on
girders, underrun shall be prohibited at the
ends for a length equal to twice the
width of the flange.
(7) Undercut
(A) For material less than 1 in. [25 mm]

298

thick, undercut shall not exceed 1/32 in. [1

mm], with the following exception:
:undercut shall not exceed.1/16 in. [2 mm]
for any accumulated length up to 2 in. [50
mm] in any 12 in. [300 mm]. For material
equal to or greater than 1 in. thick,
undercut shall not exceed 1/16 in. [2 mm]
for any length of weld.
(B) In primary members, undercut shall
be no more than 0.01 in. [0.25 mm] deep
when the weld is transverse to tensile
stress trader any design loading condition.
Undercut shall be no more than 1/32 in.
[1 mm] deep for all other cases.
(8) Porosity
(A) CJP groove welds in butt joints
transverse to the direction of computed
tensile stress shall have no visible piping
porosity. For all other groove welds and
for fillet welds, the sum. of the visible
piping porosity 1/32 in. [1mm] or greater
in diameter shall not exceed 3/8 in. [10
mm] in any linear inch of weld and shall
not exceed 3/4 in. [20 mm] in any 12 in.
[300 mm] length of weld.
(B) The frequency of piping porosity in
fillet welds shall not exceed one in each 4
in. [100 mm] of weld length and the
maximum diameter shall not exceed 3/32
in. [2.5 mm]. Exception: for fillet welds
connecting stiffeners to web, the sum of
the diameters of piping porosity shall not
exceed 3/8 in. [10 mm] in any linear inch
of weld and shall not exceed 3/4 in. [20
mm] in any 12 in. [300 mm] length of
weld.
(C) CJP groove welds in butt joints
transverse to the direction of computed
tensile stress shall have no piping
porosity. For all other groove welds, the
frequency of piping. porosity shall not
exceed one in 4 in [ 100 mm] of length
and the maximum diameter shall not
exceed 3/32 in. [2.5 mm].

299

300

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1 ISO : 9712L199
2 IAEA-TECDOC-407 : 1987

The Foundation for the Qualification of NDT Personnel 1985

4 TC-IA - SNT 1992 /
The American Society for

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ISO/R-1106

2 .
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:
ANSI -1 American National Standard Institute

ASTM -2 American Society For Testing

Materials
ASNT -3 American Society for Non-
Destructive Testing.
ASME -4 American Society of
. Mechanical Engineers

322

 API -5 American Petroleum Institute

A.W.S -6 American Welding Society

MIL -7 American Military Standard

AISI -8 American lron and Steel Institute

JIS -9 Japanese Industrial Standard

Committee
NDIS -10 Non- Destructive Inspection
Society
JFSS 11
Standard of Steel Casting and Forging Association of Japan
WPS 12 Standard of Water Steel Pipe
Association
GIS -13 German Industrial Standard

GPVS 14 German Pressurized Vessels

Standard
BS -15 British Standard

IIW -16 International Institute of Welding

ISO -17 . International Standard Organization

ASME

BS

API

ASTM

JIS

323

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