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Лекция 1
Лекция 1
Uploaded by
Кристиан Р.Copyright:
Available Formats
25 2012 .
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
2
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. 5
. 5
. 6
. 8
. 8
. 10
12
2.1
2.2
12
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.1 . . . . . . . .
2.6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
15
15
19
21
25
26
28
30
34
36
3.1
3.2
4
38
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
41
4.1
4.2
41
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6 . . . .
4.7 . . . . .
4.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.9 . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.10 ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.10.1 I . . . .
4.10.2 II . . .
4.10.3 III . . .
4.10.4 IV . . .
4.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
44
45
47
51
52
53
56
58
59
61
61
62
63
65
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
66
. . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
68
68
69
69
70
70
71
72
74
5.6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7 .
5.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.9 . . . . .
5.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
7
.
.
.
.
.
76
77
78
80
82
84
. . . . . 84
. . . . . . . . . . . 88
, . . . . . 90
91
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
. . . . . . 94
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.7.1 . . . . 96
6.7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
. 105
. . . . . . 109
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
6.10.1 . . . . 111
6.10.2 112
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
119
7.1
119
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
. . . . . .
7.1.1 , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
( ) . . .
7.6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
121
122
127
129
131
132
133
7.6.2
7.7
8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
7.6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
139
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
143
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
. . . . . . . . . 148
. . . . . 151
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
1
1.1
.
-.
. , ()
, . ,
, .
.
.
,
, .
1.2
1. () (. 1.1),
.
. .
:
, ;
1.
. 1.1.
, .
:
.
. ,
, . ,
, ,
.
. , ; ,
.
.
: (); ..
2. , ()
. ,
, .
: , , .
1.3
1. . ,
(
).
2. .
.
() . , .
1.
.
() , .
3. . (, )
, . .
, . (: ).
4. -. ,
( 1.2).
. 1.2.
. , , ,
,
.
5. . ,
. : - . = , = ( 1.3).
. 1.3.
6. . , ,
.
1.
1.4
, () .
.
, (: ).
,
() (: , ).
.
,
.
, ( : ()
).
.
, .
,
.
,
( ).
.
,
: ( ).
,
. : ,
.
1.5
( 1.4) . ,
.
:
1.
. 1.4.
;
,
.
, .
.
.
, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 .
. , . ,
, , - .
- .
.
.
. . ( )
+ = 0;
+ = 0;
+ = 0;
+ = 0;
+ = 0;
+ = 0.
6 6 ( , , , , , ),
.
1.
10
(), .. .
.
, .
(. 1.5).
- . .
. 1.5.
=
. , .. , , =
lim
.
0
,
.
()
; ,
.
= cos ,
= sin ,
= 2 + 2.
( =
1.6
).
2
? ,
, ? . -? , , ? . ,
, ?
2.1
,
, .
, ( 2.1,
).
. 2.1.
: , ( 2.1, ). .
.
11
2.
12
, , , .
() ;
( , ).
> 0, < 0.
:
= 0 : = 0 = .
,
( 2.1, ).
,
, .
. ( 2.1, ).
.
.
, . , ,
. , ,
= ,
(,
). > 0, < 0.
- .
( ) , ..
. . , .
2.2
(. 2.2, , ), ( ) .
2.
13
> 0, < 0.
. 2.2.
=
: > 0, < 0.
:
= , .
= 2 105 , = 0, 7 105 .
,
=
: =
, =
,
,
.
, .
(. 2.2, ). ()
() =
, ,
()
=
.
2.3
(. 2.3, , ), : > 0,
2.
< 0.
14
= .
. 2.3.
= , ,
( =
0 ... 0,5).
2.4
,
.
, , , .
. ,
.
. , , . (. 2.4)
.
( ).
(. 2.5).
2.
15
. 2.4.
. . .
. ( ).
.
. ,
.
.
, . , .
,
.
, = + .
(
),
=
100%,
.
, -
2.
16
. 2.5.
. = 10;
= 5 (5 > 10 ).
,
100%,
=
, .
.
,
, . =
= . ,
(. 2.6).
( ).
, .
, ( < 0, 005) .
,
.
,
, .
2.
17
. 2.6.
20:
= 200 ; = 220 ; = 240 ; = 400 .
(. 2.7).
. 2.7. ,
0,2 , 0,2
%.
. , (. 2.6). , .
, .
( )
2.
18
.
.
, , . , (. 2.8), > .
. 2.8.
2.5
.
, ,
.
= , ..
. = , . . . .
,
,
[]. , []
, [] .
:
[] =
. , -
2.
19
.
:
[] =
[] =
.
, > .
?
, .
1. , , .
2. , ( ) ,
.
3. , ,
.
4. () .
= 1,2 3,0 ( ).
3 :
1. .
, ,
| | =
| |
[].
. [] = [] ,
.
2. .
| |
.
[]
2.
20
3. .
| |
| | [] .
.
| | ,
.
2.6
,
. , . , ,
.
(. 2.9). ,
.
. 2.9.
. .
,
. ,
() .
(. 2.10). .
2.
21
, .
. 2.10.
1
2, . .
. .
, ,
. , .
.
, .
,
1 + 2 = 0.
, , .
, , . , .
(. 2.11).
, ,
.
,
1
=
2
2.
22
. 2.11.
, .
.
2
1
,
2 =
.
1 =
1 1
2 2
,
.
1 2 2
= .
2 1 1
.
, .
.
1 =
2 2
1 1
2 =
1 1
2 2
, . , .
, .
1. 1 1 , 1 , 2 , . . -
. , .
2.
23
, .
2. . . ,
,
= [].
. .
, 1 = 2 = ; [1 ] = [2 ] = [].
. 2.11, , :
2 > 1 , ;
2
1
>
;
2 > 1 , ;
2 > 1 , ,
2 > 1 , . .
, .
,
.
. ( ).
.
3.
. .
2.6.1
1. .
. -
| |
[] .
2.
24
. , .
2. .
-
| |
.
[]
, , . . = (1 , 2 , . . . , ) , .
. , .
1 : 2 : . . . : . .
| |
(1)
. :
[]
1
. , 1 .
1 .
-
| |
[] .
(1)
,
.
, . . . , , .
| |
(1) []
[]
| |
(2)
. , []
(2)
(2)
(2)
, 1 , 2 , . . . , . (2)
2.
25
, .
3. .
| | [] .
. .
.
2.6.2
.
, .
. , . .
,
(. 2.12).
. 2.12.
, , , .
.
.
. -
2.
26
. (
), .
1 2 .
. ,
. ,
1 + 2 = 0,
.
(. 2.13): .
1
=
2
: , .
. 2.13.
:
1 1
=
2
2 2
.
, + ,
c .
, 2 ,
1 2 . 1 (),
2 ().
2.
27
: ?
, , , .
, . ,
. .
, ,
. 2 ,
, . . .
, ,
.
2.6.3
, .
, 1 , 2 + , = (2 1 ) (. 2.14); -
.
= 1, 25 105 /( ), = 1, 65 105 /( ).
. 2.14.
, (. 2.15, ). 1
. 2
(. 2.15, ).
.
(. 2.15, ). -
2.
28
. 2.15.
(. 2.15, ).
:
= 0;
= = .
, . .
.
:
, = 0, = + = 0.
, , , = 0, .
= (2 ),
(2 ) +
= 0,
= (2 ).
= .
= (2 )
.
,
. ,
.
2.
29
? ,
, 30 .
30 ? 1 = 30 ; 2 = 30 .
= 2 105 1, 25 105 (60) = 150 .
,
.
. .
2.6.4
:
1) ;
2) .
(. 2.16 ).
. 2.16.
= 2 , .
, 1 = 2 = , ,
1 = 2 = , []1 = []2 = [].
1) .
, .
,
, , .
:
,
2.
30
, .
. 2. =
2 = . 2 .
,
2 =
2
1 1
+
2 2
2
=
= 0, 4 ,
2 =
2
)
(2 +
2
= 0, 4
,
= 2, 5 .
[] = ,
,
2, 5
[ ] = 2, 5
[] .
2)
,
, , , .
(. 2.17).
( ). .
.
: () , , .. .
, . . , ,
2.
31
. 2.17.
2. , 2 = , 1. , ,
1 .
, . . .
,
= , 2 = 1 = (. 2.18).
. 2.18.
C :
+ 2 = 0.
c . :
.
[] =
.
[ ] = 3 []
= 3
2.
32
.
, .
. (.
2.19), . .
. 2.19.
[ ] = [] .
[ ] =
= ;
[] =
[ ] = [] .
, .
. ( )
.
(. 2.20). 1 = 2 = 3 ,
1 = 2 = 3 . [ ].
. 2.20.
2.
33
(.
2.20, -)
[ ] , [ ] , [ ] .
, [ ] . .
, .
2.7
(),
()? ,
(. 2.21). .
. , :
. 2.21.
() ; () .
() = , ( ).
. :
() = 0,
() = + .
()
= + .
, .
() =
2.
34
, ,
.
+ .
[],
+ [].
[] .
,
.
? ,
,
100% > 5%. []
.
1) ().
: = 10 , = 78,5 /3 ,
[] = 160 .
78, 5 103 10
100% =
100% = 0, 491%.
[]
160 106
,
0, 5%. .
2) , .
: (. 2.22). = 10 , = 18,0 /3 , [] = 120 (
).
18 103 10
100% =
100% = 15%.
[]
120 106
.
.
, ,
.
2.
35
. 2.22.
2.8
?
. ()? . . , ,
, ? ?
? ?
? ? ? ? ?
3.1
(. 3.1). .
. 3.1.
, .
.
. . .
( , ).
, . , ,
. . , , .
, .
36
3.
37
, .
: ,
.
.
, ,
.
,
. , , .
(. 3.2): << , ,
.
. 3.2. ,
(. 3.3).
. 3.3.
,
. ,
( ),
.
, ,
,
3.
38
= tg ( ) .
, ,
: .
?
, , .
= ,
( , ).
( , , ). ? = 0, 8 105 ( ).
: .
[ ].
[ ] = (0, 5 0, 6)[].
3.2
, ? .
? ? ?
?
?
4
4.1
, , ,
(. 4.1, ).
, , , .
.
. 4.1.
, , ,
.
,
. ,
39
40
4.
,
. , .
,
(. 4.1, ).
: , ,
( , ); , , , , , - ( ,
).
,
. , 9 9
.
.
: = , = ,
= , 9 6: , , , , ,
.
6 ,
, .
, ,
, .
, , , , , .
,
.
,
(. 4.2). ( ), , 1 , 2 , 3 , 1 2 3 , 1
(1 = ), 3 (3 = ).
41
4.
. 4.2.
, . , 1 3 .
. 3 :
. 4.3.
I. () (. 4.3, ):
1) 1 = 0, 2 = 3 = 0 ;
2) 1 = 2 = 0, 3 = 0 .
II. () (. 4.3, ):
1) 1 = 0, 2 = 0, 3 = 0;
2) 1 = 0, 2 = 0, 3 = 0;
3) 1 = 0, 2 = 0, 3 = 0.
III. () (. 4.3, ):
1 = 0, 2 = 0, 3 = 0.
42
4.
4.2
( . 4.4, ).
.
.
. 4.4.
(. 4.4, ). , .
, .
,
. ,
( ),
.
, . (. 4.4, ) ,
( ).
. :
,
. ,
/.
,
, .
,
= 0,
43
4.
= 2 ;
= 0,
= 2.
2
,
.
.
: =| | _ =
2 = 1 = 1; = , = 0, 1, 2, . . . ,
. ,
.
: =| | =
2
=
, = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
2 = 1;
2 =
2
4
2
, ,
, 45 (. 4.5).
, | | .
. 4.5.
4.3
(. 4.6,). , , . , ,
(. 4.6, ).
44
4.
. 4.6.
,
.
,
+ 90 .
,
(, ) (, ) (. 4.7).
.
. 4.7.
, = + ,
= cos2 ,
= cos2 ( + 90 ) = sin2 ,
= cos2 + sin2 .
= + , = 2 sin 2,
= 2 sin [2( + 90 )] =
2 sin 2,
sin 2.
=
2
,
.
| | =
,
2
45
4.
sin 2 = 1, = + .
4
2
, , (. 4.8).
. 4.8.
4.4
= cos2 + sin2 ;
sin 2.
2
, = ( ),
, . ..
. .
I ()
: , , (. 4.9). : , .
, ,
(. 4.10).
, , = , = . , ,
.
.
46
4.
. 4.9.
. 4.10.
2 (
, ) , .
+
+
cos 2 =
2
2
1 + cos 2
1 2
=
+
= cos2 + sin2 ,
2
2
= .
= + =
sin 2,
= .
2
, ,
. , .
,
.
, . , . , : = ,
= sin 2 =
47
4.
= , | | =
, , 2
, .
, ,
, .. = + 90 .
2 = 2 + 180 ( , = ).
: , , .
II ().
: , , , . : , , 0 ( ).
. 4.11.
,
.
(. 4.12) ,
( , ) ( , ).
,
.
. , .
.
= , = .
,
0 . , 0 = .
, .
0 .
, :
= = + = + 2 + 2 =
+
2
=
+ (
) + 2 =
2
2
48
4.
. 4.12.
1
= [( + ) +
2
( )2 + 4 2 ].
1
= = = [( + )
2
( )2 + 4 2 ];
=
.
:
1 = , 2 = , 3 = 0;
1 = , 2 = 0, 3 = ;
1 = 0, 2 = , 3 = .
tg 0 =
1) > 0, > 0,
2) > 0, < 0,
3) < 0, < 0,
4.5
, , ,
(. 4.13), 1 = 0, 2 = 0, 3 = 0.
. 4.13.
49
4.
(. 4.14). , .
1 , 2 , 3 .
, .
. 4.14.
: 1 , 2 , 3 , 1 , 2 , 3 .
: , .
,
= 1 + 2 + 3 ,
= cos2 ,
= 1 cos2 1 + 2 cos2 2 + 3 cos2 3 .
, , ,
= 1 + 2 + 3 .
= 2 2 , 2 = 12 cos2 1 + 22 cos2 2 + 32 cos2 3 ,
12 cos2 1 + 22 cos2 2 + 32 cos2 3 2 .
.
: ,
, 1 = 2 = 3 =
, cos2 1 + cos2 2 + cos2 3 = 1,
50
4.
1
cos2 = .
3
=
4.6
1
(1 + 2 + 3 );
3
2
=
12 + 22 + 32 1 2 2 3 3 1
3
.
, , . , 1 , cos 1 = 0 (.
4.15, ). = 2 cos2 2 + 3 cos2 3 . ,
2 + 3 = 90 , cos 3 = sin 2
= 2 cos2 2 + 3 sin2 2
, 2 3 .
, 2 3 ,
(. 4.15, ).
. 4.15.
, , , . , . . -
51
4.
, .. .
: = 1 ; =
1 3
.
3 ; =
2
, . , , 2 45 1 3 .
, , .
, . ,
.
4.7
.
(. 4.16):
. 4.16.
,
= =
.
52
4.
, (. 4.17, ). ,
1, 2, 3.
(. 4.17, -)
. 4.17.
1 = 1 1 + 1 2 + 1 3 =
2
3
1
1 =
1
[1 (2 + 3 )];
2 =
1
[2 (3 + 1 )];
1
[3 (1 + 2 )].
, .
1 , 2 , 3
.
1 2 3 , 1 2 3 . 1 = , 3 =
.
,
,
(. 4.18).
9 . .
() .
3 =
1
[ ( + )];
53
4.
. 4.18.
[ ( + )];
=
;
= [ ( + )];
=
,
, x y. , ,
, (. 4.19).
=
. 4.19.
4.8
, ,
=
, =
2
1
= ,
2
2
54
4.
, , ,
0 =
.
2
2
=
=
=
=
.
2
2
2
2
,
(. 4.20) ,
1 , 2 , 3 :
. 4.20.
0 =
1 1 2 2 3 3
1
1
2
3
+
+
= [1 (
)+
2
2
2
2
2
3
1
3
1
2
) + 3 (
)].
+2 (
1
[ 2 + 22 + 32 2 (1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 )].
2 1
:
1) , ,
;
2) , ,
.
0 =
55
4.
. , , ,
. : = =
3
3
1 + 2 + 3
.
, =
3
. =
3 (1 2 2 )
. ,
= 3
2
(1 + 2 + 3 )2
12
= =
=
(1 + 2 + 3 )2 .
2
2
18
6
= 0 =
1
[ 2 + 22 + 32 2 (1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 )]
2 1
12
(1 + 2 + 3 )2 .
6
,
4.9
1
(12 + 22 + 32 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 ).
3
, , . (. 4.21).
= .
. 4.21.
56
4.
, ,
:
1 = ( + ) ( + ) ( + ) = + +
+ + + + + + =
+
+
) = (1 + 1 + 2 + 3 ).
= (1 +
1 .
:
=
1
= 1 + 2 + 3 .
1 , 2 , 3 ,
1 22
(1 + 2 + 3 ).
=
,
, .
( )
, 1 + 2 + 3
, =
3
.
,
1 22
=
3 .
= , 3 (1 2 2 )
1
=
=
.
, , 1 + 2 + 3
=
3
= =
.
3
3
.
57
4.
4.10
( )
, .
,
().
(. 4.22)
| | =
| |
[],
; ,
; .
= , = .
[] =
. 4.22.
.
,
, 1 , 2 , 3 (. 4.23).
, 1 : 2 : 3
1 , 2 , 3 .
,
1 :
2 : 3 , , ,
58
4.
. 4.23.
.
.
() () .
, , ,
.
,
, , ,
.
4.10.1
- (. , 1638 .)
, ,
.
, , . . | | [].
1 []
| 3 | [] .
I .
. .
59
4.
4.10.2
II
- (, 1686 ).
, ,
.
, , . | | [].
| | = 1 = 1 [1 (2 + 3 )].
. 1 = , 2 = 3 = 0.
, | | ,
[]
[] =
.
II
1 (2 + 3 ) []
| 3 (1 + 2 ) | [].
II-
, . . .
4.10.3
III
(, 1773 ).
,
, .
, , [ ].
( )
60
4.
1 3
.
2
. 1 = , 2 = 3 = 0.
, | | ,
2
[]
[ ] =
. 2
III
=
1 3 [].
III
, .
, , (1882 .)
1 3 [],
= ,
= .
4.10.4
IV
(
) (, 1904 .).
, , .
, , , [ ].
.
2
12 + 22 + 32 1 2 2 3 3 1 .
=
3
. 1 = , 2 = 3 = 0.
61
4.
2
2
, [ ] =
[ ].
3
3
IV
12 + 22 + 32 1 2 2 3 3 1 [].
IV
.
, , ,
. ,
[],
= 1 | 3 |;
= 1 (2 + 3 ) | 3 (1 + 2 ) |;
= 1 3
=
1 3 ;
12 + 22 + 32 1 2 2 3 3 1 .
, (.
4.24).
. 4.24.
,
.
62
4.
, (1 , 2 , 3 ),
.
: (.
4.25). :
= , = .
. 4.25.
1 2 3 , 1 =
2 = 0, 3 = .
= 1 3 = ( ) = 2 []
[]
.
, [ ] =
2
= 12 + 22 + 32 1 2 2 3 3 1 =
= 2 + ( 2 ) ( ) = 3
[]
, [ ] = .
3
, [ ] (0, 5 0, 6) []. ,
.
:
1. III IV
, ;
2. III , ,
() ;
3. IV , , ,
, . ,
, IV .
63
4.
4.11
? ?
? , , ?
.
? ( )? .
, ?
5
,
, , .
5.1
, ,
.
(. 5.1). , .
. 5.1.
:
64
5.
,
, : = , =
.
=
,
=
.
,
:
,
=
.
= 2 ;
= 2 .
=
, > 0, .
=
, .
0.
, ,
.
= 2
. , > 0.
.
:
2
2
2
2
2
2
= + , = = ( + ) = + , ,
= + = 1 + 1 .
: + = 1 + 1 = .
(. 5.2)
. :
.
5.
. 5.2.
5.2
5.2.1
, , (. 5.3).
. 5.3.
= ,
/2
3
=
=
3
/2
2
]/2
=
/2
3
.
12
3
3
,
=
.
12
12
, , =
.
, , :
=
=
5.2.2
3
.
12
, , (. 5.4).
5.
. 5.4.
. .
= 2,
4
4
4
3
=
= 2 =
=
.
2 0
2
32
2
4
=
.
32
= + . = ,
= =
5.2.3
4
=
.
2
64
, , (. 5.5)
. 5.5.
.
= /,
5.
=
5.2.4
4
(1 4 ),
32
= =
4
=
(1 4 ).
2
64
, (. 5.6)
. 5.6.
, .
()
( )
, () =
,
=
4 4
3
2
( ) = ( ) =
.
= 2 () =
0
3
4
12
0
, , ,
.
5.2.5
(, , ) .
5.3
, : , ; 1 , 1 , -
5.
, .
. : 1 = +, 1 = +,
, 1 , 1 (. 5.7).
. 5.7.
1 =
12
(+) =
+2
= +2 ,
= = 0,
. 1 ,
1 = + 2 ;
1 = + 2 .
,
.
: , .
1 1 = 1 1 = ( + ) ( + ) =
+ = + .
,
, .
5.
5.4
, . (. 5.8, ) , .
. 5.8.
90 , , (. 5.8, ).
1 = ; 1 = .
, 1 , 1 ,:
1 1 =
1 1 =
() = .
, 90 .
(. 5.9). (
). 0 , ,
= 0.
. 5.9.
, ,
.
5.
,
, ,
(. 5.10).
. 5.10.
0 , 0 ; 0 , 0
, 0 0 .
.
? ,
. ?
, (. 5.11). , . . ,
1 = 2 , ,
: 1 = 2 ; 1 =
2 ; 1 = 2 ,
. 5.11.
5.
2 = 0,
() 1 +
5.5
,
0 , 0 . 0 0 = 0 (. 5.12).
. 5.12.
0 , 0 . , , . , (
). .
= 0 + 0 ;
= 0 0 .
, :
(0 0 ) =
02
0 0 +
20 =
= 2 0 + 2 0 ,
0 0 =
0 0 = 0. , .
5.
= 0 2 + 0 2 ,
= 0 2 + 0 2 ,
0
2
= 0
2
; .
:
? .
, .
0
2 = 0. :
= 0, 0
2
1) 0 = 0 , 2 = 0, 2 = ,
. = , ..
2
. ,
, , 2
, . ,
.
2) 0 = 0 .
, ..
. , , :
+ = 0 + 0 .
(. 5.13):
. 5.13. ,
) , , ;
) , 0 = 0 , .
5.
5.6
. b ,
(. 5.14).
. 5.14.
, , . , ,
.
0 , 0 , 0 (0 0 ).
, .
, , .
.
, , .
:
:
= cos2 + sin2 ,
= cos2 + sin2 ,
= 90 +,
= 0 cos2 +0 sin2 ,
= 0 cos2 + 0 sin2 ,
0
sin 2,
= 0
sin 2 .
2
2
. , :
, , , 0 , 0 .
:
1
2 ],
0 = = [( + ) + ( )2 + 4
2
=
5.
1
2 ],
0 = = [( + ) ( )2 + 4
2
2
tg 0 =
tg 20 =
.
0
0
. :
, , , (
).
5.7
,
.
. .
: , , . 0 , 0 , 0 ( 0 ).
, .
, , . , (. 5.15).
. 5.15.
( , ) ( , ). , , = . > ;
, .
> 0. ,
. =
= ,
0
= .
0
5.
0 . ,
. . 0 ,
.
. 0 , 0 , (0 ).
, , .
5.8
. (. 5.16).
. 5.16.
= 2 . ,
, ,
.
0
0
0 =
,
0 =
.
, (. 5.17):
20
02
+
= 1.
20 20
.
5.
. 5.17.
, . .
.
, . ,
, = 2 .
, .
.
.
- .
1) (. 5.18).
. 5.18.
? , , = 0.
2) .
, .
5.19).
(.
2
? 0 = 0 , 0 =
5.
. 5.19.
20 . 0
, 0 <| 0 | ,
. 0
0 .
5.9
, , . ,
.
, ,
( , , , ) (. 5.20).
. 5.20.
,
= ,
= ,
, - .
, , .
5.
2
= =
2 =
,
= + 2 .
,
=
( + 2 ),
=
( + 2 ),
=
( + ).
, .
,
, ,
1
2 ],
0 = [( + ) + ( )2 + 4
2
1
2 ],
0 = [( + ) ( )2 + 4
2
.
tg 0 =
0
,
.
:
: , , 0 ( , (. 5.21, 1).
, 0 ( 0 ).
0
sin 2;
0 = + 0 .
= 0
2
0 ( 0 ).
5.21, 2-8.
5.10
, ? ?
.
5.
. 5.21.
.
? .
? , ?
. ( )?
(, , ..)
?
6.1
, .
,
, , , (. 6.1).
. 6.1. ,
. , .
, . , .
81
6.
82
. ,
, .
() , , , ,
.
.
,
,
.
, , .
, .
( ).
:
1) - (. 6.2). . ,
, . ,
-
, .
. 6.2. -
2) - (. 6.3).
.
.
. 6.3. -
3) - (. 6.4). .
6.
83
. ,
() .
. 6.4. -
4) - () (. 6.5).
. ,
, , .
. 6.5. -
, , , (. 6.6).
. 6.6. -
" " . : .
, , - (. 6.7).
, . (. 6.8): 3,
, , .
.
6.
84
. 6.7.
. 6.8.
6.9 - .
.
(, ).
. 6.9.
6.10 . . ,
, . . , .
6.2
,
.
(. 6.11), . . .
6.
85
. 6.10.
. 6.11.
,
. , .
, ,
. .
.
? , . . , .
.
?
:
= 0, =
.
. .
. .
+ = 0,
. .
. .
,
.
-
, .
6.
86
(. 6.12):
,
, .
. 6.12.
-
, .
(. 6.13):
, , .
. 6.13.
(. 6.14):
. 6.14.
6.3
,
,
.
6.
87
, = lim
0
.
: , > 0. , < 0.
(. 6.15). , = . ,
. . + ,
+ .
.
. 6.15.
, , :
= + = 0,
.
= .
= + /2 + + = 0,
,
2
2
=
,
= .
2
2
,
(
). ,
, :
2
= ;
= ;
= .
2
, .
,
.
6.
6.4
88
, (. 6.16). . = () ( ),
.
. 6.16.
() =
() ,
() =
()
()
, . . = . . ( ).
,
.
6.
6.5
89
. , :
1) ;
2) (- ).
, :
(. 6.17) , , , .
. 6.17.
1. .
, .
= + = 0,
= ;
= = 0,
= ;
= = 0.
, , ,
= 0.
: = + = + = 0.
, .
. ,
(, ).
2. . , 1 2.
6.
90
1 = = = , , . .
2 = = = , , . .
.
, (. 6.18).
,
? , . .
. , , . ,
, .
,
.
. 6.18.
2. .
1 = 1 =
1 , , . .
. 1
. 1 . ( ).
.
1 = 0, 1 = 0;
1 = , 1 =
, , 2
2 = 2 =
2 .
2 = 0, 2 = 0;
2 = , 2 =
.
,
. . , , . .
( )
.
6.
6.6
91
1. :
= 0, = ,
) = 0, . .
) = , . .
= , ,
;
= , - ,
) = , . .
+ 1- .
2. ,
2
, =
,.
2
) < 0 ( );
) > 0 ( ).
) ,
3. ( =
, . , , :
) > 0, tg > 0, ;
) < 0, tg < 0, ;
) , , = ;
, , = .
) = 0, tg = 0, = .
4.
, .
5.
, = 0,
.
6. () = 0, , = 0, .
7.
.
8. , ,
, .
M
M
6.
6.7
92
(. 6.19). . , , . .
, .
, .
. 6.19.
, .
,
. , = (),
= ( ).
6.7.1
: . ,
, (,
. . ).
, .
: (. 6.20), , =
= . , ,
= = 0,
. ?
= .
.
(. 6.21). , . , , ,
6.
93
. 6.20.
. , ,
.
. 6.21.
(
), , . : = 0, = (, ) .
.
=
0
0 ;
= 0 0 ;
= = 0 , ;
= = 0;
= = 0 , . .
,
;
= 0 0 .
.
6.
94
, :
= 0,
(1)
= ,
(2)
= 0.
(3)
, . , .
,
, . , .
. (
) (. 6.22).
. 6.22.
:
1. , ,
. .
2. , . ,
- , .
,
.
6.
95
.
3. ,
. ( ). ,
.
(. 6.23).
.
;
; ; ; .
. 6.23.
= = ;
= ( + + ) ;
= = ( + + ) = ( + ) ;
=
.
=
=
( + )
(4)
, ,
.
(4) (1)
( + ) = 0,
= 0, + = + = 0.
= 0 , = 0, = 0
6.
96
. (4)
(4 )
(4 ) (3)
=
= 0, ,
, (3) .
(4 ) (2)
2
= , 2 = ,
1
=
(5)
, . .
(5) (4 )
(6)
.
. = , =
/, , , , .
(6) , , .
(. 6.24).
. 6.24.
, .
6.
6.7.2
97
, (. 6.25). . , .
.
.
. 6.25.
, , -, , -,
, = (, ).
.
, ,
. , .
, .
,
(. 6.26). , . ,
. ,
,
= + + = 0, = .
.
= () ,
.
,
6.
98
. 6.26.
, ,
. =
, =
=
, =
.
=
.
() =
, ,
= ,
()
.
. :
, ;
,
, ,
;
;
() , .
, ,
.
, , (. 6.27).
= + = 0
| |=| |.
6.
99
. 6.27.
: 1. (. 6.28).
. 6.28.
, .
1
2
2
2 2
= ( ) ( + ) = ( 2 ) =
[1 (
) ],
2
2 2
2
4
8
=
,
() = . 12
, , = ,
2
2 2
3
2 2
) ]=
[1 (
)]
[1 (
2
12
.
(.
6.29). , =
= 0.
2
6.
100
. 6.29.
, , .
,
. 3
.
=
2
2.
( ) (. 6.30).
. 6.30.
4
, =
3
.
3. (. 6.31).
, . , , .
(). ( ) (),
6.
101
. 6.31.
() ( ).
. .
: 1.
.
2. , .
6.8
. ,
. (. 6.32) ,
( ).
.
, =
=
()
.
, (. 6.33).
, . , . : = , = ,
= 0, = .
6.
102
. 6.32.
. 6.33.
1
1
, = [( + ) ( )2 + 4 2 ] = ( 2 + 4 2 ).
2
2
1
1
= ( 2 + 4 2 ).
= ( + 2 + 4 2 ),
2
2
0 0,
1
1
1 = ( + 2 + 4 2 ),
2 = 0,
3 = (
2
2
2 + 4 2 ).
. ,
, , IV-
.
[], = 12 + 22 + 32 1 2 2 3 3 1 .
, = 2 + 3 2 .
,
6.
103
. 2 + 3 2 [] .
,
, . .
[].
? = (, ) .
, , , .
, , ,
:
1. ;
2. ;
3.
.
.
( )(.
6.34).
. 6.34.
,
| |
| | , | | =
| | .
: | |=| | , = 0,
=| | [].
= ,
| |
6.
104
| |
[].
, .
(. 6.35).
. 6.35.
. ,
.
,
()
| |
(
) .
()
, ,
(..).
| |
).. .
=
(
()
,
. . : = 0, = ,
[]
= 2 + 3 2 = 3 . [ ] = . ,
3
| |
(
).. [ ]
()
.
6.
105
. 6.36.
.
(. 6.36).
. , ,
2 + 3 2 []
=
.
, . , | |
| | , . , | | | |
, ,,
, (
) .
.
6.9
:
, .
.
(. 6.37).
6.
106
. 6.37.
,
, .
, .
,
( , , ). , . .
.
, ,
, , , .
, , .
,
, [] > [] .
? , , . (. 6.38).
, ,
. , . ,
, , , . , ,
.
6.
107
. 6.38. ,
[] > []
6.10
6.10.1
, .
, . .
""(. 6.39).
. 6.39.
, .
, . :
;
;
.
, .
() -
6.
108
. (), . , ,
= tg , tg ,
() (. 6.40). ,
.
, ,
. 6.40.
> 0 (,
6.40), .
< 0, . , .
, .
: > 0, ,
< 0, . .
: > 0,
6.10.2
=
.
(1)
, . ? ,
6.
109
, , , ,
. (1)
. (
).
. , .
. (1) ,
, (. 6.41).
. 6.41.
.
1
=
3 .
[1 + ( )2 ] 2
(2)
(1) (2), , .
1
(1): , > 0,
> 0; (2):
> 0, > 0,
3 =
[1 + ( )2 ] 2
. , . . ,
, .
6.
110
, . , , .
= << 1, ( )2 <<< 1, 1( )2 1.
= ()
(
). , .
= = () +
.
=
() + +
. , .
: ,
.
:
( )2 << 1.
.
(. 6.42).
.
. 6.42.
= ( ),
= ( ),
6.
111
2
= ( ) + ,
2
3
2
) + + .
= (
2
6
:
1) = 0
=0
= 0;
2) = 0
=0
= 0.
2
( ),
2
.
2
.
2 3
(
),
2
6
3
.
3
.
:
, = 20 , = 2 , [] = 160 , = 2 105 .
() | | = =
20 2 = 40 .
40 103
| |
=
= 2, 5 104 3 = 2503 .
[]
160 106
22: = 2543 , = 27904 .
2
20 103 22
=
= 7, 168 103 = 0, 411 .
2
2 2 1011 2790 108
3
20 103 23
=
= 7, 168 103 = 7, 168 .
11
8
3
3 2 10 2790 10
,
( )2 = (7, 168 103 )2 = 5, 135 105 <<< 1.
6.
6.11
112
,
. m .
1. , , ,
, (. 6.43).
. 6.43.
, , ,
( ). , .
2. (. 6.44).
. 6.44.
, .
.
3) () (. 6.45).
. 6.45.
6.
113
, , | | . | | = ()
.
, = ()
() = (),
()
1
+ ,
==
()
()
1
+ + .
=
()
.
6.12
, (. 6.46,
) (. 6.46, -).
| |
?
.
[]
, |
| = []. .
: ,
| | = [], .
,
.
, , ,
, .
()
()
= [] () =
.
()
[]
()
() =
3 ()
32
() =
32 ()
.
[]
1 () =
1 ; 2 () =
2 ,
32 1
32 2
1 () = 3
;
2 () = 3
[]
[]
6.
114
. 6.46.
, 1/3 .
(. 6.46, ).
0,
.
4
16
4
.
: [ ], = =
2 =
3
3
3 2
4
16
=
, .
3 [ ]
(. 6.46, ).
6.13
, ?
, , (),
()?
?
?
?
? ?
,
.
.
7.1
(. 7.2).
. 7.1. ,
, , .
, . ,
:
= 0.
, , .
, , . .
115
7.
116
, ,
.
, . ?
7.2 ,
. , ,
. ( ) .
.
.
. 7.2.
= 0, =
;
=
1 2 .)
+ = 0, = ;
=
3 + 4 .) ,
, (. 7.2).
-
, .
(. 7.3):
.
, , .
7.
117
. 7.3.
(. 7.4).
. 7.4.
, | | ,
.
7.1.1
, ,
, .
, ,
(
/) (. 7.5).
= , , = 2
, = 2 .
=
.
2
.
1. . ( ), /;
7.
118
. 7.5.
.
= 954, 9 .
2
60
, /, .
1) . .,
/, .
(1 . . = 73,55 ). = 73, 55
/, =
/. :
60
=
73, 55
= 702, 4 .
2
60
, . ., /, .
7.2
(. 7.6, ).
. , .
, ,
, .
(. 7.6, ). = (. 7.6).
.
. . . , . .
7.
119
. 7.6.
1. , .. .
2. , .. = 0.
3. ,
, ,
= = = 0.
, , , = = = = 0.
.
( )
( ).
: ;
: = + ; ,
, ,
(. 7.7).
. 7.7.
7.
120
: = , :
= , = ,
.
,
.
, ,
( "").
(. 7.8). , .
. 7.8.
= ,
.
(). , > 0.
, (. 7.9).
= = .
2 = .
7.
121
. 7.9.
.
4
: =
.
32
=
=
,
,
, .
,
, ,
.
(1), =
. ,
=
.
(.
7.10).
,
,
=
=
3
=
.
16
.
[ ]. IV ,
7.
122
. 7.10.
, []
: [ ] = .
3
| |
[ ].
. | | . ( ).
| |
16 | |
,
3
.
[ ]
[ ]
| | [ ] .
,
| | , .
. .
. , .
. (. 7.11) .
, . .
7.
123
. 7.11.
, , .
, , .
() .
, 45 , 3 = (. 7.12).
. 7.12.
3
4
=
(1 4 ).
16
7.3
,
, ..
.
, (. 7.13).
. , , . ?
:
=
,
7.
124
. 7.13.
.
,
.
=
.
=
0
, .
,
() ()
, = ,
.
. ,
. , .
7.
125
1) > 0, ,
, .
2) < 0, .
7.4
,
.. (), , .
, . ,
. . = tg .
, ,
. < 5 .
, ,
, ,
(. 7.14).
. 7.14.
, (. 7.15, ).
7.
126
= = /2.
, m
4
=
: =
(.
8
7.15, ) =
=
(. 7.15, ) .
. 7.15.
,
= +
=
4
8
4
2
+
=
(1
+
)
2
3
2
z[
,
8 4 1 0, 615
(
+
),
3
44
= /.
/ >> 1,
, ,
8
.
3
(), .
(. 7.16).
7.
127
. 7.16.
, =
, = =
.
=
0
.
= 2 , .
4
, = , =
.
2
,
4 3
8 3
22
=
=
.
4
4
4
: [], []
,
=
8 3
[]
4
.
7.5
, () . .
7.
128
(. 7.18).
. 7.17.
,
=
,
max
= max ,
max ,
max
,
;
= 2 (
);
= 3 (
).
, , /
a/b
1
1,5
2
3
4
6
8
10
0,208 0,213 0,246 0,285 0,282 0,299 0,307 0,313 0,333
0,141 0,196 0,229 0,263 0,281 0,299 0,307 0,313 0,333
1,000 0,859 0,795 0,753 0,745 0,743 0,742 0,742 0,742
max =
7.6
( )
.
. ,
7.
129
, .
,
() ( ) ( > 10 ).
. (. 7.18).
. 7.18.
(. 7.19).
. 7.19.
7.6.1
,
.
( > 10),
= = 1/3 (. 7.20)
=
,
1
2,
3
1
3
3
7.
130
. 7.20.
7.6.2
1
2
3
=
.
(. 7.21),
,
: =
.
= . =
1
1
, =
3 = =
3 .
. 7.21.
,
1
3
3
7.
131
1
3 .
3
= ,
=
.
.
=
, ,
=
=
7.6.3
(. 7.22):
. 7.22.
1) ;
2)
.
,
= 1 1 =
2 2 , 1 1 = 2 2 = = .
,
.
(. 7.23)
=
() = () ,
() = 2 * , * ,
7.
132
. 7.23.
.
() = 2 * . = 2 * , =
.
2 *
,
2 *
= 2 * .
: =
(. 7.24):
. 7.24.
1
= .
2
2
0 =
.
2
7.
133
= ,
( )2
= 0 =
=
=
2
(
=
2 *
)2
2
=
2 (2 * )2
1
2
=
2
2 (2 * )2
,
* 2 =
(2 )
(2 * )2
.
=
7.7
? , ? ,
? . ? . , ?
?
?
?
8
8.1
.
, , . .
(. 8.1).
. 8.1.
. = .
[], ,
< [].
134
8.
135
: , ,
= , ( ), . . , . ,
< [],
. ,
. , . .
.
.
, ,
.
: < . , , , ()
. > ,
. , ,
() , . . , =
.
:
[] ;
1)
2)
,
=
, ,
= []
.
[]
.
, , .
,
. ,
.
, . ?
8.
136
XVIII . (. 8.2).
. 8.2.
-
. ,
, .
. , . ,
, .
= , = . "
, = ,
+ 2 = 0,
.
2 =
. .
:
= sin + cos .
:
1) = 0 = 0, = 0 = sin ;
2) = = 0, sin = 0. = 0. , = 0, , . .
.
, sin = 0 = , ( = 0; 1; 2; . . . );
2
2
= 2 2 ,
2 = 2 2 ; 2
2
= 2
,
2
:
8.
137
(0)
= 0
;
2
(1)
= 1,
=
;
2
2
4
(2)
= 2,
=
..
2
, . , , , .
(0)
. ,
= 0,
2
2
.
?
=
= sin
.
? , .
. , . , (..
)(. 8.3).
. 8.3.
=
,
.
,
= 2 .
=
8.
138
2
2
=
.
2
2
, , .
=
2
2
.
=
8.2
.
1) (. . 8.1).
2
.
2
2) (. 8.4).
. 8.4.
?
.
, : , ,
2,
2
.
(2 )2
8.
139
, ,
,
.
3) (.
8.5).
. 8.5.
? . , .
.
, , ,
1
.
=
,
, , ,
.
, /2
, ,
2
.
(0, 5 )2
, ,
, , , ,
. , , .
4) (. 8.6).
, ,
0, 7 .
8.
140
. 8.6.
,
2
,
=
(0, 7 )2
, .
, ..
2
( )2
. , , ,
.
:
1) = 1;
2)
= 2;
3)
= 0,5;
4) = 0,7.
.
, , ..
8.
8.3
141
2
: =
,
2
.
=
min
, ,
- .
, . . ,
.
= (), ,
( ).
, :
2
.
= ,
, . ?
20: = 200 , =
2
2 2 105
=
= 100. 20
200
, 100.
4 4
=
. =
=
;
64 2
4
4
=
=
100, 25
20 (. 8.7).
, 2
< , <
, .
2
:
8.
142
. 8.7.
1 .
, .
, 2
: =
. 20
2
100.
2 . .
, < ,
,
. 20 = 40.
2
,
, <
2
- ( ). ,
.
3 .
, < .
20 , < 40. , ,
( ) ( )
,
. = = ,
.
20, = 200 , = 240 ,
= 40,
= 100 (. 8.8).
100 = 200 .
.
= = 240 .
(..
). .
8.
143
. 8.8. 20
.
( ) , ,
. ,
, , [] =
:
[] ,
.
:
.
8.4
. (): [] =
,
= , = .
: [] =
.
, > , . . , ,
. = 23 ( = 1,5). =
8.
144
5, . .
, ,
,
.
[]
= ;
[]
[] = [] .
. ,
,
. 0 1. 0, 1. ,
, = 1.
?
= (,
).
( ) ,
, .
.
?
1. .
, (. 8.9).
[] .
[] .
,
, . : = ,
,
. .
8.
145
. 8.9.
2. .
.
[]
, .
, , .
,
( ),
.
= 0,5
(1)
, ,
=
0, 5 []
?
(1)
(1)
(1) (1) . (1) .
, (1) (1) [] .
, .
( , ).
(2)
(2)
(2) (2)
: (2) (2) [] ,
,
13%. ,
()
,
. , .
8.
146
: () [] ,
, . ,
.
.
3. .
[] ,
[] .
, , , ,
.
8.5
.
: . , ? ?
, (. 8.10).
, , . . ,
, ,
, =
=
,
, .
, = , . ,
,
0 = 02 .
( . =
) .
8.
147
. 8.10.
, . .
.
,
( ) (. 8.11).
. 8.11.
.
,
.
1 .
2
. =
2
, , , .
, . ,
, ? , .
, .
2
. , ,
,
8.
148
.
. ,
.
- (. 8.12).
. 8.12.
. , , ,
, , .
8.6
?
? . ?
,
? ?
?
?
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