Ex 2.

Assume four branch MRC diversity is used, where each branch

receives an independent Rayleigh faded signal. If the average SNR of
each branch is 20 dB, find
a. The average SNR of four branches
b. the probability that the SNR will drop below 10 dB.

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Soln 2.

10 dB 1010/10 10
20dB 1020/10 100

a. The average SNR of four branches

N N 4 X 100 400
26.02dB
b. the probability that the SNR will drop below 10 dB.

Pout , MRC P N 10 1 e

k 1

k 1!
k 1

10 /100

10/100
1 e

k 1!
k 1
4

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k 1

B. Polarization Diversity

At base station, space diversity

is considerably less practical
than at a mobile because the
narrow angle of incident fields
requires large antenna spacing.
Orthogonal
diversity is used.

polarization

When paths are obstructed, it

is found that polarization diversity
reduces the multipath delay
spread
without
significantly
decreasing the received power.
Circular and linear polarized
antennas have been used to
characterize multipath inside
buildings
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B. Polarization Diversity

MS1

MS2

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B. Polarization Diversity

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C. Frequency Diversity
I.
II.

III.
IV.
V.

The same information signal is transmitted and received simultaneously on

two or more independent fading carrier frequency.
If the frequencies are separated by more than coherence BW of the
channel, they wont experience the same fading.
The probability of simultaneous fade will be the product of the individual
fading probability.
Requires extra BW. It also requires many receivers.
It can be applied for Wide-band scenarios.

D. Time Diversity
I.
The signals representing the same information are sent over the same
II.
III.
IV.

channel at different times.

The transmitted information is sent over time that may exceeds the
coherence time.
Multiple repetitions possible in case of multiple fading condition.
Rake receiver for spread spectrum in CDMA, is an example of time
diversity.

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Rake receiver

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Rake receiver

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Rake receiver

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Rake receiver

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Rake receiver

Overall received signal

M

Zover i Zi
i 1

Weighting coefficient

Zi2
M

2
Z
i

i 1

Due to MAI, RAKE fingers with strong multipath amplitudes will

not necessarily provide strong output.
Choosing weighting coefficient based on the actual outputs of
the correlators yields better RAKE performance
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