ΔΗΜΙΟΥΡΓΙΑ ΜΟΝΤΕΛΟΥ ΠΕΠΕΡΑΣΜΕΝΩΝ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΩΝ

:
:..
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..,
:299
,2010
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32010
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:299/2010
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.

,
,
.

Opera2d, ,
.
.

.
.
2
.

.
3
Opera2d.
4
,
.
4
Abstract
ThisthesiswasproducedinthedepartmentofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScienceat
theUniversityofPatrasandinvolvesthestudyofrotorerrorsinathreephasesynchronousmotor
withsalientpoleswiththehelpoffiniteelementanalysis.
The purpose of this thesis is the monitoring of a threephase synchronous motor with salient
poles during asynchronous starting, with one broken bar, broken ring and in a healthy state for
comparingtheresults.
For the design of the motor we used the machine data of a real motor which is used in a
pumped storage hydroelectric generator. For the creation of the model in two dimensions we
usedthesoftwareOpera2d,whichusesthefiniteelementmethodtosimulatetheoperationof
electricmachines.Forthesuccessofthedesign,anumberofmeasurementsandcalculationswas
takenfromthemachinedatawhicharenotincludedinthethesis.Also,afterthecompletionof
themodel,werunsimulationsinsteadystatetoverifythatthemodelwasrunningaccordingto
designerparameters.
The thesis is divided in five chapters. In the first chapter there is a general description of the
basicknowledgeofelectricenergyandtheprinciplesregardingtheconstructionandoperationof
synchronousmachinesandinparticularthreephasesynchronousmachineswithsalientpoles.
In chapter 2 there is a more detailed description of the operating characteristics of a three
phased synchronous motor and the starting methods, with emphasis at asynchronous starting.
Additionally,thereissomeinformationregardinghydrogeneratorstations.
Chapter3showsthemainstepsfollowedduringthedesignstageofthemodelanditincludes
imagesofthemainpartsofthemotorandthecontrolwindowsofthesoftwareOpera2d.
Chapter 4 starts by showing the main steps and control windows for the analysis parameters
and this is followed by the results of the simulations for the three cases: healthy motor, with
brokenbarandwithbrokenring.
Finally the conclusions for the asynchronous starting of a synchronous motor and how it is
affectedbyabrokenbarandabrokenringattherotor,arepresentedattheendofchapter4.

,..

,
.

.

.
,,
,
.

1.
1.1 ............................................1
1.1.1 ..2
1.1.2 4
1.1.3 ..............................4
1.1.4 6
1.2
1.2.1Faraday..................................7
1.2.2AmperBiotSavat...8
1.2.3Lenz 8
1.2.4.9
1.3
1.3.110
1.3.212
1.3.3 14
1.4
1.4.1.17
1.4.2..18
1.4.3..............................21
1.5. 22
2.
2.1(.)..................................26
2.1.1. 27
2.1.2 28
2.1.3 28
2.1.4..28
2.1.5. 30
2.2 30
2.3. 34
2.4 35
3.
3.1Opera2d
3.1.138
3.1.2 39
3.2
3.2.1 41
3.2.2 41
3.2.3.43
3.2.4.49
3.2.551
3.2.6(ExternalCircuits)54
3.2.7 58
4.
()
4.1 61
4.261
4.3 65
4.3.2
74
4.4. 78
ii
4.4.2
83
4.587
4.5.2
93
4.6.96
97
GorgesEffect..100
103
iii
.

,

.
,
.

,

.

.
1.1[1,2,3,5]
1.1.1
.,
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.
.

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1.2

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1.1.2
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1.1.3

/
hertz (cycles/sec).

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,
(phasors)
.phasors
.
,
.
.

.
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.
(..)
,
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.
.
4
amper ohm,
Watt.
.

,
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,
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.,
9090.
:
S: S = E * I ,VA
P: P = E * I * cos ,Watt
Q: Q = E * I * sin ,VAR
P.
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().

.
1.1.4
.
,,
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/.

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1.4
6
/
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(, ..).' ,
,.
1.2

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,
.
1.2.1Faraday
,:
1.
2.
e =
dt
1.2.2AmperBiotSavart

Faraday. Faraday
,
AmperBiotSavart
.
F = B*l * I
1.2.3Lenz
Faraday AmperBiotSavart
Lenz.Lenz

.
,
, (
Faraday). , ,
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, AmperBiotSavart,
. Lenz

.
(

)

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1.2.4
,
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WE + WM + WS + WH = 0

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5 kVA.
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14
1.8.
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q=
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1.4
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1.4.1
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fc =
nm P
120
f c =z
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e =
P

2 m
em.
1.4.2..

= 2 N c f
17
,

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IF .
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1.10)IF)IF()
V.
V:
1.
(
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2.
3.
4.

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R
R.
18
, V
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s .
stat.
stat.
V=+stat
net=R+s
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statIA
stat=jIA
V=jIA

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V
V=jsIARAIA
s
(.. ).
.

19
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VT VT = 3V VT = V
1.11
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20
1.4.3.

.
.
, ,
.
,
.
Pconv = app m d
Pconv = ind m = 3 E A I A cos
Pout = 3VT I L cos

Pout = 3V I A cos
Qout = 3VT IT sin
Qout = 3V I A sin
RA.
sRAs>>RA.
P=
3V E A sin
S
V
90(sin=1).
21
.
1520.
ind =
3V E A sin
m X S
1.5

.
.
1.12
.
,
.
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.
,
22
.
,
.
(sin2).

:
1.
2.
3.
4.

V = A + d + q
d
q
.
90.,

d = jxd I d
q = jxq I q
V = E A jx d I d jxq I q
23
d = d + A
q = q + A
V = E A jxd I d jxq I q RA I A
P=
3V E A
Xd
3V2 X d X q
sin +
2 X d X q
sin 2
ind
3V2 X d X q
sin +
=
2 m X d X q
m X d
3V E A
24
sin 2
1.12
.
25

.
.
2.1
2.1,R
F.
Bs.
!
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.
.
:
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2.1
26
2.1.1
' .
app
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ind = kBR * Bnet
ind = kBR Bnet sin
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R
Bnet.
2.1()()
.
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27
2.1.2

.
.
ind = kBR Bnet sin

3V E sin
ind = A
m X s
=90
450.
net
.

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2.1.4
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28
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29
2.1.5

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1.

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30
2.4

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2.5
31
,
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t=0 , 2.6 ,
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v=
=
l=
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900
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1800
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3600.
32
2.6
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33
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1.

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2.
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3.
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2.3
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34

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.[10]
2.4
,
().

,
.
:
1. h
2. h
3.

:
1. Pelton(h=1841840m)
2. Francis(h=37490m)
3. Kaplan(h61m)
35
Francis.
2.7
36
3:
M Opera2d
.

.
,
.
,
.

.
.

,
.
37
3.1Opera2d[8,9]
3.1.1
Opera2d
, .

.
:
Poisson
Helmholtz
Diffusion

:
()
()

.
() .
(
).

.
.

,
.
,,,,.
38
3.1.2
Opera2d
3 ,
,.
: Opera2d
.
:
,
,
.
Delaunay.
,
.

.
DRAW EDIT MODIFY.
COPY.
.
BHDATA.
39
:
.
RM (
). , ,
.
.
.
:
, .
(, , ,
) (POINTS),
(CONTOUR PLOTS) .
.
40
3.2
3.2.1
Opera2d,
:
3.1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Ssv452/12440NR
500rpm
50Hz
13.00kV
200MVA
0.80
8882.3A
3055.8kNm
1988.5A
167.0V
203000kg
66224kg
445900kgm2
3.2.2
.
.
.
,BH
.
3.1.
41
3.1PreandPostprocessorEnvironment
setview.
.
3.2
42
3.2.3

. construction lines

.
.
3.3

300 300.

43
,
.
.
3.2
Startat
XorR(m)
0
0
Startat
YorZ(m)
0
0
Endat
XorR(m)
2.2
2.2
Endat
YorZ(m)
0
0
Rotation(o)
0
30
3.3
Origin
XorR(m)
0
0
0
Origin
YorZ(m)
0
0
0
Startat
Radius(m)
1.206
1.573
1.943667
Endat
Radius(m)
1.206
1.573
1.943667
Startat
Angle(0)
0
0
0
Startat
Angle(0)
30
30
30

construction lines
.
.
.

(elements)
.
44
3.4
3.5
45
.
.
3.6
3.4
Materiallabel
Permeability
Conductivity
3
4
1
5000
5000
1
0
0
0
Conductor
number
3.5E+07
.

.
.
34
3.7.
46
conductor number
connected conductor symmetry

.
3.7
47
3.8
copy
.
3.9
48
conductor numbers
.500
400,.
3.2.4
180
.
300
15 .
.
2
.
3.5
Startat
XorR(m)
0
0
Startat
YorZ(m)
0
0
Endat
XorR
2.51
2.51
Endat
YorZ(m)
0
0
Rotation(o)
0
30
3.6
Origin
XorR(m)
0
0
Origin
YorZ(m)
0
0
Startat
Radius(m)
1.965
2.51
Endat
Radius(m)
1.965
2.51
49
Startat
Angle(0)
0
0
Startat
Angle(0)
30
30
(4) region
properties permeability (5000)
.
.
3.10

.
conductornumbers1360.
50
3.11
3.2.5

.
. .op2
export command file.

(.comi).
51
3.12
(.op2)
commandsin
.
3.13
3.13
52
3.14

. 3.15.
53
3.15
3.2.6(ExternalCircuits)

,
.
.
.
MontelExternalCircuitsCreate
.
3.16
54
3
2
.

3.7.PeakVoltage
Command file
.turns
29.
3.7
.

55

.
40
3
1200.
.
3.8
.
3.8

.
56
96
3.9
.
3.9

.
Edit Circuits
.
3.19
57
3.2.7

Display Mesh ,
tolerance:5.0E05.
3.20GenerateMesh

,
.
errorswarnings.

(.3.21).
3.21
58

.
.
.

Opera2d
elementsnotes.
3.22
59
,
,3.23.
3.23
60
()
4.1
.,

. :
,,

. ,
,.
4.2

,
.

.
OPERA2dPre
and Post Processor RM analysis {Model Analysis Options
Rotating Machine (RM)}.
.

Linear material analysis .
TimesteppingFixedstep
,
61
1.003 .

.
Output times.

.

.
4.2RMAnalysis(TimeSteppingOutputtimes)
Drive
external circuits . 9
Functional #PHASE1 #PHASE9.
Functional
#VOLTF.
(command input.comi)
. external circuits
defaultDC.
62
4.3RMAnalysis(DriveLogging)
Logging

.
.log.
, ,
, ,
.
Rotation
,
.
(comi)
,

..
63
4.4RMAnalysis(Rotation)
m,
kg/m2 Nm
.
4.5
64
4.3

.

.
,
.

.,,
4.6
65
4.7
11,6 .
4.7
(167V).
4.8
4.8
66
4.9
,
,
.
.
4.10
67
.

.
.
[13]
Gorges
, 5 4.10
.
.
4.11
.
.

.
4.11
68
11.6
,
.
4.1211.6

,

..
4.13
69
,
,
1,6

Gorges5.
4.14

.
4.165.
MATLAB
FastFourierTransformFFT
(db).
Fourier1718
5(250Hz)9(450Hz).
70
4.15
Normalized Amplitude (dB)
-50
-100
-150
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
frequency (Hz)
350
400
450
500
4.16FFT
71
4.17

,3
4 .
(.4.20).
4.183
72
4.194
4.20
73
4.3.2
5,6 7
, A/m2,
4.214.23.
4.36204 m2.
,,
4.215
4.226
74
4.237
4.23
.

.
4.24
75
4.25
,
.
. ,

.
4.257
76

.
.
4.26
77
4.4

3,507 1,
.
.
4.27
.
,
Gorges,

.

.
78
4.28

,
.
4.29
79
4.30
4.31
80
-50
-100
-150
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
frequency (Hz)
350
400
450
500
4.32FFT

, 4.33, 4.34, 4.35 .
, 4.33,
.
4.33
81
4.343
4.354
3
5,.,
4.35,
.
82
4.36
4.4.2

,

.

.
.
4.375
83
4.386
4.397
84
4.40267.
4.40

4.41,
5,

6
.
4.40
85

,
6.
4.417
86
4.5

external circuits

4.42 .
,.
4.42externalcircuits

4.43

87

.
4.44
.
4.43
4.44

.
88

,
.
4.45
, ,
,
.FFT,
1718.
4.46
89
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
frequency (Hz)
350
400
450
500
4.47FFT
4.482
90
4.493
4.504
91
4.515
4.484.51
.
,
,.
4.52
92
4.5.2
5,67.
4.535
4.546
93
4.557
4.56
5
94
4.577
95
4.6

:
1.
,
.
2.
3.
4.
2
.
.

.

.

[10]
.
96
(comi)
.
HzVolt.
13000
2 = 10615
3
$cons#fs50
$cons#ampl10615
ifelse 2
.120
.
$ifttimele0.04
$cons#PHASE1(ttime*25)*#ampl*sin((2*pi*#fs*ttime)+(90*pi/180))
97
$else
$cons#PHASE1#ampl*sin((2*pi*#fs*ttime)+(90*pi/180))
$endif
.1
98

1200.
.2

.

. ifelse
#VOLTF.
$ifttimege11.6
$cons#VOLTF167
$else
$cons#VOLTF0
$endif
.
,,
,
,.
.
$cons#TORQUERMTORQUE*RMLENGTH+RMATORQUE
$cons#ACCEL#TORQUE/RMINERTIA
99
GorgesEffect[14,15,17]
1896 H.Gorges
.

d.

.3
Ta
Tp,
.
f Hz
s,
sf.
, Park
, .
, sf

sf.
(1f)s,
(1s)f+sf,
.
100
Ta.
,
(1f)ssf =(12f)s, ,
f(12s)f=2sf.
:
Tm = Ta + Tp cos 2 s t
.4
.5Gorges
101
Ia Ip
. Ia Ip
(12s)f Hz.
:
I = Ia cos( t ) + I p cos(1 2 s) t
.6
, Ta
,,
( .4).
Gorges.

.
.
.
102
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
.,
,.
.,
,.
,,
,
.
..,
..,.
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ΔΗΜΙΟΥΡΓΙΑ ΜΟΝΤΕΛΟΥ ΠΕΠΕΡΑΣΜΕΝΩΝ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΩΝ

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ΔΗΜΙΟΥΡΓΙΑ ΜΟΝΤΕΛΟΥ ΠΕΠΕΡΑΣΜΕΝΩΝ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΩΝ

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:

Pconv = ind m = 3 E A I A cos

Pout = 3VT I L cos

Qout = 3VT IT sin

ind = kBR * Bnet

ind = kBR Bnet sin

ind = kBR Bnet sin

Normalized Amplitude (dB)

Normalized Amplitude (dB)

Normalized Amplitude (dB)

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