INTRODUCTION

From ancient times, people tried to record and track various facts and aspects
regarding everyday life. Thorough the history, the need of organizing and managing
important aspects of society leaded to the development of multiple techniques serving these
goals.
The time evolution of these data organizing and processing techniques is letting us see
multiple phases, like follows:
Phase 1.
The data is organized like sequential files (a multitude of data of the same type,
therefore realizations of article type). The data structure is meant to serve only one
application, which involves a large redundancy in memorizing the data (the same data
is independently described in more than one file). The redundancy leads to an
inefficient utilization of memory space and creates troubles on update operations. If
we modify a data from a file using a piece of software and the same data is present
into another file, the second file will not be updated automatically, therefore the same
data will have different values in different files. This will have as a result a data
inconsistency.
Phase 2.
This phase is marked by the separation between logical and physical data structure.
Through this separation we can accomplish the datas physical independency. The
data is memorized in files of different organizational types: sequential, indexed,
direct, inversed. For them we could write programs which will access the data more
quickly, but the data redundancy and inconsistence is still not solved. Through the
separation between logical and physical structure