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Metabolism
Metabolism
I. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Production of complex organic compound from
inorganic compounds of CO2 and H2O energized
by light utilizing the chlorophylls and accessory
pigments with the insistent release of oxygen.
CO2 + H2O
sunlight
chlorophyll
C6H12O2 + O2 + H2O
RAW MATERIALS
Carbon dioxide (from the atmosphere)
stomata
intercellular spaces
mesophyll cells
cytoplasm
chloroplast.
Water (from the soil as capillary water)
by the roots
transported by the xylem
leaf veins
mesophyll cells.
absorb
FACTORS
Sunlight visible light R O Y G B I V specifically Red
and Blue wavelength from 430 nm to 700 nm: red 660
nm, blue 440 nm.
Temperature - 5C to 35C optimum temperature light
increases temperature of the leaf but becomes a limiting
factor a necessary factor in a process which is most
scarce and sets the rate of the process.
Quality of light red and blue wavelength is
absorbed by the chlorophyll.
Quantity of light light intensity or brightness on
clear day more light than in cloudy day
the equator receives intense light at noon
in the poles very little light
Protective adaptations of plants trichomes, cutin
and accessory pigments shading the chlorophyll.
Duration of light number of hours per day
summer longer days and brighter light
LIGHT SPECTRUM
CHEMICAL REACTION OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photophosphorylation or chemiosmosis light
dependent reaction in the thylakoid membrane.
A photon of light is absorbed by chlo a
molecule (P700) is raised to a high energy level
(excited). The electron will move to (X) Fe4S4 which is
unstable and immediately pass to ferredoxin then to
ferrodoxin NADP+ reductase converting it to
reduced NADPH. The reducatase carries 2 electrons
but reduced one at a time becoming NADPH2.
CHEMIOSMOTIC PHOSPHORYLATION
CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS
II. RESPIRATION
Breaking down of complex carbon compounds into
simpler molecules generating ATP use to power the
metabolic process of
C6H12O6 + O2
TYPES OF RESPIRATION
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen as the
terminal oxygen acceptor.
Plants + animals obligate aerobs
Anaerobic respiration or fermentation respiration
without oxygen.
A. GLYCOLYSIS
Occurs in the cytosol; also called the Embden Meyerhoff
Pathway; the initial steps of aerobic and anaerobic respiration;
ATP and NADH are used and oxidized becoming ADP and NAD.
Glucose is phosphorylated by ATP to glucose 6 phosphate then
converted to fructose 6 phosphate. A second ATP molecule
phosphorylates this to fructose 1-6 biphosphate which breakdown
into 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone
phosphate (DAP) that is converted to 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde
and oxidized to 1, 3 diphosphoglycerate. The 3phosphogylceraldehyde (PGAL) will be oxidized and the electron
will reduced NAD to NADH converting it to 1, 3diphosphoglycerate (high energy) + enzyme becoming 3
phosphoglycerate and Phosphate will be added to ADP
producing ATP (substrate level phosphorylation). Then 3
phosphoglycerate is converted to 2 phosphoglycerate then to
PEP + enzyme, phosphate will be added to ADP to become ATP,
dephosphorylation causes PEP to become pyruvate.