REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN HANDBOOK BY PROF.DR.SHAKER EL BEHAIRY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AIN SHAMS UNIVERSITY SIXTH EDITION 2002CHAPTER VI CIRCULAR TANKS Page VL.1] Ring Tension and Bending Moments in Open CircularTanks with Walls Fixed at Bottom 162 VI.2 Values of Maximum Ring-Tension and its Position 163 VL3| Simplified Method for Determining the Fixing Moment, the Shearing Force and the Thickness of the Wall at the Base |163 VL4 Loads and forces acting on silos and bunkers 166 A) Tension in Circular Rings Table I ‘ixed base Triangular Load 167 Table IT : Hinged base Triangular Load 167 Table III : Fixed base Rectangular Load 168 Table IV : Hinged base Rectangular Load 168 Table V : Fixed base Shear at Top 169 Table VI : Hinged base Moment at Base 169 B)| Moments in Cylindrical Wall Table VIE : Fixed base Triangular Load 170 Table VIII : Hinged base Trapeziodal Load 170 Table IX : Fixed base Rectangular Load 171 TableX : Fixed base Shear at top 171 Table XI : Hinged base Moment at Base 172 ©)| Shear at Base of Cylindrical Wall Table XII: Fixed or Hinged Base Triangular, Rectangular Load and Moment at Base. 172 Table XI : Supplementary Coeff. for Values of H’/Dt Greater than 16 (Extension of Tables I-XI1) 173 Table XIV: Moments in Circular Slab with Center Supp- ort and Fixed Edge. Under Uniform Load 174 Table XV: Moments in Circular Slab with Center Supp- ort and Hinged Edge Under Uniform Load 174 Table XVI: Moments in Circular Slab with Center Supp- ort and Fixed Edge due to M Applied at Edge 175 Table XVIII :Load on Center Support for Circular Stab. 175 Table XIX :Stifness of Circular Plates with Center sepport 175 Table XX: Stifness of Cylindrical Wall 175 VL5| Portoland Cement Association Tables for the Design of Circular Tanks : 176 EL - Behairy R.C. Design Handbook - Contents -10-CHAPTER VI. =REINFORCED CONCRETE Page A) Design of Sections (working stress design method) B) Details of Shear wall and short cantilevers. VIL1| Load distribution on two way slabs 178 VIL.2| Equivalent load for design of beams supporting two way slab | 178 VIL3} Dimensioning of R.C. rectangular sections subject to simple bending or eccentric forces with big eccentricities (W.S.D). Tables and curves for kl & k2 for f= 1200-2400 kg/cm’ | 179 VIL.4| Dimensioning of T-and L-Section 181 VIL5| Design and details of deep beams : a) Simply supported deep beam subject to uniform load 183 b) Simply supported deep beam subject to concentrated: Load 184 o) Continuous deep beam 185 VIL6| Design and details of short cantilevers 186 CHAPTER VIII YIELD LINE ANALYSIS Page VIIL1 | Introduction 195 VIIL2 | Concept of the yield line analysis 195 VIIL3 | Rules governing the choice of the yield line pattrens 197 VIIL4 | Virtual work method 197 VIIL5 | Notations 199 VIIL6 | Typical yield line patterns 200 VIII.7 | N-Sided slabs with regular shape 203 VIILS8 | Moments of regular slabs under uniform and concentrated 204 VIIL9 | Yield line pattern of flat slabs 206 EL-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook - Contents TISPART (I) Applications to The New Egyptian Code 2001 for Design and Construction of R.C.structures PAGE CHAPTER (3) | GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Design Methods (Limit state Design method and working stress 209 design method) Safety conditions. CHAPTER (4) LIMIT STATE DESIGN METHOD Ultimate strength Limit state Flexure and eccentric force 218 Shear-Torsion - Bearing Strength Bond, Development Length and splice of RFT Serviceability limit state - Crack Control CHAPTER (5) ELASTIC (WORKING STRESS) DESIGN METHOD General consideration allowable working stresses. 259 Sections subjected to bending or eccentric forces . Shearing forces-Torsion-Bearing CHAPTER (6) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS General assumptions 271 Solid slabs-Ribbed and hollow block slabs - Flat slabs - beams- Deep beams- Short cantilevers - Columns - Walls CHAPTER (10) PRESTRESSED CONCRETE General — Materials of prestressed concrete 360 Design of prestressed concrete elements Analysis of prestressed structures — structural details PART (i) DESIGN AIDS. H TABLES AND CHARTS FOR DESIGN OF SECTIONS (U.S.D) 1) Design of sections subjected to simple bending with Tension steel only, 338 2)With compression steel 340 3)Compression Force : 346 @) Interaction Diagrams for rectangular sections 359 4) Interactions Diagrams for circular sections 404 ©) Interactions Diagrams for hexagonal sections 405 4) Design of prestressed concrete sections. 444 El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Contents 42Et. 12. 1.3. 14. 1.6. L7. 18. 19. Weights, areas and circumfrence of Reinforcing steel bars. CHAPTER I GEOMETRY Area and Center of Gravity for Different Cross-Sections Volume and Surface Area of Different Bodies. Moment of Inertia of Different Sections Position of Center of Gravity of T-Sections. Moment of Inertia of T-Sections Properties of Hot Rolled Steel Sections: 6. Properties of cold formed steel sections : (Z-Perlins & [-Purlins) we wre . Equal Angles. . Unequal Angles. . Channels. |. Standard I-beam. LP.E, Broad Flange I-Beam. Properties of steel sheet Pile walls. 1.10. Properties of steel Pipes. Page 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 32, 34 El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter (1) Geometry -13-la. Steel Bars Used in ULAR. £1. AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCE & WEIGHTS OF REINFORCING STEEL BARS @ | Weight [orrcum Area of Cross-Section in_cm” mm | Kg/m | (cm) Ay [2 [3s |) ase Pg eas | 00) 6 |.22 198 | .283 | 566 [848 [1.13 | 1.41 | 1.70 [1.98 | 2.26 | 2.54 | 2.83 3 | 395 2.51__| 503 | 1.01 | 151 [2.01 [2.51 | 3.02 | 3.52 | 4.02 [4.52 | 5.03, 10. | .617 3.14__| (785 -| 1.57 | 2.36 [3.14 [3.93 | 4.71 | 5.50 | 6.28 | 7.07 | 7.85 13_[ 1.04 4.08 | 1:33 | 2.66 [3.98 | 5.31 | 664 | 7.96 | 9.29 [10.6 [119 | 13.3 16 | 1.58 5.03] 2.01 | 4.02 | 6.03 [8.04 | 701 | 12.1 | 14.1 | 16.1 | 181 | 20.1 19 [2.23 597 __| 2.83 | 5.67 | 8.50 [1103 [14.2 | 17.0 | 19.9 | 22.7 [25.5 | 28.4 22 | 2.98 6.91 | 3.80 | 7.60 [114 | 15.2 | 19.0 | 22.8 | 26.6 | 30.4 | 34.2 | 38.0 25 [3.85 7.85__| 491 | 9.82 | 14.7 | 19.6 [24.5 | 29.5 [344 [39.3 | 44.2 | 49.1 28_| 4.83 8.80 [6.16 | 12.3 [18.5 | 246 [308 [37.0 | 43.1 | 493 | 55.4 | 61.6 32 | 6.31 10.05: | 8.04 [16.1 | 241 [32.2 | 40.2 | 48.3 | 56.3 [643 | 72.4 | $0.4 38_| 8.90 11.94 | 11.3 | 22.6 [33.9 | 45.2 | 36.5 | 67.8 [79.1 | 90.4 [102 | 113 \b. Steel Bars Used in Other Countries. | Weight lcrgcum Area of Cross-Section in cm? mm | Kgim |_(m) 1]/273 [47s 7T6]f7]sf9T] 0 5_|_.154 | 1.57__| .196 | .393 | 589 [785 | 982 | 1.18 | 137 | 1.57 | 1.7 | 1.96 7 | 302 | 220 | 385 | -770 [1.15 [1.54 | 1.93 | 2.31 3.46 | 3.85 12 _[ 3883.77 | 1.13 | 2.26 | 3.39 | 4.52 | 5.65 | 6.79 10.2 | 11.3 14] 121 | 440 [1.54)| 3.08 [4.62 | 6.16 | 7.70 | 9.24 13.9 | 15.4 is | 2.00 | 5.65 | 2.54 | 5.09 | 7.63 | 10.2 [12.7 | 15.3 22.9 | 25.4 20 | 2.47 | 628 [3.14 | 6.28 | 9.42 | 12.6 | 15.7 | 18.8 28.3 | 31.4 24 [3.55 [754 [452 | 9.04 | 13.6 | 18.1 | 22.6 | 271 40.7 | 45.2 26 | 4.17 | 8.17 | 5.31 | 106 [159 | 21.2 | 26.5 | 31.9 47.0 | 53.1 30_[ 555 [9.42 [7.07 | 14.1 [ 21.2 | 283 [35.3 | 42.4 6 | 63.6 | 70.7 34_| 7.13 | 1068 | 9.08 | 18.2 [27.2 [363 [45.4 | 54.5 | 53.6 | 72.6 | 81.7 | 90.8 36_|_7.99 | 1131 | 10.2 | 20.4 [30.6 [40.8 [50.7 [61.2 [71.4 | 81.6 | 91.8 | 102 El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter (1) Geometry pe42 AREA AND CENTRE OF CRAVITY FOR LIFFERENT CROSS-SECTIONS Rectangle Triangle Square Parab| Cubic Parab, 4"dag. Parad. 2 | 2 ' i _ + halt) LT Lge _Aih ||_diala hb Lolsf hos boy 4 1.bA 1/2.b.h 173.0.h 1/4.0.h 1/5.b.h 5 1/2 b 1/3 b 1/4 b 1/5 b 1/6 b % 1/2 h 2/6 h S/10h | 4/14h 5/18 h fn | yah yoke |y Be ly =he | y =a et 2nr nd Circum. =3 (R?-r) =n (D*-a?)/4 = (R+97r)t A =br/2= n7e/360 =| A = =. s(n) Gi aise 711 HO = = 21-8) =ersin £8 4-378 Aw Zsh( for smalls)” Square parab. E appt 4 = 2/2 on A = 2/3 bh 5,=3/8 b.S,=Zh i e ACD-— vas ad jay crn aL 1. Simpson's Rule 2.Approzimate Rule : : (n-even) == [yo t2(yy t+ y, +-J+4(y, tug +-.J+4,] (Trapezium) A =F luot2(y, + uy ty, t-) +Yq] 4l-Bekawry RC Design Handbook Chapler (1) CeometryI.4. VOLUME AND SURFACE AREA OF LHWFFERENT BOWES Body V = Volume , S = Surface area of body. oF Cylinder :1) V=nr?h, S = 20th — 2) Vs Alene ® tanh h 7 v uu Ll | S = Length of circumference ta rat at A * Length L nt 1 a th Cone Vv ay Ah =n 7 (h/3) A | \ Sanrtenr|/r?+ hv +f V a a ee ; 2 ft | Port of v =a (R74 77 + RY) i | Cone tT t SS" "= m.L. (R+r) Rt Rt = (Rtn) \fR-r)* +8 @ Sphere: v =(L)nr® =n'd /6 and? = 41.7? . Part of Vv -wh® (r-h)= Eh (satn’) i 2 i Z\A| Sphere: S = 20th =n (a +h") Fall 1 _aye foe} ao ¥, =(8/4) (ror) n(2r—h) : 8r-h & ote nh er A(z) of v=" (sa? + 307 41) | i Sphere § = 2nr.h jay aje| | SPnere 4t-Behairy RC Design Handbook Chapter (7) Ceometry “16-12. CENTER OF CRAVITE, SECTION MODULUS & MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR LIFFERENT SECTIONS: Section ce. (Y) I z= a 3 2 | [ye 1) Bh! 1) oH | ag a H 5 ‘si b pe 3 aL 2 2) (HS—h) (HK oF bed | 2 abner) | 2) 2 APH) 4. 4 3 . 9g [979 og | Gan i | AS OSX 4 3 fatty oie 4) 5 4)0.1179 a4 @; 5)0.866 + |5)0.5413 r* | 5)5- 75 -0.625 # ¥ ¥Yle)r 6) 0.5413 7° 6) =0.5413 r @. 7)0.924 r|7) 0.6881 r* | 7) 0.6906 r® 4G Zn on? . 9. ine = a. + az 6) 1,= 8) Z= e ey _ Abe _ he? \ (Mt "y" ae ‘U" BA [ 9)0.5778 b| 9)80.018 b* |9)% 0.0373°b to) £ |10) aa 005d 10) ade otd 2D ps a.o 11) B11) 3.*-o§ | 1), I, =0.0075r4 s 0.0075r* 0.22347 [=] 20.137" |Z. = = _ _ 74 2 ¥, = 0.7766 Le =0.00966r* 1,,=0.004474 0.01 r8 £l-Behairy RC Design Handbook Chapter (1) GeometryB) SLABS SUPPORTED ON FOUR SIDES AND SUBJECTED TO TRIANGULAR LOADS B-5) SLAB SIMPLY SUPPORTED ON A LONGER SIDE AND FIXED ON THE OTHER THREE SIDES Ly / Ly wo] raf 12 | 13 fois hs 29.0 | 25.5 | 21 | 19.6 [| 188 34.5 | 321 28.5 | 282 0.45 | 0.47 0.49 | 0.49 104 | 86.9 378 - 0.38 | 0.42 0.30 =PL,: | 118 | 91.7 57.8 = PL,; | 95.2] 95.2 x 112 x=0.5Ly os| os | 05 | os | 05 | 03 x0.5L, | My m =PLx: | 952 95.2 | 98.0 | 103 | 112 | 1122 149 | 128 | 114 | 103 | 971 | 91,7 Myy max ‘ x 018 | O18 | 0.18 | 018 | 018 | 0.17 wl | atyily | | eé|/e@] ee] @ & & 0.82 |_0.82 0.82 | 31] 29 | 28 | 27 27 2.6 213 | 181 | 158 | 142 [ 141 | 123 12.7| 11.2 | 103 | 9.7 9.3 91 41] 41 | 39 | 38 38 | 38 03 | 04 | 05 | 05 OS | 05 3 uJ nme > = 1.50 Joie 5 50 acToR 9x REACTIONS & SF. MOMENTS El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter (4) Rectangular Plates -100-B-5") SLAB SIMPLY SUPPORTED ON A SHORTER SIDE AND FIXED ON THE OTHER THREE SIDES } SLABS SUPPORTED ON FOUR SIDES AND SUBJECTED TO TRIANGULAR LOADS |_ Sa Lit. LO] 1 2] 13 | a4 | is | 20 ee) oe in =-PL’x: | 34,5 | 31. | 28.7 | 267 | 253 | 23.7 | 20.2 me | etx = 0.45 | 044 | 043 | 0.42 | 040 | 0.38 | 0.31 SL, | My min a 29.0 | 269 | 258 | 249 | 241 | 238 | 219 =, | M, max=M,m=PL | 952] 813 | 74 | 649 | 606 | 572 | 405 My max = PL: | 104 | 104 | 104 | 108 | 104 | 104 | 108 i 038} 035 | 034 | 033 | 032 | 0.27 | 0.22 aty/ = My m =piey: | 18] 128 | 143 | 161 | iss | 217 | ses My max =4pLy:| 149 | i84 [159 [167 [175 | 185 y ois| 02 | 02 | 02 2 | 02 \ Stalk = eé!léeleé| & & & | os2| os | os | os | os | 08 =Q, max | * } Pk ot] 4a] 38 | 36 | 34 | 32 | 3a | 28 | R, max | at yiLy =03 | Qym | | ~o |” 3 =P ot | 3] 3.0 28 | 28 27 | 26 | Ry m | Pa, (Gm =-PL, + [213 | 234 385 | 313 | 340 | 474 | Rym =r, : | 27] BS wa) 163 | 74 | 238 | =. 51, PL,! ] | bn x | 009 | .010 012 013 014 | .015 : Er | BN FACTOR pix? FACTOR phx MOMENTS REACTIONS & S.F. Ly/Lx = 1.50 El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter (4) Rectangular Plates. - 101 -B) SLABS SUPPORTED ON FOUR SIDES AND SUBJECTED TO Ne B-6) SLAB FIXED ON ALL FOUR SIDES. Position | Lf ks 1o | 1a | 12 13 14 LS ij on, My min 30.0 | 26.7 | 247 | 233 | 222 | are | x - Ce 56.2 | 47.2 | 41.7 | 380 | 385 | 340 My min 36.9 | 36.0 | 35.1 | 346 | 34.4 | 33.8 at WL M, max 98.0 | 82.6 | 73.0 | 658 | 60.6 | 568 at why 0.34 | 0.38 | 0.40 | @41 | 0.42 | 0.44 rs 114 [120 | 132 | 147 | 167 | 185 x=0.5L, | My ™* 0.40 | 0.34 Ss & & at ylly i: os | os | 0s | os | 060 | 06 x=0.5Lx | My m =pi2, : | 114] 120 | 132 | 147 | 170 | 196 y=0.5Ly | -Q, m pasty | as 3 =P ly 31] 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 2.9 Rem atx =0 =0, m yO.SLy x 3 =P ot} a3 | 74 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 xm atx =Lx yoo] £Q, max e my =p, 3] 44] 4a | 4a | aa fat 41 yl, | Ry max 03 | 03 | 04 | 04 | 04 0.4 at x/Ly = x0. SL L,! = Py 009 | 010 | O11 | 012 | 013 | .o14 r i ~ FACTOR pix? FACTOR plx Ly/Lx = 1.50 MOMENTS REACTIONS & S.F. El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter (4) Rectangular Plates ~ 302+B) SLABS SUPPORTED ON FOUR SIDES AND SUBJECTED TO TRIANGULAR LOADS B-6') SLAB FIXED ON ALL FOUR SIDES. 13 | 14 | 15 ] 20 205 75 20.2 040 | 038 | 0.37 | 033 25.0 24.1 23.8 21.9 59.5 | 62.9 | 67.1 | 92.6 | M, max = Mym=PL?,: 69.9 63.7 59.2 | 50.0 My max = PL: | 98.0] 980 | 98.0 | 990 | 99.0 | 100 | 100 251, 0.37| 0.35 | 0.33 | 033 | 033 | 0.32 | 0.24 at y/Ly am | 251, | My m =pre, ; | 14 | iz | 132 | 147 | 170 [196 | 526 = +Q, max & = FPL ot] 41 | 39 | 36 | 34 | 33 | 31 | 28 L, | 7Remx 3 | aty/Ly =03 ww Oy Ry OF FLy 2) 3 | a9 | as | ae} a7 | a6 | 28 : I =n. oe * * yt, [Oy 7Ry =Plx + | 83 | 84 | 88 | a4 | 100 | 107 | 143 0.5L, PL,4 = .008 | .009 | .o10 | 012 | .012 | .013 | .o1s FACTOR plx* FACTOR px MOMENTS REACTIONS & S.F. Ly/Lx.= 1.50 El-Behairy R.C. 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BENDING MOMENTS IN RECTANGULAR PLATES SUPPORTED ON TWO OPPOSITE SIDES AND FREE AT THE OTHER TWO SIDES DUE TO LINE LOAD AND MOMENT AT THE FREE EDGE. Coy nm a as | Line Load at free edge : p(tm) Moment at free edge _:m(mt/m) 1, Plate free at two opposite sides & simply supported at the other sides Lyle due to ‘My at middle of span M, at middle of span | Factor Ma Ma | Ms | My | My My P +25 | +01 0 0 =.01 0 pls 30 m +33 -.01 o | -10 0 0 m P +25 | +.03 0 0 =.01 0 Pls 20 m +33 -.04 | -.01 | -10 | -01 0 m ? +25 | +05 | +01 | 0 ~.02 0 Ply 16 m +33 -.05 | -.02 | -10 | -.03 0 m P +25 | +09 | +.03 | 0 =.03 0 ply 12 m +.33 -.06 | -.05 | -10 | -.10 0 m P +.25 +11 +.05 0 ~.04 0 ply 1.0 m +33 -.04 | -.08 | -10 } -a5 0 m P +26 | +15 | +08 | 0 ~.04 0 ply 08 m +32 -08 | -.12 | -10 | -.22 0 m P +32 +25 +119 0 = .04 0 ply 05 m +.29 -.03 | -.20 | -10 | -39 0 m [_ P +53 +.50 | +.47 0 =.03 0 Plx 25 m +25 0 -25 | -10 | -.49 0 m 4 m y Po iim _ | a | | x 4 > a x 4 a ° > oa a0 | Sa Me My Mz My -121-IV.3. Plate Fixed on two Adjacent Sides and Free on the Other two Sides : 1) Uniform Load p t/m’_:M = p.L,.L, / factor : Iylx | Ma | Ma | My | My [Mas] Mac | o° 100 | -3.23 | -733 | -323 | -733 [167] -19.9 | 45 125 | -3.29 | -654 | 3.41 | -843 [176 | 204 | 41 1.50 51 6.11 3.78 -9.60 | 20.2 | -21.7 38 175 | 3.81 | 891 | -427 [109 [246 | 234 | 35 2.00 | -418 | -390 | -488 | -124 [310] 254 | 32 2) Line Load P t/m at edge x: .L, / factor + 1.00 | -2.22 | -8.36 | -1.02 | -6.47 | 11.6 | -5.24 | 36 1.25 | -2.00 | -3.70 | -113 | -6.33 | 110 | -s.21 | 32 150 | 201 | 451 | -130 | 648 [118 | -5.40 | 55 175. | 210 | 3.95 | -150 | -685 [457] 371 | 26 2.00 | -2.26 | 3.68 | -174 | -7.36 [167] -608 | 95 3) Line Load P t/m at edge y : M=P.L,/ factor : 1.00 | -1.02 | -6.47 | 2.22 | -8.36 | 11.6 | -5.24 | 54 1.25 | -0.97 | -6.90 | -2.80 | -13.1 | 140 | -s.60 | 49 1.50 | -0.95 | -7.60 | -3.76 | -19.5 [17.7 | 622 | 46 175 | 095 | 851 | -516 | 278 | o59 | -7.03 | a3 2.00 | -0.97 | -9.70 | -7.25 | -38.0 | 29.7 | -8.05 | 4, 4) Moment M (m.t/m) at edge x=L, M/ factor : 100 | 655 | 114 | -0.50 | 9.08 | 62.1] -293 | 27 125 | 2.69 | 127 | -048 | 125 | 168] -216 | 24 150 [-181 [13.1 | -049 [19.8 [109] -179 | 9 us | 147 | 132 [030 [358 [539 | 159 | a9 2.00 | -130 | 155 | -053 | 53.9 [9.04] 1.46 | 47 El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter (4) Rectangular Plates -122-3. Plate Fixed on two Adjacent Sides and Free on the Other two Side: 5) Moment M (mm) at edge y=Ly : M=M/ factor : L/lx | Ma | Ma | My | My | Mas | Mus | ° 1.00 | -0.50 | 9.08 | -6.55 | 114 | -62.1 | -2.93 | 63 125 | -0.53 | 6.35 | 101 | 108 | -64.2 | -4.47 | 60 1.50 | -056 | 5.76 | 13.2 | 114 | -363 | -7.17 | 57 17s | 061 | 475 | 112 [193 | 344 | 123 | 55 2.00 | -0.65 | 449 | 12.5 | 285 | -382 | 242 | 53 6) Concentrated Load P () x : M=P/ factor : 1.00 | -0.84 | -4.75 | -0.84 | -4.75 | 6.16 | -2.30 | 45 1.25 | -0.73 | -4.00 | -1.06 | -6.12 | 6.59 | -2.38 | 42 150 | 0.69 40 | -7.92 | 7.66 | -2.57 | 49 72. Tyas | 068 [375 [191 [103 [935 | 287 | 3g 2.00 | 0.68 | -3.96 | -2.63 | -13.5 | 11.6 | -3.22 | 37 7) Trinagular Load p tim’ :M=pL..L,/2 factor : 1.00 6.6 91 4.11 | -7.74 | -22.6 54 39 1.25 -7.02 | -8.08 05 | 8.18 23.7 -56 35 iso | -785 | -731 | 419 | -880 [273 | 60 [3; 175 | 898 | -692 | 441 [951 [337 | -65 [27 2.00 | -1.03 | -6.72 | -4.15 |-10.40] 43.8 | -68.4 | 55 T) Trinagular Load p tm’ _:M =p... L,/2 factor : 1.00 4.11 -7.74 6.6 94 | 22.6 54 SL 1.25 | -4.41 | -7.50 | -6.77 | -113 | 245 | -55.9 | 47 1.50 | -4.85 | -7.46 | -7.34 | -133 | 28.5 | -604 | 45 7s | 539 | -7.56 | -820 | -156 | 348 | -66.7 | 43 2.00 | -5.95 | -7.80 | -9.29 | -181 | 43.8 | -741 | ay El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter (4) Rectangular Plates -123-sow anpnBuvjooy (7) «ordoyy yooqpungy udisog DU Mayor 17 os [ 08 | 08 | 08 | os | 08 v8 08 os | 08 "= = sve | cor [ocr [irr | ext | oer | ors | ses | aos | 868 FAL g9sz | ose | sez [ore | ro. | ese [sex | ori | soo | 199 FAL orr | rer [ior [cor luvs | uss | oro | seo | ou | cee A oie | 0822 | ovse | oze | cove | SOZT | oosr | OFT | OSZI | OOTr SW oz [ et | st | et [ot [| st PT Gil tL TT YT sof /*T* T=: FA TAVOT WAOTINA OL CaLIATANS INV SINIOd YNOT NO TALTOdAAS TLV Td TF 'AL —124— OF] ICS | SSS | SOS | CO | OL | CLL] PSB] OFG [TIT] cer PW our | ser | ove | eve | sez | bz | siz | eet | vot | apr | cet PW sep | srr | op | BL | Sov | ers | ces | oss | ze’s | 609 | Leo | oco=~% tse | oo'c | coc | eure | cere | oor | rrr. | te | ocr | soe | ce | oro— rez | ore | 90 | Ice | ore | eve | oe | spe | ese | poe | eve | SOO=Y OLE | P92 | BSL | tSL | FL | BEL | OFZ | OTL | B69 | B99 | LEO | OcO=~Y Mad ses | ses | ces | ozs | sz’s | 17's | 91'S | 0's | Gor | usr | zr | OTO=*% sip | err | trp | 60° | Zor | sor | zor | sore | rove | se'e | eve | soo="v oz | ot | st | zt [ot st [ot | ev [| er [| rt | ot ¥TRT Gay Oss soup / ST Td = W Pooy mofiMy OF pajoalqng pu MOddng [p.aua) DUO payroddny ao] “FAT7A ot Let ET se 69 wet | we | oe it OE a er RL'O £99 Tt'9 179 RES SUS as’s Iz's 6b 6S'b Leb ow Ww? 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Design Handbook- Chapter(4) Triangular and trapezoidal -126-Woy TopATUDTLL (FY Tawa young Wig Du Mya exo0" | 910° || seoo"| szo0" zsoo"| coro} sroo" | 6zoo' } 9900" | sroo"! zoo" | 9¢00" teou" | 6to0" | coo} seoo 600" | ito" x | veo0 | ozo" | roo" | zoo" | zoo" eeou" | zoo" | oroo"| seco" 960° | ozto" se00" | scoo' | zsoo" | o¢oo | zr00" seoo | szoo" | zroo"} ovo0" coro’ | szto" vvoo' |} ogo" | zsoo" | te00" | 1500" soo" | szoo’ | rroo") r¥00" rit0'| 9et0" roo’ | ssoo' | e900" | eeo0" | sso0" troo' | te00" | 9Po0"} T¥00" ozto'| veto" ssoo' | t6oo' | ozoo | seoo | ss00" sro0" | seoo | groo"| 1¥00" Tero" | esto" 1900" |} e600" | zoo" | seoo" | e900" soo" | opoo' | ts00") roo" soto’ | oto" 900° | oro’ | asco" | troo | 2900" son" | 9v00" | 9so0") pao" zoro' | exto" 400° | ofto' | coro | roo | zz00" soo | soo" | £900") pro0" esto'| pstor zgo0' | utto' | tte | roo | szo0" ooo" | 1900" | 1400"} Foo" L0z0"| 9610" sooo" | sero‘ | sto” | tro0 | #800" s9o0" | 1200" | t800"} 9ro0" eco’ | 90c0" vito’ | sero | osto |. ssoo | 1600" 900° | €800° | 9800"} 9F00" v9zo"| sTco" yeto | erro’ | oxto' | seo" | oor0" zoo" | £600" || 4go0"} rroo 26co" | ozo" osto' | sto" | sero | “zeoo" | goto" | 100° | 9110" | egoo"} zro0" seeo'| orzo" oto" | soto" | 9zzor | osdo | e110" soo" | tro" || ssoo"| 9¢00" seeo'| orzo" esto’ | esto | razor | zzbo | sz10" are | ang [| an- | ane aa- | aa- a+ | mt | one | tae xwutyy) ret] wmrny | sang sana | samy seu] sous] xem] remy) eeu) emg) xeur a 2 2807) f s0) ¥ asxD 2 asvy f 20D ¥ asva 2 Aine aonBupyy party Ayvi0., (4 UNI @ve 6 I-Z 72D aos = swiswopy Buypuog ean JO 2509 2 4 b ’ “Spuoy DiNIUGpA Puy TopNTUDjIaI OF Mp ‘aie, anjnBunjay pouoddag adung (b WHT VMTUVTAL PONT AVVO, PUT PoRIOMUAy AAMAS Uy STATO SUTIN "SAT y+ Sbuypoo7 so asop Sh: wow ®y/ Ab i -127-Sending moments = coeff. q .a? /64 » v=016 b=(@0) fi (continu) 5 6 o|ae| oe] ae] eg ere ++ Mat ‘Shape of loading ‘Shape of loading ‘Shape of loading A B € A B B c “1318 | 0488 [0830 | 1038 | 0415 “1195 1979 o791 | 0161 | 0630 | 0915 | 0301 0538 “1291 -0303 | -0318 | 0015}. .0039 | 0162 =.0455 OM 1679 | 888 | 214s | 1100 2 2713 ’ vor | .as37 | 2077 | 1047 1618 2239 Mu -0604 | 0138 | .0617 | 0219 -.0332 0 Ma 20st | amas | az2s | oss 2367 2291 Mus ost | 0510 | 1040 | 0699 0399 0397 Mar sl4is | .08s4 3 .1538 1088 Muse 0935 | 0386 5 , 0945 0402 My ~o10s [1390 || 2022 | 0397 1728 4472 My 0022 | t4sé | 1987 | 0408 1805 ‘3168 My 0167 | 1146 | taza | 0321 0185 223 Myo aim | 3210 | 4942 248 2841 3847 My 1892 | 2805 | 4316 | 2133, 2437 37 Mu suiso | 1499 | 2390 | szit 1228 £1809 Mu asu | ams | i730 | 1465 2810 4757 Mys 1296 0743, | 0848 1443 0377 Myr 0931 * : 0618, Mow 0376 s 3 0073 Ma 0443 ~aa86_ |~ —0504 ~.0866 Mas 2003. 4553 | -.1949 -3020 -2996 -Sull . 91386 ~5220 Z -1980 =0399 =.0686 1543 -3497 -2371 - 8046 =1386 74132 i =1980 ~0189 ~0731 “1123 El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter (4) Trapezoidal Plates -129-CORNER CANTILEVER SLABS | ~—1— +1 Stress Trajectories strip 1 |] As for Top HPT} Strip 2 2 As for Top RFT. Deflection Values a | I | | | {Strips | Strip 2} strip! {St Details Of R.F.T. El-Behairy R.C.Design Handbook Corner cant. slabs - 130-CHAPTER V. CARCULAR BEAMS, CIRCULAR PLATES AND SURFACES OF REVOLUTIONS. 1. Gircular Beams Page a) Circular Beam subject to uniform Load p and supported symmetrically on n-supports 132 b) Cantilever Circular Beam Symmetrically Loaded. 133 c) Totally Fixed Cantilever Beam Symmetrically Loaded 134 ¥2. Circular Plates : A. Solid Circular Plate Subjected to 136 1. Uniformly Distributed Load ie ; 2. Partial Uniform Load at the Middle 138 3. Concentrated Load P at Center 139 4. Ring Load 5, An Intermediate Radial Ring Moment B. Circular Plate with a Circular Hole at the Center and Subjected to 6. Uniformly Distributed Load 140 7. Ring Load Along the Inner Edge 141 8. Ring Load Along the Outer edge 142 9. Radial Ring Moments on the Outer Edge. 142 10. Radial Ring Moments on the Inner Edge. 143 11. Radial Ring Moments Along the Supported Edge 144 V.3. Surfaces of Revolution & Shells : 1. Internal Forces According to Membrane Theory 145 2. The Spherical Dome 145 3. Toroid Dome : 150 a) Ring axis bisects the cross-section b) Ring axis does not bisect the cross-section 4, Other shells of revolution with curved meridian: 151 Parabola, Cycoloid 152 5. The Conical shell: @Dead load, b)Live load,c)General cases of loading 153 6. The Barrel Shell 157 1. Circular Cylindrical Shell (Pipe) 159 8. Hyperbolic parabolic 160 E-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter (5) Circular Beams -131-Po Qmax REVOLUTIONS. V.L CIRCULAR BEAMS « 7 = —, Reaction = mrp given by: M =r p(=h 4) nsinog 2. xing My = -E" p (C—— - 9) nsingg Q =-rpo 2ur Pp n Max. shearing force to the right or left of any support : “Phe following table gives the reactions, the maximum, shearing forces, bending moments and torsional moments in a circular beam of radius r supported symmetrically on n supports and subject to a total, uniformly distributed , Load P: CIRCULAR BEAMS, CIRCULAR PLATES AND SURFACES OF a) Circular beam subject to uniform Load p and supported symmetrically on n supports: n The bending moment M, the torsional moment M, and the shearing force Q in any section at an angle ¢ from the center Line between two successive supports, are P=2erp) Number | Load on Max. ‘Max. Bending Moment Max. | Central of | eachcolumn | Shearing |” at center | Overcenter | torsional | angle supp. force | ofeachspan | lineof | moment | between axis support of support ‘& sec. of n R Qua M(t) 1) M, | max. Mi 4 Pi Ps 0176 Pr | -.0322 Pr | 0053 Pr | 19° 21° 6 P/6 PAZ 0075 Pr | 0148 Pr | 0018 Pr | 12° 44" 8 PIs PIG 0042 Pr | 0083 Pr | .0006 Pr | ge 33: 10 PAO Peo .0032 Pr | ~0052 Pr | 0004 Pr | 70 3g. 12 PA2 Pad 0019 Pr | -.0037 Pr | 0002 Pr | gy El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter -5- Circular Beams -132-‘to symmetry, the shearing force Q and the torsional moment M, at c are to zero, thus : =0 and M.=0 2 single concentrated Load Mena. ™- ™, b bL Sor a uniform load p/m on circular part B_ BY s s Ra - pros 7 md Ry - pro (1+ 7) Mo = por [o(1- ~¢) - f] inwhich s = distance of center of gravity of arch from B B* r ands = (sing - @ COS) - — Po © Totally Fixed Cantilever Circular Beam Symmctrically Loaded Due to symmetry Q.=0 and Mu =0 This beam is once statically indeterminate , the statically indeterminate value M, can be determined as follows : El-Bhairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter -5- Circular Beams -133-in which ay = 24 J? ( Mgcosp - My xsing) do and bey = 21 J?" ( cos?@ + xin?) do-= r a [2 (x+D Qo - (x- 1) sin2Q ] For halfa circle ey = = and ay = = (x +1) inwhich 2 E ret. and G E = modulus of elasticity [ sigh E x—-—+ G = modulus of rigidity, ————— 2(1+¥) L ‘ ji 1 A v = poissonsratio = — +— Le 6 5 EIG=24 t a ty =moment of inertia about y - y= —— 12 I’. = torsion modulus t For a rectangular section with — = n>1 TD =n wb* b In the following table, the values of are given as a factor of n -—--& S ule ie n 1 13 2 3 4 6 8 y 0.140 | 0.196 | 0.229 | 0.263 | 0.281 | 0.298 | 0.307 | 0.312 | 3 | tb ; Therefore y = 2.4 — . can be extracted from the 2 typt 5y following table : ; a 1 15 2 3 4 6 8 10 2 L 1.425 | 1.020 | 0.875 | 0.760 | 0.711 | 0.670 | 0.651 | 0.640 | 0.608 E LBehairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter -5- Circular Beams -134-a single concentrated Load P at c we get: 2% (cose -1) + sin? py of on PT My = Pr (1-cosqy) - Me sin eg 2 Sor _a uniform Load p/m* +1 2 (4 sin @g - 2) - —*. eg. cospg + sin 29g 2 M.=+ yw pr pad. . 2 A 9, - sin2 G9 x-1 My = - pr? (1 - cosqg) + Me cos Gy Mz = pr’. (Po - sing) - Me sino TE the beam is a fixed cantilever half circle, we get : For a single concentrated Load P atc: Pr pr e- — ms - 2 ” prow =P (= v 2 For two equal concentrated Loads P at e and e 2Pr Mo= C08 Oe -(F-Ge) sine t ® Ma = -prsin(> =) 2pr om . Mea = c ~ COS Pe - Pe Sin Pe) % For a uniform Load p/m* r? 2 M, = p— (4-4) = 0.274pr x M=-pr 2m 4 2 Mt, = pro (> -—) = 0.3pr 2 El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter -5- Circular Beams -135-V.2. 1. Solid Circular Plates Subjecteed To Uniform Load :- Moments in circular slab with fixed edge:- r\bd og M = coeff.X pR Positive sign indicates compression surface loaded atpoint | 0.00R | 0.10R | 0.20R | 030R | 0.40R | 0.50R | 0.60R | 0.70R | 0.80R | 0.90R | 1.00R Mr +075 | +.073 | +067 | +057 | +043 | 4.003 | +.003 | -.023 | -0s3 | ~087 | | -.125 Mt +075 | +074 | 4.071 | 4.066 | +.059 | 4.050 | +039 | 4.026 | 4.011 | -006 | -.025 PB a El-Behairy Design Handbook Chapter (3) Circular Plates - 136 -ser [ ot” | soz’ [ stvo | occ | src [ ore [ose | 0 [| o | 0 0 0 0 0 0 err_| coc | sre | 99z-0 | o8z: | coz’ | roe" | 90" | 890" | 820" | 890° | s90r0 | t90" | iso" | 9so" | 9s0" sor | tec’ | aoc” | oreo | oe | soe" | suc | ue" [ocr [oor [sor | osro | srr | zer | ozt" | czr scr | osc | Lee | soe | Low | tor | sir | ocr | ast | ore | cuz" | seco | zee" | zee | vez" | ore" ser_| zor | sre”_| reo | esr’ | sas" | 9e9" | zs" | ost’ | vse" | pee | ezeo | cer | zor | itp | cor” ier | soz | ese™ | somo | sor’ | peo" | cocr | ozs" | oer" | coz" | ose | ooo | usr | 09" | Leo" | ous" esr _| 99z° | sse [sor | oor | oso" | ses | | sar’ | 99z" | sse" | soro | oor" | oso | szs" | 00 or | so | 90 | so [| rol zo] tof o [or] so[ 90] so | ro | zo] ro | o | a FT IWOUO PY TUNUOTUET, FUSUOAL Tee, Lea VT TTP WHOWIN fu qd x ‘ffoog = mawopy Suspuogy -137-0 [0st | oce | S60 | Ocr | 08r | Sor | 00s 0 0 0 oo oo 0 [cor use" [sro | 60s" | 9s9" | som | z19" wor | wr | ire | ver | cr | er far oO tO" str" ots'0 | F09" | BTL" | 9FL* | SSL" TOT" str 9980 ce" ele" 09%" | Sst" 0 | wor | sir | peso | 899° [988° | ore | asc" zor [str | reso | eom | ris’ | ir | ssh 0 a SIv’ | resd | 899° | SOT | F2T | TET ra sir” peso | 899° | SOT s9s°_| S08" o Z0z sit reso | 899" | SOT | OFT | SOT Ou" str FESO 899" sor ort | srr 0 ce" Sir" | reso | 899° | SOT | OFT oe ra sip" PESO | 899° | SOT ort bad 0 "| 80 x0 so ro TO 0 80 90 $0 rO v0 TO 0 Ba TN TUSHLO TA TOA, Fay HATO PAP wa, qd x ffoop = mowoyy Buypuag (q dVOT ONTY OL UALOILAAS SHIVId YP INO GTIOS' '€7'A4. Solid Circular Plates Subjected Single concentrated load :- P . P — 0:05 a, L=ap sail a ' odsz ' 1 0.194 ' 6 yy poe Me tf = * ass | ' i ! i ' ase | = 0.250 f ‘ a mn Letts foe ' : ' { { Oys7 1 i i 1 1 L i ! \ \ i ' ! \ ' i ai aoe La a i iT ma} 1 0277 1 0.208 5 1 t 857 1 ! asz2r i t t ' t El-Behairy Design Handbook Chapter (5) Circular Plates ~139V.2.6. Circular Plates with circular hole subjecteed to uniform load 1.90 + 0.065 | 1.302 arn 1.50 El-Behairy Design Handbook Chapter (5) Circular Plates -140-- | Los’ | 482" | texto | seo | Los’ | evs | vos | o | o | 0 0 0 0 0 0 OT crt | 086° | gogo | ses’ | soo | tro | cto o | reo" | opo9 | €90° | eso" | sore | cre 80 ost | zert | sor | zes* | ose: | ssz° 0 | oso | oor | gor | sez’ | ssz’ | 90 ost | ovr | sort | ase o | zo | coe | ase | ro siz’ | 19t | ter ae 0 | 9sz | sos | 70 cet sor 0 st Tt ro © [Te] o | , . . a Na vt} xu | so | vu | cu oO v jor] su] vu | go | ru | co |} vu v wa “Ww qd x ffaog = juamoy Supuag -141-V.2.8. Circular Plates with circular hole subjecteed to ring load :- Pe P P P ' 1 B=2.00 bop [rab , | | ot : S28 | er ! pee ee Pi; { poeieiq 3: 2933, @j|o_ i bos zat? em H at) 0° he : : i 1 1 i ' 1 1 i ! ' 1 4 H t : oo a MPa ! : 1 OP C135 sa 1 | sesr 1 t t 1 4 { t i i | 1 i ‘ 1 be er Tz; Po oe 1 az ae 1.572, f H 1 1 ' ‘2.990 | i : i ' { : 1 i | : ae 1.00 a.50 1.00 r 7 f ie El-Behairy Design Handbook Chapter (5) Circular Plates -142-= ssc | zt | poor | tae | sant | azar | o a a 0 0 0 a a ot ss | rT | pogo | sr | cor | 9zo" | 0 oot | 9" | sero | zor | eo" | 900° | 0 | 0 ert | eset | otL' | est’ | seo | 0 00 | costo | see | vz0" | sro" | o | 90 ser’ | zoe’ | zo” | 0 oot | 6tz' | eso} o} +o sor | e9z" | 0 oot | we jo} zo cor | 0 oor fo} ro oe jo o jo} o or | so | 90 | so | vo | zo | ro | of] ot} so | 90 | go | ro | zo | ro | o a Ww 7A Bd WA x foo) = juomoyy Buipuog - 143 -ssw | rz | zoo¢ | set | sor | zor | oor oot | oor | 00% oot | oor Sos | prt | pogy | OPT | ILE | OT | OOT 89° | erg9 | £68 766° | OO eve | ese | ter | ort | Pot | oor toro | 199 | 9x6 | cae | oot 8e7 | OFT | LOT | O0T 0 Lb6' | 00°T 807 | STL | OOT Ls’ | 00°. wz | 0OT 0 oor o'r 00 so | 90 | go | wo | co | ro 0 90 | so | ro r0 0 Hr WT INDAOW TOUT OL TALOALINS AT W x ffao = juawoy Sujpueg -144-» 2 SURFACES OF REVOLUTIONS AND CYLINDIRICAL SHELLS V.3.1 Internal Forces According to Membrane Theory = radius normal to axis of revolution any Circular ring at any plane 2-2 = radius of curvature of meridian = cross radius of curvature along the normal to axis of rotation. = resultant meridian force per unit length of circumference [axis_of rotation = f.t where f,= meridian stress eed t= thickness of shell resultant ring force per unit length of meridian. f,.t where f, = ring stress. H = Horizontal thrust of shell per unit length of circumference “W, = Sum of vertical forces above z - z (expressed through the angle @ ). P. = Component of external distributed load normal to surfage of revolution. "The meridian force Ng canbe given by No = Wo/2 ar sing | N, Ni |" Ane-the ring force No can be calculated from the relation —& + ~® = py : % » For spherical surface r; = r) = a and then: Ng + No = ap, For conical surface r;= © andthen: No'= ap, V.3.2. The Spherical Dome : The relation between a,r & y is given by : a=(r +y’) 2y The surface area of a spherical dome is : A=2nay i.e. it is equal to the surface area of a cylinder having the same radius R and height y. El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter -5- Spherical Dome -145-4) Internal Forces and Reactions due to Dead Load g/m2 The dead weight of a dome, height y, and included in a central angle @ is given by : Wy =gA= gle a y = g.2na’(1-cos@) W. The horizontal thrust H= ——® — = 88° _ 4,2 2urtang 1+cos@ atz ; ; The meridian force Ng = —t- = g, = cos @ 1+cos @ semaefltiesmeeese== hering forceNg =a. py - Np = ga (cosp - Elz 2 1+cos p atz at the crown where : p =O , cose =1 andz = a, weget : No = H = cS compression , and 2 Ny = H = g 5 compression at the foot of half spherical domes where @ = 90°, cose =0 & z= 0 we get: | Ne=gacompression, H= 0 and No =-gatension No =o when @ =S1° 49 or z=0.618a sy =0.382a, r =0.787 a For Ne=o ; we get the max. horizontal thrust Hyax = 0.382 g a The max. total horizontal thrust ff me = 2 Hyax = 20 0.787 a x 0.382ga = 0.3 (Qna’g), ie. is equal to 0.3 the total dead load on half THE he sphere. The meridian and ring forces of spherical domes subjected to dead loads g/m’ is shown in fig. and given in the following table : © o | 10 | 20 | 30 [| 40 50 60 70 80_| 90 | factors No | 500 | .505 | .516 | 537] seg | .0o8 | 667 | .747 | 938] 10 | -ga No_| .500 | .480 | .425 | .330 | .200 | .034 | -167 | -. El-Behairy R.C. Design : =62 | -10 | ge Handbook Chapter -5- Spherical Dome -146-ternal Forces and Reactions due to Live Load p/m2 On (Horizontal Projection) The total load W, =p. t= p.za’sin?@ Wo _ cos @ The horizontal thrust +H =-————= pa 2xrtang = p.z/2 Ho _ _We cos @ 2arrsing The meridian forceN@ = = pa/2 = const. (compr.)| i.e. the meridian forces due to p are constant in the dome. d(Hr) _ paces?” © Py? 92) The ring fore Ng = —— 5 a s at the crown: 1= a and then we get Np =No= p a/2 compression at the foot of half spherical domes _ where z= 0 , we have : No=-pa/2 tension and Ny =p a/2 Compression No=0 where 22” =a or z=0.707 a which corresponds to @ =45° ie. r=z=0.707 a Introducing this value in equation of H , we get : Hoa =pv2 = 0.3535 pa ‘The max. total horizontal thrust is therefore given by : FS wae = 2X 0.707 2x0.3535pa=O05nap + i.e, the max. total horizontal thrust of a spherical dome is equal to half the total live loads on half the sphere. The meridian and ring forces, can accordingly be illustrated pa/2 pa/2 as shown in the above figure. Ty Te El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter -5- Spherical Dome -147-es T =Unit central shear T : 8 Dead load g/m’ surface : p-=gcosp : T=0 y { : : w | Ng a= ga PO EP oy mga (OO NO cas 9) ! ‘i : sin” @ For @. = 0 (no vertex opening): DL 1 No =-ga 3 Ng = ga(————- cosp) oft BE cme 07 Oe cm a 2. Live Load p/m’ horizontal p,=pcos’@ ; T=0 Pp HILLEL HOt 2 at eN 10 sa aN sin” @ VY a yak 3 Ng =~ p—-cos2@ 2 2 a sin’, 2 sin“ 9, No =-P> a 5) 3 Ng =-P> 4 5) e ° For@o = 0: No = Ng = - pal2 h COS Po - COS PD -yal a- )- 1;T=6 2a ° san 3. 3, cos - cos =-rath Spe sent (eto eo 3c050)] 3 sin’ For p, =0(mo vertex opening) : cos _, Newer feos a+ Se ie 0 Liquied press 1+cosp Pe =7 (h-a.cos ) z 2, hb i 2 =-ya -cosp + — (i + ya log is G 14cenp 1 El-Bhairy R.C Design Handbook Chapter -5- Circular Beams ~148-¢) General Cases of Spherical Domes* (continu.) th 4 oa] ce I iquid Pressure 7 (a-h =a cose For points above the liquid level : Ny =No =0 For points below the liquid level : 2 2 a“ h h 2 cos” p No m1 =i —5-8-2)-3 1 y 6 a asin : 1+cos @ Ng =- a 2d -s@ *).- No I ; : Uguid Pressure = 7 (a-h —2 cosy) For points above the liquid level : 2 2 h hb. ft h 1 N —(3-— Se ae ears 6 ¢ asin gf Ng =- 1 a ante? For points below the Bani level = :. 3h 200s? o¢ Edge load p/m N, — (— iN, a Pea co “I-No nee a eae 2 sp sin sin @, ae 3 Ng =P 9° sin @ sin“ For ¢, = 0 (no vertex opening; Single load P at the vertex): No=-P/i2nasin'@ ; No=Pi2xasin’'p Wind pressure. P, = wsingcose ‘os © cos ° aa. [3 (cos @q - cos )-(cos*op - cos 9)| 3 sin” @ 3 cos® = [cos @ (3 008 gp - cos*@q)-3 sin2@ - 200549] sin” p in 0 Tew [3ceos 9 - cos p)= cos pg - cos*| 3sin? @ ' For ¢@ .= 0 (no vertex opening ) : cos cos Ng = w. ~~ S"*"( 2-3 cos +008%9 ) sin? @ aco: No = w. 3" ( 2c08@- 3 sin2p -2c0s4@ ) sin? Q asin® T=w. 37 (2 - 3 cos @ + cos @) 3 sin? 9 El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter -5- Spherical Domes -149-HEYS plosol =$- daidny yooqpunyy udsaq DU Caoyag-ig * is" exd= y Sous+OUBZ . Ze (ousdmsz - bzs00) oa Tengo a 6,500 d= *d soo duis d= *d zw, ws x} 9 od us% 8) 487 = Y (Coms;0us)6 us. ous 60s ea 3 (4-810) ouss_2 — sbs00 Jw'8- "ows b4-0800-] Gea Bi 6 ‘509-] ous 3 =*d | ous Zz, ous 7, ,s00 ‘dad bagi gg OO UB THO TOD Fe Sous Pt a p00 "ae e dsooburs d = *d [68006 ws(°o ws-d ws) Oreos omercron.anoell 6 us(°b ws-b us) 6 s00 8 =4d H(S00-6s00)-°6 s(°d-0)] 2 a Seam OES pao caceert ON on SuypooT waists uo ewe! oul SSG |B £ wopsas-ssoso ay swoasig syxo Bury (0 244 FDHO4 ONTY On AU/30H04 NVIGIUSW on y THAS MOwOL ‘oA - 150-jays plowoy -S- tajdvyD yooqpuay udisoq “DY Aoyagi z SUB EEN, E Sada ouseyyzed ( SUOROSS [ESTTSUMUAS) 'h- = oq) (SHORTEST BOLVSUMUUAS) 'h- = °d JOT [ couse +w)- ,(Oms e+] dad ous(o us B+ We [ 6 ,ms4°b -ms)e + Sous ad] - — onus ous(ous t+ Wh) 7g Ng Chusesy Td Ob us +A peor ospq, ous ous (omse+W) 5 [(ds00-1)e-by-bso0( bus eit)] —=- Coro OU (SUORDOS TEOHNSUMAS) 16> =°6 JO) (-sqoRTSS EOTOUNUAS) '- =" 104 (309 - °bs00)8-(°6- d)y- baooa aad ous(dusti ¢. $5096: zo) ous 3 =*d roo (ms eH: on (505-6500), 61°O-B)AI ms On on Suypooy maisdg MH /aDHOs ONIY ON ; MOYD9S-SS049 24) 199819 you saop spo Bury (q iat ADMOd NVIOWBY mini ae — at TTMAS TOWOL “ee -151-wounjoury Jo sy <4 sojdoy.» yooupungy uNpsod DY GVO « 6 ,s00 d=7d ous 8g . (1-228 055)! ous a. “Ozus1bz 8 soo usd =*d| oe OY Seassee 2 pel aArT a soo 8 = #d 5 z z ds006 Use Ous(O7US+07) og =X i fouss -dun a0 ]°8- SFB S05 f1-D509}01I} 8 oye 8 and peo] peo, 7 soo @ 8007 | = d- * 1 ara = oleae 509 red +681) 6,81%4 | z 6500 rot z = I (40,B2)H Gh (oat, Heh Orga A=id ee BS 800 Z a_aq|" | 00-4 - ee ie ' dsooduts d= *d ows tg 6 000 (5 gg soo 8 =i © 50045 500-7 % © 500-1 % ous 3 =%d peo] peo, on on SupooT iapsds. uy aou0f Bury NN uy soxofuvipuayy *N _ juauodwoo pno] zonfins dd & La : WPA PRAD iol a ana fo sup d CS FATTER PUPS HO EA - 152-V.3.5. Conical Shells The surface area of a conical surface, is given by : Br ee yt 2 sin? @ Ww wi The meridian force Ng = ——2— = 2 2 ar sing 2 my cosp The ring force Ng = ")-Pr inwhich ory = 1. = oe ¥ sin? 2) Internal Forces due to Dead Load_g/nt : The dead weight of a cone, height y, and included in a central angle @ is : 2. Sse Wy = gA = g-my’- ¥ sin? @ 2 cosp 7 gry’. ‘The meridian force Ng = ~—’— = sue = _8y_ 2m y cosp 2 my cosp 2 sin“p The ring force No = "Pr = ¥ SE. gcosp=gy cot sin2@ r . or Ng = g— always compression y 5) Internal Forces due to Live Load p/m’ horizontal Projections : The live load p/m2 (horizontal )corresponds to (p cos @ ) per meter square surface, so that we can determine N, & No if we replace g by p cos @ in the previous equations, so that : 3, and Ny = py S5e sin“ El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter -5- Conical Shell -153-K GENERAL CASES OF CONICAL SHELLS * i PrN, =Meridian force /m ey Py Ne Ring force/m by of Init central shear Dead load g/m” surface : p, = g.cos C08 p 2 ie -8 1 s 1 Ny=-g 2 258+, ny --gs 8s 7- 2s sing sing For s,=0 (complete cone) ; Dead load g/m? a soy cos P= g.cos ¢ s 8 2 sind 3 Ng sing HW WT Live load p/m’ horizontal : p, = p.cos’ 2 ; s” - s"0 cos} Ng =-p cotd ; No =-ps 3 T=0 3 ! 5 2s es Nop sing s For sy = 0: Ng = - p. —. cote; Live load p/m 2 v eT Ph Greet 2 3 P, = p.cos & Ny = - ps. * 9 sin 6 Normal pressure p, =p 3 2_ 2, N, cote ; No =-pscotd ; T= 0 2s s For S5=0 2 Ng =-p. >. cot 3 Ng =-pseots 1 1 Ng = -w.< [eos - —— - S2(cos ¢ - —) 2 3eosp gs? cos $ 4 28° é “sk ].cos 0 3s” cos $ Wind press. w/m2 Nog = - w.s.cosd.cos® ; T = Pp, = w.sin .cos @ eal Fors = 0 Ne = - — (e0s@ - ).cos © No = -W.s.cos$.cosO ; T= - we ‘sin @ El-Bhairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter -5- Conical Shells -154-CONICAL SHELLS WITH DIFFERENT CASES OF LOADING (continued ) a w Liquid press. =x(h+s.sing) 35 cos >) wis 2 8” - so . (h ——— cot + a > Ng = -Y¥-8. (heoth + s. cos >) For_s,=0 (complete cone) ; h s Ng = -y-8. (= += d5 = 718. (F cot + = cos Ng = -1-5: (heoth + s. cos 4) For points above the liquid level N, =N .= For points below the liquid level : hee pS. ae] n> + 5? (2s cos - 3h cot )] 6s sin? =1(6.sin g-h) | Ny = - ys[scosd - hcot 4] For points above the liquid level_: ° 3 _ yh cos 17 | Ny = << Ta, i Ng =o | i Ss sin” h For points below the liquid Jevel_: A _ is p,=7(h-ssine) | Ng = : (3h coth:- 2s. cos.) 5 No = y.s. (hcoth - s. cos) P| oP ; 8 Ny = -p.-2.——; Ny =0 ; T=0 po pens yt Ne ; T BP Edge load p/m | Forsy = 0: Ng = - —————— ; No =0 2 ns sing cos > El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter -5- Conical Shells -155-‘SIBUDIUOD ajsvy -G- aidvyD yooqpuny usisaqg Dy Cwmyeg-iT 6 HM | 6 Wm H6 HM doqworydy jay | | | H = | a7 ee | aw 7] il WHE= ics Tie ree 1 | F etd ond ‘ £ = 7 ae D5 ae z ei 3B HR H He = Ha Z sued 4yB{oY pr 70 € 3 yf fetes £ é Bi (OW | eRe ee HE RH We WER | adap duo 30 HH 9802 Ls gam tHe @ 8097 gs02 9 gs0o 49 do; wo 9 any y B:xou 9800 7 gui CH, gun ee a 6 werys gunyen THINTD a oye Pocus we ayn sy8jau uno of ang | asodoj ang —_ | ySt0K uso 0} ang aisod of ang JyBjou uso of ang ayspd oj ang wnaq Buys wiveg Sup Mojaq a240f apsuay unipsayy adogn aosof ‘duos unipayy £7 a0d0f ‘aisuat suy EA ‘SYANIVINOD FLSVI NI SPINOA TVNULINI & - 156 -SOUS (aig -S- aidvyD yooqpunyy uBjsaq DU Cyoyaqia (6 uB7+O)x 6800 ous z). ous az od soom='d = = —_—— (— zt 7 - = = dseeei = ooo see-2 * PeOTTPULAS 2 eee uv a ° ° o,us d=" 3 peoy oary & a | o ms 95 dus 3 =1d osoo(s-2)3 aS oyms oat a peorTpeCt os09M=!d gas. Bz, = = ous 6-Dm 6500" @* Me ds00($-D PeOT PULA =N7= Q 7 ons d=d a soorouise (6-5) b guise de (ousc-1X8-Dd pave 5 x outs 3 = 4d 6 s00'(sz-) ‘3 = ous ‘e 3- ‘oun peor] pea, L oN 'N ‘Suppooy waysds a fn stuauoduoa poo, saonfing ‘ddd gH LIX, [aS PRP O=S says posyuar yun J a NA 1 sof 0 = ‘ND saosof poussou jun *n7*Vy af Dy ¢ suoyipuos Cspunog TIFHS TALAVA “9'E'A -157-TPYS (a1vgy -S- taidvyy yooqpuny ubjsoq Du Cpoyar-ia [6 good pus D F U/(o,500+1) Ouse . (mse (gr DuEr iG a (2-6-2) ae ; 800M = 4d We-Da Be sagem wyzntet 2, a. |e . z'F@soo@-) § i [(@ 500-6, us) 2uz+ | Ui - ly ds00 ous¢ ant antag | emsd=d | gl Ni “ - 2 eof ude o. ~ &, pe ee a | ? (2 = Vs pe 6 ug tz 1S 79- 0,80078) a] eke 4 Wl o -ms(,a-z0)4+ 282)" . > dso01(s-—)3- uel gee ougttetet, Gots. a | ab 0"( br} “ous cz ee AzBe s dsoo8-=4d |. a iT 6 s00 Maid ous. % s00" o,us 8 ous aus em Foo O87 6- DS Peo paras - dus d=d ous oy te z B (pa eerste us %@ d- ose SZ peor cary ous 3 = 4d z Set. droog 6-2) ose 8 - one peo peog L °N 'N SuypooT - 158-~$- addy yooqpungy usiseg DY GwyaT TT fae A- ous e-) £ 8 —— 9809 (S- Z/T) Bh (ous-7) eh . ede 2h) he (gus e-yd-=1d ==} rs aanssoud pmbry 08007662) wh (oup-D gt aus (e-De u- oyeis uossiog =A z . 8 uis[(s-T)— - ed —]d soo “(sz ~) ‘d- guise -d- omele=D, * al guis d=y e 2 d. 00 “(sz ~) ‘= quis eed ous Doe Zin dpeoy i | 'N spoT L upays joujuaa anuy = T ts, wy 2010f Bury = N . 1 / a0u0f pouspuySuoy ='N (adld UV TMT) TIEHS TWOLINTILD UV INIAID L°E'A - 159 -=$- laidoy) yooqpuny usisag Fy Cypyag 7g - 160- x 9800 72) same soo 7% * 7 500 uy See ee) ae a oe fF z z a u wee te ety a ee week dad Gee beg a uz 5 w. 2 EW) he yar Gadieta a 0 0 800 d- =" s00, G09, =a 808 ux us K zz z. ze z z s0,24- at __gopte ths eee ae : 8-=4d ake ®N SN speoT *(0= ON 0=9 7 (0 = XN 0X) suoyipuoo danpunog Syxn-2 jousou ayy Suojo juauodios poor vovfins =7d “dt dvays josquan jun = J sans0f pouuou sun = NN + aOn]LHS JO WORD ADT CLOTOIVAVd SW 1OTIATKA "8°64VL3. V4. CHAPTER VI ICIRCULAR TANKS Ring Tension and Bending Moments in Open Circular Tanks with Walls Fixed at Bottom Values of Maximum Ring-Tension and its Position Simplified Method for Determining the Fixing Moment, the Shearing Force and the Thickness of the Wall at the Base Portoland Cement Association Tables for the Design Circular Tanks A) Tension in Circular Rings Tablel : Fixedbase Triangular Load Table : Hinged base Triangular Load Table Il : Fixed base Rectangular Load Table IV : Hinged base Rectangular Load Table V : Fixed base Shear at Top Table VI. : Hinged base Moment at Base B) Moments in Cylindrical Wall Table VIE : Fixed base Triangular Load Table VIII: Hinged base Trapeziodal Load TableIX : Fixedbase Rectangular Load TableX : Fixedbase Shear at top Table XI: Hinged base Moment at Base c) Shear at Base of Cylindrical Wall Table XII: Fixed or Hinged Base Triangular, Rectangular Load and Moment at Base Table XI : Supplementary Coeff. for Values of H2/Dt Greater than 16 (Extension of Tables I-XII Table XIV : Moments in Circular Slab with Center Support and Fixed Edge Under Uniform Load Table XV: Moments in Circular Slab with Center Support and Hinged Edge Under Uniform Load Table XVI : Moments in Circular Slab with Center Support and Fixed Edge due to M Applied at Edge Table XVII: Load on Center Support for Circular Slab. Table XIX. : Stifness of Circular Plates with Center Support Table XX _: Stifness of Cylindrical Wall VLS. Loads and forces acting on silos and bunkers Page 162 163 163 167 167 168 168 169 169 170 | 170 171 171 172, 172 173 174 174 175 175 175 175 176 El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter (6) Circular Tanks -161-VL1. Ring Tension and Bending Moments in Open Circular Tanks With Walls Fixed at Bottom due To Triangular Load K te a. Ring Tension : T= Co.W.H.R; Where :.Co = y. =. sen eah W = Weight of Liquid /m El-Behairy Design Handbook Chapter (6) Circular Tanks - 16 ae} | VL3, Simplified Meth s Of Maximum Ring - Tension and ular Tanks tu = ¢,-P-Rkg/m, y' = C.Hms (by. Prof. Dr. M. Hilal ) its Position For (by W.S. Gray ) T | we weight of Me Mquiay,3> Pe od For Detrinining the Fixing Moment, the H/R2 | 14 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 08 | 06 [04] 02 | 01 [0.08 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.02] 0.01 n_| 16.4 | 15.2] 13.9 [12.5 | 10.9] 9.00 | 6.50 | 4.77 | 432 | 3.82 | 3.26 | 2.46 | 1.93 Cl_| 7.40 | 7.44 | 7.49 | 7.55 | 7.65 | 7.82 | 8.22 | 8.80 | 9.04 | 9.4 [10.1 [17] 144 C2 | 118 | 127 | 138 | 154] .175 | 211 | 284 | 375 | 409 | 455 | 525 | 646 | 769 C3_| 800 | 895 | 890 | 882] 870 [352 | 812 | 756 | 736 | .708 | 663 | 570 | 462 El - Behairy Design Handbook - 163- Circular Tanks4 \ a- Tension in circular rings Example - H*/ Dt = 10 Positive sign indicates tension Fixed base , Free top Hinged base , Free top so bok we | jet rt oon. oon, ° | a3 Pad mali 23 a] 23 s| 7 oan Stale = | | 7 a sa 2 | aaa a < + 10 s “on; foi £ 4 ‘raBlost T = coeff.x wHR T = coeff. x wHR ‘able |: 3 o ° =i) g a a c a ° Oo! 4 T = coeff. x V R/H T = coeff. x M R/H? Table V Table Vi: Shear per m, V, applied at top Moment per m, M, applied at base El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter (7) Deep Beams - 164 -H7/D t= 10 Positive sign indicates 4- Moment in cylindrical wall tension in the outside Fixed base , Free top Hinged base , Free top Trlangular Loe bE4-ej se ie & SReeeneesee = Trapezoidal Load ana ane Aloo n oat | | | are SSS fins hal M = coeff. x (w H°+ pH") Table Vili :- Rectangular Load Triangular load Free top ‘Hinged base , Free lop 0.0000 0.0 # 0.0000 a.0000 0.1 0.0000 --- 0.0001 0.9 1 ~0.0002 0.0007 0.5 # o.0002 ~-- 0.00296 0.7 H —. 0.0025 0.0012 0.9 H ~ 10H -- 0.0000 Trapezoidat load SSsecece t ESERESSRSS coeff. x VH Pia she bt M = coeff. x M Table XI Shear per m, V, applied at top] Moment per m, M, applied at base -El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook - 165- Chapter (7) Deep BeamsV.I Portland Association Tables : RING TENSION & MOMENTS IN CIRCULAR TANKS : ING TENSION FE. MO LOADING |END coNnD. }K—™ ss TABLE |T=coeff.x| TABLE | T=coeff.x ERA ut! i Fixed Base I wHR VII wa? x Hinged Base Il wR — —— Fixed Base WI pR Kx pH? Hinged Base Iv p.R Peo] MAAOJTUN aopun o8po po8ury puv jz0ddns x9qu09 ysIM quys aefMoaTD uy sua : AX GAL gp00'+ | F900 | 9P00% | Soo orto sto z | zsoo'+ | szo0+ | e900 | er00+ e0z0- | zL10~ ovo | 228 ztsoo'+ | 900% | ago | Teno eezo'- | bezo- sro | 68 § 1900'+ | 8600+ | 6600+ | 6S00°+ gszo- | Seo oro aE 900+ | soto’ | eto | soo tszo-_| 18e0" Lito | s0'0 * 6roo'+ | LLTo+ | Tezo+ | PETO+ 8690 sco| = e ezov'+ | 9Lt0'+ | pszo+ | 6bzo' | eet0+ 6zror | z980 ovo| gE goon'+ | 6910 | 69z0% | e670 | 0zz0~+ Tzso™ | 680" sto) & reoo- | gsto'+ | 9220+ | ze | 0670+ eezo™ | ¥290~ | eert~ oro| = spoo- | pro's | zo | creo | creo cero'+ | 9zoo- | szzo~ | 6zeo~ | oorz~ | soo | = uoso | xo. | wo | soso | Horo usco | yozo | ust | wore | soo | ae popeoy oovjans uy woyssosdwiod sarvorpuy UIs DANIO Qud ¢ yoo = quomoyy + peo aLiojcun aapun apo poxy pue waoddns xajua9 yatas quis AR[NDAY9 UF SUOMI + ATK PL -174-syuny mma (9) saidoyy —yooqpuny ussoq Qa CyeqiT wz] ez] coz] ist] est] ert] ect| cr | rrt| tor} eo | esc’| ere | seo} sos"| srr'| coe" | srev| sz’ | cer | B209 os] sy | o | ze | vz | oc | or | or | af or] es | 9 | s | we | ¢ {| zi] ot| et} go} vo} we Z ey HL gE 900 = 4 “7°” 5 goa a8pa aus ‘poBafy odpo wou ‘TeAy orspundd Jo ssouHSE LY AGAL ) . Ce wor | 666 | 626 99°8 ors spre W A/a poro=%: voddngser som] | ort | tort | oor | stoo | see poxny isto seo wee0 60t'0 0670 PD Set ast sr L8eL vet pesoyy sco | ozo | sro | ore | soo a sco | ovo | sro | oro soo ae = __ nt (98pe 38 yuamt0w- A) SS Cy faa x HR00 = 4 Ce (paxy a pedury ud) + xyooo = peor , HOTAAG WW) PUA ospg Iem9UD Jo sous > MO GOL quis seo. 103 z10ddns x83099 wo peoy: TTA AFL w ec pip'+ | oze+| pIt+ | 660% | 00%0~|) SPI- | 6Sz- | Soe-| 6Ez~ st’ 3 ‘ eey'+ | Ove'+ | Obe+ | 671+ | LOO | €zI- | I9z%~ | ‘e9e~ | TLE~ | Tz oz" Le a Isp'+ | eoe+| cove] cst | seo+| oor | tsz~ | por ay- | ote svige S oor | pse'+| o6z+} set's | 990% | zzo-| eev-| 6ty-| sst-| so9-| I¥9- | sse™ ors, a ogr'+ | sos | ic |: ztz+| soo] zro- | tiz- | si | prs~ | seo~ | crs~ | ogo~ | cs | 50” a) OTF 08st | OFL'+ | Lis'+ | Zée+ | OFT | 9IZ~ | Soe) OTT st ot+ | tes | sou] po] tsp+] 9ez+| ss0- | cor | cps] Let or LS Olt 006+ | O6L+ | £99 Is'+ €ze'+ | S40 | O87 | SPS* | Of6~ | oS"I- sv Ea 2 ge Ol+ 606+ | 808+] Zoot | SSS+| PEE] LEI4+| COI- | SOe~ | PES | EOT- | SET or Ol+ Li6+ | 7s'+ | STL | 965+ | OS | 897+ | GzO'+] GZI~ | ees | C79 | ZIT | s9°t-| sO" woot | uos'o | woso | wWoL'0 | WO9'0 | wos’o | Horo | WoC’ | ASzO | Horo | UsT'o | Horo | soo] aP “aoupmns doy up woyssoaduos sasUa_pUy UTS OAT ISOS We "Y7900 = JNOMTOTA, 2 o8po ae poydde 4yq “wi sod suomour 0; anp a8pa paSury pux yzoddns zoyU99 UM QUIS AEIND.ID UL syMOMIOW : TAX ATLVI.4. Loads and Forces Acting on Bunkers and Silos : a) Bunkei The height of the bunker is so small that the plane of natural repose of the filling material does not intersect the opposite wall, i.e. h tan oc< L, or practically h <1.SL. In this case the side pressure can be calculated according to the earth pressure theory : horizontal press. intensity pp = y h tan’ (45-p/2) vertical =“ “ payh The friction between the filling material and the walls can be neglected. 2) Silos + Silos are generally very deep (h tan o> L i.e. h>1.5L) and therefore the wedge of the material causing the pressure intersects the opposite walls and hence not fully acting. The forces acting on silos are : Vertical press : 0.264 0.736 1 Py = . (1 aaa) > 0.368, 0.364 max. pi = y/k horiz, press : (0.632pxmax or —t_ mox_p2 A \heoretical press+ b— Approximate where : pressure o = Circumference of cell. A= Cross-sectional area of cell p = Angle of repose of filling material. P = Angle of fricition between filling material and silo walls. 0 : 2 p k=—.tanp*. tan*(45-— acne ¢ 2 The pressure on silo can be approx. assumed as shown i pz occurs at 2H = 2 max po / + tan” (45 - p/2). c) Properties of Some Filling Materials : fig. In this case max. sand coal coal corn | maiz | grains | cement | gravel | powder | stone | stones ykgima | 820 | 650 | 700-850 |” -1200 1800 700 850 1800 i 1600 Le 25-28 |_25 | 25-30 25 30-35 25 30 30 El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter (6) Bunkers and Silos | -176-CHAPTER VII REINFORCED CONCRETE A) Design of Sections (working stress design method) B) Details of Deep Beams and Short cantilevers. VII.1 Load distribution on two way slabs VII.2 Equivalent load for design of beams supporting two way slab VIL3 Dimensioning of R.C. rectangular sections subject to simple bending or eccentric forces with big eccentricities. Tables and curves for k1 & k2 for fg =1200- 2400 kg /em VIL4 Dimensioning of T-and L-Section VILS Design and details of deep beams : a) Simply supported deep beam subject to uniform load b) Simply supported deep beam subject to concentrated Load c) Continuous deep beam VII.6 Design and details of short cantilevers Page 178 178 179 186 188 189 190 191 El-Bhairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter (7) Reinfored Concrete: Design and Details - Contents “177-VII.1. LOAD DISTRIBUTION ON TWO WAY. SLABS 1. Load Distribution According to U AR r{ 100 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | as | 26 | 27 | 18 | 19 | 200 0.35 0.40 | 0.45 | 0.50 | 0.55 | 0.60 0.65 0.70 | 0.75 | 0.80 | 085 6 | 035 | 029 | 025 [021 | ois | o16 | 014 | 012 [011 [009 | 0.08 | 2. Load Distribution According to Marcus : | r | woo} aa | 12 [13 | 14] as | r6 | 17] 28 | 19 | 200 a | 396 | .473 | .543 | .606 | .660 | .706 | .746 | .778 | .806 | .830 | .849 p | 396 [ 323 | .262 | .212 |.172 | 140 | 113 [093 | 077 | .063 | 053 3. Load Distribution According to Grashoff : | i r {too} 11 | 12 | 13 | 14] 1s | 16 | 17] 18 | 19 | 200 500 | .595 | .672 | .742].797] .834 | .869 | 893 | .914 | .928 | 941 p | 500 | 405 | .328 | .258 [203 | 166 | .131_| 107 { 086 | .072 | .059 |) | m.b ae r=—— ; where m=0.87 for continuity at one end of the slab ma =0.76 for continuity at both ends of the slab y VIL.2. EQUIVALENT LOAD-FOR DESIGN OF BEAMS ; supporting two way Slabs: ar. bel Be 4 J DT} 10} ia | 12 13 14 15 16 | 17] 18 | 19 | 20 2x a | 667 | .725 | .769 | .803 | .829 | .852 | .870 | 885 | .897 | .908 | 917 p | 500 | 545 | 583 | 615 | 643 | 667 | .6ss_| 706 | .722 | .737 |_750 EL-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter (7) Load Distribution -178-VII.3. DIMENSIONING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE RECTANGULAR SECTIONS SUBJECT TO SIMPLE BENDING OR ECCENTRIC FORCES WITH BIG ECCENTRICITIES Tables of k; & kz for : f, = 800 - 2400 kg/cm? t n= 15 (units in kgs & ems) B=—-=0.1 fe i 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 a a ki 15 909 1105 1301 1499 1697 1894 2092 2292 30 ky 459 490 518 547 (S575 598 621 645, 668 x, | 74 | 97 | tos | tage | ius | aero | asm | 207s | 22m 3) | a8 | 3 | a7 | ao | aa | a] se] 50] 0 x | 64 | 395 | tors | i273 | 2409 | 1665 | isce | 2000 | i256 | 4 ki 369 390 411 430 449 466, 484 502, 520 | x | 96 | #75 | 1068 | s260 | iass | ser | eas | 2044 | 2240 45 k 339 357 375 392 ANS 423, 438 454 AT2 | x | 8 | 66 | tose | tras | isa | aes6 | ase | 2008 | 2226 | 50 ki 314 (330 345, 361 35 389 401 415, (AUT | ib on 857 1046 1237 1430 1628 1818 2014 2210 [ss | & ) 296 | a0 [aa | ax | aa | am) amt [33 [aes | le 665 349 1037 1227 1419 1611 1806 2000 2194 | 60 ky 277 289 301 313 324 335 347 360 367 x | 6 | 2 | ines | sary | tos | tooo | i793 | iver | ts [eae a aa ar asa | x | 854 | 95 | toa | aos | i308 | ise | ars | iors | 170 | 70 ki 259 279 279 288 296 306 315 325 x 29 | iors | i200 | iseo | ise | iz | ise | dase 5 ki 247 256 265 2714 282, 289 298 (306 hk 23 | ioos | ine | is79 | isro | ior | iose | 144 80 ky (237 245, 253 261 268 276 283, 290 kL sis | iooo | ines | is71 | iscr | i750 | ina | 2132 3] mar [ass | aa | as0| 288 | ae | ava] a7 i; wi | 594 | ine | i363 | issx | ira | iss: | 2122 90 kh 219 226 233 240 246 250 258 265 Lk 309 | 9es | im | iss7 | isis | ivai | iozo | 2110 35 |e ai | ait | 2a | a0 | ae [ae [a | am a sos | 983 | anos | isa | isss | i722 | ‘tox | 2102 700} aor | a0 | ae | aa | a asa 2s 4 300 | 978 | itso | isa | ises | inxs | i90s | 2004 El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter (7) Tables of K, & K; -179-DIMENSIONING OF R.C. RECTANGULAR SECTIONS SUBJECT TO SIMPLE BENDING OR ECCENTRIC FORCES WITH BIG ECCENTRICITIES. TABLES OF ki & ky FOR: [_f, = 1200 ke/em* 1.For Simple Bending : 2.For Eccentric Force : (Units in kgs. and cm.) e, = e- t/2 + cover (tension) c= e+ tf? - cover (Compression) f. a=0 a= 0.2 a=0.4 a= 0.6 K | & | K Ky, K | kK Ky K 45 | 375 | 1056 | .359 | 1058 | .342 | 1060 | .325 | 1062 50 | 345 | 1046 | .329 | 1049 | .311 | 1052 | .292 1055, ss_| .321 | 1037 | .303_| 1041 | .284 | 1046 | .265 1050 6o | .301 | 1028 | .282 | 1034 | .263 | 1040 | .241 1046 65 | 284 | 1021 | .264 | 1028 | .244 | 1035 | .221 1042 7o_| .269 | 1013 | .249 | 1022 | .229 | 1032 | .204 | 1041 75_| 256 | 1006 | .235 | i017 | .212 | 1028 | 188 [1039 80 | .245 | 1000 | .223 | 1013 | .199 | 1026 | 173 | 1038 as_| 235 | 994 | .212 | 1009 [| .187 | 1023 | .160 1038 90 | 226 | 988 | .202 | 1005 | .177 | 1022 | .148 1038 95 | 217 | 983 | .193 | 1002 [| .167 | 1021 100 210 978 185 999 159 1020 07 850 | K2 KI _ 2 fs=1200 Kp/em’ an 06 i Kaee0ft EL 959 05 + 1000 04 1050 a 1100 1150 ~ 0.2 1200 i 1250 0.0 1300 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 fe 15 80 85 90 -180- 95 100 105 El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter (7) Tables of ky & kz-NSIONING OF R.C. RECTANGULAR SECTIONS SUBJECT TO SIMPLE BENDING OR ECCENTRIC FORCES WITH BIG ECCENTRICITIES TABLES OF k, & k) FOR: f= 1400 kg/cm? ‘For Simple Bending : | 2.For Eccentric Force : (Units in kgs. and cm.) =. N kad fy =e-t2+cover (tension) _es= e+ t/2 - cover (Compression) f. a=o a= 0.2" a= 0.4 = 0.6 Ky K, Ky K, Ki K Ky, K 45 392 1248 )|_.378 1249 363 1250. 350 1251 50 361 1237 346 1239 331 1241 317 1243 55 334 1227 319 1230, 304 1233 287 1235 60 313 1217 297 1221 280 1226 263 1230 65 294 1208 279 1214 261 1219 242 1225 70 279 1200 262 1207 243 1214 223 1221 75 265 1192 247 1200 228 1209 -208 1247 80 253, 1185 234 1195, 214" 1205 193 1215 85 = 4240) |. 1178 223 1190 202 1201 +180 1213 90 .233 1171 -213 1185 192 1198 168 1212 fe 95, 224 1165 203 1180 181 1196 157 1211 100 216 1159 195 1176 ATL 1194 147 1211 07 1050 K2 fs=1400 Kg/em” 1100 1150 os - 1200 1250 04 1300 03 1350 1400 02 1450 Ol 1500 30_ 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter (7) Tables of ky & kz -181DIMENSIONING OF R.C. RECTANGULAR SECTIONS SUBJECT TO SIMPLE | BENDING OR ECCENTRIC FORCES WITH BIG ECCENTRICITIES. | TABLES OF kx & kx FOR: — | f, = 1600 kg/em* 1.For Simple Bending : _| 2.For Eccentric Force : (Units in kgs. and cm.) M M,N <= = as + kyd ky.d fy e,=e-t/2 + cover (tension) _e,= e+ t/2 - cover (Compression) fe a=0 = 0.2 = 0.4 a= 0.6 Ky K Ky K, Ky Kz Ky K, | 45 | .408 | 1441 [| 397 | 1441 | 380 | i441 | 373 | 1441 50, 375, 1430 361 1431, 349 1432, 336 1432 55, 2347 1419 334 1240 320 1422 307 1423 60 324 1408 Sil 1411 296 1413 281 1416 65 305 1398 284 1402 276 1406 260 1409 7 288 1389 .273 1394 268 1399 239 1405 5 274 1379 +256 1386 242 1392 224 1399 80. 261 1371 244 1379 2227 1387 -209 1395 85, 2250 363 .233 1373 215 1382 -196 1392 90 240 1357. 222 1368 204 1379 183 1390 95 -230 1349" | .212 1362 .193. 1374 172 1387 100 2222 1342 204 1357 183 1371. 102 1386. 0.7 1200 Kz KI 5=1600 Ke/em? | 1250 0.6 1300 05 ; 1350 : 04 1400 14507 03 | 1so0 7) 02 } 1550 ! 0.1 1600 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 fe El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter (7) Tables of ki & kz ~182-| DIMENSIONING OF R.C. RECTANGULAR SECTIONS SUBJECT TO SIMPLE | BENDING OR ECCENTRIC FORCES WITH BIG ECCENTRICITIES. | TABLES OFk; & ky FOR: [f, = 1800 kg/cm” _ LFor Simple Bending : __ | 2.For Eccentric Force : (Units in kgs. and cm.) se aX ky. df, ¢, =e- t/2 + cover (tension) =e + t/2 - cover (Compression) fe. o=o a=02 a= 06 Ki Ky Ki. K Ky Ky K 45 423 1636 ALL 1636 403 1635 392 1634 50 389 1628 378 1623 | 366 1623 355 1623 | 55 359 1611 348 1611 336 1612 324 1612 60, 335 1600 -323 1602 ie 1603 .298 1604 65 317 1589 -303 1591 289 1594 275 1596 | | 70 296 | 1578 | .283_ | _1582 269 1585_|_.255 1589 [75 282 1570 268 1575, 254, 1579 .239 1584 | 80 268 1561 254 1567 239 1572 223 1578 {85 255 1552 242 1559 .226- 1566 209 1574 | 90 246 1543 231 1551 215 1556 197 1569 95 .236 1535 220 1546, 204 1556, 186 1566 100 229 1528 212 1540, 195 1551 176 1563 1400 K2 fs=1800 Kg/em? 1450 | Ky for a= 1500 1550 1600 1650 K; foran0 1700 1750 Af 7 A 1800 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75- 80 85° 90 95 100 105 fe El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter (7) Tables of k, & kz -183-DIMENSIONING OF R.C. RECTANGULAR SECTIONS SUBJECT TO SIMPLE BENDING OR ECCENTRIC FORCES WITH BIG ECCENTRICITIES _* TABLES OF k; & ky FOR: [f, = 2000 kg/cm” 1.For Simple Bending = 2.For Eccentric Force : (Units in kgs. and cm.) Ms fey id fy e@,=e-U2+ cover (tension) es =e + t/2 - cover (Compression) f. =o =02 a= 04 a= 06 K | & KIl1KI/KIT.wK | K K 45 |_a38_|_1832_[ 429 | i831 | 421 [1829 [ait | 1828 30_| aor | 181s | 389 | 1816 | 382 | 1917 |_.372 | 1815 3s_|_371 | 1806 | .361_| 1806 | 350 | 1805 [339 | 1805 60 _|-.347 | 1793 | .335 | 1793 | .325 | 1794 | 312 | 1794 65_| 324 | 1782 | .313 | 1783 | 302 | 1784 |_.289 | 1785 70 _|_.306_|_1771_| .294 [1773 | 282 [1775 | .269 | 1777 75_|_.289 | 1761 |_.277_| 1763 | .265 | 1766 | .251 | 1769 80_| 276 | 1750 | .263 | 1754 | .250 | 1759 | .236 | 1763 35.263] 1740 | 250 | 1748 [236 | a7si_[ 222 | 1753 |_90_|-.250_[~1731_|_.239. [-1738 [_.226 [1745 | .209 [1752 ("95 [243 [1722 | 229 | 1730 _|_.214 [1739 | 198 [1747 100 233 1715 219 1724 205 1735 188 1744 07 1650 K2 i fs=2000 Kg/cm” 06 te itt 1700 0.5 1750 04 1800 03 1850 02 1900 ot 1950 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 fe El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter (7) Tables of k1 & kz -184-‘DIMENSIONING OF R.C. RECTANGULAR SECTIONS SUBJECT TO SIMPLE BENDING OR ECCENTRIC FORCES WITH BIG ECCENTRICITIES BENDING OR ECCENTRIC FORCES WITH BIG ECCEN’ TABLES OF ki & ky FO) = 2200 kg/cm” 1.For Simple Bending : 2.For Eccentric Force : (Units in kgs. and cm.) M N ay | ae aU K.d kyd fy e-t/2+ cover (tension) _¢: =e + t/2- cover (Compression) f a=0 a=0.2 a=0.4 a= 0.6 Ky K Ki Ka K Ki Ki K 45, AS4 2028 A445 2027 436 2025 427 2023 50. 415 2014 406 2012 aor 2011 388 2009 55 383, 2000 374 1998 365 1997 356 1996 60 360 1987 348, 1987 336 1987 324 1986, 65. -340 1975 -328 1975 316 1975 304 1975 70 315 1963, 302 1964 289 1966 -276 1976 75. 298 1952 -285 1954 272 1956 259 1958. 80, -283 1941 279 1944 265 1947 251 1950 35. 274 1931 +260 1935 245 1939 230 1943 90 258 1920 242 1925 |" .227 1931 212 1937 95. -248 1912 .232 1919 216 1925 -200 se | L 100 239 1904 223 1912 207 1920 191 1928 07 1800 K2 Kh {5-200 Kg/em? 0.6 1850 1900 O5 1950 04 2000 03 2050 02 2100 ol 2150 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 fe El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter (7) Tables of ky &hz -185-VU. DIMENSIOING OF T- and L- SECTIONS. T - Sections may be devided with respect to their dimensioning into two groups : a) T- Sections with B/b, > 5 4) T- Sections with B/b, <5 a) T- Sections with B/b, > 5 In this case the compression zone is very big and the compression stresses will be very low. The neutral axis will be very near to the flange . The compression in web can be neglected . The comp. force can be considered as acting in the middle of the flange. oa - My x 8 (d= ty 12), fy (for simple bending : N=0 .) And the max. comp. stress in the flange is : ___ fs fod ty N d-t,/2) Bit, 30° Bit, (1-t,/2d) fe b) T- Sections Bho <5 rt A + g au »T The compression stresses are usually high. They must not exceed 0.75 of the allowable f. for rectangular section . The neutral axis lies outside the flange. The compression in web can be neglected and the comp. zone can be assumed as rectangle with a reduced breadth (B,) . The dimensioning of a T - Sec. is in this case exactly the same as rectangular section as follows : M, z= ky |-—* (_kzvarlable with fy & f,, see table a) a B B =r.B (r=reduction factor depending on See N z see table b or the curve ). k; & ky are the same as for rectangular sec. ). ag< Mua ky.d fy A El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter ( 7) -186-__Bhb,) 1.0 0.9 08_ | 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 | 0.2 i 2.0 1.0 1.0 98 96 92 88. 82 16 68 25 1.0 9 98 95. 90 85 78 70 62 3.0, 1.0 99 97 4 89 83 16° 67 57 i 3.5, 1.0 39 97 4 389 82 74 65 54 4.0 1.0 99 0.97 93 38. 81 73, 63 52 5.0 1.0 99 0.97 93 87 80 71 61 AD VIL6 Graphical Determination of Stresses Graphical method for the determination of stresses is generally used for complicated forms of sections. We proceed as follows : 0706 05 MAs G4 0502.01 nA, d-z H aa nw 2e ef Ae AL nds | _ a) Determination of the N.A. of the section : 1. devide the area of the section into small strips of area al , a2,.... 2. consider the area of each strip as a force acting.in the centre of gravity , the steel is to be introduced with n-times its area. _ 3. draw the force polygon , polar diagram and link polygon as shown. The horizontal through the point of intersection Aa’ & Bb* gives the position of the N.A. b) The stresses in concrete & steel can be determined from the relations : x= MA] a Side), where oF I, nv nv Inv = the moment of interia of the virtual area about the N.A. = 2H x Area ABD El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter (7) -187-VIL4. DESIGN AND DETAILS OF DEEP BEAMS Definition _: Deep beams are those which have depth to effective span ratio greater than : aL o> 0.8 for simple beams. 0.4 for continuous beams. A)Simple supported deep beams subject to uniform loads : Tension T= max.M./ Yq and A,=T/f, , in which: Ya (Lever arm )=0.86L (but not more than 0.87 d) Yor = 0.87 d for HSL and Yq= 0.86 L for H>L, ic. max. Mo max. Mo = ma Mo 4 no and T= ao 0.87 a 0.86 L For uniform distributed load wim’ , we have : M,= wl’ /8 then :- T=O015wL?/d forHL The tension steel is to be extended over the whole length of the span and to be well anchored at the supports. 15 0.7L tt fy tiny Ly Heel) x 5 5) 7 : Lf] | 03H 2 015+0.24 Ha 0.1540.2H a Het Ss ss For loads hung at the bottom, vertical reinforcements carrying the full reaction are to be introduced for the full height over a length 0.7 L. . El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter (7) Deep Beams -188-53) Simply supported deep beams subject to concentrated loads : | They may be calculatad in the same a _ ay as uniform loads introducting a she corresponding values of Mo . ¥ 5 The tension can also be directly ¢ 4 io determined from the triangle of forces 2 L | shown in figure. Tr 2 0.15+0.2H A=T/R 5 As , HéL B 4 The angle «> 45°. ¢) Continuous deep beams : The bending moments M may be calculated according to theory of elasticity as applied to slender beams . The tension T is given by : T=M/ Yq in which: Ya= 0.43 L at midspan and Yq = 0.37 L at support (but not more than 0.87 d). For uniformly distributed load w /m’ , we have : At mid-span (ye = 0.43 L <0.874) L<2H L>2H Outer span wh? /12 wh? /12 wi? T= —— = 0.20wL ——— = 0.10 0.43L 0.874 Inner spans wi? /16 wi? 116 wi? T= —— =o01swe | t= ~— = 007 0.43 L 0.874 d Over support (Ya= 0.37 L) L> 2H At inner support of wi? /10 wh? /10 wi? outer span T= —— -0.27wL | T= —— = 0.122 0.37L, 0.874 ad Otherinner - wh? 112 wh? /12 wi? supports T= —— = 0.230L T= —— = 010 0.371. 0.874 a El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter (7) Deep Beams -189-It is recommended to extend the full amount of the tension steel at the middle of the spans to the supports. Half the tension steel required at the conter lines of the supports must. be arranged over the full length of the adjoining spans and the other half to be extended to a distance equal to 0.3 L on each side of the center line of the support as shown in the following figure : 0.3L LEELi tt ytd 0.3L, P WITTE EE iff ian HT HT T 0.4H(<0.4L) 0.8H(<0.8L) 0.4H or 0.4L | |" The grecter 04H oot $$$ et El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter (7) Desep Beams -190-“pug TaAayURD FV PEO] poreyWeIIOD ‘OL, payalqng weeg deag 19A9[HUeD JO ‘WA IO SMe Bue ey s0y vie | 1495 19p0 vs90H) THEA vo'u= Zz (8-2) uonsag soy sdnsing, 3z 139 © UMOUS ION ST UDWeOLOFITAYY USWA !O}0N, suoyaag ueds prAl }¥ PEO] payeayuaaU0D OY, papafqng weag deaq porsoddng . iS Ss 4 ° Wall RS Ny 3 Zi | L - \ = N 3 ? j \ e A- \ gy : A \ 5 y = \ Be g i : \ Q 3 y ‘ ~ u Rg a 3 3 8 Ps] Details Of Rft. Of Deep Beam (Wall If) Supporting Another Deep Beam (Wall 1). -192-Tension and compression contour lines in short cantilevers a) b) ) foo tn te ut OPP 7 7 a) Contour Lines b) Normal Stresses _c) Normal Stresses Deep short cantilever subjected to uniform load UTA TTT Detan “A” + Pin Right of=£ El-Behairy R. C. Design Handbook Chapter (7) Short Cantilevers -193-Cross Sections ic ~ NE \ IDWS YK 6 UY Details Of Reinforcement Of Short Cantilever 36 Post El-Behairy R. C. Design Handbook Chapter (7) Short Cantilevers -194-Chapter XIII YIELD LINE ANALYSIS L Introduction Reinforced concrete slabs can be designed according to one of the following methods. a) Elastic design : which includes; T)Rules of the code of practice: which are limited to specified cases of loading (only for uniform loads) and special shapes of slabs ( only rectangular). 2)Elastic theory of ‘plates : such as tables of Czerny (P.75-122) for rectangular slabs subjected to uniform or triangular loads ( water pressure ). Also, for circular slabs (P.128-145) and’ for triangular and trapezoidal shapes ( P . 175 - 177). 5) Plastic design of slabs: such as: 1- Upper bound solution ( yield line analysis). _ 2- Lower bound solution ( always safe solution ). | 3- Strip method ( Hillerborg ). | | 2- CONCEPT OF THE YIELD LINE ANALYSIS | When a reinforced concrete slab is subjected to increasing load, | initially we observe that the slab behaves elastically. As the load is gradually increased, cracking of concrete on the tension side begin at section of Max moment. The stiffness of the cracked section is reduced and a redistribution of the moment in the slab takes place. As the-load is increased further, that reinforcement, will yield in the central area of the slab. Although that section | of max. moment will continue to deform, its resistance moment will not increase and consequently an even greater redistribution of moment takes place. The application of increased load will cause the reinforcement in even more sections to yield and further propagation of yield lines until the boundary of the slab. El Behairy — R.C. design — Chapter (8)- Yield Line Analysis - Introduction -195-“seore souonyuy oyond -p (€bL — 8ZL'a) ‘SqRIS HEINONID -€ -sodeys |eprozodey 2 sein suey JOY (LLI — SLU'd) ‘SOP -Z “speo] WUOylUN pure e;nsueL toy (ZI - $L'd) -Atu9ZQ | :se yons soqqet JO WOF UL UDAIS SUOIINIOS [BIEUED Aponseye Jo 41004, (bs0q19][1H) (uesueyor) poyjow dis sisA[eue OUT] PJalA (ayes skemye) (ayesun oq eur) :suonnjos :suonnjos punog a punog sz0ddq uBIsog WSuld t “yuowasueue uuNjoo qepnBos YIM Sqeys IL JOF squ|s jn Suejoar Joy pur speoy waogrun 10y ATUQ f sony 2po—p uSisag oNSelq } f SquIg JO usIsog - Yield Line Prof. Dr. Shaker El Behairy -196-At this stage the slab is carrving its ultimate load . Any slight increase ef the load will now ‘cause a state of unstable equilibrium and the slab will sentinue to deform until crushing-of concrete occurs. The condition when the yield lines just reach the slab boundary may be regarded as the collapse cnteria of the slab. The system of the yield lines or fracture lines is called yield line pattern. 3. Rules governing the choice of the yield line pattrens. The rules governing possible yield line patterns may be summarized 2s follows in order to help in selecting a geometrically possible pattern: 2)Yield lines are straight, they can’t change direction unless joined by another yield line. 5)Yield lines begin to from at points of maximum elastic bending moment in the slab and end at the slab boundary. c) A yield line or yield line produced, must pass throug the point of intersection of the axes of rotation of the two slab parts connected by the yield line. <)Axes of rotation generally lie along line of supports (beams), and pass over point support ( pivot points ) (.columns ) with any angle. 4- Virtual work method. Having postulated a yield line pattern at failure, the first step is to give any convenient point in the slab a virtual deflection 6, in terms of which the corresponding deflections of all other parts of the slab may be calculated. The total work done by the loads to produce this deflection is given by External work done= = (w 6) which is usually simplified to Extemal work done = SJ w dx di where w = distributed load on the slab at collapse. El Behairy - R.C. design - Chapter (8) -Yield Line Ultimate loads on slabs -197-The energy absorbed in rotation at a yield line is the total moment along the yield line multiplied by the rotation at the yield line. If @ is the rotation, which can be calculated in terms of the virtual deflection 6 , then the total internal work done on all the lines is given by Internal work done= XZ (m, Ly Os) where m, = ultimate moment per unit of yield line length, Ly = Yield line length. The solution for the slab is obtained by equating the external work done to the internal energy absorbed, = (w6)= 2 (mp, Ly Os) This methed can be summarized in the following steps: I" step; assume a yield line pattern (mechanism) at failure. 2™ step; choose a convenient point in the slab and give this point a virtual displacement. The deflection of all parts of the slab can now be expressed in terms of 8. The loss of work due to this displacement is given by ; external work = UJ wSdx dy =Z wi qd) 3” step; The work done in ayield line is the total moment along the yield line multiplied by the rotation of the yield line hence: Internal work = Zmp Ly O Q) where m, = the ultimate moment/ unit length along yield line Lp= lenght of yield line. Q» = rotation of yield line. 4" step; the solution of the slab is obtained by equating the loss in external work to the gain in internal work. ie. 5 w6= Dm Ly (3) 5" step; for minimum energy (minimum ultimate load or maximum moment). bm_5 ; Sim ; bm_y (4) 5B by by om step ; substitute values of the variables (8 , y ,‘V....) into equation (3) to get the value of my EI Behairy - R.C. design —Chapter (8) - Yield Line Virtual work method -198-w Fig.( 1) Yield line in a square slab on stiff beaas. (a) Actual cracking et failure. (8) Assumed (Yield lines] or (Fracture lines.J IIL. Notations — Simply supported edge fixed supported edge free edge column Sagging yield line Ctve moment) Breen es Hogging yield line <-ve moment? ——— Axis of rotation ¥ Uniform distributed load w aoe i‘'F7. Line load (t/m’> + P Concentrated load ¢t> Prof. Dr. Shaker El Behairy - Yield Line -199-IV. Typical yield line patterns. 1 i tL i, Vf | HN. viet nae | | j Men vieing seven | Mais of rotation —\, Fig.(2) Square Slab Fig.( 3) Rectangular Slab Figs(4) Triangular Slab yield Line Axis of rotation Yield line “I 5 \ \ Fig.( 6) Trapizoidal slabs siaply supported on 4 sides £ 3 sides. Prof. Dr. Shaker El Behairy - Yield Line - 200-Skeved support / Sepports Free edaes Free edges | oe aes “4 uti f ~~ ddd [17 NC rossibie yietétine Yield Lines b locations b e rt | [/ Ct) Ny Colusn Possible axes Supported edge ito) Me Fig.(7 ) Vielé-Line patterns. (a) Continuous one-vay slab, right supports al a and b, (b) Continuous slab vith a skeved support at b. (c) Slab supported on Evo adjacent edges and a coluan, (d) Fan pattern. (e) A fan segnent. (1) Fan pattern near {ree edge. Prof, Dr. Shaker El Behairy - Yield Line - 201 -Ares of retation iat supports Reinforcesent vith skev interaediate support. Anes of rotation Fig.( 9 ) Irregular slab fixed on two sides vith one coluan support. Fig.(22) Rectangular slab supported on two coluans at one side . Both patterns shovn are geonctrically possible. Prof. Dr. Shaker El Behairy - Yield Line - 202 -N SIDED SLABS WITH REGULAR SHAPE N | Yield line Uniform load Concentrated load | shape | w 3 m= aS ae P | Siz Cire m= 050757 | 1 | 1 | _ w P | + =a are m= 3 Ge | 7 w P ¢ = 308 Gres bas Gee Hexagonal w 0 pa Ge octagonal w ae: ™=te8 Gre) M=—e24 Gated = ae ao "oe ates = aa ED Circle Where ; W= wx area of the slab (uniform Load) P : Goncentrated load at the slab center = mm Prof. Dr. Shaker El Behairy - Yield Line - 203-MOMENT OF SOME REGULAR SLABS UDER UNIFORM AND CONCENTRATED LOADS SHAPE EQUATION SHAPE EQUATION MOMENT MOMENT 22 = ™ = “Siege BASS we x "= qseare |* ie gaat i a Pl 2 ae m “oO S8Gt> os i w ; RX 14a 2 ' a \ ] =e feet 5.66 P a z= ms 52 m= w 2 i "44 wee s ma we Line load 6 = weer te where = L2e3terh> 2 “a7arc7 Prof. Dr. Shaker El Behairy - Yield Line Regular Slabs -204-MOMENT OF SOME REGULAR SLABS UDER UNIFORM AND CONCENTRATED LOADS SHAPE EQUATION SHAPE EQUATION MOMENT MOMENT P a =e 1 "3a Gre at gat meam?= W.74e NZ aN aN \_ 7 Lom j i .?® iis mena 8 nee 242 no pace 12? > 4 mente 5¥e 4 = 5 wv 4 m—sosrares | 5 P mt pe 555 6 6 wn Prof. Dr. Shaker El Behairy - Yield Line Regular Slabs - 205 -Flat slabs. @) Flat slab without column head & without drop pannel (without edge beam) Tet Fig.(48) for m=m * wl ml +ve moment in edge span 0.42 L from outer edge = ie » wl? m2 +ve moment in other spans = ic 2 my -ve moment in Ist int, support = 1L.6 . wl? my: -ve moment in other support ie It is recommended that the +ve (m) should cover the span & the -ve m should cover ; span. Prof. Dr. Shaker El Behairy - Yield Line Flate Slab - 206 -PART(ID EXPLANATIONS AND COMMENTS TO CODE TEXT 2001 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS LIMIT STATE DESIGN METHOD CHAPTER (5) : WORKING STRESS DESIGN METHOD CHAPTER (6) : ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CHAPTER (10) : PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CHAPTER (3) : CHAPTER (4) : El-Behairy R.C. Design HandbookPART (I) Applications to The New Egyptian Code 2001 for Design and Construction of R.C.structures PAGE CHAPTER (3) | GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Design Methods (Limit state Design method and working stress 209 design method) Safety conditions. CHAPTER (4) LIMIT STATE DESIGN METHOD Ultimate strength Limit state Flexure and eccentric force 218 Shear-Torsion - Bearing Strength Bond, Development Length and splice of RFT Serviceability limit state - Crack Control CHAPTER (5) ELASTIC (WORKING STRESS) DESIGN METHOD General consideration allowable working stresses. 259 Sections subjected to bending or eccentric forces . Shearing forces-Torsion-Bearing CHAPTER (6) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS General assumptions 271 Solid slabs-Ribbed and hollow block slabs - Flat slabs - beams- Deep beams- Short cantilevers - Columns - Walls CHAPTER (10) PRESTRESSED CONCRETE General — Materials of prestressed concrete 360 Design of prestressed concrete elements Analysis of prestressed structures — structural details El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook _ Contents -208-CHAPTER (3) GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 3-1 Design methods: This chapter deals with the basic concepts for the design methods of reinforced concrete sections under the effect of the different kinds of loads. These methods ensure that all members of the structure shall be proportioned to an adequate strength in accordance with the provisions of this code, which are based on statistical bases,to satisfy the requirements for use and workability during the structure life time without any deformations or defected cracks and with an adequate factor of safety against failure. This can be satisfied by the use of one the following two methods for the design of reinforced concrete structures: 1- Limit state design method. 2- Elastic ( working stress ) design method. 3-1-1 LIMIT STATE DESIGN METHOD: It is not allowed to use this method for design of R.C. structures, with characteristic concrete strength after 28 days less than 20 N/mm? . The conditions given in article (3-1) are satisfied by taking adequate load factors of safety for the working loads to obtain the ultimate loads at which the structure reaches one of the limit states mentioned in article ( 3-2-1-1). By calculating these limits, all factors which negatively affect the strength of the structure in resisting the loads resulting from material strength reduction factors and the approved tolerances in construction and calculations are to be taken into consideration. The ultimate limit states are: El-Behairy Design Handbook R.C. code 2001 - Chapter (3) Design methods -209-3-1-J-1- Ultimate strength limit state: It is the limit which guarantees - on statistical basis - that the structure, or any part of it will not fail as a result of reaching its ultimat limit strength. This limit state controls the behaviour of all parts of the structure at failure ( article 4-2 ). 3-1-1-2 Stability limit state : It_is the limit which guarantees - on statistical basis-that the structure will not fail due to buckling (art. 6-4), overturning, uplift, or sliding. 3-1-1-3 Serviceability limit states: They are the limit states which when ignored, the use and the strength of the structure are negatively affected. They are divided into the following states: a)Deformation and deflection limit states : They are the states which ensure to prevent excessive deformations or deflections more than the allowed values ( article 4-3-1) . b Limit state of cracking : It is the state which ensures the control of crack width, which affects negatively the performance of the structure. or limits its use, or reduces its life time, or affects the appearance of any part of it (article 4-3-2). 3-1-2 EIASTIC ( WORKING STRESS ) DESIGN METHOD: The conditions of article (3-1) are satisfied by the determination of allowable working stresses for the different structural elements. The structure is designed so that the resulting stresses from working loads should not exceed the allowable stresses. Design should also ensure the stability of the structure to prevent the occurance of buckling (art. 3-1-1-2), excessive deformations and deflections, and to control the crack width ( art. 3-1-1-3 ). El-Behairy Design Handbook R.C. code 2001 - Chapter (3) Design Methods -210-3-2 Safety conditions: Safety of the structure is satisfied when the strength of the different sections are greater than internal stresses resulting from the different cases of | loading and the direct and indirect strains. The structure as a whole and each part of it should be safe and usable during the structure lifetime. 3-2-1 Safety determination by the limit state design method 3-2-1-1 Load determination @) Service loads : They are the expected loads under the working conditions.The probability of the increase of these loads should not be more than 5%. These loads are taken from the Egyptian code for loads. They include dead and live loads. They also include wind, soil & liquid pressure, dynamic loads, settlement of supports, creep, shrinkage, and change of temperature effect. Also, seismic loads should be taken into consideration in seismic zones according to their intensity. b) Ultimate load values : The ultimate load values are calculated by multiplying the working loads defined in art (3-2-1-1-a) by the following load factors; 1-For members subjected to live loads, where wind and seismic loads may be neglected: U=14D+1.6L (3-1) where D=Deadloads L =Live loads U = Ultimate loads ( factored loads ) 2-For cases when live loads dose not exceed 0.75 the dead loads then : U=1.5 (DHL) (3-2) 3-For members subjected to live loads, plus lateral pressure due to liquid or soil: U=14D+1.6[E+L] (3-3) where E = Lateral loads. U should not be less than the value given in eqn. (3-1) In case of lateral pressure of liquids contained in closed members such as tanks, the value 1.6 E, in equation (3-3) and (3-7) is to be replaced by 14E. El-Behairy Design Handbook R.C. code 2001 - Chapter (3) Load Factors -211-4)If there are loads due to wind pressure (W) or due to earthquakes (S), The ultimate loads is to be taken the bigger of the following equtions: U=08(0.4D+16L+1.6W) | G-4) | U=08(.4D+16L416S) |G-5) Provided that U should not be less than the value given in eq n (3-1), and it is not allowed to add seismic loads plus wind loads. 5)In cases of loading when decreasing dead load results in increase of straining actions in some sections, the ultimate load factor for dead load is taken (0.9). 6-In cases when the dead loads increase U=09D 3-6 the stability of the structure or reduce the U=09D+16E 327 internal stresses ,the ultimate loads are U=09D+1.3W 3-8 replaced in articles (1,3,4,5) by the U=09D+1.38 3-9 following ultimate load factors 7-The effect of temperature changes, settlement of supports, creep, shrinkage (T) is taken as follows : U=0.8(1.4D+4+1.6L+1.4T) | (G-10) It should not be less than : U=1.4(D+T) (3-11) The effect of these straining action is calculated according to art. (3-3) The dynamic loads (K) may be taken as an equivalent additional static load : [U= 14D+16L+16K @-12) Taking into consideration what mentioned in eq n (3-6) © Load factors for the design using the elastic method and for serviceability limit states : 1) By the design of structures using the elastic method (art.3-1-2) and by the calculations of the serviceability limit states ( art. 3-1-1-3 deflection, and crack width using the elastic method ) design loads are considered to be equal to the working loads ( art. 3-2-1-1-a ). 2) In cases of loading when decreasing dead load result in increase of straining actions in some sections, the ult. load factor is taken (0.9) for dead loads, 3) If the dead loads increase the stability ofthe structure, the working loads are taken as follows: 1- 0.9D (3-13) 2- 0.9D+Wor0.9D+S | (3-14) Note : The allowable stresses are increased, if the wind or seismic loads are included, as in article (S-3-1-9). El-Behairy Design Handbook R.C. code 2001 - Chapter (3) Load Factors -212-3-2-1-2 Strength reduction factors (y) These factors represent the safety factors required to consider the different factors affecting negatively the ultimate strength of the sections. They are represented in the small differences allowed statistically in the errors of the dimensions of the sections, deviation of concrete and steel qualities from those assumed in the design, and the small errors in the calculations due to the design assumptions. The strength reduction factors differ according to the type of the applied load ( flexure, shear ......etc ), also according to the importance of the member in the structure. The values of these factors are as follows: 1- Ultimate strength limit state: The material reduction factor for the concrete strength ( yc).and for the steel rft. (ys ) are taken as follows : Table : (3-2) values of material reduction factors y. & - Axial and eccentric tension Yc = 1.50 a | -Flexure-Shearing forces-Bond Lis Ys= 1. - Torsional moments-Bearing . ‘ - Eccentric compression force | y, =1 (Q-) 215 b | et = 0.05 a“ 15 =1:15(D- Cy 2115] 346 Table: yc & ys for case of eccentric compression (e/t 20.05 elt 0.05 | 0.1 0.2 03 | 04 | 05 6 HL SES 4. a >15 1.725 | 1.70 1.65 1.60 1.55 1.50 1s 1151 -C My 115 1.323 | 1.30 | 1.265 | 1.226 | 1.188} 1.15 El-Behairy Design Handbook R.C. code 2001 - Chapter (3) Strength Factors -213-2- Serviceability limit states The material reduction factors for concrete and steel for all serviceability limit states are taken as follows : - Deflection, Deformation, Cracking Ye= Ys = 1.0 G-17) 3-2-2 Safety determination by the elastic method : The safety of the structure when using the elastic method of design is determined according to chapter (5). 3-3 Internal actions: a- Shrinkage loads : taken from code for loads. b- Temperature loads _: taken from code for loads c-Long - term strain of concrete (Creep): taken according to article (2-3-3-5) C-1 Definition : Creep is defined as the excessive deformation that take place under effect of some or all the service loads, which increases with time, the plastic deformations (€) is added to the instantaneous elastic deformation (€) resulting from direct loading of service loads. C-2: Factors affecting creep. - Creep increases as loading stresses increase. - Creep decreases if the age of concrete increase. when loaded. - Creep increases as the cement content increase. - Creep increases as the water-cement ratio increase. - Creep increases as the member thickness decreases. C-3: Estimation of creep strains (€,,) in ordinary conditions instantaneous strain (€,) equals to: € =f,/E. The strain due to creep is taken: eam o. & Then, the total strain & is taken: eet = (f/E.). (1+) (2-4-b) Eis calculated from eqn (2-1) The value of $ is taken according to table (2-9) El-Behairy Design Handbook R.C. code 2001 - Chapter (3) Serviceability Limit State -214-Table (2-9) values of 6 Weather Dry Weather Wet Weather condition RH=55 % RH=75 % Beam 2 600 < 200 2 600 < 206 | oo Dry shrinkage (¢ x 10°) 3—7 days 0.31 0.43 0.21 0.26 7-60 days 0.30 0.32 0.21 0.26 >_60 days 0.28 0.19 0.20 0.16 Age at loading 3—7 days 2.90 3.80 2.10 2.70 7-60 days 2.50 3.00 1.90 2.20 >_60 days 2.00 1.70 1.70 1.40 R.H > Relative Humidity B=2 AJP. Where: A, = R.C Section Area mm? P, =R.C Section Perimeter mm El-Behairy Design Handbook E.C.P 2001 - Chapter (3) Serviceability Limit State -215-GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS CHAPTER (3) (SUMMARY) Methods of design ~ Limit state Elastic design method (working stress) design method Ultimate Stability Serviceability strength limit limit Limit state state state - thon > on - Deflection - Flexure - Eccent. force | - Overturning | - Deformation | - Eccentric force - Shear - Uplift - Crack width | - Shear - Torsion - Sliding control - Torsion - Bearing - Bearing - Bond - Bond - Development - Development length length VALUES OF MATERIAL. REDUC. FACTORS FOR CONCRETE yc & STEEL ys 1) . Axial and eccentric tension Ye =15 . Bending moment. Shearing force . Torsional moment. Bearing . Bond Ys = 115 “ 2) Eccentric compression where e/t > 0.05 1 elt eft ].05 | 01] 02] 03)04] 05 | Yom !SKCG)-G vie 150 ye [1.73 [1.70] 1.65 | 1.60] 1.55] 1.50 v |1.323)130|1.265]1.224 11d 1.15 w=115 (9-2 Lis 3) Working limit states : Ye =1.0 Deflection-Deformation-cracking Ys =1.0 El-Behairy Design Handbook R.C. code 200] - Chapter (3) Summary -216-Chapter (4) LIMIT STATES DESIGN METHOD Contents Page 41 42 424 4-2-1-1 4-2-1-2 4-2-1-3 4-2-2 42-24 4-2-2-2 42-23 4-2-2-4 4-2-2-5 4-2-2-6 4-2-3 4-2-4 4-2-5 4-3 4-3-1 4-3-2 GENERAL CONSIDERATION .........00:c0cccsseees sees ULTIMATE STRENGTH LIMIT STATES ............-.-- U.S.D.: FLEXURE OR ECCENTRIC FORCES ....... BASIC ASSUMPTIONS AND GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ......... SECTIONS SUBJECTED TO FLEXURE ...... SECTIONS SUBJECTED TO ECCENTRIC COMPRESSION FORCE SECTIONS SUBJECTED TO ECCENTRIC TENSION .......... ULTIMATE STRENGTH LIMIT STATES.: SHEAR .. BEAMS .. SLABS AND FOOTING . PUNCHING SHEAR FRICTION SHEAR . BRACKETS AND CORBELS ... DEEP BEAM IN SHEAR ... ULTIMATE STRENGTH LIMIT STATES.: TORSION .......2.00--.0000 ULTIMATE STRENGTH LIMIT STATE FOR BEARING ..........00-+- BOND, DEVELOPMENT LENGTH AND SPLICES .........0002000000006 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES . DEFORMATION AND DEFLECTION LIMIT STATES . LIMIT STATES OF CRACKING 219 219 219 219 222 223 224 225 225 228 228 229 229 230 234 241 24 250 250 252 El-Behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter (4) -218-CHAPTER (4) LIMIT STATES DESIGN. METHOD 4-1- GENERAL CONSIDERATION: This chapter deals with the application of the basis for the design of R.C. structures according to the limit states design method mentioned in chapter (3) These limit states ensure enough safety against failure where the sections reach their ultimate limit strength and satisfy all serviceability requirements. Limit states design method | tn eee al 4: 2 Ultimate strength limit states 4-3 Serviceability limit states 4-2-1 Flexure or eccentric forces 4-3-1 Deformation and | 4-2-2 Shear deflection limit states | © 4-2-3 Torsion 4-3-2 Cracking limit states 4-2-4 Bearing | 4-2-5 Bond, development length & splices 4-2 ULTIMATE STRENGTH LIMIT STATES: 4-2-1 U.S.D : FLEXURE OR ECCENTRIC FORCES: 4-2-1-1 Basic assumptions and general considerations: » The ultimate strength limit state for sections subjected to flexure or combined flexure and eccentric force should satisfy the equilibrium conditions, compatibility of strain conditions, as well as the following considerations 1- Strain distribution along the section are linear, therefore, the strains in the steel reinforcement and concrete are proportional to their distances from the neutral axis. This assumption is valid in all elements except for deep beams that have non-linear stress distribution. 2- Fig.(4-1) shows the idealized stress-strain relationship for steel reinforcement. Yield stress limits are as follows: 3-a fy is taken not more than 400 N/mm” for H.G. steel and wire mesh of| o>10mm. 3-b. If tests prove that fy for mild steel >240 N/mm”, this value can be used but not more than 280 N/mm”. 3-c. For cold wire mesh: yield stress £ + 300 Nimm’, El-Behairy R.C Design Handbook — Code 2001 Chapter (4) Limit states -219-4- Limit state for cracking should be satisfied in the determination of f for the used steel according to clause (4-3-2). 5-Concrete strength in tension is neglected, while steel rft resists all tension stresses. Stress fy= yield stress ar proof stress fy owt N .67 fou /Ye Strain Strain : 0.002 Equ=0.003 Ms Fig. (4-1): For steel Fig. (4-2): For concrete Stress . -ve Idealized stress-strain curve . 6- Fig.(4-2) shows the idealized stress-strain relationship for concrete in compression. 7- Maximum compression strains are taken as follows: feu = 0.003 for concrete sections subjected to flexure or combined flexure and axial force creating tension stress in part of the section. Eu = 0.002 for concrete sections subjected to compressive axial force applied at the section centroid. 8- According to assumptions No. (6&7), the ultimate compressive stress distribution along the section is taken as shown in Fig (4-3). 9- Requirements for assumptions (6&7) could be satisfied in case of rectangular ,T -, L- and trapezoidal sections as shown in Fig (4-4) It is assumed that there is a uniform compression stress on the equivalent area shown in Fig (4-4), (Equivalent rectangular stress block) This concrete stress is equal to 0.67 fiu/yc. 10- Concerning circular sections and other sections not mentioned in assumption (9), the ultimate stress distribution is taken according to Fig. (4-3). An alternative distribution could be done through calculating the equivalent depth of rectangle for the cases that have the area of the equivalent rectangle is equal to that of the ultimate stress area and have the same centroid. El-Behairy R.C Design Handbook — code 2001 Chapter (4)U.S.D. Flexure -220-1l- For sections subjected to biaxial bending moments only or with axial force, the ultimate stress distribution is as shown in Fig. (4-3) and as mentioned in assumption No. (10). ioned in assumpt ¢ a Sou= 0.003 - 067 feu! %y Fig. (4-3): Ultimate strains and stresses distributions -—— B—_+ Gu At = eo ae is Ecy=0.003 0.67 fou /% ee ba Fig. (4-4): Equivalent rectangle of compression stress distribution Table (2-4): Mechanic: al properties of steel types | Yeild stress | Ultimate Cold foldin, - 00.2% | tensile | Elongation —— Steel type rl Grade | proof stress | strength | percent ’ He surface Nim? =| N/mm? | (L=10 6) aa curvature (min.) (min.) $25 26 240 350 20 Normal | ss soth soo >25 36 mild steel 25 26 450/280 280 450 18 >25 36 =20 46 High 520/300 360 520 12 >20, <36 56 grade | deformed 46 20< 4 <25 steel 600/400 400 600 0 | ose 96 38 Cold ** Smooth formed i welded | deformea | 520/450 450 520 8g - = wire mesh | or ribbed | * L = measurement length (mm), 6 = bar diameter (mm). ** It is not allowed to use meshes with diameters less than 5 mm. El-Behairy R.C Design Handbook — Code 2001 Chapter (4)U.S.D. Flexure -221-2 SECTIONS SUBJECTED TO FLEXURE : a) With tension rft. only: My =(A, f, /7;) (d-a/2) 4-1 a =A, (fy /ys)/[0.67 b (fou /¥e )] | 4-2 ald#01& ya*0.95d b ey =f / (Es re) | 4-3 Is the limit between Brittle and ductile failure. lEcu=0.003 When concrete strain ¢..=0.003, steel Yield strain ey reach their max limit at the same time. c) Max. ultimate moment and max % of steel Max allowed B.M. for sec with tension rft. only M'y max = Rnux bd? fey Me |_ 4-4 Max steel ratio for sec. L'mas= As max /bd 4-5 with tension rft. only = [0.67 (fu / yo) / (fy / ¥6)] (amax /d) Values of Rmax & pt'max are given in table (4-1). For the case of moment redistribution by + 10 % a (4-2) (see design aides). Fig. (4-5): Bending moment redistribution in beams d) Design of rectangular sections with compression rft. My =Rpux (fou /Ye)b + (fy /7,)A, (-d ) (4-6) As =Mu max * (fy /7s) 4, (4-4) As (fy/7%5) = 0.67 amax B fou/%e + As fy/¥s (4-7) * : = Hina bdfy/7.+As fy/75 ls =Hmax bd+As As J b—_} The following conditions must be satisfied: a) Serviceability limit states for deflection and deformations b) Itis prefered that . A‘ /As < 0.4 c) Min. comp. steel £10 % tension steel ( 4£0.1 42). d) Distance between stirrups + 15 o. El-Behairy Design Handbook Code 2001 Chapter (4) U.S.D. Flexure -222-This condition can be neglected if| (d‘/d) d<} 0.2 | 0.15 0.1 | = | ) Check that equEs 2 f/ys fy 24 36 40 : { |} | 2) T-and L section ( Height of equivalent stress block (a) > t,) A B ZA da M,,=0.67(F,/7,)B tp [d=(ty /2)]] (4-8-a) ‘ a =A, Ey /7)Ed-Cte/2)] | 4-8-0) by by A Min. % of steel | 1- As ,the least of | (1.1/fyJbd _ or 1.3 As req. | (4-9) For R- See. | sot tess than |2:25.% bd (st. 240/350, T- Sec. 0.15 % bd (st. 360/520) | For T & L sec (b) is the web width 2) Sections subjected to biaxial bending Mx & My: Use simplified method article (6-4-6) or competability of strains. For T-sections with flange in tension side: part of main rft. ( 80 mm ) Dy = Diameter of concrete core inside CL. of spiral stirrup. fyp = Yield stress of spiral stirrups. 3) Sections subjected to eccentric compression force | A Compression failure ie Py> Py use interaction diagrams (see design aids (part II). 4) Sections subjected to eccentric compression force Tension failure ie Py =F, (use design chart for simple bending ). 4-2-1-4 Sections subjected to eccentric tension (combined flexure and axial tension): i) Sections subjected to axial tension or eccentric tension acting between . steel rft. e d-d = (-<0.5 or e<——) 4a t 2 che eee fof , ¢ Tu Te Te ¥ a > fe we. Fs, - ud fs A t 4a » Ay al e+) 44) b) Section subjected to eccentric tension acting outside steel rfi. ce >0.5) t Ag | use design charts for simple bending : yl a M, andT e=M /T e. =e-t/2+cover Ay | u u uu s 7 ———— Te MmTyS, Asnubdt u us | Ty ily, El-Behairy Design Handbook Code 2001 Chapter (4) U.S.D- Eccen comp -224-ULTIMATE STRENGTH LIMIT STATE SHEAR eee , cis the width of the support 2 22 : For concentrated load with (@<2d):Q.) =P .— max U 2d - a d = For concentrated load with (a < a ): Que 7 Py SS =f i | (2. ay 4 Pat Geox r aut aa Ae q I fer | fildi f = yet Lt [fJecreconrrasneonantevansesnaseen : B a) Distributed Load” Oy i {aay +R lg Sou 2 a “8a ~) fare nesdas ——| Fig. (4-7): Shear stress distribution and critical sections for beams El-Behairy Design Handbook Code 2001 Chapter (4) U.S.D- Shear ~-225-4-2-2-1-2 Nominal ultimate shear strength (N/mm? to- resist su Shear stress ( Beams & slabs ) qy = Q, / (bd) 4-13 If variable depth (tan B < 0.33 ) Qe = Q, - (M, tamB)/d Tf section height decrease while Q._ =Q + (M tanB)/d bending moment increase: o u u Max. shear stress with rft. = 2 ymax 727 hoy (%q $3 Némm Combined shear and torsion Wy max 7855 (7 Ey YQ? - 9: where: For soild sections Be AMG, /9,) For box sections 845i = W/L4(qu/qu)] Torsion can be neglected if 4. < 0.06 /f /y cute 4-2-2-1-3 Shear strength resisted by concrete (N/mm? ) a) Max. concrete shear strength (without rft. ) Igy = 0-24 JF Te 4-18 b) In case of axial force Py or Ty = y tw Vg 6 (0.24 fa '”,) For axial comp 8 =14007(P (A) 415 4-19 For axial tension | 8, =1-0-2(1,/A.) 4-20 c) In case of combined shear & torsion qc can be neglected q. =8..(0.24) ff /y or reduced to be : aS aus d) bb case of slabs, footing & beams dou =1.3x0.244/fey Ve with t_<300 mm. 4-2-2-1-4 Shear resisted by rft. for beams : If qu > qeu Shear rft. should be used Guu = qu— 0.5 Gee 4-21 | |-- El-Behairy Design Handbook Code 2001 Chapter (4) U.S.D - Shear -226-+2-2-1-5 Shear reinforcement for beams : eee sticrups u=Anl (65) = Gul (hl [422 Eeclined stirrups dou “gy (By 17, sin a#008 a) S 423 or bent bars where Gain “unSoua | 424 1f=45° Fay = Agy fy 10) 42 1bS £5 For one raw of Ian = Aw a Fy ,)sine bd 4-26 bent bars On condition that ay 80.24 ET 427 4-2-2-1-6 General recommen A 5 _ 04 BO = mn. ps & st 240/350 | st 350/520 < £5h6/m | 428 0.15% | 0.10% If b = 400 mmorb> t, use 4 branches stirrups with max spacing effective length for bent ae = Pu 9S | PLL iy | |?) | 250mm. | 3) [Tf b >t: pain = Aumin/(b.s)= 0.4/(Equ/qes) [where (qu/qeu)<1_| 4-29 4) | The following structural members should be designed on basis that shear stress is resisted by conerete only according to: (0.5 qu > qu) Taking into account that the concrete resitstance to_shear (qu) is increased by 30%, i.e: de 0.5x1.3x 0.24 Vfou /¥¢ 431 ‘These members include: =0.16./fn lye, 1- Footings and slabs O16 vou /¥e 2- Beams with t < The bigger value of (250 mm or 2.5 tror 0.5 By) This case is valid for embedded beams and hollow slabs 5)_| Max. spacing between v1 stir. D/2 > 200mm 6) | Max. spacing between bent bars=d or 15d | If qu <1.5 qu 7)_| All lines with “45° from beam center must cut a bent bar. 8)_| For shear rft. max. f, = 400 N/mm’ for all steel types 9) | Avoid construction joints at zones with high shear stresses,otherwise check friction shear (4. bas=0751 Fig. (4-8): Effective web reinforcement El-Behairy Design Handbook Code 2001 Chapter (4) U.S.D. - Shear -227- dations for arranging web rft.4-2-2-2 Slabs and Footings : 1-Shear stresses in slabs & footings are calculated in the two directions as beams (one way shear) according to articles (4-2-2-1-1) , (4-2-2-1-3), (4. 6-d). 2-Punching shear stresses are calculated according to article (4-2-2-3) 4-2-2-3 Punching shear The critical section for punching shear in slabs and footing is at a distance d/ around the circumference of the concentrated load . b) Punching shear qup = Qup/bod — where b,= 2( at+b+2d) iii)In flat slabs, punching shear resulting from moments transfered from slabs to columns, should be taken into consideration (6-2-6-7) . ad 2 ! d) Nominal conerete] 4, =08)~ +02] EY, Neon punshing strength equal ° -) = 0.316[0.5 Toy) ff fy Nénm: the least of: Soup 105+ (arb) ely, «=4 interior col. =3 external col. =2_ corner col. e) Max. q _<0316./f /y_ Nimm? cup cute f) Slab and footings thickness are determined as concrete only resist the punching shear as: Geup = up | 4-34 N S \ Interior column Edge column — Comer column Fig. (4-9): Critical sections for punching shear El-Behairy Design Handbook Code 2001 Chapter (4) Punching Shear -228-+2-2-4 FRICTION SHEAR » This article is applied when shear is transfered by friction as in construction and casting joints. =) The shearing forces are resisted completely by rft. and concrete resistance is neglected. Rft. for friction shear is calculated as follows: 1) If the rft. perpendicular ) S + to shear plane Age Q,/ i HE 7 )£Nu/(fy/ys) (4-35) 2) If Rft. inclined by cis to shear plane . Age = Q. Ae Fy.) (usin Op + cos a, )] f Nu ([(Fy /7s)sin o¢ ] (4-36) 1c) 1. = coefficient of friction | = 1.20 Monolethic concrete joints = 0.80 rough surface with roughness depth ~ 5 mm. | = 0.50 roughness depth < 5 mm or steel element fixed on | concrete members d) Max friction shear stress : Q tA, S O1St, /y, $40 N/mm? where A, is area of conc.resisting friction shear e) For friction shear rft. max f, = 400 N/mm? for all steel types. f) In case of tension + equations (4-35) & (4-36) shear, the area of steel should be increased to resist the tension as in. 4-2-2-5 BRACKETS AND CORBELS a) Short cantilevers with :a0.03F,, /f, 4-37-b 7 (main reinforcement) As Sy _ rie CoS op simp 2 e WS s | | PKI 3! | | L A | | eaeeneeloente 8 oF ties) i / aL Ah Fig. (4-10): Short cantilevers El-Behairy Design Handbook Code 2001 Chapter (4) Friction Shear -229-A¢= Steel area required to resist flexure. | Ma a+Ny(tt+A-d) (4-38) A,= Steel area required to resist tension [An =Nu/ (f,/'¥s) (4-39) Ae = Steel area required to resist friction shear (eqn (4-35) or (4-36)) Q. = max shearing force < value in art. (4-2-2-4-b) N, = tension force (considered L.L.) c) H1. Rft. (closed stirrups) An= 0.5 (As- An) (4-40)| To be arranged at 2/3 d from top. iv) For cases in which the short cantilever is exposed to torsion moment due to eccentricity of loads or due to horizontal forces, V1. stirrups should be added t satisfy the section resistance to torsion moments. In all cases the web rft. shoul not be less than the conditions mentioned in article (4-2-3) v) Bearing strength must be checked according to art. (4-2-4) and loading area must not be extended beyond the straight part of main steel rft. (fig. 4-10) 4-2-2-6 DEEP BEAM IN SHEAR: See art (6-3-2) for deep beam conditions i) This article is applicable only for deep beams loaded at top surface by comp stresses ii) The critical section for shear is at the following distance from support face: for uniform load 0.15 L, | But not more than d/2 from face for conc. load at distance (a) from 05a of support support face c) Shear stress qu=Qu/ (og) (4-41) where g = the least of clear span or effect. Dept Gu ame =5z (0.70 fF, 77.) N/mm?w | 4.15 d) Max shear stress: 1 here 8, = Q [2+(4L, /d)] 4-42 e) Concrete shear strength ou = Sag (0.24 JF, 17.) N/mm? 4-18 where: 5,,=3.5-2.5(M, /Q, 4) 4-43 but should not be more than q,, < 0.46/f., /y, N/mm? 4-44 Df q, >dq use shear rt where q,, =q, - 0.54, 4-45 El-Behairy Design Handbook Code 2001 Chapter (4) Deep Beams -230-j | _2) Calculations of shear Reinforcement Shear stress Gar= 5, Agayt Si Gate 4-46-a "HL. shear stress Gan= (Ay / Sy) & /b YS) 4-46-b V1. shear stress Gan = (A, /8,) & /bY,) 4-46-¢ where = 8, =(1-L, /d)/12 4-46-d and 6, =(144+L,/d)/12 4-46-£ where: A,=H1. shear rft. & Ay= V1. shear rft S,= Distance between H1. stirrups S,= Distance between VL. stirrups. L, = clear span . The shear rft. is continue with the same value along the all span. | st 240/350 | st 360/520 VI Rf | A/bS, = 0.2 % 0.15 % HIRft | AvbS,2 | 0.25 % 0.20 % Where S, < the least of 2b or '/3d & < 250 mm. Sy < the least of 2b or '/3 d & < 250 mm. i) Main rft must extend allover beam length with enough anchorag: length to support. j) Web rf. must be designed for cases of loading producing tension on loaded side and by lateral loads. h) Min rft. for deep beam : El-Behairy Design Handbook Code 2001 Chapter (4) Deep Beam -231-ULTIMATE LIMIT SHEAR (Nimm’) TABLE : VALUES OF ULTIMATE STRESSES OF CONCRETE (SHEAR - PUNCHING - FRICTION - TORSION - BOND - BEARING- MODULUS OF ELASTICITY) Characteristic conc. Strength N/mm? fi | 20.0 | 25.0 | 30.0 | 35.0 | 40.0 Shear only 1- | Max. shear stress with rft. Gon = 0.7 JE, 17, (4-15) | Gna | 255 | 2.86 | 3.13 | 3.38 | 3.61 2- | Conc. shear strength without ft. q,, =0.24 Jf, /y, (4-18) | de | 0-88 | 0.98 | 1.07 | 116 | 1.24 3- | Conc. strength for slabs, footings & beams with d < 300 mm deo 1.14 | 1.27 | 139 | 1.51 | 161 Gen = 1.3.x 0.24 Jf, / 7, 4- | Max conerete Punching strength :q., =0.316f, /7, | dar | 115 | 129 | Lal | 153 | 1.63 5- | Frition shear strength qu - urric = Qu Ac=O.15 f, Me fric 2.0 | 25 3.0 | 3.50 | 4.00 6- | Deep beams: max concre} shear strength ou =0.45 Joy /Ye] Yeo | 1.68 | 1:88 | 2.06 | 2.22 | 2.37 7- | Torsion stresses can be neglected if: q, <0.06,/f, 77, (4-17) | 4 | 0.22 | 0.25 |0.27 | 0.29 | 0.31 8- | Bond strength Sg =0.3 48,17, fio | 110 | 1.22 |.134.) 145 } 1.55 9- | Bearing strength = 0.67f,, / 7, | fies | 8.90 ] 11.2 | 13.40] 15.6 ei 10 | Modulus of elasticity E. E, =4.4,/f, KN/mm? E 20.0 | 22.0 | 24.0 | 26.0 | 28.0 El-Behairy Design Handbook code 2001 Chapter (4) Ultimate Limit Shear -232-