Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2012 Effects of The Synthetic Inertia From Wind Power On The Total System Inertia After A PDF
2012 Effects of The Synthetic Inertia From Wind Power On The Total System Inertia After A PDF
Effects of the Synthetic Inertia from Wind Power on the Total System Inertia after a
Frequency Disturbance
4
l
2
3
F. Gonzalez-Longatt , E. Chikuni , W. Stemmet and K. Folly
I Department of Aerospace, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Coventry University
Priory Street CV1 5FB Coventry, United Kingdom
Phone: +44-779-563-4298, Fax: +44-244-563-010, Email: fglongatt@ieee.org
23
, Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology
Kaizersgracht / Tennant St, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
2
3
Phone: +27214603086, Phone: +27214603084, 4 Phone +27216504490
4
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town
2
4
Email : chikunie@cput.ac.za , Email3 : StemmetW@cput.ac.za, Email : komla.folly@uct.ac.za
I. INTRODUCTION
Future power systems face several challenges [1]: (i) the
high penetration level of renewable energy from highly
variable generators connected over power converters, (ii)
several technologies for energy storage with very different
time constants, some of them using power converters as an
interface to the grid, (iii) A complex European transmission
network facilitating the integration of large-scale renewable
energy sources and the balancing and transportation of
electricity based on underwater multi-terminal high voltage
direct current (MTDC) transmission. All of them have an
element in common, high power converters that decouple the
new energy sources from the pre-existent AC power systems
[1], [2].
During
a
system
frequency
disturbance
the
generation/demand power balance is lost, the system
frequency will change at a rate initially determined by the
total system inertia. However, future power systems will
increase the installed power capacity (MVA) but the effective
Secondary Response
.:.::..
:..:,::;.;O:'-'
.::...
N 50.0 1+fH+H+H+---'*""---'T"-"--"'-'T"---....:...;;c:.-----'
ij'
c:
Q)
:l
0'
Q)
49.8
H=l...Jw1I
(1)
2 Sbase
2
where: J is the total moment of inertia in kg.m , Wsm is the
rated mechanical speed in rad/s, and Sbase is the selected base
apparent power in MVA.
A change in the generation/load balance, at one point in the
system will be reflected throughout the system by a change in
frequency. The relationship between the power imbalance at
the terminals of the i-th generator in p.u. (/"",P,) and its
frequency (jJ, can be expressed as:
2H, dJ;
(2)
= Pm,i - Pe., = /"",p, i 1, 2, ... , N
dt
where: Pm,i is the mechanical turbine power in p.u., Pe,i is the
electrical power in p.u., dPi is the load generation imbalance
Li: 49.5
-.1
/I
49.2
Fig. 1. General Frequency System Response and Controller involved:
The operational limits show on the figure correspond to England and
Wales.
p to
if = /"", , ( )!"
dJ;
2
dt
(3)
''o
dJ;
dt
''o
J;(t; - (t)
=
to - to
(4)
(5)
.{'
dfsys
Jsys X Tt
(6)
where Hsyn express the synthetic inertia (sec) and /sys system
frequency (p.u). Implementation of releasing hidden inertia
controllers is depicted on Fig. 2.
Traditional variable speed WTs are designed to always
operate at the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) so they
Upper Top
Benchmark System
Project: DPSP
2012
0210112012
Frandsco M. Gonzalez-Longatt
Date:
fglongatt@ieee.org
211312012
Annex
Mechanical
Wind
Mechanical
SI,,-">Cd
Power
Active and
.
Lo:-----,2.00:-:-----:-24.OO-:-----:-:36.O O:-----47.9-:-:9----,-,---'8 WOO
-"-'--:-:'
fglongatt
Active and
Fundamental
Shaft
fft.."'quency
grid model
--300MW
Pitch angle
Rotor speed
controller
c011lroller
--500MW
er
::?
Activepower
s etpomt
--700MW
--1350MW
-5
--1500MW
8
.;; -10
""
--1800MW
--2300MW
-0
--2800MW
-15
-20
--3200MW
0
10
20
30
40
Time(s)
50
60
Fig. 6. ROCOF (p. u/s) considering level of loss of power infeed: Base
Case.
'S.?-3t;:7
T
Hi.,?,?t;:fi
fs.,?,?t;:s
5 ..Bt;:4
u5'?-3t;:.
;'i .,,t;:2
:t;:1
IJ..'
o.s
1l.7
1.3S
,.s
1 .t;:
(HT)
2.?-
2. t;:
3.2
10
20
30
40
Time(s)
'6
-0.3
60
3_5
:c 3
25
G2
G3
G4(a)
G6
GS
49.6
49.4
(Hi)
L-____---"
,--------____,
49 2
C.
-0 05
."
-0.1
49.5
::a
10
Time(s)
20
30
(te)
(te)
-0 3
--IV
--V
Ll._ _....====='1
.'c
10
Time(s)
15
I1Pshed
20%.
"in
>,
'/l
20
(Hsyn). I1Pshed
'"
E
"
..:;
E
"
--111
20
f-<
:r:
--II
-0.2
15
:3
--I
.; -0.1
L-____------,
10
Time(s)
0.1
30
Tlme(s)
considering an exceptional
50.5 ,--------____,
49
'-------'
-0.1
."
G7
.t:
>,
'6
4:
g-
50.2
GI
-0.1
::a -0.2
u.
2
"
1.5
8
.
I
1::
v 0.5
"
- 0
"in
--IV
o I ,---------____,
--IV
_ 0.3l'...--===:'1
::S
50
--111
." -0.2
-0 6 '------.L
0.8 --'---_
1.2
1.4 __
1.6 ---'1.8__----'__-----'
'---__L-__
_.-L.
--II
'6
4:
--G6
--G7
0.4
--I
-- G4(a)
-- GS
0.4
,-------____,
-0.1
--03
-0 6
O.I
r--r-------c--====:::;1
-- GI
-..----1 --G2
is' -0.2
J-
20%.
'"
0.1
2.5
(Hr)
10
(Hsyn).
on
Fig.
(load
shedding
Case
I:
GW,
II:
details is presented for the second trip, the time delays on the
trips is observed between the system considering a synthetic
inertia of 1.0 and 2.5s.
0
..l
I---
500
-600
3.05
3.055
0.5
(b) H,Y"
-200
-400
600
00
c
<l
ei
-g0
..l
800
--L5
2.5s
3.06
3.065
1.5
3.07
3.075
Time(s)
2.5
3.08
--l6
--L7
3
3.5
3.5
-200
f-400
-1000
-1200
--L4
'-----'
-400
1000
-1200
300
800
'/J
-g0
I.Os
-200
600
<l
-'"
100
-400
i!'
(a) H,yn
200
-600
3.13
0.5
3.135
3.14
1.5
3.145
2
Time(s)
3.15
2.5
Fig. 12. Power shed (GW) considering different a UFLS of six step
!!.Pshed =
1%,
Tdelay =
Hsyn=
1. 0s and
E.
(!!.Pshed):
(Hsyn).
WT Power
Converter
V. CONCLUSIONS
This paper evaluates the effects of the inertia emulation of
wind turbines based on full-converters and their effect on
total system inertia after a frequency disturbances happen.
The substantial effect of synthetic inertia is on total system
inertia and system inertial response: (i) the extra power
delivered from WT can substantially reduce the ROCOF (ii)
it provides time for the active governors to respond. However
a coordination between controllers looks desirable (iii)
increasing synthetic inertia helps to delay the UFLS and
avoid repeated operations at exceptionally high values of
synthetic inertia, (iv) synthetic inertia might not completely
avoid UFLS, (v) ROCOF immediately after a system
disturbance is independent on the UFLS scheme, (vi) UFLS
helps to reduce the negative recovery effect caused by
synthetic inertia. The main contribution of this paper is to
demonstrate the potential positive effect on the total system
inertia on future power systems that integrate synthetic
inertia, however the under-frequency protection schemes
must be rethought because synthetic inertia cannot
completely avoid worse scenarios in terms of UFLS.
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[14]
[15]
[16]
Springer, 2005.
GB. (2009). Security and Quality of Supply Standard (SQSS).
Available:
http://www.nationalgrid.com/ukfElectricity/Codes/gbsqsscodel
L. Holdsworth, J. B. Ekanayake, and N. Jenkins, "Power system
frequency response from fixed speed and doubly fed induction
generator-based wind turbines," Wind Energy, vol. 7, pp. 21-35, 2004.
P. Kundur, N. J. Balu, and M. G. Lauby, Power system stability and
control. New York; London: McGraw-Hill,1994.
A. Mullane, G. Bryans, and M. O'Malley, "Kinetic energy and
frequency response comparison for renewable generation systems," in
Future Power Systems, 2005 International Conference on, 2005, pp. 6
pp.-6.
G. Lalor, A. Mullane, and M. O'Malley, "Frequency control and wind
turbine technologies," Power Systems, iEEE Transactions on, vol. 20,
pp. 1905-1913,2005.
S. Yuan-zhang, Z. Zhao-sui, L. Guo-jie, and L. Jin, "Review on
frequency control of power systems with wind power penetration," in
Power System Technology (POWERCON), 20iO international
Conference on, 2010,pp. 1-8.
N. Miller, K. Clark, and R. Walling, "WindINERTIA: Controlled
Inertial Response from GE Wind Turbine Generators," presented at the
45th Annual Minnesota Power Systems Conference, Minneapolis,
Minnesota,2009.
N. W. Miller, K. Clark, and M. Shao, "Frequency responsive wind plant
controls: Impacts on grid performance," in Power and Energy Society
General Meeting, 2011 iEEE, 2011,pp. 1-8.
S. Wachtel and A. Beekmann, "Contribution of Wind Energy
Converters with Inertia Emulation to Frequency Control and Frequency
Stability in Power Systems," presented at the 8th International
Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power
Systems as well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind
Farms,Bremen,Germany,2009.
P. M. Anderson and M. Mirheydar, "An adaptive method for setting
underfrequency load shedding relays," Power Systems, IEEE
Transactions on, vol. 7, pp. 647-655, 1992.
F. Gonzalez-Longatt, P. Wall, and V. Terzija, "A Simplified Model for
Dynamic Behavior of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator for
Direct Drive Wind Turbines," in IEEE PES Trondheim Power Tech
201i, Trondheim,Norway,2011.
S. Achilles and M. Poller. Direct drive synchronous machine models for
stability
assessment
of
wind
farm.
Available:
http://www.digsilent.de/Consulting/Publications/DirectDrive_Modeling
.pdf