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Acos(t ) + Bsin(t ) =
A2 + B 2 i cos[t + / 4].
(1)
Being unfamiliar with Eq. (1), and being my paranoid self, I wondered
if that equation is correct. Not finding a stock trigonometric identity
in my math reference book to verify Eq. (1), I modeled both sides of
the equation using software. Sure enough, Eq. (1) is not correct. So
then I wondered, "Humm ... OK, well then just what are the correct
equations for a single sinusoid equivalent of the sum of equalfrequency sine and cosine functions? This can't be too difficult." As
so often happens to me, the answers to that simple question are much
more involved than I first thought.
Acos(t ) + Bsin(t ) =
(2)
Acos(t + ) + Bcos(t + )
i cos t + tan
A sin() + B sin()
A cos() + B cos() }
Acos(t + ) + Bcos(t + )
A2 + B 2 + 2 AB i cos(t + )
Acos(t + ) + Bcos(t)
A2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos()
i cos t + tan
Acos(t) + Bcos(t)
= (A + B)cos(t)
Acos(t + ) + Acos(t + )
A sin()
A cos() + B }
i cos t + tan
sin() + sin()
cos() + cos() }
Acos(t + ) + Acos(t + )
= 2Acos(t + )
Acos(t + ) + Acos(t)
= 2Acos(/2)cos(t + /2)
Acos(t) + Acos(t)
= 2Acos(t)
1. The "" symbol, needed for text wraparound reasons, means multiply.
Asin(t + ) + Bsin(t + )
i sin t + tan
A sin() + B sin()
A cos() + B cos() }
Asin(t + ) + Bsin(t + )
A2 + B 2 + 2 AB i sin(t + )
Asin(t + ) + Bsin(t)
A2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos()
i sin t + tan
Asin(t) + Bsin(t)
= (A + B)sin(t)
Asin(t + ) + Asin(t + )
A sin()
A cos() + B }
i sin t + tan
sin() + sin()
cos() + cos() }
Asin(t + ) + Asin(t + )
= 2Asin(t + )
Asin(t + ) + Asin(t)
= 2Acos(/2)sin(t + /2)
Asin(t) + Asin(t)
= 2Asin(t)
i cos t + tan
A sin() B cos()
A cos() + B sin() }
Acos(t + ) + Bsin(t + )
A sin() B cos()
= A2 + B 2 i cos{t + tan 1
}
A cos() + B sin()
Acos(t + ) + Bsin(t)
A2 + B 2 2 AB sin()
i cos t + tan
Acos(t) + Bsin(t + )
Acos(t + ) + Asin(t + )
A sin() B
A cos() }
A2 + B 2 + 2 AB sin()
i cos t + tan
Acos(t) + Bsin(t)
B cos()
A + B sin() }
1
i cos t + tan
sin() cos()
cos() + sin() }
Acos(t + ) + Asin(t + )
= 2 A2 i c os{t + tan 1
Acos(t + ) + Asin(t)
sin() cos()
}
cos() + sin()
2 A2 [1 sin() ]
i cos t + tan
A [sin() 1]
A cos() }
Acos(t) + Asin(t + )
Acos(t) + Asin(t)
= 2 A cos(t /4)
NOTE: Several months after I created the equations in the above tables
I ran across somewhat similar material on the Internet written by the
prolific Julius O. Smith III. In that material Prof. Smith presents
equations for the general case of summing N 2 arbitrary cosine
functions of the same frequency. That material can be found at the
following web page:
http://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/filters/Sum_Sinusoids_Same_Frequency.htm
l
Derivation Methods
Deriving the closed-form expressions for the sum of two equal-frequency
sinusoidal functions is most easily accomplished by first finding the
expression for the sum of two arbitrary equal-frequency complex
exponentials. So that's where I started.
Ae
j (t + )
= Ae j e jt
(3)
Ae j (t + ) + Be j (t +) = e jt ( Ae j + Be j )
(4)
Ae j ( t + ) + Be j (t +)
= e jt
A cos() + B cos()
ie
jtan 1
Asin()+ B sin()
A cos() + B cos()
j t + tan 1
(5)
(The "" symbol in Eq. (5), needed for text wraparound reasons, simply
means multiply.) So, Eq. (5) tells us: the sum of two equal-frequency
complex exponentials is merely a scalar magnitude factor multiplied by
a unity-amplitude complex exponential term. Next we use Eq. (5) to
obtain the expressions for the sum of two real-valued sinusoids.
Acos(t + ) + Bcos(t + )
=
i cos t + tan
A sin() + B sin()
A cos() + B cos() } .
(6)
Eq. (6) is the general equation listed in the second row of Table 1.
Substituting the different values for , , B from the left column of
Table 1 into Eq. (6), plus recalling the following identities:
cos2() + sin2() = 1
sqrt{[1 + cos()]/2} = cos(/2)
tan(/2) = sin()/[1 + cos()],
allow us to obtain the expressions in the right column of the remaining
rows in Table 1.
i cos t + tan
(7)
Knowing that cos( /2) = sin() and sin( /2) = cos(), we modify
Eq. (7) as:
Acos(t + ) + Bsin(t + )
=
i cos t + tan
A sin() B cos()
A cos() + B sin() } .
(8)
Eq. (8) is the general equation listed in the second row of Table 3.
Substituting the different values for , , B from the left column of
Table 3 into Eq. (8), plus recalling the trig identities listed below
Eq. (6), allow us to obtain the expressions in the right column of the
remaining rows in Table 3.
References
[1] McClellan, J., Schafer, R., Yoder, M., DSP First: A Multimedia
Approach, Prentice Hall; Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 1998, pp.
48-50.
[2] Smith, J., "A Sum of Sinusoids at the Same Frequency is Another
Sinusoid at that Frequency",
http://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/filters/Sum_Sinusoids_Same_Frequenc
y.html.
2011 Richard G. Lyons, FOR FREE PUBLICATION BY IOWEGIAN