Cc giao thc-chun s dng trong VoIP

Cc giao thc-chun s dng

trong VoIP
Bi:
Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn

Giao thc H.323

+ Gii thiu v giao thc H323: Nhng giao thc VoIP c th c phn loi ty theo
vai tr ca chng trong sut qu trnh chuyn giao thng ip. H323 v SIP l nhng
giao thc bo hiu, cc giao thc ny dng thit lp,ngt v thay i cuc gi. RTP
v RTCP cung cp chc nng mng vn chuyn end-to-end cho nhng ng dng truyn
d liu m yu cu thi gian thc (real-time) nh l m thanh v video. Nhng chc
nng bao gm nhn din loi d liu, s trnh t, tham s thi gian v gim st tin
trnh gi. TRIP,SAP,STUN, TURN bao gm mt nhm cc giao thc h tr c lin
quan n VoIP. Sau cng, bi v VoIP gan tip da vo tng vn chuyn bn di
di chuyn d liu nn i hi nhiu giao thc nh l TCP/IP,DNS,DHCP,SNMP,RSVP,
v TFTP.
c im k thut ca giao thc H323: B giao thc H323 cho php nhng thit b kt
ni khc nhau c th lin kt vi nhau.H323 c ph bin bi t chc ITU.Giao thc
ny ban u c pht trin cho nhng ng dng a phng tin,cc thc th ca H323
cung cp nhng tin trnh lin quan n vn ng b nh thoi,video v kt ni d
liu.H tr cho thoi l ch yu,h tr cho video,kt ni d liu ch l phn m rng ca
H323.
c im k thut ca H323 nh ngha bn thc th H323 khc nhau nh l cc n v
chc nng ca mng H323 hon chnh, nhng thnh phn ny ca h thng H323 bao
gm thit b u cui, gateway, gatekeeper v cc n v iu khin a im(MCUs).

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Cc giao thc-chun s dng trong VoIP

c im k thut ca H323
Thit b u cui(in thoi,softphones,IVRs,th thoi,my quay phim,v.v) l nhng
thit b in hnh tc ng qua li vi ngi dng cui.Phn mm MS Netmeeting l
mt v d ca thit b u cui.Cc thit b u cui ch cung cp thoi hoc a phng
tin nh l video v s cng tc ng dng thi gian thc.
Gateways gii quyt iu khin tn hiu v truyn dn phng tin, v l thnh phn
m rng. in hnh ca gateway l cung cp giao din cho nhng mng khc nhau nh
l ISDN,PSTN hoc nhng h thng H323 khc. Bn c th ngh chc nng ca H323
nh l cung cp mt b dch. V d nh l mt gateway H323 s iu khin s m
thoi ca H323 vi SIP hoc H323 vi ISUP(ISDN User Part) ch r tnh cht th tc tn
hiu xen k cho vic iu khin cuc gi. Ngh mt cch khc th mt gateway cung cp
mt giao din gia mng chuyn gi(v d nh VoIP) v mng chuyn mch(v d nh
PSTN). Nu gatekeeper tn ti, gateway VoIP ng k vi gatekeeper v gatekeeper
s tm ra gateway tt nht cho phin giao dch chi tit.
Gatekeeper cng l phn m rng ca H323, iu khin vic gii quyt a ch v cho
vo mng H323. Chc nng quan trng nht ca n l bin dch a ch gia a ch k
danh tng trng v a ch IP. V d,vi s c mt ca gatekeeper n c kh nng gi
ti a ch c tn l Tom thay v phi gi ti a ch IP 192.168.10.10. Gatekeeper
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Cc giao thc-chun s dng trong VoIP

cng qun l cc thit b u cui truy cp vo cc thit b,ti nguyn mng, v m rng
hn l c th cung cp cc dch v ph. Chng cng gim st vic s dng dch v v
cung cp bng thng c gii hn. Mt gatekeeper th khng i hi mt h thng H323.
Tuy nhin nu c s hin din ca gatekeeper, cc thit b u cui mun s dng c
th cn phi c s phc v ca gatekeeper. RAS nh ngha khi nim ny l s bin
dch a ch, iu khin s i vo, iu khin bng thng, s qun tr min. Cc chc
nng ca gatekeeper v gateway thng c hin din trn nhng thit b vt l n
gin.
MCUs h tr hi ngh nhiu bn gia ba hay nhiu thit b u cui. Chun H323 cho
php nhiu kch bn m thoi c bit, hoc tp trung hay phn quyn.Base-end servers
(BES) l mt chc nng b sung quan trng trong h tng H323. BES c th cung cp
nhng dch v cho vic chng thc ngi s dng, s y quyn dch v, ti chnh,
np in v ha n, v cc dch v khc. Trong mt mng n gin th gatekeeper v
gateway cung cp nhng dch v nh th
Nhng giao thc c lin h vi H323. H323 c c im k thut ging nh mt chic
d cha ng mt s lng ln b my chnh tr c tc ng qua li vi nhau bng nhiu
cch thc khc nhau da vo b dng, s vng mt, mi quan h m hnh ca nhng
thc th tham gia v loi session (v d nh l audio v video). C nhiu giao thc con
bn trong c im ca giao thc H323. m c th hiu c ton b nhng lung
thng ip bn trong mt giao tc VoIP ca giao thc H323, bn thn chng ta s t
quan tm n nhng giao thc chung nht c lin quan n cng ngh VoIP. Hnh 8.3
s cho thy nhng giao thc thch hp v mi quan h ca chng.

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Cc giao thc-chun s dng trong VoIP

giao thc thch hp v mi quan h ca Cu trc gi tin H232

H323 nh ngha mt tp hp tng qut vic thit lp cuc gi v nhng th tc m
phn- quan trng nht trong cc ng dng VoIP ngy nay l cc giao thc H.225, H.235,
H.245 v cc b phn ca dy tn hiu Q.900. Cc phng php vn chuyn d liu c
bn c nh ngha bi giao thc thi gian thc RTP v RTCP. H323 cng ch r mt
nhm audio codes cho s lin kt VoIP, dy G.700:
H.225/Q.931 nh ngha tn hiu cho vic thit lp v ngt cuc gi, bao gm a ch IP
ngun v a ch IP ch, cng, m vng, v thng tin cng ca giao thc H245.H.225.0/
RAS ch r thng ip m m t tn hiu, v thng tin dng media.H.245 ch r thng
ip v thng tin knh logic cho dng phng tin. Real Time Protocol (RTP) m t vn
chuyn end-to-end ca d liu thi gian thcReal Time Control Protocol (RTCP) m t
vic gim st end-to-end ca vic chuyn d liu, cht lng dch v ca thng tin cung
cp nh l jitter v s tht lc trung bnh ca packet.
Codecs G.700 series c s dng cho VoIP bao gm:
G.711 Mt trong s codecs lu i nht, G.711 khng s dng s nn, v th ging ni
c cht lng tuyt vi.Codec ny tiu th nhiu di thng nht.y l codec tng t
c dng bi PSTN v ISDN.
G.723.1 Codec ny c thit k cho t chc hi ngh video/ k thut in thoi thng
qua cc ng in thoi tiu chun v c ti u ha cho vic m ha v gii m
nhanh chng, cht lng thoi thuc loi trung bnh.
G.729 codec ny c s dng ch yu trong nhng ng dng VoIP bi v nhu cu bng
thng ca n thp.

Giao thc SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)

Gii thiu v giao thc SIP: Session Initiation Protocol l mt giao thc c s dng
trong vic truyn thng a phng tin thng qua mng IP.Cung cp mt khun kh
thit lp voice,video truyn theo kiu point-to-point,hi ngh,v thng ip vn bn.y
l mt chun ca IETF thit lp cc kt ni VoIP.N l mt giao thc iu khin
lp ng dng to mi,chnh sa v kt thc cc session.Cu trc ca SIP ging
nh HTTP(client-server protocol).Cc request c to ra bi cc my client v gi
ti server.Server x l cc request v gi mt response li cho client.Mt request v
response l mt yu cu to ra 1 giao tc.SIP c cc thng ip INVITE v ACK.SIP
to ra s gi nh nh nht v c bn ca giao thc truyn ti.Giao thc ny chnh n
cung cp tin cy v n khng ph thuc vo tin cy ca TCP.SIP ph thuc vo
Session Description Protocol(SDP)trong vic mang ra ngoi cc tha thun xc minh

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codec.SIP h tr vic m t cc session m cho php cc bn tham gia c th ng

thit lp cc kiu phng tin tng thch.SIP cung cp cc dch v nh:
User Location:Xc nh h thng cui cng s dng cho vic truyn thng.Call
Setup:ringing v thit lp cc thng s cho call ti hai bn called v calling.User
Availability:Xc nh s hi lng ca bn gi cam kt trong truyn thng.User
Capabilities:Xc nh phng tin v cc thng s ca phng tin c s dng.Call
handling:Chuyn giao v kt thc call.
Chc nng v nt c trng ca giao thc SIP. Hai thnh chnh trong h thng SIP bao
gm:SIP User Agents v SIP Network Servers.
SIP User Agent (UA):
Mc ch ca SIP l lm cho cc session c th thit lp gia cc UA.Mt UA l mt
h thng cui cng hot ng trn nhn danh ca ngi dng.Mt UA phi c kh nng
thit lp mt session ca phng tin ny vi cc UA khc.
Mt UA phi duy tr trng thi trn cc cuc gi m n khi to hoc tham gia vo.Mt
trng thi nh nht ca cc cuc gi c thit lp bao gm:cc th local v remote,CallID,cc trng local v remote cseq,cng vi vic thit lp hng v cc thng tin cn
thit ca cc phng tin.Remote Cseq th lu tr cc thng tin cn thit phn bit
gia mt re-INVITE v mt retransmission.Mt re-INVITE c s dng thay i
cc tham s session ca mt cuc gi thc hin hoc cha x l.N s dng nh mt
Call-ID nhng CSeq th c gia tng bi v n l mt request mi.Mt INVITE c
truyn li cha Call-ID v CSeq ging nh INVITE trc.UA duy tr trng thi ca mt
cuc gi trong thi gian ti thiu l 32 giy.
Mt UA cha mt ng dng client v mt ng dng server.Hai thnh phn trn l mt
user agent client(UAC)v mt user agent server(UAS).UAC bt u cc request trong
khi UAS th to ra cc response.Trong mt session, UA thng iu khin c UAC v
UAS.
Mt SIP user agent cng phi h tr SDP m t media.Mt UA phi hiu r danh
sch cc trng nhu cu m rng trong mt request.Nu khng bit cc trng ny c
th b l i bi mt UA.
SIP server: SIP servers l cc ng dng m n chp nhn cc SIP request v response
n chng.Khng nn ln ln SIP server vi mt User Agent server hoc clientserver.Mt SIP server l mt kiu khc bit ca thc th.Bi v SIP server cung cp cc
dch v v chc nng vi UA, chng s h tr c TCP,TLS v UDP truyn ti.Hnh
2.2 th hin cc lin kt hot ng ca user agents,servers v mt location service.

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Cc giao thc-chun s dng trong VoIP

SIP user agents,servers v mt location service.

SIP server proxy:
Mt SIP proxy server nhn mt SiP request t mt user agent hoc mt proxy khc
v hnh ng trn nhn danh ca user agent trong forwarding hoc responding ti
request.Mt proxy khng phi l B2BUA v n ch cho php chnh sa cc request v
chp nhn cc response thit lp cc qui tc bn ngoi trong RFC 3261.Cc qui tc
ny th duy tr theo khong cch end-to-end ca tn hiu SIP trong khi vn cn cho
php cc proxy server thc hin cc dch v v chc nng vi user agent.
Mt proxy server phi c truy xut n cc database hoc v tr cc dch v gip
n trong qu trnh x l cc request.SIP protocol th khng xc nh giao din gia
proxy v v tr dch v.Proxy c th s dng nhiu kiu database trong qu trnh x l
cc request.Database c th cha SIP registration,cc thng tin hin hu,v nhiu kiu
khc ca thng tin v ni m user c ch nh.
Mt proxy server khc bit vi mt user agent hoc gateway ba im sau:
Mt proxy server khng a ra cc request,n ch p ng cc request t mt user
agent(A CANCEL request l mt ngoi l trong qui tc ny).

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Mt proxy server khng c kh nng v media.

Mt proxy server th khng phn tch cc thng ip,m ch da vo cc header
field.Cc bc cn thit trong m hnh proxy mang mt cuc gi hai hng.

M hnh Proxy ca Operation

(Source:Henning Schulzrinne, Columbia University)
Proxy server chp nhn INVITE request t client.
Proxy server lin h vi location server yu cu a ch ca UA gi.Location
server xc nh v tr ca UA gi v cung cp a ch ca server ch.INVITE request
c tip ti mt a ch ca v tr m n c tr li.Proxy phi thm vo mt RecordRoute header ti thng ip INVITE chc chn rng tt c cc thng ip n sau
u c nh tuyn thng qua proxy.iu ny th cn thit thng k cc mc ch
hoc cc ng dng khc
Called UA cnh gic cc user.User tr li cuc gi.
UAS tr v mt 200 OK biu th ti yu cu proxy server.

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Cc giao thc-chun s dng trong VoIP

200 OK response c tip ti t proxy server ti calling UA.

Calling UA xc nhn ca 200 OK bng cch a ra mt ACK request c gi ti
proxy(khi m proxy chn vo u Record-Route trong thng ip INVITE)hoc gi trc
tip ti called UA.
Proxy forward ACK ti called UA.

Tm hiu mt v d v forking proxy operation

Redirect Servers
Mt redirect server(hnh 2.6)nh l mt kiu ca SIP server m p ng ti,n khng
forward cc request.

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Cc giao thc-chun s dng trong VoIP

V d vi redirect server.

Schroedinger tha nhn response:

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Ch rng ACK request s dng li cc nhnh ID ging nhau nh l INVITE v

response 302.Bi v mt ACK n mt response non-2xx cui cng u ngh ti cc
phn ca cc giao tc ging nhau nh l INVITE.Ch mt ACK gi trong mt response
c n mt 200 OK c tnh n vic tch ri cc giao tc vi mt nhnh ID c
nht.Mt ACK n mt response 200 OK cui cng l mt hop-by-hop response,khng
phi l end-to-end response.
V vy mt INVITE mi c to ra vi mt Call-ID mi v gi trc tip ti cc v
tr vn c s dng t cc trng Contact header trong mt response 302,t redirect
server:

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Cc giao thc-chun s dng trong VoIP

Cc bc trong m hnh redirect mang i mt call two-way:

Redirect server chp nhn INVITE request t calling party UA.Redirect server lin h
vi location services ly a ch ca called party UA.Location services tr v a ch
ca called party UA.
Sau khi user c ch nh,redirect server tr li a ch trc tip ti calling party trong
mt thng ip 3xx,vi danh sch c cp nht:v tr u ti ch mi.Khng ging
nh proxy server,redirect server khng forward ti INVITE.
UAC gi mt ACK ti redirect server bo nhn response 3xx.
UAC gi mt request INVITE trc tip ti Contact:a ch tr li bi redirect.
Called party UA cnh bo cc user,user tr li cuc gi.Called party UA cung cp mt
ch bo thnh cng(200 OK) ti UAC.
UAC gi mt ACK ti UAS bo nhn response 200 OK.M hnh Redirect Server ca
Operation.
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Cc giao thc-chun s dng trong VoIP

(Source:Henning Schulzrinne, Columbia University)

Registration Servers
Mt registration server c bit nh l mt registrar,chp nhn cc request ca SIP
REGISTER,;tt c cc request nhn mt response:501 Not Implemented.Thng tin
lin quan t request lm cho cc SIP server c sn bn trong ging Administrator
Domain, chng hn nh proxies v redirect server.Trong mt resistration request,trng
TO header cha tn ca ti nguyn bt u registed,v trng Contact header cha
a ch khc hoc aliases.Registration server to ra mt lin kt tm gia Address Of
Record(AOR) URI trong TO v thit b URI trong Contact Courier.
Registration server thng yu cu cc user agent ng k xc thc,v vy cc cuc
gi i vo khng b chim ot bi cc user khng c xc thc.Ph thuc vo s hin
din ca cc trng,REGISTER request c th c s dng bi mt user agent ly
li mt danh sch ca cc registration hin thi,lm sch tt c registrations,hoc thm
vo mt registration URI.
bo v registration,TLS phi c s dng nh HTTPDigest khng cung cp nhu
cu bo v ton vn.
SIP messages c th c phn chia rng ri trong SIP requests v responses,hn na
n c xc nh trong cc session.
SIP Request.
SIP requests l cc thng ip c gi t cc my client n cc server cn khn mt
SIP operation.RFC 3261 xc nh cc SIP request hoc method lm cho UA v proxy
c th ti v tr ca cc user v khi u,sa i,tear-down cc session.
INVITE:ch ra rng cc recipient user hoc cc service b cun vo trong mt
session.Bn c th s dng method my sa i cu thnh ca cc session c
thit lp trc.Thn ca message INVITE phi bao gm phn m t cc media session
c thit lp hoc chnh sa,m ha trn SDP.Mt response thnh cng(200 OK
response)ch ra s sn sng ca cc called party khi tham gia vo kt qu ca mt session
media.N bt u mt session.
ACK:xc nhn UAC nhn c response cui cng n mt request INVITE.ACK
c s dng ch vi cc request INVITE.ACK gi end-to-end cho mt 200 OK
response.Proxy trc hoc UAC th gi cc ACK cho cc response cui cng khc.ACK
request c th bao gm mt thng ip vi phn m t cc session cui cng nu request
INVITE khng cha phn m t cc session ny

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OPTION: UA s dng request OPTION truy vn mt UAS v kh nng ca n.Nu

UAS c kh nng truyn cc session ti cc user,n p ng kh nng thit lp ca
UAS.BYE:s dng BYE yu kt thc cc session c thit lp trc.
CANCEL:lm cho cc UAC v network server c th hy mt yu cu tin trnh bn
trong,nh INVITE.iu ny khng nh hng n vic hon thnh cc request m UAS
gi i cc response cui cng.
REGISTE:client s dng REGISTE request ng k vi cc thng tin tng ng
AOR ca ngi dng v SIP servers.
PRACK:m bo tin cy tm thi ca cc response lp 1xx.
UPDATE:cp nht tm thi cc session.
REFER:Chuyn giao call n bn th ba s dng cc thng tin lin quan c cung cp
trong cc request.
SUBSCRIBE:bo co mt s kin va din ra,v d nh cp nht s hin ca cc
user.NOTIFY:s dng thng bo s kin din ra.
MESSAGE:mt phng thc ch vic mang i mt message.
SIP Respone: Mt server gi SIP response ti mt client ch ra trng thi ca mt SIP
request m client trc gi ti server.UAS hoc proxy th to ra cc SIP responses
trong response n mt SIP request m UAC khi u.SIP response l cc con s t
100 n 699.SIP responses l mt nhm ging nh 1xx,2xx n 6xx.SIP response c
phn loi nh provisional v final.
Mt provisional response ch ra tin trnh bi server nhng n khng ch ra cc kt qu
cui cng ging nh kt qu qu trnh x l cc SIP request.Lp 1xx ca SIP response
ch ra trng thi tm thi.Response cui cng ch ra phn kt thc v trng thi cui cng
ca SIP request.Tt c cc lp 2xx,3xx,4xx,5xx v 6xx u l cui cng,ring bit:Lp
1xx(Information)ch ra trng thi ca cc call trc khi hon thnh.
Lp 2xx(Success)ch ra qu trnh x l thnh cng ca SIP request
Lp 3xx(Redirection)ch ra SIP request cn phi gi mt ln na n UAS khc thc
hin tin trnh x l.
Lp 4xx(Client-error)request b hng bi client.Client c th thc hin li request.Lp
5xx(server failure)request b hng do server.Request c th th li ti cc server
khc.Lp 6xx(Global failure)request b hng v khng nn th li request ti server ny
hoc server khc.
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SIP Message structure.

Mt SIP message gm c cc phn sau:
Mt start-line.
Mt hoc nhiu header field.
Mt dng rng ch ra kt thc header field.
Mt ty chn phn thn ca thng ip.
Bn phi kt thc start-line,mi dng message-header,v mt dng rng bng trnh t
Carriage return Line Feed(CRLF).
Start-line cho mt SIP request l mt Request-line.Start-line cho mt SIP response l
Status-line.Request-line ch r SIP method,Request-URI v phin bn ca SIP.Statusline th m t phin bn ca SIP,m ca SIP response v mt ty chn reason
phrase.Reason phrase l mt nguyn vn m t ca m 3 k t SIP response.
Bng th hin cc thnh phn ca 1 SIP request message:

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Thng tin trong bng c ly t RFC 3261

Bng th hin cu trc ca mt SIP respone message:

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Thng tin trong bng c ly t RFC 3261

SIP header.
Mt thng ip SIP c son ra t cc header field m n truyn tn hiu v thng tin
routing n cc thc th SIP network.SIP c hnh thc ging nh HTTP header(RFC
2616).Cc header field c xc nh kiu nh Header field.M t chc nng ca cc
SIP header:
From:ch ra s ging nhau lc bt u ca cc SIP request.T header thng l AOR
ca bn gi.N cha mt SIP hoc cc SIP URI v mt ty chn hin th tn.To:Cho bit
mong mun c ngi nhn ca mt SIP request.i n header l mt AOR ca ngi
nhn.N cng cha SIP hoc SIP URI v ty chn hin th tn.Call-ID:Trng ny nhn
ra mt dy serie ca mt message.Call_ID phi ging ht nhau tt c cc SIP request
v SIP response gi i bng cc UA khc nhau vi cng mt dialog.
Cseq:c son ra ca mt gi tr s nguyn v tn method.Trng ny nhn ra orders
v tip tc cc SIP request trong mt dialog.Cseq cng c s khc bit trong vic gi li
mt message v mt message mi.
Via:Ch ra cch ly ng dn bi mt request v xc nh ni m response cn gi i.
Contact:Nhn bit mt SIP hoc SIP URI ni m UA mun nhn mt SIP request mi.

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Allow:cho php danh sch header ca SIP method nhn h tr ca UA m to ra

message.
Supported:Tt c phn m rng ca SIP h tr bi UA.Phn m rng ca SIP l
cc RFC khc v RFC 3261.Miu t cc th option ging nh 100rel trong RFC
3262.Require:V ngha n ging nh supported header,nhng s h tr ca phn m
rng SIP cc UA t xa phi n cc giao tc c x l.
Content-type:Ch ra kiu ca thn message m nh km vi SIP request hoc response
phi c hin ra nu SIP message c mt thn.Content-Length:Xc nh kch thc
ca thn message.SIP request v SIP response cng cha cc header field.Related
Protocol.SIP l mt phn ca b giao thc.Gm c:SDP,RTP v RTCP.SDP-Session
Description Protocol.SDP c nh ngha bi RFC 2327,c pht trin bi IETF
MMUSIC.Mc ch ban u l m t vic thit lp cc multicast session thng qua
MBONE.ng dng u tin ca SDP l giao thc Session Announcement
Protocol(SAP)s dng cc port v nhn cc thng bo ca cc MBONE session.SDP
cha cc thng tin v media session:IP Address(IPv4 address hoc host name).Port
Number(s dng UDP hoc TCP truyn ti).Media type(audio,video,tng tc
whiteboard,).Media Encoding scheme(PCM A-Law,MPEG II video,).SDP cn
cha cc thng tin:Ch ca cc session.Bt u v kt thc mi thi im.Lin h
thng tin v cc session.Ging nh SIP,SDP d dng m ha vn bn.Mt SDP message
c son l mt series ca cc dng,cc trng called,v n yu cu order d dng
phn tch.SDP th khng c gn c th m rng d dng,v phn tch cc qui tc
mt cch chnh xc.Mt ngi phn tch SDP khng phi ti cc trng chua bit
n,cc trng missing,hoc mt dng out-of-sequence.V d mt SIP message cha
nhiu cc fields ty chn c hin th y:

Biu mu ca mt SIP message:X=parameter1 parameter2...arameter N.

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Cc giao thc-chun s dng trong VoIP

Danh sch cc SDP field trong Required ca chng

Dng bt u vi mt ch thng k t x.Khng c khong trng gia cc k t v
du =,chnh xc l c mt khong trng gia mi k t.Mi trng c mt xc nh ca
cc tham s.Mi dng kt thc vi mt CRLF.RTP Audio Video ProfilesAudio voideo
profiles c nh ngha bi RFC 3551 c lit k trong bng:

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Audio voideo profiles

Ti liu hin trng n c t RTP:
UDP c s dng u tin truyn ti.
S port ca RTP lun chn,tng ng s port RTCP k tip l ln nht,lun lun l s
l.Khng c header m rng no c s dng.
Thng tin trong ba ct u tin n cng cha trong SDP a=rtpmap:field, th hin v sao
cc thuc tnh c ty chn.
PSTN Protocols: Ba kiu giao thc truyn tn hiu PSTN:Circuit Associate
Signaling(CAS),Integrated Services Digital Network(ISDN),v ISDN User
Part(ISU).Circuit Associate Signaling
y l kiu lu nht m PSTN cn s dng.Thng tin s dng ging nh chuyn mch
audio,nh ng dn voice,vi cc k s v k t trnh by bi cc tn hiu s audio.Cc
tn hiu s c gi n MT(Multifrequency Tone).Chng ging nh mt tn hiu s

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gia mt in thoi v mt trung tm chuyn mch,n l tn hiu s DTMF.V vy CAS

d b gian ln,mt tn hiu khng trung thc c th c to ra bi mt caller lm
cho cuc gi c min ph.Kiu truyn tn hiu ny ph bin gia cc vn phng trung
tm v trao i gia cc chi nhnh ring ca tp on(PBX).
ISUP Signaling.
ISDN User Part l giao thc s dng gia chuyn mch in thoi trong PSTN.N s
dng thng qua mt mng packet-switched chuyn dng m s dng h thng Signaling
System #7(SS7) truyn ti.Phng thc ny c pht trin khc phc s tr hon
v cc vn bo mt trong CAS.
SDN Signaling: ISDN c pht trin tt c cc h thng in thoi s kt ni
vi PSTN.Kiu ph bin nht da trn BRI(Basic Rate Interface)v PRI(Primary Rate
Interface).Mt BRI c th cha hai knh truyn B 64-Kbps n cc voice khc hoc d
liu v mt knh D 16-Kbps.BRI c th c s dng thng qua cc ng dy in
thoi qui c nhng n yu cu mt ISDN telephone hoc mt b tch hp cui cng.
PRI s dng mt lin kt 1.544Mbps gi ti mt T-1 hoc mt DS-1 c chia s bn
trong 23 knh B v mt knh D,vi mi knh l 64Kbps.

So snh gia SIP v H323

SIP v H.323 u c pht trin vi mc ch v nhu cu khc bit.H.323 c pht
trin bi ITU.N c thit k thc hin trong background ca PSTN,s dng s m
ha binary v s dng li vai tr ca ISDN.
SIP c pht trin bi IETF vi mt phi cnh Internet,c thit k thay i t l
thng qua Internet v lm vic bn trong domain th rt tin dng v n tp hp y
cc chc nng v tin ch Internet.
Trong khi H.323 c pht trin sm trong VoIP,cc ng dng IP
videoconferencing,SIP vi h tng Internet to pht trin v ni ln nh l mt chun
trong vic truyn tn hiu ca truyn thng IP trong tng lai,nh IP telephone.
Bng so snh gia SIP v H.323:

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