Ket-noi.

com din n cng ngh, gio dc

LI M U
Trong nhng nm gn y, khoa hc cng ngh pht trin nh v bo trn mi
lnh vc vi hng lot nhng nghin cu, pht minh mi gp phn khng nh
trong vic nng cao trnh sn xut v i sng ca con ngi. Mt trong nhng
lnh vc c nh gi l c trin vng nht v c coi l th mnh ca Vit Nam
hin nay phi k n vin thng, n lm cho con ngi xch li gn nhau hn, lm
cho khong cch a l khng cn ngha na.
ng gp vo s pht trin mnh m ni trn chng ta phi ni n s pht
trin ca cc thit b thu pht v kh nng truyn lan sng in t hin nay, bi l
hu ht cc h thng truyn dn thng tin, lin lc chng u s dng phng thc
truyn lan sng in t l ch yu.
Cc thit b thu pht v chuyn tip sng in t gi chung l anten. Tu theo
iu kin cng tc, mc ch s dng cng nh kt cu ca cc h thng vin thng
m ta s dng nhiu loi anten khc nhau: anten chn t, anten khe, anten mch di,
anten gng, anten xon
Do nhu cu thng tin, lin lc, truyn ti d liu ngy cng cao nn cc bng
tn di sng di, sng trung dn dn b thay th bi cc bng tn di sng ngn
v cc ngn. Vi li th l kh nng bc x tt cc di sng ny cng vi kt cu
tng i n gin, d dng iu chnh v kt hp vi cc loi anten khc to
thnh mt h bc x m anten chn t l la chn ti u trong hu ht cc thit b
v tuyn in.
Trong phm vi ti ny, em nghin cu c tnh phng hng ca chn
t i xng v biu din trc quan bng trng trnh matlab. ng thi a ra mt
s bi ton v c tnh phng hng ca chn t i xng.
Ni dung ti bao gm 3 phn :
I.
Khi qut v Anten v Anten chn t i xng
II.
Cc c tnh ca Anten chn t i xng
III.
c tnh phng hng ca Anten chn t i xng trnh by bng
Matlab
Em xin chn thnh cm n TS Trn Xun Vit tn tnh hng dn em trong
qu trnh nghin cu, ng thi, em cng xin chn thnh cm n cc thy
gio v cc bn gip em hon thnh ti ny.

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Mc d c gng hon thin n ny, nhng s khng trnh khi nhng

thiu st. Em rt mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp ca thy c v cc bn
sinh vin quan tm n vn ny xy dng nn mt ti hon thin hn.

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Chng I
KHI QUT V ANTEN V ANTNE CHN T I
XNG
1.1: KHI QUT CHUNG V ANTEN
1.1.1: Khi nim Anten v v tr ca Anten trong thng tin v tuyn in
Anten l thit b dng bc x sng in t hoc thu nhn sng in t trong
khng gian bn ngoi.
Anten l b phn quan trng khng th thiu c ca bt k h thng v
tuyn in no, bi v l h thng v tuyn ngha l h thng trong c s dng
sng in t nn khng th thiu thit b thu pht sng in t hay chnh l Anten.
Mt h thng truyn dn n gin bao gm my pht, my thu, Anten pht v
Anten thu (Hnh1.1). Anten c ng dng trong cc h thng thng tin v tuyn,
v tuyn truyn thanh, truyn hnh, v tuyn o hng, v tuyn thin vn, v tuyn
iu khin t xa.

Anten pht

Ngun
tin

Thit b
x l
tn hiu

Anten thu

My
pht

My
thu

Thit b
x l
tn hiu

u
ra
nhn
tin

Hnh 1.1: H thng truyn tin n gin

ni pht, sng in t cao tn c truyn dn t my pht n Anten thng
qua h thng fid di dng sng in t rng buc. Anten pht c nhim v bin
i sng in t rng buc trong fid thnh sng in t t do bc x ra khng
gian. Cu to ca Anten quyt nh c tnh bin i nng lng in ni trn. Ti

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ni thu, Anten lm nhim v ngc li vi Anten pht, Anten thu tip nhn sng
in t t do t khng gian bn ngoi v bin i chng thnh sng in t rng
buc, sng ny c truyn theo fid n my thu. Yu cu ca thit b Anten
fid l phi thc hin vic truyn v bin i nng lng sng in t vi hiu qu
cao nht v khng gy mo dng tn hiu.
Anten c s dng vi cc mc ch khc nhau th c nhng yu cu khc
nhau. Vi cc i pht thanh, v tuyn truyn hnh th Anten cn bc x ng u
trong mt phng ngang (mt t), cho cc my thu t cc hng bt k u
thu c tn hiu ca i. Xong Anten li cn bc x nh hng trong mt phng
ng vi hng cc i song song mt t cc i thu trn mt t c th nhn
c tn hiu ln nht v gim nh nng lng bc x theo hng khng cn
thit.
Trong thng tin mt t hoc v tr, thng tin truyn tip, raa, v tuyn iu
khin th li yu cu Anten bc x vi hng tnh cao (sng bc x ch tp trung
vo mt gc rt hp trong khng gian).
Nh vy nhim v ca Anten khng phi ch n gin l bin i nng lng
in t cao tn thnh sng in t t do, m phi bc x sng y theo nhng hng
nht nh, vi cc yu cu k thut cho trc.

1.1.2: Phn loi Anten, mt s Anten thng dng

a. Phn loi Anten
Anten c th c phn loi theo nhiu cch khc nhau, thng theo cc cch
phn loi sau:
- Cng dng ca Anten: Anten c th c phn loi thnh Anten pht, Anten
thu hoc Anten thu pht dng chung. Thng thng Anten lm nhim v cho c
pht v thu.
- Di tn cng tc ca Anten: Anten sng di, Anten sng trung, Anten sng
ngn v Anten sng cc ngn.
- Cu trc ca Anten:
- th phng hng ca Anten: Anten v hng v Anten c hng.
- Phng php cp in cho Anten: Anten i xng v Anten khng i xng.

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b.Mt s Anten thng dng

Trong thc t c mt s loi Anten thng dng sau:

Anten Dipole

Dipole
Hnh nn

Anten Khung

Anten Loa

Anten Parabol
Phin kim loi

Anten L xo

Anten Loga chu k

Lp in mi
im
cp

Anten mch di

Mn chn kim loi

Anten
Mng

B dch pha

Hnh 1.2: Mt s loi anten thng dng

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1.2.3 Cc thng s c bn ca Anten

nh gi, la chn hoc s dng tt mt anten phi da trn nhng c tnh
v tham s ca n. Di y l nhng c tnh v tham s c bn ca anten.
a. Hm tnh hng
Hm tnh hng l hm s biu th s ph thuc ca cng trng bc x
ca anten theo cc hng khc nhau trong khng gian vi khong cch khng i,
c k hiu l f ( , ) .
Hm tnh hng c th hin cc dng sau:
Trong trng hp tng qut, hm tnh hng l hm vc t phc, bao gm
cc thnh phn theo v
f , f , i f , i

(1.1)

n gin cho vic kho st tnh hng ca mt anten cng nh thit lp

v phn tch th phng hng ta thng dng mt hm bin chun ha, l
hm s biu th bin cng trng hng kho st trn bin cng
trng hng cc i.
F ,

f ,

(1.2)

f , max

Nh vy gi tri cc i ca hm bin chun ha s bng 1.

b. th phng hng v rng bp sng
th phng hng ca anten m t quan h gia cng trng bc x
hoc cng sut bc x ca anten trong cc hng khc nhau vi mt khong cch
kho st c nh (tnh t anten). th phng hng c biu din trong khng
gian ba chiu (c dng hnh khi) nhng rt kh hin th mt cch y . Thng
thng, th phng hng l mt mt ct ca th hng tnh ba chiu. l
th hng tnh hai chiu trong h ta cc hoc trong h ta vung gc, loi
th c th hin th d dng trn giy(Hnh 1.3).

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n gin th phng hng thng c v t hm tnh hng bin

chun ha v c gi l th phng hng chun ha ca anten. N cho php
so snh th phng hng ca cc anten khc nhau.
T th phng hng ta nhn thy rng, gi tr trng bc x bin i theo
s bin i ca cc gc phng hng khc nhau. V vy nh gi dng ca
th phng hng ca cc anten khc nhau ta s dng khi nim rng ca th
phng hng hay cn gi l rng bp sng. rng bp sng c xc nh
bi gc gia hai hng m theo hai hng cng trng hoc cng sut bc
x gim i mt gi tr nht nh. C nhiu cch nh gi rng bp sng, thng
th rng bp sng na cng sut c s dng. rng bp sng na cng sut
l gc gia hai hng m theo hai hng cng sut bc x gim i mt na so
vi cng sut bc x cc i. Nu tnh theo gi tr ca cng in trng th
rng bp sng ny ng vi gc gia hai hng m theo hai hng cng in
trng gim i 2 ln so vi gi tr cc i ca anten trong ta cc.
Nu tnh theo n v decibel (dB), khi cng sut gim i mt na s tng ng
vi cng sut s gim 3 dB. Bi vy rng bp sng na cng sut cn c gi
l rng bp sng 3 dB, k hiu l 3dB (hnh 1.4).
Nh vy rng bp sng th hin tnh cht tp trung nng lng bc x theo
mt hng no , nu gc 3dB cng b th anten tp trung cng sut bc x
cng mnh.

1,0
0,75
0,50
0,25
-90

a. Trong h ta cc

-60 -30

30

b. Trong h ta vung

Hnh 1.3. V d th phng hng

60

o
90

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00

0
2 1 ( 3dB )
2

Pmax / 2

Pmax
90 0

2 0

Pmax / 2
0

180 0

Hnh 1.4. rng ca th phng hng

c. Cng sut bc x, in tr bc x v hiu sut ca anten

Cng sut cp cho Anten bao gm c cng sut tn hao Pth trn ng truyn
v trong qu trnh bin i nng lng; v cng sut bc x Pbx.
PA Pbx Pth

(1.3)

Mt cch hnh thc ta c th coi cng sut bc x ca anten tng t nh cng

sut tiu hao trn mt in tr tng ng Rbx no . Khi y ta c th vit
PA I 2 Rbx Rth

(1.4)

Rbx : in tr bc x ca anten
Hiu sut ca anten, A, chnh l t s gia cng sut bc x, Pbx v cng sut
my pht a vo anten, (PA)
A

Pbx
PA

(1.5)

Hiu sut ca anten c trng cho mc tn hao cng sut ca anten. Thng
thng hiu sut ca anten lun nh hn 1.
d. H s hng tnh v h s khuch i ca anten
H s hng tnh (cn gi l h s phng hng) v h s khuch i (cn
gi l h s tng ch hay li) l cc thng s cho php cho php nh gi tnh
phng hng v hiu qu bc x ca anten ti mt im xa no ca trng bc
x trn c s cc biu thc hoc th so snh vi anten l tng (hoc anten

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chun). Nh vy vic so snh cc anten vi nhau v la chn loi anten thch hp

cho tuyn thng tin cn thit tr nn d dng.
Anten l tng l anten c hiu sut lm vic 100% v nng lng bc x
sng in t ng u tt c cc hng. Anten l tng c xem nh ngun bc
x v hng hoc mt chn t i xng na bc sng.
H s hng tnh
H s hng tnh ca anten hng cho l t s gia mt cng sut bc
x ca anten hng trn mt cng sut bc x ca anten chun cng
hng vi khong cch khng i, vi iu kin cng sut bc x ca hai anten l
nh nhau.
D ,

S ,

(1.6)

S0

Trong
D(,) l h s hng tnh ca anten kho st hng (,) vi khong cch r.
S(,) v S0 l mt cng sut bc x ca anten kho st hng (,),
khong cch r v mt cng sut bc x ca anten v hng ti cng im xt.
H s khuch i ca anten
H s khuch i ca anten hng cho l t s gia mt cng sut bc
x ca anten hng trn mt cng sut bc x ca anten chun cng
hng vi khong cch khng i, vi iu kin cng sut a vo ca hai anten l
nh nhau v anten chun (anten v hng) c hiu sut bng 1.
G , A

S ,
S0

A D ,

(1.7)

Nh vy h s khuch i ca anten l mt khi nim y hn v c

dng nhiu trong thc t k thut, n c trng cho anten c v c tnh bc x
(hng tnh) v kh nng lm vic (hiu sut) ca anten. H s khuch i ca
anten cho thy rng anten c hng tnh s bc x nng lng tp trung v hng
c chn v gim nng lng bc x cc hng khc. Chnh v vy m n cn
c c th c gi l h s tng ch hay li ca anten.

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Aten c hng

Aten omni-directional

Hnh 1.6. th phng hng

Lu rng, ta thng chn phng chun l phng bc x cc i ca anten
nn sau ny khi ch dng cc k hiu D v G, chnh l h s hng tnh v h s
khuch i hng bc x cc i.
e. Tr khng vo ca anten
Khi mc anten vo my pht hoc my thu trc tip hay qua fid, anten s tr
thnh ti ca my pht hoc my thu. Tr s ca ti ny c c trng bi mt i
lng gi l tr khng vo ca anten. Trong trng hp tng qut, tr khng vo l
mt i lng phc bao gm c phn thc v phn khng, c xc nh bng t s
gia in p u vo ca anten v dng in u vo
Z vA

Ua
RvA jX vA
Ia

(1.8)

Tr khng vo ca anten ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo kch thc hnh hc ca

anten, im v phng tip in cho anten.
f. Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng
Trong mt s h thng thng tin v tuyn, v d trong thng tin v tinh, cng
sut bc x ca my pht v anten pht c c trng bi tham s cng sut bc
x ng hng tng ng, k hiu l EIRP. Cng sut ny c nh ngha:
EIRP PT GT (W)

(1.9)

Trong PT l cng sut u ra ca my pht a vo anten v GT l h s

khuch i ca anten pht. Ch rng, nu b qua suy hao fi ni t my pht n
anten th PA = PT.
Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng l cng sut pht c bc x vi
anten v hng, trong trng hp ny c th coi GT = 1.

10

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Biu thc EIRP cng c th tnh theo n v decibel

EIRP(dBw) 10 lg PT GT

(1.10)

g. Din tch hiu dng v chiu di hiu dng

Kh nng lm vic ca anten thu c biu th bi mt tham s gi l din tch
hiu dng hoc chiu di hiu dng ca anten
Din tch hiu dng c xc nh bi biu thc:
Ae A. A

(1.11)

Trong A l din tch bc x hay cm ng thc t ca anten, A l hiu sut

lm vic ca anten.
h. Di tn cng tc ca anten
Di tn cng tc ca anten l khong tn s lm vic ca anten mad trong
khong tn s cc thng s ca anten khng thay i hoc thay i trong phm
vi cho php.
Thng di tn cng tc ca anten c phn lm bn nhm:
Anten di hp:

f
f
10% tc max 1,1
f min
f0

Anten di tn tng i rng:

10%

Anten di rng:

1,1

f
f
50% tc 1,1 max 1,5
f min
f0

f max
1,5
f min

f max
4
f min

Anten di rt rng:

Trong f f max f min v fo, fmax, fmin l tn s trung tm, tn s cc i v

tn s cc tiu ca di tn.
i. H s bo v ca anten
gim can nhiu ra cc h thng khc, ng thi lm tng tnh hng ca
anten trong cc h thng thng tin v tuyn, anten yu cu phi c bc x hng
cc i ln hn mt gi tr no so vi cc hng bc x khc. Gi tr yu cu
ny ln hay nh ph thuc vo c im ca tng h thng thng tin v phng bc
x ph so vi phng bc x cc i. Tnh cht ca anten c biu th bi mt
h s gi l h s bo v, Kbv, c tnh bng t s bnh phng cng in
11

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trng to bi anten hng bc x cc i trn bnh phng cng in

trng hng ang xt.
Cng thc:
Kbv

Em2 ax
Gmax

2
E , G ,

(1.12)

1.1.4: Cc ngun bc x nguyn t

Theo l thuyt v trng bc x th cc anten bc x sng in t c th c
xem l tp hp ca cc ngun bc x n gin. V vy khi nghin cu cc loi anten
phc tp c th da trn c s nghin cu cc anten nguyn t n gin.
a.Dipol in
Dipol in l phn t dn din thng, rt mnh, c di rt nh so vi bc
sng cng tc (l

) , trn c dng in m bin v pha c xem l ng

u mi im. Phn b dng in trn dipol v cc ng sc in trng, t

trng do dipol gy ra c ch trong hnh 1.4a

z
k

a)

b)
Ie Ie

a)Hnh vx tnh bc x ca dipol

in

Ie

Ie

b) Phn b dng v trng ca dipol in

Hnh 1.4: Kho st trng bc x ca dipole in

12

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t dipol vo trong h ta cu c tm O trng vi tm ca dipol v chiu

di ca chn t hng theo trc z (hnh 14b). Trng in t ti mt im M bt k
trn hnh cu c ta M(r,,) s c xc nh bi cc biu thc sau:
ikZ e
e ikr
I l sin
i (V / m)
4
r
E 0

(1.13)

H 0
H

ik e
e ikr
I l sin
i
4
r

Trong : k = 2/ l h s sng
Z: l tr khng sng ca mi trng truyn lan.
Trong khng gian t do Z = 120 ()
Ie : l dng in trong dipol in
R: l khong cch t tm O dn im kho st M
l : chiu di ca dipol

,: l cc gc ca h ta cu
T cng thc trn c nhn xt:

Trng bc x ca dipol in l trng phn cc ng thng. Mt

phng in trng l mt phng chc trc dipol cn mt phng t trng l mt
phng vung gc vi trc ca dipol.
H

Ti mi im kho st cc vc t E v u c gc pha ging nhau

nn nng lng ca trng bc x l nng lng thc.
Hm tnh hng tng qut ca dipol in s l:
f , ZI el sin i

(1.14)

Hm tnh hng bin :

f , ZI el sin

(1.15)

Hm tnh hng bin chun ha:

F sin
F const

vi = const

(1.16)

vi = const

Nh vy hm tnh hng ca dipol ch ph thuc vo gc m khng ph

thuc vo gc , ngha l trng bc x ca dipol in c tnh hng trong mt

13

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phng E v v hng trong mt phng H. Nu ch xt mt mt phng i qua tm

ca dipol in th mi phng kho st trong mt phng u c gc = 900
nn hm tnh hng trong mt phng H s l F 1 .
th phng hng ca ipol in c cho hnh sau:

3D

2D

c) Ta vung gc
F()
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2

F()
1,0
0,8
0,6 ca dipol in
Hnh 1.5. th phng hng
0,4
0
0,2

00
00
1800
3600
1800

0
0

360
Cng sut bc x ca ipol in c xc nh bng cch tch phn

e
bx

1
1
E x H dS
2s
2

E 2 2
0 d 0 Z r sin d

Z I

e 2

sin

Z I
3

e 2

(1.17)
l

in tr bc x ca dipol in
R

e
bx

2 Z l

(1.18)

Nh vy in tr bc x ph thuc vo chiu di tng i l / ca dipol v

cc thng s ca mi trng.

H s hng tnh ca dipol

14

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3
D , sin 2
2
Dmax 3 / 2

(1.19)

b. Dipol t
Tng t nh dipole in, dipol t l mt phn t dn t thng rt mnh, c
chiu di nh hn nhiu so vi bc sng cng tc, trn c dng t c phn b
bin v pha ng u tt c mi im. Kho st trng bc x ca dipol t
tng t nh dipol in, ta thu c biu thc sau
E 0
ik m
e ikr
I l sin
i
4
r
ik m
e ikr
H
I l sin
i
4 Z
r
H 0

(1.20)

Trong thc t khng c dng t m ch c dng t tng ng, ngha l ch

c phn t trn tn ti thnh phn tip tuyn ca in trng.
Khi in trng bc x ca dipol in c gi tr bng in trng bc x ca
dipol t th dng t ca dipol t phi c gi tr gp Z ln dng in ca dipole in,
ngha l : I m ZI e
Nu mmen in v m men t ca hai dipol bng nhau th trng to ra bi
dipol t s nh hn trng to ra bi dipol in Z ln, iu c ngha cng sut
bc x ca dipol t nh hn cng sut bc x ca dipol in Z2 ln.
Cng sut bc x ca ipol in c xc nh:
2

m
bx

m
2
Rbxe I m
Pe I l
bx2

Z
3Z
2Z 2

(1.21)

in dn bc x ca dipol t
Rbxe 2 l
G 2

Z
3Z

m
bx

(1.22)

15

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H
b)

a)

Im

r
Im

E
H

a) Hnh v tnh bc x ca dipol t

b) Phn b dng v trng

Hca dipol t

Hnh
1.6. Kho st trng bc x ca dipole t
Im

1.2: KHI QUT CHUNG V ANTEN CHN T I XNG

1.2.1: Khi nim, cu to v ng dng ca Anten chn t i xng
Chn t i xng l loi Anten n gin nht v l mt trong nhng ngun
bc x c s dng kh ph bin. Chn t i xng c th s dng nh mt Anten
c lp hoc c th c s dng cu to cc Anten phc tp khc.
Chn t i xng l mt cu trc gm hai on vt dn c hnh dng tu (
hnh tr, hnh chp, elipsoit) c kch thc ging nhau, t thng hng trong
khng gian, v gia chng c ni vi ngun dao ng cao tn.

16

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l/2

l/2

2a

Hnh 1.7: Chn t i xng

Chn t c dng nh hnh v trn, vi mt dy gm hai na thng hng, chiu
2a

0.01 vi a l bn knh dy.

Trong mt s ti liu k thut, ngi ta dng thut ng Anten dipol ( Anten

di l v 2l hoc l/2 v l. Gi thit

lng cc) ch cho chn t i xng.

Anten chn t i xng l vic cc di sng cc ngn, sng ngn, sng di
v sng trung. Nhng ch yu c ng dng trong di sng ngn v sng cc ngn
lm Anten thu v pht. Trong cc di sng ny Anten c th lm vic c lp hoc
lm vic phi hp. Trong di sng cc ngn chn t i xng cn c s dng
lm b chiu x cho cc Anten phc tp khc(vd: Anten gng parabon).

1.2.2 Cc dng khc ca Anten chn t

a. Cc dng khc ca chn t n gin
Chn t n gin c ng dng ph bin nht l chn t na sng. Ph thuc
vo cch tip in ta c cc dng Anten sau:
Chn t kiu Y
Chn t kiu Y l chn t na sng c tip in bng dy song hnh mc
song song. Hai nhnh chn t c ni ngn mch gia cn dy song hnh c
ni vo 2 im A-A trn chn t.
Chn t kiu Y cho php phi hp tt chn t v fide song hnh mt tn s
nht nh, khng cn mc thm phn t iu chnh ph. Ngoi ra ta c th ni trc

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Ket-noi.com din n cng ngh, gio dc

tip im gia ca chn t vi ct hoc gi kim loi m khng cn cch in v

im gia chn t trong trng hp ny chnh l im nt din p.

Chn t kiu T

Cng l mt chn t na sng c tip in bng dy song hnh mc song

song. im khc l trong trng hp ny on fide chuyn tip bin dng thnh
dy dn song song vi chn t nn c s kahcs bit v tr khng sng.
Chn t kiu T l mt hnh thc trung gian. N c th bin i to thnh s
chn t kiu khc, trong c chn t vng dt v chn t omega.
b. Mt s k thut gim nh kch thc chn t lm vic di xng di v sng
trung
Yu cu gim nh kch thc Anten l mt trong nhng yu cu cp bch i
vi k thut vin thng hin nay. di sng di v sng trung, do bc sng ln
nn kch thc Anten kh s, rt tn km trong xy dng v bo qun. gim
nh kch thc ca Anten ta c mt s bin ph nh sau:
1. Dng ti in khng(dung tnh hay cm tnh) iu chnh phn b dng
in.
2. Thc hin Anten bng kt cu c vn tc pha nh(kt cu sng chm).
3. Kt hp Anten vi mch tch cu.
Phng php dng ti in khng
Mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nh hng quyt nh n vic hnh thnh
th phng hng bc x l quy lut phn b dng in dc theo chn t.
phng php ny thay i phn b dng in trn chn t ta mc u cui ca
n ti thun khng dung tnh c dng khi kim loi hnh a hoc hnh cu.
Phn b dng in trong trng hp ny c th c xc nh theo phng
php gn ng, khi coi chn t tng ng vi mt on dy song hnh mc ti
in dung u cui. Do mc ti nn tr khng u cui c gi tr hu hn, dng
in u cui s khc khng, ngha l phn b dng in s tng t trng hp
chn t c ko di thm mt on ltd . Nh vy mt chn t i xng c ti

18

Ket-noi.com din n cng ngh, gio dc

l
c th c thay th bng mt chn t i xng khng
2

chiu di mi nhnh

ti vi di mi nhnh bng:

L l
. Trong : Asin =1
2 2 k

Acos
Hm phn b dng in: I ( z )

1
C

Ic
L
sin k ( z )
kL
2
sin
2

Trong : Ic l dng in cui chn t(ch mc ti).

z l ta im kho st tnh t u vo chn t.
Cng bc x ca chn t:
E

Trong :

cos

iWIb
e ikR

2
R

kL
kl

kL

cos cos cos sin cos sin cos

2
2

sin

Hnh v v th phng hng ca chn t i xng mc ti in dung c

l
kl

0, 42 ; 1500 ng vi cc gi tr khc nhau ca ti ( 450 ;800 ). Trn

2
2

hnh cng v th phng hng ca chn t khng ti vi

l
0.5 (ng gch
2

chm).
Kho st th trn rt ra c mt s kt lun thc t, quan trng l c th
bo ton dng ca th phng hng ca chn t khi gim nh kch thc ca
chng bng cch mc ti in dung thch hp u cui chn t. Phng php ny
c ng dng rng ri thit lp cc Anten sng di v sng trung, cho php
gim nh kch thc ca Anten khong 20-30%.
trn ta kho st phng php gim nh kch thc bng cch mc ti dung
tnh u cui phn b dng in. Vic ny cng c th thc hin c bng
cch mc ti cm tnh ni tip ti im gia trn hai nhnh chn t. Trong mt vi
trng c th s dng hn hp c hai cch c hiu qu cao hn.

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Ket-noi.com din n cng ngh, gio dc

Phng php dng ng dy sng chm

Vic gim nh kch thc ca chn t c th c thc hin bng cch s
dng cc ng dy sng chm.
V nguyn tc c th s dng bt c ng dy sng chm no m i vi n
c th p dng khi nim tr khng b mt (hay ipedang b mt), ngha l khi trn
mt ngoi ca n c cc thnh phn tip tuyn ca in trng v t trng c gi
tr khc khng. Tuy nhin vic la chn loi ng dy sng chm xut pht t cc
yu cu c lin quan n thong s cu cc kt cu y, trong hai thng s quan
trng l h s chm v h s suy gim ca kt cu. Thng s h s chm c nh
hng n kh nng rt ngn kch thc ca Anten, thng s h s suy gim nh
hng n hiu sut ca Anten.
Cc ng dy sng chm thng gp l cc dy dn kim loi c ph lp in
mi hoc ferit, trc kim loi hnh rng lc. Cc chn s dng loi dy sng chm
ny c gi l chn t impedang.
S dng cc ng truyn sng chm thit lp Anten chn t cho php
nhn c h s rt ngn Anten khong 2-5 ln (h s rt ngn Anten c nh
ngha bng t s gia tn s cng hng ca chn t kim loi thng c cng chiu
di v tn s cng hng ca chn t lm bng ng dy sng chm).
Cc chn t impedang c nhc im l phi s dng cc vt liu in mi
hc t mi gy tn hao trong cc mi trng y v do lm gim hiu sut ca
Anten. khc phc c th thay th mi trng bao quang dy dn(in mi hay
ferit) bi ng dy xon.
Kt hp Anten vi cc phn t tch cc
Bit rng khi n thun gim nh kch thc ca Anten th di hiu dng
ca Anten cng ng thi gim i v s dn n gim sc in ng nhn c
u ra Aten khi Anten lm vic ch thu v gim cng trng bc x ca
Anten khi Anten lm vic ch pht.
m bo c tnh ca Anten khi gim nh kch thc cn c bin php b
li s gim di hiu dng ca Anten. Mt trong nhng bin php c hiu qu
khc phc nhc im khi gim nh kch thc Anten l kt hp Anten vi cc
phn t (hay mch) tch cc. Ta gi Anten l Anten tch cc.vic hp nht Anten v
mch nu thc hin tt s to ra mt cu trc hp l ci thin c tnh ca Anten,
v trong mt s trng hp cn c th to ra cho Anten mt s chc nng mi m
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Ket-noi.com din n cng ngh, gio dc

cc Anten thng khng c. Ngoi ra khi kt hp Anten v mch th gia Anten v

my thu hay my pht khng cn cc phn t phi hp iu chnh nh cc trng
hp thng thng, gim bt chiu di fide mc gia Anten v thit b thu pht, do
gim tn hao cao tn v gim tp m nhit ca Anten.
Cn lu rng kt hp Anten vi mch tch cc th s ci thin h s tng ch
Anten khng c lin quan n vic ci thin gin hng tnh. Trong cc trng
hp ny hm phng hng chun ha ca Anten vn ch c quyt nh bi
di thc ca Anten v do gim nh kch thc Anten cng vn dn n gim
hng tnh, ngha l dn n m rng th phng hng.
Tuy nhin, vic kt hp Anten vi phn t hay mch tch cc trong mt s
trng hp cho php d dng s dng Aanten lm phn t ca cc h thng bc x
thit lp th phng hng theo yu cu cho trc, thit lp Anten iu
khin th phng hng bng phng php in hay h thng bc x c thc
hin bc u vic s l tn hiu.

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Ket-noi.com din n cng ngh, gio dc

Chng II
CC C TNH CA ANTEN CHN T I XNG
2.1 PHN B DNG IN TRN ANTEN CHN T I XNG
Mt trong nhng vn c bn khi kho st cc Anten l xc nh trng bc
x to ra trong khng gian v cc thng s ca Anten. Nh vy cn bit phn b
dng in trn Anten . C th s dng l thuyt ng dy song hnh xc
nh phn b dng in trn chn t i xng da trn suy lun v s tng t gia
chn t v ng dy song hnh h mch u cui khng tn hao.
Mt ng dy song hnh h mch du cui, nu m rng hai nhnh ca
ng dy ra 1800 ta s c chn t i xng. Vic m rng ny lm mt tnh i
xng ca ng dy song hnh v lm cho sng in t bc x ra khng gian bn
ngoi to thnh Anten.

a)

b)

Hnh 2.1: S tng quan gia chn t i xng v ng dy song hnh

Gi s khi bin dng ng dy song hnh thnh chn t i xng th quy lut
phn b dng in trn hai nhnh vn khng thay i, ngha l vn c dng sng
ng:
I z z I b sin k l z

(2.1)

Trong Ib l bin dng in im bng sng ng.

l l di mt nhnh chn t.

Tuy nhin, nhng suy lun v s tng t nu trn ch c tnh cht gn ng v

gia hai h thng ny c nhng im khc bit, l:
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Ket-noi.com din n cng ngh, gio dc

- Cc thng s phn b ca ng dy khng bin i dc theo dy, cn cc

thng s phn b ca chn t th bin i ng vi cc v tr khc nhau trn chn t.
- ng dy song hnh l h thng truyn dn nng lng sng in t cn
chn t i xng l h thng bc x.
- Trn ng dy song hnh khng tn hao, h mch u cui, dng in ch
bin i theo quy lut sng ng thun ty, dng sin, cn i vi chn t lun c s
mt mt nng lng do bc x (mt mt hu ch). Do ni mt cch chnh xc th
phn b dng in trn chn t s khng theo quy lut sng ng hnh sin. Tuy
nhin vi cc chn t rt mnh (ng knh << 0,01) khi tnh trng khu xa da
theo gi thit phn b dng in hnh sin cng nhn c kt qu kh ph hp vi
thc nghim. V vy, trong phn ln cc tnh ton k thut c th cho php p dng
gi thit gn ng v phn b dng in sng ng hnh sin.
Bit quy lut phn b ca dng in trn chn t s xc nh c quy lut
phn b gn ng ca in tch bng cch p dng phng trnh bo ton in tch.
C th gi thit dng in trn chn t ch c thnh phn dc Iz, in tch nm trn
b mt dy v c mt di Qz.
Ta c phng trnh bo ton in tch c dng
dI z
iQz 0
dz

(2.2)

Trong Iz = 2aJz: bin dng in ti ta z ca chn t

Jz mt dng in mt
Qz in tch mt trn mt n v chiu di chn t
Gii phng trnh (2.1) trong thay Iz bi phng trnh (1.6) ta c in
tch phn b trn mt n v di chn t l:
kI b
cosk l-z , z 0
i
kI
Qzl b cosk l+z , z 0
i

Qzl

(2.3)

Khi nghin cu v anten chn t ngi ta thng s dng di tng i so

vi bc sng. K hiu: l /
Xt trong mt s trng hp:
l 0.25 :

3 800
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Ket-noi.com din n cng ngh, gio dc

l 0.5

: chn t na sng

3 440

l 0.625 : trng hp gii hn 3 310

Phn b dng in v in tch trn chn t i xng c ch trong hnh v

a ) l / 0.25

b) l / 0.5

c) l / 0.625
Hnh 2.2: Phn b dng in v in tch trn chn t i xng

2.2 TRNG BC X CA ANTEN CHN T I XNG

TRONG KHNG GIAN T DO
2.2.1 iu kin xt
Mt chn t i xng c chiu di l c t trong mt mi trng ng nht,
ng hng v khng hp th (mi trng khng gian t do). Xt trng bc x
ca chn t ti mt im M, cch tm chn t mt khong r kh xa ngun, hng
m ng thng ni im M vi tm chn t hp vi trc chn t mt gc .

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Ket-noi.com din n cng ngh, gio dc

2.2.1 Tnh cng trng

Xt trong mt phng cha 0z, ng h ng theo , c tnh h ng ph
thuc
r1
M

ro
z

r2
r

Hnh 2.3: M t cc thng s tnh trng bc x ca chn t i xng

trong khng gian t do
Chia chn t thnh cc on dz v cng b (dz<<), xt trng do on dz gy
ra ti M. V dz << nn n tng ng nh mt dipol in vi dng in trn n
l Iz xc nh theo cng thc (2.1). in trng ti M do dz trn hai nhnh chn t
gy ra c xc nh theo cng thc:
ikZ e
e ikr
E
I l sin
i (V / m)
4
r
E 0

(2.4)

H 0
H

ik e
e ikr
I l sin
i
4
r

S l:
dE1 i

60 I z dz
sin e ikr1 i
r1

(2.5)

60 I z dz
dE2 i
sin e ikr2 i
r2

Trong
r1 r0 zcos

(2.6)

r2 r0 zcos

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Ket-noi.com din n cng ngh, gio dc

Thay cc cng thc (2.6) v (2.1) vo (2.5) v b qua i lng v cng b

thnh phn bin ta c:
dE1 i

60 I b dz
ik r zcos
sin sin k l z e 0
i
r0

60 I b dz
ik r zcos
dE2 i
sin sin k l z e 0
i
r0

(2.7)

in trng do hai on dz v cng b trn hai nhnh ca chn t i xng

gy ra ti M s l:

dE dE1 dE2
dE i
i

60 I b dz
sin sin k l z eikr0 eikzcos eikzcos i
r0

(2.8)

60 I b dz
sin sin k l z eikr0 2cos kzcos i
r0

in trng do ton b chn t gy ra ti M s tm c bng cch ly tch

phn in trng do dz trn hai nhnh chn t gy ra ti M, trong ton b chiu
di ca mt nhnh:

E dE i
0

Hay

60 I b cos klcos coskl ikr0

e i
r0
sin

60 I b
f ,
r0

(2.9)
(2.10)

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Ket-noi.com din n cng ngh, gio dc

2.3 CC THAM S CA CHN T I XNG

2.3.1. Hm tnh hng v th phng hng
So snh cng thc (2.9) v (2.10) ta thy hm tnh hng bin ca chn t
i xng trong mt phng E s l:
f ( , )

cos(kl cos ) cos(kl )

sin
sin 2

(2.11)

Trong mt phng H (mt phng vung gc vi trc chn t) gc 0 l hng s

mi hng nn trong cng thc sin v cos bng hng s, bi vy hm tnh
hng trong mt phng ny ch ph thuc vo gias tr k/l. Ni chung trong mt
phng H chn t bc x v hng.
Nu mt phng kho st i qua tm chn t th trong mt phng H ta c:
f ( ) 1 coskl

(2.12)

2.3.2 Cng sut bc x, in tr bc x v h s tnh hng

Cng sut bc x ca chn t i xng c th c xc nh theo phng php
vec t Poyting, ging nh khi tnh ton cho dipol in.
Ta tnh tng thng lng ca vec t Poyting qua mt mt cu bao bc chn t,
khi mt cu c bn knh kh ln so vi bc sng cng tc, hnh 2.4

ds r 2 sin d d

Hnh 2.4 Xc nh cng sut bc x ca chn t i xng

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Cng sut bc x ca chn t truyn qua din tch vi phn ds l:

dPbx Stb ds

(2.13)

Thay Stb = E02/120 v E trong cng thc (2.9) vo (2.16) ta c

cos klcos coskl 2
Pbx 2 2
r sin d d
8 r 0 0
sin

ZI b2

cos klcos coskl

Pbx 30 I b2
d
sin
0
2

(2.14)

Tng t nh i vi dipol in, ta cng c nh ngha v cng sut bc x ca

chn t i xng l i lng biu th quan h gia cng sut bc x v bnh phng
dng in trn chn t. Tuy nhin, do dng in c phn b khng ng u dc theo
chn t nn khi biu th cng sut bc x qua bin dng in ti v tr no trn
chn t (v d qua dng in u vo, hay qua dng in ti im bng sng ng)
th s c in tr bc x tng ng (in tr bc x ng vi dng in im vo, in
tr bc x ng vi dng in im bng).
in tr bc x ca chn t i xng tnh theo dng in im bng c xc
nh theo cng thc:
cos klcos coskl
60
d
sin
0
2

Rbxb

(2.15)

Li gii y ca hm tch phn trong cng thc (2.15) cho trng hp bt k

s l:

Rbxb 30 sin kl Si 4kl 2Si 2kl cos 2kl E ln kl Ci 4kl 2Ci 2kl

2 E ln 2kl Ci 2kl

Trong :

(2.16)

E = 0,5772 l hng s Euler

x

sin t
dt
t
0

Si x

cost
dt
t

Ci x

Cng thc trn ch gn ng bi v khi tnh ton da vo gi thit phn b

dng in trn chn t l hnh sin. Trong thc t, vic xc nh in tr bc x ca
anten thng dng th.
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Ket-noi.com din n cng ngh, gio dc

Gi tr ca in tr bc x ng vi dng in ti im bng ch ph thuc vo

chiu di tng i ca chn t. Hnh 2.5 m t s ph thuc ca in tr bc x theo
chiu di tng i ca chn t. Kho st th ta thy rng, ban u khi tng di
tng i ca chn t, in tr bc x tng. Ti l

= 0,25 (chn t na sng) c

Rbxb= 73,1 v gn vi gi tr l = 0,5 c Rbxb= 210 .

Sau Rbxb dao ng c cc i gn cc gi tr l bng bi s chn ca. c

tnh bin i ny c th c gii thch t mi quan h gia cng sut bc x (v in
tr bc x) vi quy lut phn b

Rbxb ()

dng in trn chn t. Khi l

nh th tng l s tng s phn t dng

250

in ng pha, do tng cng sut v

200

in tr bc x. Nhng khi l >, trn

chn t xut hin khu vc dng in

150

ngc pha lm gim cng sut v in

tr bc x ca chn t.

100

H s tnh hng ca chn t i

50

xng, theo cng thc:

D ,

E 2 , .2 r 2

l/
0,25

0,5

0,75 1,0

ZPbx

Trong E(,) c tnh theo cng thc (2.9) cn Pbx c tnh theo cng thc
(2.14). Vi cc chn t c di l 0,675 bc x cc i vn duy tr hng

Z
2
2 , ta c: Dmax D 2
1 coskl
Rbxb

(2.17)

2.3.3 Tr khng sng ca chn t i xng

Tng t nh ng dy song hnh, i vi chn t i xng cng c th a
vo khi nim tr khng sng. Theo l thuyt ng dy, tr khng sng ca ng
dy song hnh khng tn hao c xc nh theo cng thc:
ZA

L1
C1

(2.18)

Trong L1 in cm phn b ca ng dy
C1 in dung phn b ca ng dy
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Ket-noi.com din n cng ngh, gio dc

Mt khc ta c:
1
1

v
L1C1

l vn tc sng truyn trn ng dy

Nu ng dy c t trong khng gian t do th = 0, = 0. Tr khng

sng ca ng dy c th c biu th qua thng s ca mi trng v mt trong hai
thng s phn b L1, hoc C1 ca ng dy:
ZA

0 0

(2.19)

C1

i vi ng dy song hnh, C1 l i lng khng bin i theo chiu di ca

dy v c gii hn bng kch thc ca ng dy. Khi biu th tr khng sng qua
cc kch thc hnh hc ca ng dy, cng thc (2.19) s c dng:
D
Z A 276lg
r

(2.20)

D: khong cch gia hai dy dn (tnh t trc dy)

r: bn knh dy dn
i vi chn t i xng hoc cc loi anten dy khc, c th p dng cng thc
(2.20) tnh tr khng sng ca anten nhng cn ch rng in dung phn b C1
lc ny khng phi l hng s m thay i dc theo chiu di chn t. V vy khi tnh
C1 cn ly gi tr trung bnh ca n, ngha l ly in dung tnh tng cng ca anten
chia cho chiu di ca n.
Cng thc tnh tr khng sng ca chn t i xng khi chiu di chn t nh
hn bc sng cng tc s l:
2l
Z A 120 ln 1
r

()

(2.21)

Khi tng chiu di chn t th sai s tnh theo cng thc trn s tng. Nh vy
khi chiu di chn t ln hn bc sng cng tc th tr khng sng ca chn t s
c tnh theo cng thc Kesenich:

Z A 120 ln E ()
r

Trong E = 0,577 l hng s Euler

30

(2.22)

Ket-noi.com din n cng ngh, gio dc

2.3.4 Tr khng vo ca chn t i xng

Nh cp trong phn e ca mc 1.2.3 chng 1 tr khng vo ca chn t
i xng bao gm c phn thc v phn khng.
ZvA RvA jX vA

Phn thc bao gm in tr bc x v phn in tr tn hao ca chn t. i vi

chn t i xng, in tr tn hao khng ng k (c th coi bng 0) phn cng sut
thc a vo anten hu nh c chuyn thnh cng sut bc x
PA Pbx

(2.23)

Nu biu th cng sut bc x theo dng in u vo Ia th cng thc (2.23) c

th vit:
I a2 Rbx 0 I a2 RvA

2
2

(2.24)

Rbx0 l in tr bc x tnh theo dng in u vo

Rbx 0

Ta c:

I b2 Rbxb
R

bxb
2
Ia
sin 2 kl

RvA

Rbxb
sin 2 kl

(2.25)

Phn khng ca tr khng vo ca chn t i xng chnh l tr khng ca ng

dy song hnh h mch u cui v c tnh theo cng thc:
X vA iZ A cot gkl

(2.26)

Trong ZA l tr khng sng ca chn t i xng.

Thay cc cng thc (2.24) v (2.25) vo cng thc (1.17) ta c cng thc tnh
tr khng vo ca chn t i xng:
ZvA

Rbxb
iZ A cot gkl
sin 2 lk

(2.27)

Cng thc ny nhn c khi tnh ton theo gi thit dng in trn chn t phn
b hnh sin. Khi di ca chn t gn bng na bc sng cng tc th cng thc
(2.26) cho kt qu hp l nhng khi chn t c di ln hn th chnh xc ca
cng thc s gim i. n khi di ca chn t bng ng bc sng cng tc th
cng thc ny khng cn ngha v lc c phn thc v phn o ca tr khng vo
u c gi tr v cng ln.

31

Ket-noi.com din n cng ngh, gio dc

Cng thc (2.26) cho php ng dng khi im nt dng in nm cch u vo

chn t mt khong ln hn (0,1 0,15) ngha l khi t s l nm trong khong 0
0,35 v 0,65 0,85.
RVA()
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
-100

XVA()
400
300
200
100
0
- 100
- 200
- 300
- 400

l/r =60
l/r =40

l/r =20
l

0,2

0,4 0,6

0,7 1,0

1,2

l/r=60
l/r=40
l/r=20

0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2

Hnh 2.6 S ph thuc ca ZvA vo l

Nhn xt: Tr khng vo ca chn t i xng ph thuc vo chiu di tng i
ca chn t.
- Khi chiu di ca chn t (2 l ) bng bi s ca /2 th lc tr khng ca chn
t c th xem gn ng ch c in tr thun. Cng hng ni tip xy ra khi chiu di
chn t bng 0,5; 1,5; 2,5;v tr khng vo RvA l thc v c gi tr bng tr
khng bc x ca anten. Trong trng hp ny s c gi tr l 73,1 i vi chn t
na sng v 200 i vi chn t ton sng.
- Cng hng song song xy ra khi chiu di chn t (2 l ) bng bi s ca bc
sng cng tc (, 2, 3,). Tr khng vo trong trng hp ny cng l in tr thc
v c gi tr v cng ln, c th t n 5000 . Gi tr ca tr khng vo thc ph
thuc vo t s chiu di trn bn knh chn t v tr khng sng ca chn t.
- Khi chiu di ca chn t khng phi l bi s ca /2 th lc tr khng vo
ca anten bao gm c phn thc v phn khng. Thnh phn khng ca tr khng vo
ca chn t i xng gn cc im cng hng ni tip ( l = /4) tng t nh thnh
phn khng ca mt mch cng hng ni tip: vng tn s thp hn tn s cng
hng n mang tnh dung khng v cc vng tn s cao hn tn s cng hng n
mang tnh cm khng. cc im gn im cng hng song song ( l = /2) tr khng
ca chn t tng t nh thnh phn khng ca mt mch cng hng song song:
32

Ket-noi.com din n cng ngh, gio dc

vng tn s thp hn tn s cng hng n mang tnh cm khng v cc vng tn s

cao hn tn s cng hng n mang tnh dung khng.
Thng thng tr khng vo ca chn t i xng c chn bng phng php
thc nghim. Bng cch thay i chiu di v ng knh ca dy chn t ng vi tn
s trung tm ca di tn cng tc, khi tr khng s thun tr .
Khi bit gi tr ca tr khng vo ca anten ta c th d dng thc hin vic phi
hp tr khng gia anten v my pht hoc my thu.

2.3.5 Chiu di hiu dng ca chn t i xng

Bc x ca anten ph thuc vo s phn b dng in trn anten. xem xt
quan h gia phn b dng in v chiu di chn t, ngi ta a vo khi nim
chiu di hiu dng, lhd .
Chiu di hiu dng l chiu di ca mt chn t tng ng vi chn t tht,
c dng in phn b ng u trn chn t v bng dng in u vo ca chn t
tht, vi din tch phn b dng in trn chn t tht bng din tch phn b dng
in trn chn t tng ng.
Cu trc ca anten cng tt nu nh chiu di hiu dng ca anten c gi tr gn
bng chiu di thc ca anten.

2 l = /2

lhd

Im

Im

Hnh 2.7. Chiu di thc v chiu di hiu dng ca chn t

i xng
Chiu di hiu dng ca chn t i xng c xc nh theo biu thc:
lhd

kl
tg

(2.28)

Vi chn t na sng c chiu di 2l

, do tgkl 1 v chiu di hiu dng

. Nu l chn t ton sng c chiu di 2l , th chiu di

2
hiu dng ca chn t s l lhd
.

ca chn t s l lhd

33

CHNG III: C TNH PHNG HNG CA ANTEN

CHN T I XNG TRNH BY BNG MATLAB
3.1: C TNH PHNG HNG CA ANTEN CHN T
3.1.1: M hnh ton
Gi s chn t c di l, c t dc theo trc 0z, tm pha trng vi gc ta
. Ta im kho st l (R, , ). Khi kho st trng vng xa ta lun c R

Hnh 3.1: Biu din chn t i xng trong ta cu

Theo quy c nh hnh v trn, gc c xc nh bi hnh chiu ca R
trn mt phng x0y v 0x , cn gc c xc nh bi gc gia R v 0z , tc l mt
phng x0y c 900 .
T hnh v ta thy rng:

Hm phng hng ca anten chn t ng hng vi mt phng vung

gc vi trc ca chn t (mt phng ).

Hm phng hng bc x bng khng ti =00 hoc =1800.

34

c tnh hng ch xc nh trong mt phng cha trc ca chn t.

Vy ta c hm phng hng ca anten chn t c xc nh bi :

f ( , )

cos(

kl
kl
cos )-cos
2
2
sin

(3.1)

: l bc sng.
k

: l tr khng sng.

Hay biu din di dng hm chun ho:

kl
kl
cos( cos )-cos
f ,
2
2
F ( , )

kl
max( f , )
sin (1 cos )
2

(3.2)

Xt hm tnh hng v th phng hng ca chn t c chiu di tng i

khc nhau:
Chn t ngn ( l << )
T cng thc (2.11) ta c: f

kl
2

sin

Khi hm tnh hng bin chun ha trong mt phng in trng s l

F sin

(3.3)

Chn t phn t sng ( l = /4)

T cng thc (2.11) ta c:

cos cos cos

cos cos
2
2

sin
sin

(3.4)

35

 Chn t na sng ( l = /2)

T cng thc (2.11) ta c:

2cos 2 cos
cos cos 1
2

sin
sin

(3.5)

Khi hm tnh hng bin chun ha l:

cos 2 cos
2

F
sin

(3.6)

Chn t c chiu di ln hn
Trong trng hp ny do trn mi nhnh chn t xut hin dng in ngc pha
nn hng vung gc khng c sai pha v ng i ca cc on dz nhng v dng
in c on ngc pha, do cng in trng tng hng ny s gim xung,
ng thi xut hin cc bp ph cc hng c sai pha ng i b ht cho sai pha
dng in. Nu on dng in ngc pha ln dn, ngha l l tin dn ti , bp ph s
ln dn, bp chnh nh dn. Khi l = , on ngc pha trn mi nhnh chn t l bng
nhau, bc x hng chnh (tc hng vung gc vi trc chn t) s bng 0, bn bp
ph tr thnh bn bp chnh.

90o

180o

90o

90o

a) l 0,1

0o

180o

0o

b) l 0,25

180o

0o

c) l 0,5

36

90o

90o

180

0o

180

d) l 0,75

e) l

Hnh 3.2 th phng hngca chn t i xng trong mt phng E

T th phng hng ta c nhn xt: Tnh hng ca chn t i xng ph
thuc vo chiu di in l . V vy khi nghin cu v anten chn t ngi ta thng

s dng di tng i so vi bc sng. K hiu:

Xt trong mt s trng hp:

l

: dipol in

0.5

: chn t na sng

: chn t ton sng

37

3.1.2: th phng hng trnh by bng Matlab

Phn code lnh trng trnh v th phng hng ca Anten chn t i xng
bng Matlab:
Lnh v th phng hng Anten chn t i xng trong khng gian 2 chiu
(2D):
L=input('\n nhapl /lamda=');
% Nhp gi tr
teta=0:0.01*pi:2*pi;
tuso=(cos(pi.*L.*cos(teta))-cos(pi.*L));
if L==2
mauso=sin(teta)*2.5;
else
mauso=sin(teta).*(1-cos(pi.*L))*1.5;
end
f=abs(tuso./mauso);
polar(teta,f);
% V th
Lnh v th phng hng Anten chn t i xng trong khng gian 3 chiu
(3D):
[teta,phi]=meshgrid(0:2.*pi./180:pi, 0:4.*pi./180:1.5.*pi);
L=input('\n nhap l/lamda=');
tuso=(cos(pi.*L.*cos(teta))-cos(pi.*L));
if L==2
mauso=sin(teta)*2.5;
else
mauso=sin(teta).*(1-cos(pi.*L))*1.5;
end
f=abs(tuso./mauso);
x=f.*sin(teta).*cos(phi);
y=f.*sin(teta).*sin(phi);
z=f.*cos(teta);
surfl(x,y,z);

38

Phn kt qu chy trng trnh v th phng hng ca Anten chn t i

xng ng vi cc trng hp kho st:

a: l/ 0 (Trng hp dipol in).

b: l/=0.5 (Trng hp chn t na sng)

39

c: l/=1 (Trng hp chn t ton sng)

d: l/=1.25

40

e: l/=1.5

f: l/=2
Hnh 3.3: c tnh phng hng ca anten chn t i xng

41

3.1.3: Nhn xt v kt lun

T cc th phng hng ta nhn thy:
Khi anten c di l/ nh, th phng hng c dng gn ging th
phng hng ca dipol in (hnh 3.3.b), ch khc l n c rng hp hn (so snh
3.3.a vi 3.3.b).iu ny c gii thch nh sau:
- V trng bc x ca dy dn ti im kho st bng tng vecto ca trng to
bi cc dipol thnh phn (anten l tp hp ca cc dipole). Khi di l/ rt nh, dng
in mi im trn anten ng pha nhau. ng thi v c th coi khong cch t cc
dipol n cc im kho st bng nhau nn trng bc x ca cc dipol ring r s
ng pha v c cng i s vi nhau. Bin trng bc x ca dy dn cc im
trong khng gian u tng ln mt s ln ging nhau so vi cng trng bc x
ca mt dipol in ring r. V vy m th phng hng ca anten khng khc so
vi th phng hng ca dipol in.
- th phng hng ca n hp hn l do sai pha khong cch gia cc dipol
thnh phn.
Khi tng dn di anten (trong gii hn vn m bo ng pha dng in
trn anten, ngha l l/ 1) th th phng hng s hp dn li (hnh 3.3.b, 3.3.c)
- Tht vy, s tng di anten trong gii hn ni trn s tng ng vi vic
tng s dipol ng pha sp xp theo ng thng . Cng trng khu xa theo
hng vung gc vi anten s bng tng i s cng trng ca cc dipole in
ring r, v theo hng ny khng c sai pha khong cch. Bc x c tng cng
theo hng = 90. Khi dch chuyn im kho st khi hng ny s xut hin sai
pha khong cch. Cng trng ti im kho st trong trng hp ny s nh
hn trng hng = 90. Tng vecto s gim nhanh nu im kho st cng dch
chuyn xa hng = 90.
Khi tng di anten qa gii hn mt bc sng (l>) s xut hin khu vc
dng in ngc pha. th phng hng c xu th hp li nhng ng thi s xut
hin cc cc i ph (hnh 3.3.d, 3.3.e). S xut hin cc cc i ph l do bc x theo
hng vung gc vi trc dy dn ca cc dipol thuc khu vc dng in ngc pha s
b trit tiu bi , v theo hng ny khng c sai pha khong cch nhng sai pha dng

42

in bng . Nu dch chuyn im kho st khi hng = 90 th s xut hin gc

sai pha khong cch ca trng to bi cc dipol thuc hai khu vc ni trn.Ta c th
tm c hng m theo hng sai pha khong cch ca trng to bi hai khu
vc dng in s bng . Tng sai pha ca trng s bng 2 , ngha l trng bc x
to bi cc dipol thuc hai khu vc dng in ngc pha s tr nn ng pha nhau, v
hng s xut hin cc i ph.
Tip tc tng di dy dn th cng trng theo hng = 90 s
gim (do nh hng bc x ca cc dipol c dng in ngc pha gy ra), ng thi
bin cc i ph s tng.
Khi

l
=2 trng bc x theo hng = 90 s hon ton b trit tiu, cn cc

cc i ph s tr thnh cc cc i chnh ca anten.(hnh 3.3.f)

Nh vy th phng hng ca anten chn t s thay i khi thay i di
ca ca n. C th nh sau:
Khi

l
bin i, tng t gi tr rt nh (tng ng vi mt dipol in) n

mt gii hn nht nh th anten chn t cng tng nh hng gc 900 tc l

hm phng hng t cc i 900 , v gi tr 3 cng nh( 3 l l gc to bi
hai hng m ti cng sut bc x suy gim mt na so vi hng bc x cc i)
cng thay i theo. ), bp sng chnh cng hp (hnh 3.3.a, 3.3.b, 3.3.c v 3.3.d).
Khi gi tr

l
l
kh ln ( =1.5 hnh 3.3.e) hm phng hng khng cn t

cc i gc 900 .
Khi

l
=2 ( hnh 3.3.f) th cc i chnh theo hng 900 cn b trit tiu

hon ton.

3.2: MT S BI TON V C TNH PHNG HNG CA

ANTEN CHN T I XNG

43

3.2.1 t vn
Thc t khi nghin cu chn t i xng th hng 900 c ngha rt quan
trng, n quyt nh n hiu qu ca qu trnh thu v pht anten, chng hn mt anten
khng i xng (monopole) t thng ng trn mt t, khi coi gn ng mt t l
mt dn in th h thng gm anten khng i xng v nh ca n c xem l mt
chn t i xng s cho bc x cc i hng 900 , tc l bc x cc i trong
mt phng nm ngang, ph hp vi cc ng dng lan truyn sng t cc di sng
di v sng trung.
Kt hp vi kt qu kho st c tnh phng hng ca Anten chn t i xng
c c nh trong mc 3.1.3 ta nhn thy r rng s tn ti ca mt gi tr gii hn
ca thng s

l
l
l
, ta gi l ( )gh m khi cn nh hn gi tr ny th hm phng

hng ca chn t cn t cc i 900 , nhng khi n vt qua gii hn ny th

th phng hng gc 900 s b suy gim so vi cc hng khc. Theo
nhng quan st v s thay i ca hm bc x trn trn hnh v (hnh 3.3) th gi tr
(

l
)gh

s nm trong khong t 1.25 n 1.5. V trong khong hng bc x

900 ta cn nghin cu c s nhy bc (chuyn t cn t cc i sang khng t

cc i thm ch cn b trit tiu hon ton). Vy gi tr c th ny s l bao nhiu?

Bn cnh nh trong trnh by ti mc . ca chng I ta bit, mt thng s
quan trng nh gi c tnh phng hng ca mt Anten l rng bp sng.
rng bp sng c s dng nh gi l rng bp sng na cng sut, l gc
gia hai hng m theo hai hng cng sut bc x gim i mt na so vi cng
sut bc x cc i. Nu tnh theo gi tr ca cng in trng th rng bp
sng ny ng vi gc gia hai hng m theo hai hng cng in trng
gim i 2 ln so vi gi tr cc i ca anten trong ta cc.
Nu tnh theo n v decibel (dB), khi cng sut gim i mt na s tng ng
vi cng sut s gim 3 dB. Bi vy rng bp sng na cng sut cn c gi l
rng bp sng 3 dB, k hiu l 3dB .

44

Nh vy rng bp sng th hin tnh cht tp trung nng lng bc x theo

mt hng no , nu gc 3dB cng b th anten tp trung cng sut bc x cng
mnh.
Mt khc th theo hnh v ta cng thy rng trong khong bin i ca

l
, t rt

nh ( 0 ) n gi tr gii hn, rng bp sng chnh 3 ( hay 21/2 ) (l gc to bi

hai hng m ti cng sut bc x suy gim mt na so vi hng bc x cc i)
cng thay i theo. Vy quy lut bin i ca gc 3 theo gi tr

l
nh th no?

Nh vy chng ta c 2 bi ton cn gii quyt:

l

Tnh gi tr gii hn ( ) gh m ti Anten vn bc x cc i ti hng

900

Xc nh quy lut bin i ca rng bp sng chnh theo di

l

l
. Hay

3 f ( ) vi thay i t 1.25 n gi tr ti hn.

3.2.2: Gii quyt vn

l

a. Bi ton 1:Tm gi tr ( ) gh

xc nh c gii hn ny, trc ht ta cn c vo th phng hng ca

chn t i xng nh v phn II. Ta c th thy rng gi tr gii hn ca

l
s

nm trong khong t 1.25 1.5. y l khong gi tr m c tnh phng hng ca

chn t thay i hng cc i. Nh ni trn, vic tm gi tr gii hn ny tng
ng vi vic tm ra c mt hng khc hng 900 th phng hng
ca chn t cn t cc i nh hng 900 . Hay ni mt cch khc, ti gi tr
gii hn ca

l
s tn ti hai hng cng t cc i. Trong mt hng l 900

nh bit.

45

Nh vy ta ch cn s dng mt chng trnh trong Matlab, hay trong C++ ...l c

th tm ra c li gii cho bi ton trn. Trong chng trnh ny chng ta s so snh
gi tr hm phng hng ca chn t (trong khong

l
bin i t 1.251.5) vi gi

tr cc i ca n ti 900 . Khi hai gi tr ny bng nhau tc l ta gii quyt

xong bi ton trn.
Cu lnh
clear
tyso=0;
L =1.25;
% t gi tr L=l/lamda;
while tyso<1;
L = L +0.01;
tetar=teta.*pi./180;
f90=1-cos(pi.* L);
tuso=cos(pi.* L.*cos(tetar))-cos(pi.* L);
mauso=sin(tetar);
f=abs(tuso./mauso);
a=max(f);
tyso=(a./f90);
end
ketqua_L = L- 0.01
Kt qu thu c L=

l
l
= 1.4400, => ( )gh= 1.44. Kt qu ny tnh chnh xc n

0.01. nu mun tng chnh xc ch cn thay i tng bc nhy trong cu lnh trn.

b. Bi ton 2:Xc nh quy lut bin i ca 3 theo

Vi bi ton ny chng ta c th gii quyt c theo ba cch sau:

46

 Biu din di dng th (phng php ny rt trc quan, th hin r rng s

ph thuc 3 vo

l
).

Biu din di dng bng (ta c th tra cu cc gi tr c th ca 3 ng vi mi

gi tr ca

l
).

S dng mt chng trnh trong Matlab tra cu nhanh chng gi tr 3 khi

nhp bt k gi tr

l
no

b.1:Biu din di dng th

Cu lnh:
Clear
for i= 1: 1.44
L=i*0.01
f90= 1-cos(pi*L)
a= 1
teta=90
while a>0.071
teta= teta-0.01
tetar= teta*pi/180
tuso= cos(pi*L.*cos(tetar))- cos(pi*L)
mauso= sin(tetar)
f= tuso./mauso
a=abs(f./f90)
end
dodai(i)= L
goc(i)= 2*(90-teta)

47

end
hold on;
plot(dodai,goc);

%v th

Sau khi chy chng trnh s cho ta mt th tng qut nh hnh bn di:

Hnh 3.4: S ph thuc ca rng bp sng chnh 3 theo

b.2:Biu din s ph thuc ca gc 3 theo

l
nh trong bng sau

48

Khi chy chng trnh ta khng dung lnh v th m m cc gi tr in ra

theo tng hng tng ng vi tng cp di v gc, sau ta c th biu din gn
chng li nh bng di. (bng 1).
di (l/) Gc 3 ()

di (l/)

Gc 3 ()

0.01

90.00

0.37

83.48

0.04

89.94

0.40

82.38

0.08

89.70

0.44

80.78

0.10

89.54

0.46

79.92

0.12

89.34

0.48

79.02

0.14

89.08

0.50

78.08

0.16

88.80

0.52

77.12

0.18

88.48

0.54

76.12

0.20

88.12

0.56

75.10

0.24

87.28

0.60

72.94

0.26

86.80

0.62

71.82

0.28

86.28

0.64

70.68

0.30

85.74

0.66

69.52

0.32

85.14

0.68

68.32

0.34

84.50

0.70

67.12

0.36

83.84

0.72

65.90

0.74

64.64

1.10

41.54

0.76

63.38

1.12

40.30

0.78

62.12

1.14

39.08

0.80

60.84

1.16

37.88

0.82

59.54

1.18

36.68

0.84

58.24

1.20

35.50

49

0.88

55.64

1.24

33.18

0.90

54.34

1.26

32.06

0.92

53.02

1.28

30.92

0.91

53.68

1.27

31.48

0.92

53.02

1.28

30.92

0.94

51.72

1.30

29.82

0.98

49.14

1.34

27.64

1.00

47.84

1.36

26.58

1.04

45.30

1.40

24.50

1.08

42.78

1.44

22.48

Bng 1: Cc gi tr ca 3 ng vi

l
thay i t 01.44

b.3:S dng mt chng trnh trong Matlab ng vi mi gi tr

l
s cho mt gi

tr 3 c th
Cu lnh:
Clear
L= input(\nhap gia tri L=l/lamda);disp('nhap vao gia tri do dai chan tu theo buoc
song:');
disp('chu y la chi nhap trong khoang tu 0.01->1.44');

f90= 1-cos(pi.*L);
a=1;
teta=90;
while a> 0.7071

50

teta= teta-0.01;
tetar=teta*pi/180;
tuso= cos(pi*L.*cos(tetar))- cos(pi*L);
mauso=sin(tetar);
f=tuso./mauso
a= abs(f./f90);
end
disp('goc teta 3 can tim la=');disp(2.*(90-teta));

%hin th kt qu

Vi chng trnh ny chy trong matlab th ng vi mi gi tr

l
ta s nhn c

mt gi tr kt qu ng vi gc 3 . Di y l mt vi gi tr c th. (bng 2)
l/

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70 0.80

89.54

88.12

85.74

82.38

78.08

72.94

67.12 60.84

l/

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.25

1.30

1.40 1.44

54.34

47.84

41.54

35.50

32.62

29.82

24.50 22.48

Bng 2: Cc gi tr ca 3 ng vi

l
thay i t 01.44

3.2.3: Bin lun v nh gi kt qu

l

a. Bi ton 1:Tm gi tr ( ) gh

51

Vi gi tr gii hn ca
iu ny c ngha l khi

l
thu c nh trn l 1.44 (tnh chnh xc n 0.01).

l
1.44 th th phng hng vn t cc i hng

l
900 , cn khi vt ra khi gi tr gii hn ny th th phng hng khng

cn t cc i theo hng 900 na.

Ta c th thy r c iu ny qua cc hnh v sau:

a:

l
=1.43

52

b:

l
=1.44

c:

l
=1.45

Hnh 3.5 th phng hng ca chn t trong cc trng hp gii hn

53

Quan st cc hnh v trn ta c th r rng nhn thy rng:

Khi

l
=1.43 (hnh 3.5a) th cc i chnh vn hng 900 .

Khi

l
=1.44 ( hnh 3.5b) th hm t cc i cc hng, trong c hng

900 .

Khi

l
=1.45 (hnh 3.5c) th hm t cc i hng 900 . Nh vy c

s t bin ca hng bc x cc i ti gi tr
Nh vy kt qu tm c

l
=1.45

l
l
=1.44 chnh l gi tr gii hn cn tm: ( )gh=1.44

b. Bi ton 2:Xc nh quy lut bin i ca 3 theo

T th biu din s ph thuc 3= f ( hnh 3.4 ta c th nhn thy

mt cch trc quan rng khi gi tr

l
tng th rng bp sng chnh gim.

Kt qu cng tng t khi ta biu din bng bng, hay mt hm ( dn

chng mt s kt qu bng 2 so vi bng 1). Vi bng 1 lp c ta c th tra cu
mt cch d dng cc gi tr ca 3 khi

l
thay i t 0 n gi tr ti hn.

So snh vi cc s liu c [1] vi kt qu tnh ton c ta nhn thy gia

chng c s sai lch. R rng l kt qu tnh ton c trn c chnh xc cao
hn. Mc d kt qu a ra trong cc ti liu c sai s l khng ng k.
l

Vic gii quyt hai bi ton ny tr li cho nhng cu hi gi tr ( )gh l

bao nhiu? quy lut bin i ca 3= f nh th no? M t trc ti nay n ch l

nhng nhn xt khi qut.

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 Nh vy vi vic tm ra gi tr ti hn (

l
)gh c tnh hng ca chn t

vn t cc i gc = 90 th vic thit k ra cc anten chn t c kh nng bc x

tt s tr nn thun tin, d dng hn.
Vic phi ghp anten chn t vi nhau s cho hiu qu cao nht khi ta bit
c hng tnh ca mi anten, ta s to ra mt h thng thu pht sng in t p ng
yu cu ngy cng cao ca k thut anten.

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PH LC

: GII THIU V CNG C MATLAB

TI LIU THAM KHO: L THUYT V K THUT ANTEN - PHAN ANH

TI NGHIN CU KHOA HC ANTEN CA
NHM SINH VIN TV47 - H

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