Rowse Faaity Engineering Horizons fa eee big Tag Performance Objective Explain the basics of reservoir engineering and how it impacts. facility design. 4Competencies Gained from this Module Understand What a Reservoir |s Understand Flow Characteristics Of Reservoir Fluids Understand Recovery Methods Understand Artificial Lift Review Reservoir Management Review Tahiti Characteristics Agenda What is a reservoir? Flow Characteristics of Reservoir Fluids Recovery Methods Artificial Lift Conclusion = Reservoir Management * Tahiti Characteristics a2Formation of Oil Plants and animals died and were rapidly covered with sediment 10 to 160 million years ago = Sediment prevented immediate decay by depriving oxygen + Resulted into a slow decay into carbon rich compounds Heat and pressure tumed the carbon rich compounds into coal, petroleum and natural gas Geological Formation Reservoirs have three requirements: * Porosity — provides volume for fluids to accumulate » Traps — Captures the fluid » Permeability ~ allows fuids to flow Scent ls Antictine folds Fault tf 13Hydrocarbon Accumulation “ Porous Rocks was initially filled with water ‘Over geological time, as hhydrocarbons were formed, they migrated through the ‘porous rock and displaced the water as they ‘accumulated Reservoir Parameters BO ceat erase or ‘space divided by the total volume Saturation Volume of fis, Vv. ‘92s or water) a vided te pore Pail =F volume ‘pore BR 800 + Se + Svar =I 14General Categories of Reservoir Hydrocarbons Calo ee elo ae ithe) pense Soetins ras wth 4s 28 iGueswebose Brom iquewe ~s0v0scFte) ee tsar Seicuyton mos j enon Derkeromtlck e020 © mw ue ‘Some BATT Baca anc tall Agenda Whatis a reservoir? Flow Characteristics of Reservoir Fluids Recovery Methods Avtficial Lift Conclusion » Reservoir Management * Tahiti Characteristics 15Horizontal Flow Through Porous Media k-A-AP Q=——— wl wine 2 elu tow ato AP pressure hop Bicosiy 1 lena “esons ext or sight compressbe Mids ond gases Exercise — Dimensional Analysis Dimensional analysis ~ look at units in elemental terms, length ('), ‘mass (m), time (t), force (A) Example for viscosity Gravity constant 1.6Porosity and Permeability Examples of Reservoir Material - SandstonePotential Reservoir Issues Multiphase Flow Through a Porous Media ‘Multiple phases can flow in a reservoir son a : ve got = Conrete or + wae NS fared weer (ne phase wil oat the ma ands Called the weting pave + yey ar ned nt oot [Spots Weting and non weting phases wl fow ‘simultaneously, but along different paths ‘oy. 18Relative Permeability Permeability toa single phase is a function af the rook’ and is called the absolute permeabilly ‘With multiphase flow, each phase has ‘a permeability called the effective permeebilty Relative permeability isthe ratio of the effective permeability to the ‘bsolute permeability “Phases interfere wth each other curing flow + Sum ofthe relative permeabilty ofeach ‘hase wil be les than the absolute ppermaabiity “assumes no interaction with the matric Commate Interest woted oe ‘oi Relative Permeability ‘The relative permeability chai measure ofthe rocks ailty more fds are present were eg k ee and ky obtained rom a water ol systors ky Relative permesbitty of phase, § Erfective permeabilty of phase, @ ‘Absolute permeability ofthe matix acteristics of a reservoir rock are a to conduct one fluid when one or ky and kg obtained fom a 938-1 yates 1.9What Does This Mean? (00 020 040 080 080 100MaerSatutn| 10 000 060 040 020 000 OFSetuton Agenda What is a reservoir? Flow Characteristics of Reservoir Fluids Recovery Methods Avtificial Lift Conclusion * Reservoir Management * Tahiti Characteristics, 1.10Oil Recovery Primary Oil Recovery © Based upon natural reservoir drives Secondary Oil Recovery * Injection of water andior gas to drive oil to the wellbore Tertiary Oil Recovery (Enhance Oil Recovery) ® Injection of agents to reduce residual oil saturation and/or improve sweep efficiency Fatyine + Geen wSeewor with Wm RISTHE (0 RIVE He we BBE. SA, K filed Kesyece wilh sonds Hot bor bay goes Drive Mechanisms 1.11Drive Mechanism Effects on Recovery Efficiency mee a EL ee ee CGmmreree —vcmaeapcyass rahe saserngige 2-60 hake oS, Sonepat soon Be Radial Flow Presse atau, PL Pressure nwa bore re Reus oe ofthe volume ne Welledue Pradacing Wet 1.12Secondary Recovery ~ Water Flooding Bho Beene injection wate hs Feat CHE bare wipiratry oxyyen lays J + mibilougton Aw’ ctya’ —pirumbulgin livtny Gvganom Cmeebies avaar Mor) = _micesak_cerresion Relative Permeability - g Mobility Ratio Mobility ratio is a key parameter related to relative permeability, because it affects displacement and controls recovery efficiency ee Mt Displacing fuid hee i Displaced fic 1.13Areal Sweep Efficiency JUnswept Swept Reservoir Recovery Efficiency Injector Producer ii i i ah iii oe) 1.14Factors Affecting Volumetric Sweep Efficiency 2s enc een commen nt tn ph Water Flooding 1.15= wy WR Gunlity jcc 2, rot 100% 2 -> sotvot tne boiler wort undergo therrat folrque due te oertrotiy nto fag water ye Walt ug Bat fron He Valter pespeckive, 1 cools down +e baler (wotar ocr 40 gorriore woogt eat es fon wore) | ‘sips eects ts » yeds woke "welagutan’ wireol «vlna wsater 16 tone mangral stale wit gart to balk up cond iwolote flow ron He alles wal Ceatciom acts, 00d to Wdote Peat ) Fevee , Voiee overran Tertiary Production — Enhanced Oil Recovery Advanced Processes to Recover Oil * Steam Flooding * Miscible Flooding * Chemical Flooding Steam Flooding Description Description * Continuous injection of + 80% quality steam to displace crude to producers * Precede and accompany the steam drive by cyclic steam stimulation of the producing wells (huff & puff) Mechanisms * Viscosity reduction / steam distillation » Supplies pressure to drive oil 1.16Steam Flooding =~ go ge BES Steam Flooding Parameters 1.17Miscible Flooding Miscibilty is the property of two ‘or more compounds to mix and form a homogeneous solution ot, Miscible flooding involves Fs injecting a gas or solvent thet will mix with the oil Ce Reduces interfacial tension resulting in very efficient microscopic displacement efficiency Injected fluids include hydrocarbon gas, carbon dioxide and nitrogen * We will focus on CO, Flooding CO, Flooding immiscible - Lower Pressures + Oil swelling, + Volume increase ~60% + Foroes oll rom dead end pores = Viscosity reduction + Reduces mobi ratio + Improves relative permestility Miscible Flooding — High pressure » Extracts light to intermediate components from the oil to form a solvent bank to displace the oil * Also achieves immiscible benefits 1.18Minimum Miscibility Pressure Minimum Miscibility Pressure (MMP) can be defined in different ways © Stet, but uninformative * Lowest pressure that the g3s will become misibie with the ol * Recovery approach Pressure at which ol recovery 95% ofthe oinplace in a standardize test * Recovery percentage and test parameters are agreed toa prior MMP is a function of: * Temperature * Composition ofthe oll phase * Composition ofthe gas or CO, phase © €0,/s not usually pure MMP ranges from 2000 ~ 5000 psi Miscible Gas Flooding (CO, Injection) 119Surface Facilities from the Central Vacuum Field in 3 West Texas Injection Manifold es _ ‘Compression Building CO, Recycle and Natural Gas Liguids Plant Miscible Gas Flooding - CO, Injection 1.20Surfactant/Polymer Flooding Description «Inject slag containing water, surfactant, | electrolyte (salt), usually 2 co-solvent (alcoho), & possibly a hydrocarbon (oil), followed by polymer-thickened water Mechanism » Surfactant * Interfacial tension reduction * Gan change the wettability of the rock * Polymer * Mobily control (improves volumetric ‘sweep efficiency) ‘Surfactant Forms different types of microemulsions ‘Oilin-nater (Type 1) yew %; Water in-oil (Type) —§ @ Deh + Separate microemulsion phase (Type Il) * Desirable for Enhanced Oil Recovery * Ultretow interfacial tensions. Surfactant Selection Guide + High solubitzation ratio © Commercisly avaiable atlow cost + Feasible to tallor to specific rude ol, temperature and salinity * Low adsorpion/tetention on reservoir rock 1.21‘Surfactant/Polymer Flooding Surfactant/Polymer Flooding 1.22genes S What is a reservoir? Flow Characteristics of Reservoir Fluids Recovery Methods Artificial Lift Conclusion » Reservoir Management * Tahiti Characteristics Artificial Lift ~ Provides energy to move the fluid from the well bore to the surface Reduces the well bore pressure, allowing increased production Three main types are * Gas lift— used off shore = Beam pumping * Electric submersible pumps 1.23Gas Lift Beam Pumping 1.24Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESP’s) owe wre Agenda ‘Whatis a reservoir? Flow Characteristics of Reservoir Fluids Recovery Methods Artificial Lift Conclusion » Reservoir Management * Tahiti Characteristics 1.25Finding Potential Oil Reservoirs Seismic Surveys Uses reflected waves to detect the interface between layers with different properties Used to find the traps that could hold oillgas The first survey is 2D survey to look for areas with potential 1.26Three Dimensional Seismic ~ Drilling the Exploration Well The only way we know if we have found hydrocarbons is to drill + First well - Exploration + Follow ups — Appraisal Well/reservoir evaluation » Well logging * Core testing » Well tests Development concepts are developed based on these results 1.27Managing a reservoir requires: Organization Human resources Geophysics Logging Coring Geology Drilling Production engineering Reservoir engineering Facilities design Production operations & maintenance Economic evaluation Decision making Transportation Agenda What is a reservoir? Flow Characteristics of Reservoir Fluids Recovery Methods Artificial Lift Conclusion * Reservoir Management * Tahiti Characteristics 1.28Field Overview Located in the GOM Discovered in April 2002 4,000" water depth Primary sands 23,000’ to 26,000" Tvoss Located below a 11,000" thick sat canopy ‘Seven reservoir penetrations including discovery well and two appraisal wells and sidetracks ww Reservoir Characteristics Fr 1.29Final Exercise Working in small groups * How accurate do the team think the production forecasts will be? Report answers in +/-% and consider all three fluids (oil, gas and water) + Initial forecasts (rt five years) + Long term forecasts (6-10 years) + Ultimate recovery * Brainstorm the top five reasons or parameters that impacts this uncertainty + Be prepared to report to the class Key Takeaways & Action Plan Reminder: During the course of today, you are reminded to individually jot down your key takeaways from each ofthe modules. You will find this helpful in preparing the end of course presentation your group will be responsible for on Friday. Some thoughts to consider: ‘List a few ways you could use what your learned in this module in the short term sList a few ways you could use what your learned in this module in the long term What are some possible follow up actions based on what you learned in this module? 1.30Exercise What is API Gravity In the petroleum industry, we report the specific gravity or density in API degrees. Using the following formula, how would you report the specific gravity of water? cgpr - 2415 _1315 59 @60°F where CAPI American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity S9@e0°r specific gravity of fluid at 60°FExercise What is a Darcy? Ceo ule CR Oke CSExercise Areal Sweep Efficiency ee = If water is injected into the injection well, it will cause a flood front to move towards the producing well. = On the diagrams below, draw where you think the expanding flood front will be at seven successive points in time, with Diagram 8 showing the flood front at breakthrough. <— Fite 2. % a = Based on your drawing #6, Area Efficiency (E,) at breakthrough will be fersad approximately %Exercise Areal Sweep Efficiency = In this example, the pattem is a quadrant of a 5-spot pattern, with one injector and one producer shown. In the center of the pattern is a curved obstruction. On the diagrams below, draw where you think the expanding flood front will be at five successive points in time, with diagram 6. illustrating breakthrough. = Based on your drawing #6 , E, at breakthrough will be approximately %Exercise Areal Sweep Efficiency = Poor sweep efficiencies result from extensive fingering which result from high mobility ratios. = Oneach diagram below, estimate E, at breakthrough. ky a Displacing Fluid af Ee. a ‘My Displaced Fluid a M= 0.151 M=1.0 E, at breakthrough __‘ E,at breakthrough __‘ M=4.58 M=715 E,at breakthrough __‘ E,at breakthrough __%Exercise Enhanced Oil Production — Steam Flooding ™ Anice cube is trapped between two impermeable barriers and we want to mett it by injecting steam. The steam is injected through tubing with perforations at the bottom left of the chamber. There is a vent on the right side with perforations located at the bottom of the tubing = Drawa time elapsed picture of the ice cube melting to approximately % of the original volume. Review the various shapes the ice cube takes. We will discuss how this relates to recovering heavy oil using steam flooding. ftictExercise Select an EOR Method ®™ Review the reservoir data and select one of the EOR methods for each reservoir. Permeability, mD ‘Temperature, °F 185 oat Se Avg. Depth, ft 1000-2000 4500 8 em < 300 ree, - 6 ae See chemical = depth 7509 3Exercise EOR Screening Guide Steam Flooding | Miscible Flooding | Chemical Flooding Gravity <36°API(10-35° > 27° API > 25° API API) Viscosity > 20cp(100-5,000 <10¢p <20¢p cp) Oilsaturation > 40-50% PV > 30% PV > 20% PV Formation type Sandstone ‘Sandstone Sandstone Carbonate Netthickness > 20 feet Relatively Thin > 10 feet Average >200 md Not Critical >20md permeability Depth >200-5,000feet > 2,300 feet < 8,000 feet Temperature Not Critical <250°F 2225°F Other ces < 150K ppm TDS Composition Salinity