50m DIODE APPLICATIONS 2-1 HALF-WAVE RECTIFIERS tion and block curcent inthe ion, diodes are used in eieuits called rectifiers that convert ae vallage into Because of their ability to conduct current in one di de voltage. Rectifiers are found in all de power supplies that op source. A power Supply’ is aa essential part of each electronic system from the «ta the mast complex. In this section, you will study the most hasie type of voll simpl ‘ectifier, the half-wave rectifier Afige completing this section, you shoul be able 10 m of half-wave vecti © Explain and analyze the op. 1 Describe a hasie de power supply and half-wave rectification # Determine the average value of a half-wave rectified voltage f= Discuss the effect of barrier potential on a half wave rectifier output Define peak inverse voltage (PIV) © Describe the wansto met-coupled half-wave rectifier The Basic DC Power Supply ‘The de power supply converts the standard 110 V. 60 Hy se svsilable at wall outless int. constant de voltage [ts one of the mast common eleeteonic cigcuuis that you will find. The de voltage produced by a power supply is used to power all types of electronic cies, such as television receivers, stereo systems, VCRs, CD players, and most laboratory equipment Basic block diagrams for a reebiier and comple 2-1, The rectifier can be either 4 halfawave rectifier or a foll-wave rectifier (covered in 15 the ac input voltage 10 a pulsating de voltage. which voiver supply are shown in Figure Section 2-2). The rectifier com is half-wave supply is shown in past (b). The filter eliminates the £ ° The poser supply filter is eoveree in Section shfied as shown in Figure 2-i{a}, A block diagram for 8 complete power ng produces a relatively smooth de voll 2-3, The regulator is cizcuit that miaimiains a constant de volta put ine voltage or inthe load. Regulators vary trem a single grated circuits, The load isa circuit or device for whieh the power supply is producing ice ro-more comples in the de voltage and load ewnent The Half-Wave Rectifier wave rectification. & diode is connected to aa ae souige and to a loud resistor, By, forming « half-wave rectifier. Keep sn mind that AL ground symbols represent the same point electrically. Let's examine ‘hat happens luting one eycle of the input voltage using the ideal model for the diode. When the si- ousoidal input voltage (¥,) goes positive, the diode is forward biased apd conducts cur ugh the load resistor, as shown in part (2). The current produces an ouput 108s the lod R, which has the same shape as Ul put voltage Wien the input voltage goes in ad reverse-hiased. There is no curren, so the vallage across the load resistor is OV, as in Figure 2-2(b}. The net result is shat only the positive half-cy ap age will freq illustrates he peo volea sositive halfacyele of the i= cle, the dios is es of the ac input voltage rity 88 2 pulsating of ts Hove dune the s sacjoss the load. Since the putpu does nor change pel voll ney OF 60 Hz, as shown in paHALF_WAVE RECTIFIERS 51 av. sie athe rected voltage FIGURE Block disgrm ofa rectifier and a de ° > power supply with oad, #) Hollswase sie lav,s0H a ° o— oo | ley Loa 2 f=} =} 1b) Conspete ses spy th ect, tke, an epabiton FIGURE 2-2 Hattvave rectitier operation, The le. t ~ / ioc i considered to be ideal half! he apt stage Te ( Daving te agate eration of he np og, te eunen (60 era ane nape voage forts apt ses52 = DIODE APPLICATIONS ‘Average Value of the Half-Wave Output Voltage The average value ofthe hal aca unerie curve overs fl eycl, a ilstate in Figure 2-5 and hen dividing by 2. the number of dans ina ful ecle. The result ofthis sex pressed in Equation Va 18 appronimately 31.8% of ¥ fora halfwave recifec voltage, See Appendix B or a deed derivation iris determined by finding ‘where Vis the peak value of the vol This equation shows that Equation 2-1 Vive FIGURE 2-3 Average value ofthe half-wave rected ugesl [Penrce What is the average ‘ofthe half-wave rectified voliage in Figure 24 Figure 2-4 Y Solution Vag = 2 = Notice that Viye is 3L8% of ¥, Related Problem* Determine th crage Value of the balf-ssave voltage if is peak amplitude is 12 V Effect of the Barrier Potential on the Half-Wave Rectifier Output Inthe previous discussion, the diade was consider ideal, When the practical diode model ‘used withthe barrier potential of 0.7 V caken into account, this 4s what happens, During the positive half-cyele, the input volage must overcome the dioxle becomes forwais-biased, This results in half-wave output with a peak value that is (0.7'V less shan the peak value of the input, as shown in Figure 2-5, The expression for the peak ouput voltage is sartiey potential before the Equation 2-2 Yuan = Hay 7 ¥HALE-WAVE RECTIFIERS #53 sv AFiguRE 2-5 Te effect of the barier potenti! on uJ -_ . the half-wave rectified output obves\ 2) Sie of LLL Betinputyatocane £ L Wis usually aeveptable wo use the ideal diode model, which neglects the effet of the bar ier porensal, when the peuk value of the applied voltage is mach greater than the barrier potential (at least 10 V. as a rule of thumb). Flowever, we will use the practical model of a ‘ode, taking the 0.7 ¥ barrier potential into account unless stated otherwise [Peete 2 Draw Figure 2-6, The IN4001 and IN4DO3 ate specific rectifier diodes, ‘output voltages of each rectifier forthe indicated input volta to op o ox roe kt noune 2 Salton The peak niu ve occ) Var = Vg O98 = SV 0 V = 430 Te pak paso wis Vou Yom 09 WOW =O7V 998 Related Problem Deremn te pok opt les forthe ectfrsn Fp 26 he peck in part (a) is 3 V and the peak inpot in part tb) is 210V ‘Open the Multisim fle E02 02 in the Esamaples folder oa your CD-ROM, Forth inputs speeitied in the example, measure the resulting ourpus voltage waveforms. | Compare your measured results with those shown in the example54 @ DIODE APPLICATIONS Equation 2-3 cure The PI occur atthe peak of each hatfeeele of the input waltage whet the die i reverse-biaed In this circu, the PA occu a the peak of cach negative hatloyce FIGURE 2-9 Holf-wave rectifier with Wacwformer coupled input voltage Equation 2-4 [Pesnere Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) The peak inverse voltage (PIV) equals the peak value of the input voltage, and the diode ust be capable of withstanding this amount of repetitive reveise voltage. For the dade in Figure 2S, the maximum value of reverse voltage, de each negative al ated as PIV, occurs at the peak of nation of the input voltae when the diol is reve piv Half-Wave Rectifier with Transformer-Coupled Input Voltage A ransformer is often used to couple the ac input voltage from the source to the rectifier as shown in Figure 2-9, Transformer coupling provides two advantages, First, it allows the Secor, the stock ait up or stepped down as neede ths prevent ecundary circuit as pa Me) © LS ‘equals the wens ratio, mes the primary vol fine the urns ratios the ratio af secondary turns, N as expressed in Equation 24, We will 2 to the prinsary turns, Nt NoAN, Hn > 1, the secondaey voltage is voltage 1s less than the primary vol k secondary voltage, Y, 1» in Equation 2-2. Therefore, Fguation Vous = Vo eater than tae primary voltage, I'm < I, the secondary e Wa |othen U ‘coupled half-wave rectifier is the 2-2 writen in tens of V ory ankl Equation 2-3 yn terns Wy 1S Ply = Determine the peak value of the output voltage for Figure 2-10 if the tums ratio is 05FULL-WAVE RECTIFIERS = 55 FIGURE 2-10 . ae, ~ wsitne . _ | roa 8 Tua Vw Solution Vago = Wag) = 1S6V The peak secondary voltage is Viswcs = WYuan © OSUSGV) © TEV “The rectified peak output voltage is v Vyoes “WIN = SV =0IV where Via. is the inpuc tothe rectifier Related Problem (a) Determine the peak value of the output v0) Woo = aD for Figure 210 ita = (b) What isthe PLV seross the diode? it the diode is waned around fe) Describe the output val (Open the Multisin file E02-03 in the Examples folder on your CD-ROM. Por the | specified input, measure the peak output vollage, Compare your measured result | vith the calculated value [SECTION 2-1 RENEW! 1, Atwhat point on the input ele does the PIV occur? ‘Annwet eat the end 2. Fora half-wave sectifies, theve is curtent through the lead for approximately what the chapter peccentage of the input cycle? 3. What i the average of a halwave rectified voltage with 9 peak value of 10V? What s the peak value of the output voltage ef a half-wave rectifier wth # pes sine wave input of 25.V? 5. What PIV ating mast» diode have to be used in 9 re! voltage of 50V? fer with 9 peak o1 2-2 FULL-WAVE RECTIFIERS Alibo ost commonly used type in de power supplies. In this section, you will use what pand it to lull-wave rectifiers, You will ss eenler lapped and ridge hal -wave rectifiers have some applications, the fwll-wave rectifier is th learned about hall-say reification and learn about 160 types of full-wave ree After completing this seetion, you should be able to © Explain and analyze the operation of full-wave re56 DIODE APPLICATIONS = Discuss how tull-wave ceetfication diters from half wave reetfieation = Determine the aver w= Describe the operation of a center tapped full- wa rectifier = Expl = Dete asformer turns ratio affects the rectified output voltage mine the peak inverse voltage (PIV) 1 Describe the opetation of bridge full wave reetfier = Compa the center tapped rectifier and the bridge rectifier Ty A full-waye rectifier alos unidirectional ‘current tarough the load éuring of the input excl, whereas half-wave rectifier allows current through the Tous! only dusing one-half ofthe eycle. The revel of fu l-wave reetificaton is an outpat volte with a frequency tvice the input Frequency a shown in Fig pulsates every half-eyete of the input “The umber of positive altemations that make up the ful-wave rectified voltage is twice that of the half-wave voltage for the same time intersal, The average salue, which is the value aneascred on ade voltmeter, for a full-wave rectified sinusoidal vol ff the half-wave, as shown in the following for a4 Equation 2-5 Vave = ive is approximatcly 63.7% of ¥, for a full-wave rectified volta [renee . Find the average value ofthe full-wave rectified volta » FIGURE in Figure 2-12, Solution au NO 7% OF V Related Problem Find the avera we value ofthe full-wave rectified voltage itis peak is 158 V.FULL-WAVE RECTIFIERS 57 The Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier A centerstapped rectifier is a ype of fll: wave rectitice that uses two diodes connected 10 the secondary af a center tapped transformer. as shown in Figure 2-13. The input velkage is coupled through the tsansformer to the centertapped secondary. Half of the total secondary appeais between the center tp and each endl of the secondary siawling as shown, FIGURE 2-13. A center tapped fallowave rectten ‘of & positive half eycle ofthe input voltage the polarities of the secondary voltages are as shown ia 28 dio sh Dy ad the load resistor Ry, a indicated. Bor a ne ‘eycle of the input voltage, the voltage polarities on the secondary are as shows in Lith), This condition reverse-biases D, and forwardshiases D,. The current path ‘ough Ds and R,, as indicated, Because the eutput current daring both the positive and negative postions of the input eycle isin the same direction through the load, the ouspot volt age developed across the load resistor is a full-wave rectified de volt We 2-L4ta}, This condition forward ode D,, The current path 1 thro tive half Dy and eeverse- bia », FIGURE 2-14 ic operation ofa center-tapped fullewave rectifier. Note that the cutrent through the load reastor io the sme direction during the entre Input oct, 10 the output voltage sways has the same polarity (hy Daring spate hlb-yees, Ds forwards and Dy Effect of the Turns Ratio on the Output Voltage If she wansformer’s turns ratio is 1. the peak value of the rect volta ‘output voltage equals half the peak value of the primary input less the barrier potential, as illustrated in Figure 2-15. Half of the primary voltage appears across each half ofthe secondary winding (V..) — Vale We will begin referring o the torwad voltage dhe 10 the harrier potental as the diode drop,58 = DIODE APPLICATIONS FIGURE 2-15 Center topped fall save ectitier sth a ansonner tans 0 of Van nthe peak vale of the primary vollage In onler to obtain an ourput voltage with a peak equal 10 the input peak Hess the dinde drop), a stepeup transformer with turns catio of w= 2 must be used, as Shown: in Figure 2-16. In this ease, the oral secondary voltage (V,.) is wice oltage (2¥,). 80 the sotage across each Half of the seconclary is equal 10 ¥ FIGURE 2-16 : », Center tapped fllawave rectifier Ae! > Ny di we |r Ina fee, the cullput vollaze of a center tapped full-wave rectifier ts always one-hall tof the tral secondary voltage less the diode drop, co mater what the turns ratio, Fquation 2-6 Vag = rv Peak Inverse Voltage Hach diode in the full-wave cectfie is alternately forward biased and then reverse biased. The maximum reverse voltage that exch diode raust withstand is the peak secondary vallage U,,.. This is shown in Figure 2-17 where Dis assured to be FIGURE 2-17 Diode revere voltage (D, shown forward-bissed)FULL-WAVE RECTIFIERS 59 When the tonal secondary Voltage Vhs the polarity shown, tie masimuam anode vo 120 OF Dis Vga, ,f2 and the maximum anode voltage of Ds is Since D, sas ‘omed to be forwaid biased. its cathode is at the same voltage as its anode mina the diode {reps this is also the voltage on the cathode ot D: The peak inverse voltage aetoss Dos pl -o7V)- o7V Sine TTheretoce, by suostization, the peak inverse voltage across either diode in fullewave center tapped rectifier is piv Equation 2-7 nv cach half of the secondary winding and across a Figuse 2-15, a) Show the voltage waveforms acres Ry when a (00 ¥ peak sine wave is applied c the primary wiaul Uy) What minima PE rating rust the diodes ha FIGURE 2-18 Vu aa 0.5, The total peak secondary voll Solution (a) The ransformer turns eatio Voor = MFgas = OOO) = SOV These is a 25 V peak across each half of the secondary wilh respect to ground, The ‘ouput loud voltage fas a peak value of 29 V, less the 8.7 V drop across the diowe, The ‘waveforms are shown in Figure 2-1 FIGURE 2.60 # DIODE APPLICATIONS Related Problem FIGURE 2-20 Operation of bridge 1 Each diode must have a mbninaun PIV rabing of 243V) 4 OT V = 493V PLY = Wy) + 0.7 What diode PIV rating is requined to handle a peak input af 160.V in Fi [ Open the Mulisiy fle 02-05 in she Examples folder on ‘our CD-ROM, Fort Forms across each half ofthe specified input voltage an! across the load resistor: € he exam mp with the vevulls shown The Bridge Full-Wave Rectifier The bridge rectifier uses four diodes connected as shown in Figure 2-20 When the input eycle is positive as in pnt (a), owes D anal D, ave forwand-biased and conduct cursent i is developed acioss R, that looks lke the positive halt ofthe input eyele, During this tine, diades By and D, are reverse biased the direction Showa. A vol bg Dy and Dy ate reverse When the input eyele iso 2-2hKIo), diodes Dy andl D, ane forwan bissed and conduct current in the same direction through Ry as during the positive halt fe half-eycle, D, andl D. are reve across Ry as a result af this action, stive as in Fig aed. A full-wave cecttied Bridge Output Voltage A bnilge rectitier with a taasfown Figure 22142). During the postive half -cycle of the total second are forward-biased. Neglecting the diode drops, the seer resistor The same is tue when D, and Dy are torwaed-b coupled input is shown in csioules D, aon D. i the negative half evele. yokFULL.WAVE RECTIFIERS 67 sicune 2-2 \ ww silceutthe pinnae acta diodes (Die dps ile AAs yau can see ip Figure 2 uring both the positive and Ub), two diodes are always in series with the load resistor sgalive hall-eycles. If these diode deops aze taken into ac pony LAV Equation 2-8 Peak Inverse Voltage Let's assume that D, ad O, are forward-biased and exannine the re= verse vol oss Di and Dy, Visualizing By and Dy as shorts (ideal model), asin Figuie 2-221a}, you can see chat D, and Dy have a peak inverse voltage equet to the peak veecn ‘ty voltage, Since she ousput voltage is fealty equal x0 the secondary voltage. PIV ¥ If the diode drops of the forward-bias the peak inverse voltage serass diodes are included as shown in Figure 222th, ich reverse biased diode in te#Ms OF Vy gu, 38 PIV = Hoary Equation 2-9 rT » ° f ay fie & Peak inverse voltages across Dy a Dyin» bridge rectifier curing the pote a secondary voltage eycle of the62. @ DIODE APPLICATIONS ‘The PLV rating of the bridge diodes is less tha that equited for the center tapped config uration, Ifthe diode drop is neglected, she bridge rectifier requires diodes wath hail the PIV cing of those ip a center-tapped reetifier forthe same output voltage: [een 6 Determine the pesk output voltage for the bridge 12 he practical mosel, what PIV rating is requited tor th specified 1 ha fier in Fig Assuming jodes? The transformer is 4 12.V ems secondary voltage for the standard 110 V across the Figure 2-25 wih Solution The peak output volta Visa) = FAB age = SIMD V v Vou) — LAV = LTV = 1a = 16 1 aking into account the wo diode drops} is ‘The PIV sating for each diode is PIV = Vigoo OF V = 1S.6V 40.7 = 163 Related Problem Determine the peak ourput vol teansformer produces an rms secondary voltage of 1 Fe the bridge rectifier in Figure 2-23 ifthe V. What is the PIV tating forth diodes the ourpot voltage and compare tothe calculated value [ers the Multis file E02 06 fn the Examples fuer on your CD-ROM Measure [Frerer , . . mevIEW 1. How does fullewave voltage differ fiom a hol-wave voltage? 2. What ithe overage valve ofa full-wave rectified voltage with a peak value of ow 3. Which type of full-wave rectifier has the greater output vollage for the same input voltage ard transformer turns ratio? 4. For peak output voltage of 45 Vn which type of rectifier would you use diodes | swith a PIV rating of 50.¥? 3, What PIV rating is required for diodes vied in the type of ectlier that was not selected in Question 4?POWER SUPPLY FILTERS AND REGULATORS m 63 2-3 | POWER SUPPLY FILTERS AND REGULATORS Laminates the fuetwations i ‘save or full-wave rectifier and produces a constant-level de voltag necessary because eleetronie eirenits require a constant source of de voltage and current to provide power and biasing for proper operation, Fillets are implemented With capacitoss, as you Will see inthis section. Voltage regulation in power supplies i usually done with integraved circuit voltage regulators, A voltage regulator prevents changes inthe filtered de voltage due to Sariarions in input voltage or Tea ofa hal utpat volta A power supply filter ideally Filtering is Aft eto smpleting this section, you should sxplain and analyze the op and regulators, tion and characteristics of power supply filters = Explain the purpose of «tilts 1 Describe the capacitor input filter 1 Define ripple voltage and caleulate the ripple factor 12 Discuss surge curtent in a capacitor-inpus filter = Discuss vollage regulation In most power supply’ applications, che standasd 60) He ac power Line voltage must be converted t0 an approximately constant de voltage. The 60 Hz. pulsating de omput of a halt Hz pulsating outpat ofa full wave rectifice must be filtered 10 re dace the large voltage variations. Figure 2-24 illustates the filtering comcept showing a early smooth de ouput voltage frora the filter. The small amount of Huetuation in the fi suave rectifier or the ter output voltage is called ripple a riguRe 2-24 , ° ° owe ply ern a Fullwave ff - rectifier. : laa Rector sinter “A A nme 1. pew Capacitor-Input Filter A haltswsve rectifier wit {or connected from the rect hier output to resistance of a load. We will use the Half tien expand the concept 0 ul capacitor input filter is shows in Figure 2-25, The filter is inn ound. 2, represents tie equivalent thier to illustrate the tasie principle and ply 8a64° © DIODE APPLICATIONS FIGURE 2-25 Operation ofa half-wave retier with »copacitersiapat filter. The case indicate charging or charging of the capacitor (0) Te pact sachargestamagh srr peak of pete sternum wien hese s een This dtcnrging acurs ding the potion of loge nbate 9 tes lve curve 16) Tae capaior sige back topes of pur ent During the positive firse quarter cycle ofthe input, che diode is forward biased, allowing the capacitor to charge to within 0.7 V of che input peak, as illustated in Pigure 2-254a), When the inpur beyins to decrease below its peak, as shown in part (b). the capacitor retains its charge and the diode becomes reverse-biased because the cathode is move positive than the anaule. During the remaining part ofthe cycle, the capacitor ean discharge enly through the load resistance at a rate determined by the R,C sive constant, whielt is normally long Cconipared to the petiod of the input. The larger the time constant, theless the capacitor will discharge. During the frst quarter of the nest cyele, as illustrated in part (c) the diode il ain become forward hissed when the snput voltage exceeds the capacitor voltage By sp provimately 0.7 ¥ Ripple Voltage As you have seen, the capacitor quickly charges atthe begining of ey — [— FIGURE 2-49 Holt wove voltage doubler operation, ¥, «the peak secondary voltage, Unde Ha load resis no-load condition, C: remains charged to approximately anee is connected neruss the output, C. dischagges slightly theeugh the lose on the next positive halfcycle and is again recharged fo 2V, on the following negative holf-eyele. The resulting output s a half-wave, capacitor filtered volta The peak inverse voltage ucrass Full-Wave Voltage Doubler full-wave doubler is shown in Figure 2-50, When the see rondaiy soltage 1s positive, B, is forward-biased and C, charges to shown in part (a). During the negative hal-eyele, Dy is forward-biased and C. charges t0 approximately V,, as shown in part (b), Te output voltage pocitors in series aproximarely Vas + is taken across the two78 = DIODE APPLICATIONS FIGURE 2-50 Fullwave voltage doubler operation Voltage Tripler The ation of another dio volt ¢, rest positive hal eyele, C charges 1 2¥, through Dy. The tapler out is taken across C, and Cy as shown inthe figure Figure 2-51 . . ortage tes om | i ef i ris rot iB" ¥ Voltage Quadrupler The addition of stil ano tion, 8 ‘output four times the ise. C, charses halt-cycle, The 4¥,, output is Cand 6.08 4 quadrupler circuits, the PIV of each ide is 2¥, Figure 2-52 Voltage quod per