Zilinska univerzita v Ziline Fakulta prirodnych vied ENGLISH IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING FOR STUDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ZILINA PhDr. Danuga Vavrikova PhDr. Sofa Gallova Mgr. Katarina PazickaUNIVERZITNA KNIZNICA ZU PRIRC: 155559'p-UK, FAK: 3105000170 CENA: 3,00€ PRILOHA: DATUM: 9.32010 MOT: StL ou3 (0758) Recenzenti: doc. Ing. Martin Vaculik, PhD. doc. PhDr. Jan Puci, M.A., CSc. Zilinska univerzita v Ziline /EDIS — vydavatefstvo ZU © D.Vavrikova, S.Gallova, K Pazické, 2010 ISBN 978-80-554-0162-1 Sus yoornoope Ur ysTIBULCONTENT Unit 4 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6 Unit 7 Unit 8 Unit 9 Unit 10 Unit 14 Unit 12 Glossary Electrical abbreviations and acronyms ... Bibliography...... The University of Zilina ...... Electricity ..... EM@IQY ooesesescetetesiceentee . Electric current .... Electric circuit ..... Copper is not Coping .....cr Optical fiDTES «aces Next-Generation Satellite Communications Sysiems. Regular phone/Cell phone . Staying in touch ... A small packet of chips, please Bar codes .....UNIT 1 THE UNIVERSITY OF ZILINA TASK 1 You have been studying at the University of Zilina for a while. How much did you know about it before coming here? In pairs, answer the following questions. 1. Why did you choose to study at the University of Zilina? 2. How did you lear about it? 3. What do you know about the University of Zilina now? 4. What would you like to achieve? READING The University of Zilina was established in Prague as the University of Rail Transport in 1953. In 1960, it was renamed the University of Transport. The programme of the university has continued to expand and in 1980, it was renamed the University of Transport and Communications. Since then the University underwent many organizational changes and in 1996 it was again renamed the University of Zilina The university primary fields of study continue to be dominated by those disciplines that built the heart of the former university, specifically transport, telecommunication and information systems, technologies and services. However, the university has expanded these core fields of study. The University of Zilina has seven faculties: * Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications * Faculty of Mechanical Engineering * Faculty of Electrical Engineering * Faculty of Civil Engineering * Faculty of Management Science and Informatics * Faculty of Special Engineering * Faculty of Science The following special Institutes and Centres are a part of the University of Zilina: * Institute of Forensic Engineering * Institute of Information and Communication Technologies © Institute of Physical Education * Institute of High Mountain Biology * Centre for Transportation Research * Institute of Lifelong LearningAt present, about 11 000 full-time and part-time students study at the University of Zilina. Engineer degree studies take five years and Bachelor degree studies take three years. The students complete their studies after passing the final state examination and presenting a project (diploma thesis). They get adegree of __ , Ing,/Bc." at the special graduation ceremony and become graduates. The head of the University is the rector who coordinates the work of the faculties and represents the University in public. He is assisted by three vice- rectors. All major decisions are made by the Academic Senate of the University whose members are elected from the academic community of all faculties. The faculties are headed by the deans who are assisted by three vice-deans. The University of Zilina offers a wide variety of on-campus facilities, clubs and societies to provide a diverse range of leisure activities for students. During their studies students can live in dormitories/hostels and can take meals in student cafeteria. The University Library is considered the central study and information centre of the university. The librarians ensure that books, joumais and other materials are available or can be accessed through the library THE FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING provides education in information and safety systems, telecommunication technologies and networks, digital transfer and communication systems, data transmission systems, wireless networks, ground and satellite mobile and wireless networks, optoelectronics, optical communication systems, development of power semi-conductor systems, electric traction and energetics, mechatronics, telecommunication management, and biomedical engineering. There are the following Bachelor study programmes: * Electrical Engineering * Telecommunications © Electrical Engineering for Motor * Multimedia Technologies Vehicles * Safety Control Engineering * Commercial Electrical Engineering * Biomedical Engineering * Electrical Systems in Mechatronics Engineering study programmes which are based on Bachelor study programmes: * Electric Traction * Engineering and Management for » Electric Drives Telecommunications and Radio ° Electric Power Systems Communications * Power Electronics * Safety Control Engineering in * Electrical Systems in Mechatronics Transport * Biomedical Engineering * Safety Control Engineering in Industry ee emma 5& — What difficulties did you meet when starting your studies at the University of Zilina and coming to a new town? TASK 3 Fillin the gaps with the appropriate expression: 4. Which faculty did you for? a. enrol b. attend c. study d. enter 2. The . exams for Oxford University are very competitive. a. entrance b. entry ©. access d. admission 3. Some courses are obligatory, others are. . a. required b. selected c. preparatory d. optional 4. Jane... .. from Oxford University in English. a. completed b. graduated c. promoted 4. left 5. How many... ... will you get for that exam? a. points b. units c. credits d. marks 6. Anyone who ... . the exam will have to do it again in a month. a. passes b. takes c. fails d. copies 7. Most teachers prefer to use a continuous ... of students because it gives a fairer picture of the students’ work during the semester. a. assessment b. praise exam d. test 8. He doesn’t .. . that lecture as the lecturer is very boring. a. go b. attend c. visit d. give 9. The... .... for passing the exam should be the same for everybody. a. demands b. opportunity —¢. prospects d. requirements 410. He is one of the most brilliant scientists in his a. field b. expertise c. skill d. topic 14. Peter was ... for his final exams almost tll midnight the whole week. a. teaching b. lecturing c. revising d. testing 12. The teacher chose a that interested and involved his students. a. matter b. topic c. issue d. material 13. .. to the point when writing an essay. a. Go b. Talk c. Keep d. Stay TASK 4 — Work in pairs and explain the following expressions: 1. a fulltime student, 6. a tutorial, a seminar, a lecture a part-time student 7. fees, a scholarship 2. a university, a high-school 8. a tutor, a lecturer, a professor 3. a state school, a private school 9. alibrary, the Intemet 4. an undergraduate, a graduate, a 10. a journal, a magazine post-graduate 14. a campus, a dormitory, 5. an obligatory subject, an optional student cafeteria subject ——— 6TASK S TASK @ TASK 7 What do you imagine an ideal student and an ideal teacher to be like? Work in pairs, each will think of an ideal student or teacher, respectively. Then report to the whole class. Describe a day at the University. Write down a few points about what you are happy with and what you would like to change. Tell your partner about it Work in pairs and discuss. * Do you think exams are a good way to test students’ knowledge? * Do you prefer oral or written exams? Why? Is there anything you do not like about exams? * What was the hardest exam you have taken? TASK 8 TASK 9 What do you think is important for a successful coping with exams? Work in pairs and make a list of your recommendations. Then present them to the class. Work in pairs and compare the advantages and disadvantages of living at home and staying in a dormitory.UNIT 2 ELecTRIATY @= Could you imagine living without electricity? How does electricity affect our lives? TASK 1 Before reading check the meaning of the following expressions in the dictionary: occur conductor force copper amber semiconductor fur insulator attract wire repel liquid electric charge coating bind electromotive force particle pressure nucleus cell upset generator flow electric current READING Electricity is a naturally occurring force that exists all around us. The first references to electrical effects date back to more than two thousand years ago when the Greek philosopher Thales noticed that amber when rubbed with wool or fur attracted certain kinds of material. This ability to attract or to repel other material is due to electric charge, which was discovered later. The phenomenon was called static electricity. “Static” means that the charge stays bound to the material that has been charged. The term “electrica,” was first used by Dr. William Gilbert, the English physician and scientist, in 1600 to refer to amber's attractive properties. It comes from the classical Latin word electrum derived from the Greek elektron that means amber. Much later it was learned that all matter is made up of atoms which consist of a nucleus containing positively charged particles, protons, and uncharged particles, neutrons, and of negatively charged particles, electrons, orbiting the nucleus. When the balancing force between protons and electrons is upset by an outside force, an atom may gain or lose an electron. Materials that have free electrons and allow them to flow easily are called conductors. Most metals are considered to be good conductors, e.g. copper, silver, gold, aluminium. Copper is an excellent conductor and conducts electricity better than aluminium and mast of the other metals. It is still the most popular material used for wires. Salt water is anexample of a liquid conductor. Liquids that conduct electricity are called electrolytes. Carbon can be an example of a good non-metal conductor. Materials that do not allow electrons to flow are called insulators. They are generally non-metallic. Some common insulator materials are for example glass, plastic, rubber, porcelain, air, cotton, silk, wood and some liquids. Insulators are used to protect us from the dangerous effects of electricity flowing through conductors, eg. the rubbery coating on wires. Semiconductors are materials that allow electrons to flow under some conditions but under others behave as insulators. Semiconductors are for example germanium or silicon. They are used e.g. to make transistors and diodes A considerable amount of energy is needed to produce the flow of electricity. By applying an electrical pressure — electromotive force or voltage- from a pressure source for example from a battery, Voltaic cell or generator to a conductor, a directional movement of electrons will take place. This flow of electrons is called electric current. TASK 2 The following definitions define terms from the text. What are they? a material or an object that allows free movement of electrons and therefore allows easy flow of electricity a metal conductor that carries electricity over a distance the amount of electricity that an electrical device stores or that a substance carries a material or an object that does not conduct electricity usually a liquid, which electricity can go through or which breaks into its parts when electricity goes through it force that causes current to flow through an electrical conductor movement of electricity in a particular direction a substance, such as water, that can be poured easily a material that is neither a good conductor of electricity nor a good insulator.TASK 3 First complete the table and then form sentences using the words in the table. Verb Object /Material___| Noun insulation resistance wiring transform charger generation (of power) | unin | | TASK 4 — Work in pairs and answer the questions about the text: 1. What phenomenon did Thales observe? 2. Whatis static electricity? Have you ever observed it? Give an example. 3. Describe an atom. How do the different particles of the atom relate to electricity? 4, Whats an electric current? 5, Whatis the difference between a conductor, semi-conductor and insulator? 6. Could you name any insulators? rr 10TASK S statements. Support your opinion. PAreEn> TASK 6 Electricity is an artificial phenomenon. The nucleus contains positively charged particles. All good conductors are metals. Rubber allows the flow of electrical current. If there are free electrons in the materials, electricity is automatically produced. Insulators are non-metallic. Work in pairs and say if you agree/disagree with the following 1. Study the table and fill in the following materials/substances: aluminium, copper, diamond, fibreglass, germanium, gold, graphite, plastic, silicon, silver. 2. Work in pairs and ask questions about the properties of the material/substance. eg. What properties does gold have? It is easy to shape. 3. In pairs, build sentences using the information in the table and “therefore”. e.g. Gold is easy to shape, therefore it is used in jewellery Material/substance Properties Use conducts heat and electricity well, easy to shape, resists corrosion jewellery, dentistry, connectors, electrical contacts super electrical conductivity, easily made into wire, highly resists corrosion integrated circuits, cables, wires, electromagnetic motors, generators , transformers, switches, building industry highest electrical conductivity photographic films, mirrors, electrical contacts, jewellery good conductivity of heat and electricity electrodes for dry batteries hardest natural material cutting tools, machining metals and stone resists corrosion, light airplanes, tins, building constructions hard, high-speed properties, high refraction, transparent in the optical equipment, infra-red optics, electronic devices, transistors, fibre- optics infrared light, strong, easy to shape bottles, casing of electrical devices and home appliances, boats, yackaging, furniture thermal, electrical and sound insulation, resists heat, light, strong stays semiconductor at high temperature building constructions, electronic circuit boards, automobile bodies semiconductor devices, silicon wafers, microprocessors, solar cells nr FryTASK 7 Think of different areas of electricity use. Are there only positives or negatives as well? Work in groups and exchange your opinions. TASK 8 The International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le Systéme International d'Unités), is the modem metric system of measurement founded in 1960 . It also contains the following symbols: Hz, N, C, W, V, J, A, Q, Pa 1. Work in pairs and say what they stand for and what they measure. Who were the people whom they were named after? 2. Fillin the units and the names of the inventors of the phenomenon into the paragraphs. * The base SI unit of electric current is the . . , also shortened to amp. It is the amount of electric charge -about 6.242 x 10" electrons - passing a given point each second. It is the equivalent to one coulomb per second. It is named in honour of the French mathematician and physicist André-Marie ................ , one of the main discoverers of electromagnetism. The SI unit of charge is the ue It is the amount of electric charge transported in one second by a steady current of one ampere. It is named after the French scientist. Charles-Augustin de sess J kus lumi, The SI unit of electrical impedance or, in the direct current case, electrical resistance, is the ..... . It is named after the German physicist Georg Simon seeeeeee whose work on electrical currents resulted in the discovery of a mathematical law of electric current. The SI_ unit of electric power is the .» , named after the Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer James . It is equivalent to 1 joule of energy per second. It measures the rate of energy conversion. The SI_unit of energy is the . It is the energy exerted by a force of one newton acting to move an object through a distance of one metre. It is named after the English physicist James Prescott... a The SI unit of electromotive force is the of the Italian physicist Alessandro . It is named in honour who invented the voltaic cell. The base SI_ unit of frequency is the ... . It is defined as the number of complete cycles per second . It is named after the German physicist Heinrich , who made important scientific contributions to electromagnetism. The SI unit of pressure is the ..............0+ It is the pressure resulting from a force of 1 newton acting uniformly over an area of 1 square metre. It is named after the French mathematician and physicist Blaise .... 12The SI unit of force is the -«, named after the English scientist Isaac in recognition of his work on classical mechanics. It is equal to the amount of force required to accelerate a mass of one kilogram at a rate of one metre per second TASK 9 Choose three of the above mentioned scientists and tell your partner as accurately as you can what their contribution was. *(A.M. Ampére, Ch..A. de Coulomb, G.S.Ohm, J.Watt, J.P. Joule, A. Volta, H. Hertz, B. Pascal, |. Newton) 13UNITS ENERGY Try to formulate your own definition of energy... READING Energy is the reason why things happen around us. Look out of the window. We can see that the sun radiates light and heat energy. It helps vegetation to grow. At night, lamps in our home use electrical energy to light our rooms. When you drive acar, it is being powered by gasoline, a type of stored energy. The food we eat contains energy. We use that energy to work and play. So a very simple definition of energy would be:“ Energy Is the Ability to Do Work."Energy can be found in a number of different forms. It can be chemical energy, electrical energy, heat (thermal energy), light (radiant energy), mechanical energy, and nuclear energy. Energy makes everything happen and can be divided into two types: * Stored energy is called potential energy. Moving energy is called kinetic energy. Energy can be transformed into another sort of energy. But it cannot be created and it cannot be destroyed. Energy has always existed in one form or another. Here are some changes in energy from one form to another. Stored energy in a flashlight's batteries becomes light energy when the flashlight is turned on. Food is stored energy. It is stored as a chemical with potential energy. When your body uses that stored energy to do work, it becomes kinetic energy. If you overeat, the energy in food is not “burned” but is stored as potential energy in fat cells. When you talk on the phone, your voice is transformed into electrical energy, which passes cover wires (or is transmitted through the air). The phone on the other end changes the electrical energy into sound energy through the speaker. A car uses stored chemical energy in gasoline to move. The engine changes the chemical energy into heat and kinetic energy to power the car. A toaster changes electrical energy into heat and light energy. A television changes electrical energy into light and sound energy. Energy can be also measured in various ways. One of the basic measuring blocks is called a Btu. This stands for British thermal unit and was invented by the English. Btu is the amount of heat energy it takes to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit, at sea level. Energy also can be measured in joules. A thousand joules is equal to a British thermal unit. 1,000 joules = 1 Btu rr 14The term "joule" is named after an English scientist James Prescott Joule who lived from 1818 to 1889. He discovered that heat is a type of energy. One joule is the amount of energy needed to lift something weighing one pound to a height of nine inches. Around the world, scientists measure energy in joules rather than Bus. In the same way people around the world use the metric system of meters and kilograms, instead of the English system of feet and pounds. Like in the metric system, you can have kilojoules ~- "kilo" means 1,000. 1,000 joules = 1 kilojoule = 1 Bt Sources of energy can be non-renewable and renewable. The earth's non- renewable energy sources, such as fossil fuels, are quickly being depleted. This reality, along with the fact that these traditional sources pollute the environment, makes it imperative that new sources of energy are found and that ways of utilising environment-friendly renewable energy are designed. Renewable energy occurs in different forms. Hydropower captures the kinetic energy of water, while solar energy converts energy from the sun into electricity. Wind power is created using propeller- like windmills that could generate electricity. Plant material, vegetation, or agricultural waste used as afuel energy source, or simply biomass, is one of the recently discovered renewable energy sources. All these alternatives to traditional forms of fossil fuel energy are environmentally-friendly as well as renewable, meaning that they cannot be depleted through centuries of use. TASK 1 __ Fill in the table using the information from the text. Object ‘Type of energy Result Sun heatilight energy vegetation grows [£2] 00) NI} O>} cn) Oo }PO |) TASK 2 — Write down the type of energy which is used to *- provide light . ‘© power an old-fashioned clock .. + heat buildings ... ‘© power a modern watch ... * ride a bicycle .... ———<—$—$—$<—$—$— re 15TASK 3 1. Write five GOOD questions about renewable energy in the table. Do this in pairs. Each student must write the questions on his / her own paper. 2. When you have finished, interview other students. Write down their answers. STUDENT 1 STUDENT 2 STUDENT 3 Q2. Q3. Q4. Q5. 3. Now return to your original partner and share and talk about what you found out. Change partners often. 4. Make mini-presentations to other groups on your findings. @ Many appliances are supplied by electrical energy. + Which electrical devices have you used today? ‘© Think of as many of electrical devices as you can. Put them into categories. * Make a list of 10 electrical devices, 1 being the most important and 10 being the least important, which influence your life most and tell the reason why. INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE Let's have a look at some electrical devices and instructions for their use. 1. How to Replace a Light Switch... * Turn OFF the power. * Remove the switch’s faceplate. + Unscrew the two screws holding the switch to the wallbox. 16* Grab the top and bottom of the switch and gently pull it out of the box. Be careful not to have the switch come in contact with the box. + Use your voltage tester to check the power. * Check both wires connected to the switch for voltage + Tum the breaker off and check the switch for power. Do this until you find the circuit. * With the breaker off, unscrew the wires on the switch one at a time. * Check the wires for any damage. + Ifyou have to, use the wire strippers to cut some of the wire and strip a bit of insulation off the wire. * Bend the newly stripped wire into a hook. + Wrap the hook around the top screw on the switch. * Tighten it down securely. Do the same with the bottom wire. * Wrap electrical tape around the switch so that the connections are totally covered. + Gently push the wires back and screw the new switch onto the wallbox. * Screw the new faceplate onto the switch. * Tum the breaker back on and test to see if it tums the light on TASK 4 In the following instructions, to make it more difficult, some words have been deleted. Can you guess the names of the following electrical appliances? Insert deleted words into the texts. 2. How to .. Fill the k.......with clean w........ to maximum capacity and b...... when using the first time. Discard the w....... and repeat the process Always unplug the k........ when you fil it or add W..........to it. Fill the k........with w,........t0 desired level. Do not overfill or there will be a risk of spillage or spitting. Do not pour with less than 0,50 litre of w......./iN the Ks... Do not fill with more than 1,7 litres of w......./up to "MAX" indication/. ‘An automatic safety cut-out has been fitted into the appliance for protection against overheating. It will operate if the k......... is switched on when containing insufficient Weessseers The Keoe.. k.......t0 the “up” position. may be switched off at any time by pushing the switch of the 7+ Remove the AC cord which is packed inside the product. * Connect the cord to the AC socket. * Connect the plug to a household socket, * Switch the function selector to r. * Switch the BAND selector to either F....or A.... as required + IfF.... is selected ensure the telescopic antenna is fully extended and positioned vertically. control until desired s. is located. * To achieve optimum reception adjust the position of the telescopic antenna + Once the required s........ has been located, adjust the volume controls to desired levels. TASK 5 — Go back to the INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE. Make a list of all the verbs you can find in these instructions. TASK 6 — Write down your own Instructions for Use using the verbs from the previous task. Don't say what your electrical appliance is. Divide into groups and read your instructions. Members of your group must guess what your appliance is. They can even ask yes/no questions.TASK 7 JUST FOR FUN In a group write instructions on how to stay warm in winter without heater. 19UNIT 4 ELECTRIC CURRENT TASK 2 — Scan the text and check the meaning of the words in bold. TASK 2 — Read the text about an electric current and decide whether the following statements are true or false. 1. Electrons and neutrons attract each other. 2. There are three kinds of electric current carrying materials. 3. DC is the flow in more directions. 4, Computers use direct current, 5. Alternating current can be stored as well as direct current, 6. A toaster runs on the heat effect of an electric current. 7. Chemical compounds can be isolated into elements. READING Up to Britannica an electric current is defined as ,any movement of electric charge carriers, such as subatomic charged particles (e.g., electrons having negative charge, protons having positive charge), ions (atoms that have lost or gained one or more electrons), or holes (electron deficiencies that may be thought of as positive particles). An atom consists of neutrons, electrons and protons. The protons and electrons are attracted to each other and they do anything to connect. By separating these two elements (by means of a magnet) and by consequent connecting the terminal of electrons to the terminal of protons the two elements make their way to each other. This is what electric flow is. Electric current is carried by various materials that are simply divided into three groups, depending on their ease to permit an electric current to flow. These are: insulators, conductors and semiconductors. Electric current can be of two types. Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. It flows in a constant direction and can be stored. It is produced by such sources as batteries, solar cells and commutator-type electric machines of the dynamo type. Altemating current (AC) is such a flow of electric charge that periodically reverses direction. It would for instance move forward, then backward, then forward, then backward, over and over again; it usually changes its direction or strength at a certain frequency or range of frequencies. Unlike DC it cannot be stored. The advantage of alternating current over direct current, as from a battery, is that its voltage can be raised or lowered economically by a transformer therefore railways, factories, and domestic appliances use alternating current. 20Electric current is invisible, but its presence can be noticed because of its effects. The greater the current, the more evident the effects. There are four basic effects an electric current can display. 1. Heat effect: When a current moves through a conductor it may warm it. When the produced heat is unwanted, it has to be reduced. That is the reason why many electric motor devices contain a fan. However, many industrial processes and household appliances depend on the heating effect of an electric current. 2. Magnetic effect: Every conductor through which an electric current is flowing is surrounded by an invisible energy known as the magnetic field. This field has three applications. It can magnetize magnetic substances and draw them to the conductor; the electric relay operates on this principle. If the magnetic field is cut by another conductor, an electromotive force is induced in that conductor. This principle is used in generators, for example. Lastly, if a current-carrying conductor is put in the magnetic field, it exerts a force on it. Electric motors utilize this effect. 3. Chemical effect: An electric current can separate a chemical compound into its components. This process is called electrolysis. On this basis, chlorine can be for example generated from salt water even the water can be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen. As pure water is not a good conductor, sulphuric acid is added before the electrolysis is done. Electric current passing through acids in which certain metals are present can lead to the decomposition of a metal, e.g. the electroplating process. 4, Luminous effect: The transition of a current may produce light. Often the heat caused by the current may be so great that the conductor gets white-hot; this happens for example with the filament of a light bulb which emits intense white light when being heated by a current. Light also appears when a current ionizes a gas; light varies according to the gas used... TASK 3 Read the definitions and match them with some of the words in bold. * a device that is used to move the air around * a device which changes energy of movement into electric energy. * amachine which produces something, especially electricity .... * a rounded glass container with a thin thread of metal inside which produces light when an electric current goes through it ........ 21* the smallest unit of any chemical element, consisting of a positive nucleus surrounded by negative electrons..... * adevice that produces electricity to provide power for radios, cars, etc. * the use of an electric current to cause chemical change in a liquid ...... TASK 4 Read the text and answer the questions. 1. What does an atom consist of? 2. Name the three electric current carrying kinds of materials. 3. What are some of the basic differences between AC and DC? 4, How are electric current and its effects connected? 5, Which of the four electric current effects is used for running the following devices? * loudspeakers * reading lamp © chromium plating © silver plating * electric motors * electric microwave * electric kettle © «ray TASK S__ Fill the text with the following words. derives invisible neutrons opposite ion mass negative electrons charged balanced smallest protons “Atom is the .......sssss00 (1)unit into which matter can be divided and still retain the characteristic properties of an element. The word ... (2)from the Greek . (3)until the early «++. (4)and the nucleus were discovered. It is now known atomos (“indivisible”), and the atom was believed to be 20th century, when that an atom has a positively ............... (6)nucleus that makes up more than 99.9% .. (6) but only about 1/100,000 of its volume. The nucleus is sass (8), each about 2,000 times as massive as an electron. Most of the atom’s volume of the atom’s ... composed of positively charged ... (7)and electrically neutral .. consists of a cloud of electrons that have very small mass and ... «+. (Q)charge. The electron cloud is bound to the nucleus by the attraction of ee (10)charges. In a neutral atom, the protons in the nucleus are .. (11) by the electrons. An atom that has gained or lost electrons becomes negatively or positively charged and is called an ... .. (12).” (definition by Britannica Online)TASK @ Crossword. ACROSS: 1 An object that is able both to attract iron and steal objects and also push them away 7 The number of times that a wave, especially a sound or radio wave. is produced within a particular period, especially one second 8 A piece of electrical equipment that sends television. radio. and satellite signals from one place to another 9 A part of an atom that has no electrical charge DOWN 2 A device, machine or piece of equipment, especially an electrical one that is used in the house, such as a cooker or washing machine 3 The force of an electric current, measwwed in volts 4 The use of an electric curent to cause chemical change in a liquid 5 A device used in some types of electric motors to change the direction in which an electric current is flowing 6 A chemical element. such as iron or gold, or a mixture of such elements, such as steel, which electricity and heat can travel ‘through and which is generally hard and strong 2BUNITS ELECTRIC GARCUIT conventional current flow switch + ae battery fight bulb ‘electron flow TASK 1 Scan the text and check the meaning of the words in bold. READING The definition given by Wikipedia tells that ,an electric circuit is a closed path or paths formed by the interconnection of electronic components through which an electronic current can flow." Every circuit contains four components: a source, a load, a transmission system and a control. The source procures the electromotive force which establishes the difference in potential that makes the current flow possible. As a source you can use any device that provides electrical energy, such as a generator or a battery. The load transforms the electrical energy from the source into some other kind of energy. It can be any electrical appliance, such as a lamp which changes electrical energy into light. The transmission system runs the current round the circuit. Conductors take part in the transmission. Most systems consist of wires but not necessarily. For example, the metal frames of many electrical devices are used to direct current, so the body of a car is also a part of its electrical transmission system. The control manages the flow in the circuit. It can limit the flow or even interrupt it. This is done by the use of such components as switches, fuses, and circuit breakers. Generally there are two circuit classifications: series and parallel. In a series circuit, the same current flows through its elements one after another and they are connected end to end. Unlike in a parallel circuit, the components are connected so that each of them has the same voltage across its terminals. The effective resistance in a series circuit is the sum of the separate resistances (from all elements) and the current is the same in each component throughout the circuit. On the other hand, in a parallel circuit the total resistance is less than that of the element having the least resistance and the total current equals to the sum of the current in the individual branches. 24Another classification of the circuits talks about a direct-current circuits and alternating-current circuits. As an example of DC circuit we can name a battery- powered circuit where the voltage and currents are constant in magnitude and do not change with time. A standard electrical outlet powered circuit is an example of ‘AC circuit where the voltage and current periodically reverse direction with time. Many devices, e.g. computers, must first convert AC to DC; this is done by special internal circuit usually called a power supply. Ohm's law is the basic law that mathematically describes the performance of the electric circuits. This law defines the relationship between power (measured in watts — W), voltage (measured in volts — V), current (measured in amperes — A) , and resistance (measured in ohms — ). One ohm is the resistance value through which one volt will hold a current of one ampere. pew I= Amperes R= Ohms = Watts E= Volts vos = Wott? Amperes= Shine OM amperes “onms Volts = SWatS ORAS ww = Watts umperes = Watts 7 ‘Amnperes = [Wiis onme= Wotts= Volts Amperes ote = amperes Xohme — AmBeres= [WAH —onms~ -Hetis. » Watts = Amperes?X Ohms — ois - _Watts. TASK 2 Read the definitions and match them with some of the words in bold. * the point at which a connection can be made in an electric Circuit essen * asmall safety part in an electrical device or piece of machinery which causes it to stop working if the electric current is too high, and so prevents fires or other dangers ...... * a device to which a piece of electrical equipment can be connected in order to provide it with electricity .. * a substance that allows heat or electricity to go through it . * anelectrical system, an electrical device which takes power, or the electrical power put into the system * thin metal thread with a layer of plastic around it, used for carrying electric current * a safety device which stops the flow of current to an electrical system when there is a fault ... * asmall device, usually pushed up or down with your finger, that controls and turns on or off an electric current ........... 25TASK 3 Read the text and answer the questions. 1. Name four components of electric circuits. 2. Which element of electric circuit is responsible for transmitting current round the circuit? 3. Which devices are used for limiting/stopping the current in a circuit? 4. What is the difference between series and parallel circuits? 5. Describe the Ohm's law. TASK 4 Match the instrument with its purpose. 1. 2. a voltmeter a soldering iron an oscilloscope a battery charger wire-clippers an ohmmeter cut metal threads puts energy into a secondary cell by forcing an electric current through it. measures the resistance measures the voltage between two points on an electric circuit draws a changing amount of voltage against time on a screen in the form of a wavy line heats a soft metal that is melted in order to join together pieces of metal so that they stick together when it cools and becomes hard again TASK 5 Solve the anagrams naming some of the basic circuit elements. Pictures in TASK 7 can help you. LAVABIER TRESSIOR THSIWG ROISTERS FAR TERMS NOR ODEID COCAATRIP. AALBREVI CARACTIOP. UEFS ARTMEEM ANENTAN re 26TASK 6 — What is the use of the circuit elements from TASK 5? Write down the description of two of them, but don't show to your partner. Read your descriptions. Your partner must guess the elements. If not sure, ask questions for details. TASK 7 Match the circuit diagram symbols below with the words from TASK 5 and find their corresponding functions. adds capacitance to a circuit tectifies alternating currents adds resistance to a circuit measures current OO breaks a circuit protects a circuit modifies the current in a circuit ne . transforms ac voltages Tonmmoop> receives rt signals | e : —_——. adds variable capacitance to a @ circuit, e.g. as a part of selective circuit 7UNIT6 COPPER IS NOT COPING: NEW CHIPS CALL ON LIGHT SPEED e Look at the title and try to guess what the article will be about. What do you know about copper? TASK 14 Before reading look up the meaning of the following expressions in the dictionary: wave guide diameter integrated circuit efficient silicon wafer resistor physical property layer performance . to stack interconnect toetch consumption to bond breakthrough . to glue to cope with bandwidth capacitor/condenser READING Gordon E. Moore, co-founder of Intel, described the phenomenon of microchip miniaturisation in 1965 when he observed that the number of transistors you can fit into an integrated circuit seemed to double about every two years. The microelectronics industry still manages to miniaturise microchips but microchips based on silicon wafers are nearing their theoretical limits as physical properties of near-nanoscale silicon integrated circuits begin to interfere with their performance. The tiny copper wires that connect different areas of an integrated circuit may soon limit microchip-processing speeds. In order to pass information from one part of a chip to another, the data packet is sent as electrons through copper wires, known as copper interconnects. These wires may be just a few millimetres long, but they limit the performance of silicon integrated circuits. It is hard to transmit data through these interconnects in a sufficiently fast, power-efficient way. It is a problem of bandwidth and copper will not be able to cope with the processing power of tomorrow's microchips. Optical interconnects use light instead of electrons to represent information; they are an excellent alternative to copper interconnects, with the potential to be far more efficient, transmitting more data but using the same or even less power. Instead a 28of travelling along copper wires, photons travel the distance between source and detector along silicon wave guides, like miniature optical fibres. The European researchers succeeded in combining silicon wave guides and micro-scale lasers made of asemiconductor called indium-phosphate. They fabricated a miniaturised laser system small enough to generate light for each interconnect. They developed a method to etch indium-phosphate lasers with a diameter of just 7m, sufficiently small to integrate several thousand onto a 2cm x 2om silicon chip. But the biggest breakthrough is the development of a bonding technology that effectively ‘glues’ the silicon and semiconducting indium-phosphate in layers. These optical interconnect layers will be less sensitive to temperature, immune from electromagnetic noise, and have lower power consumption. This technology will enable to produce and combine semiconductor micro- lasers with silicon wave guides for new, power-efficient optical connections. It can be useful for many other electronics applications e.g. stacking integrated circuits and tremendous for tomorrow's chip technologies. (Research EU No2 Feb 2008) TASK 2 = Match the expressions with their definitions. wave-guide a. a microelectronic device that integrates such elements as transistors, resistors, and capacitors into an electrical circuit having a specific function. breakthrough b. a thin slice of semiconducting material, such as a silicon crystal, on which microcircuits are constructed bandwidth —_ ¢. regulates current flow or voltage and acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals silicon wafer _ d. an electrical device that limits or regulates the flow of current in an electrical circuit transistor e. an electric circuit element which stores charge temporarily or lets pass through only the alternating current resistor _ f. the width of the range (or band) of frequencies needed for signal processing integrated circuit _ g. tolink capacitorlcondenser__ h. a hollow metal conductor that provides a path to guide microwaves to bond = i. an important discovery or event that helps to improve a situation or gives an answer to a problem ——_—_—_—$—<—$—$— 29TASK 3 — Work individually and write down at least one question for each paragraph. Then work in pairs and answer the questions of your partner. TASK 4 In pairs, form a sentence from the following words and say what it is. it has / an / store / electric / charge / to / capacity a material / electricity / conducts / that / heat / and it opens / a / circuit / or /a/ signal / amplifies / closes / or a material / electric / flow / the / of / current / that / prevents it can / electricity / some / under / conditions / conduct it contains / hundreds / components / of / electronic it maintains / some / and / voltage / between / relation / current TASK S Complete the chart. verb noun verb noun integrate connect performance limitation transmission process consume guide 30TASK @ Use the table from TASK 5 to create several sentences eg. Antennas transmit signals. TASK 7 In your own words summarize what you have learnt about copper and optical interconnects. TASK 8 a, Have a look at the following words from the text. What do the prefixes mean? miniaturization microchip microscale semiconductor transmit interconnect b; Now study the table: PREFIXES OF SIZE PREFIXES OF LOCATION meaning _| example _ meaning example half, partly | semiconductor “inter-_[ between, among _| interconnect small miniaturize intra- | inside intranet micro - | very smali___| microchip trans -_| across, changed _| transatlantic macro - | large, great | macroeconomics _infra- | below infra-red mega - | | megabyte sub- | under ‘subgroup ‘super - | over, above ‘supernatural TASK 9 — Complete the missing prefixes. 1. The aim of the reorganization is the ............ formation of the system. 2. Every company uses ............ net for spreading information in the company. 3. A... instruction is a single instruction that represents a set of instructions. 4. The world’s first ..............8nic commercial passenger aircraft flew from New York to London in less than three hours. 5. Memory cells made from .............. conducting materials could store information for ever.6. The Slovak film was shown with English .. . titles. 7. Itis easy to ............. connect several computers into a network. 8. If chairs are placed in a .............. cifcle, students can better . the teacher. 9. 1,000,000 watts is one . . watt. 10. .. electronics deals with the use of very small electronic elements. 41. The management has invested very little into the .. .-» Structure, i.e. telephone and transport system. 12. The new version of the program comes with a much better user 13. A country which has very great political and military power is a . 44. The ... . continental railway goes from New York to San Francisco. .. act with TASK 10 Translate into English. 1. Polovodite umoziiujd miniaturizovat’ elektronické komponenty napriklad tranzistory. 2. Tranzistor vynaili v Bellovych laboratériach v prvej polovici 20. storodia. 3. MOzu medené spoje prenagat data dostatoéne rychlo a tiéinnejgie ako optické spoje? 4. Medené dréty sa uz diho pouzivajd na spdjanie integrovanych obvodov, ale v buducnosti ich mozno nahradia optické spoje. 5. Miniaturizovany laser vyraba svetlo pre kaZdy opticky spo). 6. Optické spoje budt menej citivé na teplotu a budi mat niz8iu spotrebu energie. 32UNIT? OPTICAL FIBRES @ This unit deals with optical fibres. Work in pairs and tell your partner what you know about optical fibres. 1. What are optical fibres? 2. Where are they used? 3. Why was their invention important? TASK 2 Study the figure 1. Work in pairs and by answering the following questions describe an optical fibre. 1. How can optical fibres be classified? 2. What parts do they consist of? How does the signal spread? Single-mode optical fibre: cladding core optical signal Multi-mode optical fibre cladding core optical signal 33TASK 2 Before reading study the following expressions: mark a watershed core phase modulation bend waveguide fuse wavelength loss filament range bandwidth extend frequency cartier attenuate terminal conversion strength leak out layer amplify amount decrease device READING The idea of using optical fibres as a communication medium became a reality in 1970s with the development of semi-conductor lasers and high-quality optical fibres. Their development marked a watershed in telecommunications and enabled the coming of the Information Age and extraordinary growth of the Internet. Because of their advantages over electrical transmissions, optical fibres have largely replaced copper wire communications in core networks and have been used to transmit all kinds of data. Fibre optics has become a particularly popular technology for local- area networks, too. So far, the most widely used forms of data transmission cables have been copper cables and glass optical fibres. Optical fibres have several advantages over traditional copper cables. They are faster, lighter and much thinner. They have much greater bandwidth and can carry more data. Glass optical fibres are four times faster than plastic optical fibres. Optical fibres are superior in covering long distances over 100 km because they are fast. Signals travelling over long-distance fibre-optic cables need less amplification than signals sent over copper cables. Fibre-optic communication systems use optical amplification to reduce the need for repeaters and wavelength-division multiplexing to increase fibre capacity. They do not suffer from electrical interference The main disadvantage of fibre-optic cables is that they need optoelectronic conversion on both sides of the fibre. The converters are still expensive. Therefore, fibre-optic communication systems have been installed primarily in long-distance applications. i 34It is also difficult to connect the glass fibres because they can break easily. This also makes them hard to be used at home. In spite of their great flexibility optical fibres cannot be bent the way copper cables can without losing data. Data travels along the optical fibre modulated onto light wave(s). When standard optical fibres are bent around corners during installation and are routed through a building, the signal leaks out. However, at present new types of optical fibres are more tolerant to bending Copper cables, on the contrary, are easily bent, extended or fused. But they are too slow for broadband connections. Therefore, they are mainly used for the “last mile” which means the distance from the end of glass optic-fibre cables to user's terminal. This last mile is also known as the “edge” network. TASK 3 Study the definitions and fill in the blanks with the right term. cladding, repeater, fibre, (oss, attenuation, amplification, modulation, communication, focal area network, communications device, multimode fibre, core, wavelength, fibre optics, bandwidth a technology that uses glass or plastic fibres to transmit data transmission of data from one communication device to another any machine that helps transmit data, e.g. modem, cables, ports the central glass of an optical fibre that carries a light signal thin filament of glass; an optical waveguide consisting of a core and a cladding that is capable of carrying information in the form of light a layer of material, usually glass, around the core of an optical fibre the decrease in magnitude of signal power transmitted between points; in optics a term used for expressing the total loss of an optical system, normally measured in decibels (dB) at a specific wavelength a geographically limited communications network for the local transport of voice, data, and video drop in signal strength between two points in a network coding of information onto the carrier frequency. This includes amplitude, frequency, or phase modulation techniques an increase in signal power, voltage, or current by an amplifier $e 35a range within a band of frequencies or wavelengths , the amount of data that can be transmitted in a fixed amount of time a device that receives, amplifies, and re-transmits a weak or attenuated signal to allow an increase in the system length distance travelled by an electromagnetic wave in one cycle an optical waveguide in which light travels in multiple modes due to the width of the core compared to its wavelength TASK 4 In pairs, answer these questions 1. When were optical fibres developed? 2. What enabled their development? 3, Why was their invention important? 4. What are optical fibres used for? 5. How can the capacity of optical fibres be increased? 6. Why do optical fibres use optical amplification? 7. How does data travel along optical fibres? 8. What are advantages of optical fibres over traditional copper cables? 9. What is their main disadvantage? 10.Are glass optical fibres suitable for the last mile? 36TASK 5 Complete the chart. verb noun verb noun manufacture attenuate absorption interference installation amplify improve maintenance decrease modulation increase TASK @ Use the table from TASK 5 to create several sentences eg. Coming Ltd. manufactures optical fibres. 37TASK 7 There are two short articles dealing with the problem of the edge network. Work in pairs, read one of them and then tell your partner what you have learnt. The problem of how to run optical fibre all the way to homes and companies was solved by Corning Inc., the American company and the world ‘s largest manufacturer of optical fibres, in July 2008. The company has developed a ClearCurve fibre that is as rugged as a copper cable but offers all of the bandwidth benefits of a fibre. It beats the capacity of copper by a factor of 3.6 million and it is much more secure and needs less maintenance. It can transmit 25 trillion bits per second. This is due to a new technology. The cladding contains a mesh of nanometre-scale pockets which serve as a barrier to guide light back into the core, even if the cable is bent at a 90-degree angle. The new optical fibre maintains signal strength when bent or curved; it enables bends of 5mm radius. This improved technology will enable telecommunications companies to deliver true. high-speed Internet, voice and HDTV services, video-on-demand, and interactive gaming economically to virtually all companies and homes. 8 The key to a simpler, cheaper edge network could be optical fibres made of plastic rather than the more usual glass. The main advantage of plastic fibres is their low cost. They are also much safer to install. Glass fibres use infrared laser light to transmit the signal. The light cannot be seen and can damage eyes if someone looks down a live fibre. On the contrary, plastic fibres use harmless green or red light that is easily seen. Plastic fibres can be then safely installed in a home without a risk e.g. to children. Another advantage is their robustness. Plastic fibres are a millimetre or more thicker than glass fibres and can be handled without special tools or techniques. They can be also better bent and easily connected with each other. They are much faster than copper lines though not as fast as glass fibres. Plastic fibres are always multi-mode. They absorb light more than glass fibres do, which limits their useful length to a few hundred meters. They also have a lower data capacity. But that is fine for the cable that runs from a conventional glass fibre in the street into a house or a block of flats 38On the basis of the main text and short texts A and B complete the table and then in pairs compare glass and plastic optical fibres and copper cables. TASK 8 Characteristics Use Disadvantage Copper cables | Glass optical fibres Plastic optical fibres $$$ $$$ 39UNITS: NEXT-GENERATION SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS AMERHIS What comes to your mind if you hear the word “satellite? How would you define a satellite? What types of satellites do you know? What services do satellites offer? Seve TASK 1 Here is a picture of a satellite. Label it with the following expressions: solar cells radio receivers and transmitters communication antenna batteries camera command antenna transponder rocket motor TASK 2 On the basis of the picture answer the following questions. 1. What does a satellite consist of? 2. How does a satellite communicate with ground stations? 3. Howis a satellite powered? 4. What kinds of signals are best suited to carry large volumes of communications traffic?TASK 3 Match the following expressions with their definitions. beam, transponder, modulation, demodulation, conventional, decoding, encoding, versatile terminal, connectivity, data processing, signal processing, downlink, uplink, terrestrial communication, recipient, remote, to incorporate is the analysis, interpretation and manipulation of signals it applies to any process that converts data from one form to another (information into data and data back into information) a person who receives something manipulation of a carrier to get new properties e.g. frequency area shifting is the process of recovering the original modulating signal from a modulated carrier the process of converting coded data into its original form the activity of converting data from one form to another (created from transmitter and responder) is a wireless monitoring or control device that picks up and automatically responds to an incoming signal particles flowing in one direction and focused to a narrow beam, the directed radio waves emanating from a transponder. universal, able to be used for many different purposes distant traditional, ordinary any device that terminates one end (sender or receiver) of a signal, an end-use device, a PC, a phone, etc. the link from a satellite down to a ground station or a receiver the link from a ground station up to a satellite the ability to make a connection between two or more points in a network to include something as part of something larger ground communication a1READING After the crash of the communications satellite market in 2002, satellite manufacturers and operators began thinking hard about how to revive the industry. The European researchers have set themselves a goal to design a next-generation satellite communication system. Until recently, communications satellites have been based upon "bent-pipe” architecture. It means that data is transmitted to the satellite and the satellite sends it right back down again like a bent pipe. The only processing performed onboard a conventional communications satellite is the retransmission of the signal it receives, A conventional satellite communication from a sender has to pass first up to the satellite and back down to a terrestrial hub and, from there, up and down again getting to the recipient (‘double hop”). By contrast, the next-generation communications satellite incorporates digital processing onboard the satellite. It takes over a lot of switching functions which were performed by ground stations. The communication goes from a sender to the satellite and then directly from the satellite to the recipient (‘single hop’). The first multimedia on-board processor, the AmerHis system, carried by Hispasat’s Amazonas satellite launched in 2004, has the capacity to provide demodulation, decoding, switching, encoding and modulation for the four transponders on Amazonas. Each Ku-band transponder covers one of the four geographical regions served by the satellite, namely: Europe, Brazil, and North and South America. The result is much more versatile especially when it is a multibeam device, covering several areas across the globe. AmerHis system allows user transmission rates from 512 kbit/s to 8 Mbit/s. The combination of onboard processing and a full compatibility with the open communication standards of DVB-S* (downlink) and DVB-RCS"* (uplink) gives the telecommunications satellites huge potential compared with their conventional architecture. The development of DVB-S and DVB-RCS was based in Europe and culminated in their formalization by the European Telecommunications Standards (ETSI). DVB-S is already in widespread use for digital TV broadcasts. Much newer, DVB-RCS was devised for interactive communications in which user terminals transmit signals directly to the satellite. It enables to provide modern interactive services, such as PPV (pay-per-view), interactive games, etc. (CORDIS 67 Nov 2007) *DVB-S Digital Video Broadcasting over Satellite “DVB-RCS _ Digital Video Broadcasting - Return Channel over Satellite (enables the Internet and other data services over a satellite) rr 42TASK 4 — Prepare 5 questions about the text. Then work in pairs and answer the questions of each other. TASK S Give a synonym for the underlined words in the text. TASK @ — Work in pairs; read either the text A or the text B (page 44). The text is 2 ONOHA . High-altitude platforms could serve . They could fill the gap between cables or fibre for highly populated cities and for the same but different pieces of information were left out. Without looking at the other text and by asking questions, fill in the gaps with the missing information. Researchers have been studying the use of wireless and optical broadband technologies from .. High-altitude platforms are airships or balloons that float at an altitude of 20 km. They can wirelessly deliver data up to ............ times faster than an ordinary wired broadband connection. They operate in the 31/28GHz millimetre-wave band. The frequencies are ... ... than today’s fixed wireless access links. They enable higher data rates but the signals can be affected by rain. Their cost is estimated . If they were placed every 60 km in a grid configuration, they would cover completely the whole world. They could offer everything from mobile phone calls to .... Satellites serve multiple users on the ground with broadband. . times more people. little populated areas. . They could be a reality within a few years. a3SNES 10. 11. 12. 13. Researchers have been studying the use of wireless and optical broadband technologies from high-altitude platforms. High-altitude platforms are airships or balloons that float at an altitude of They can wirelessly deliver data up to 200 times faster than an ordinary wired broadband connection. They operate in the millimetre-wave band. The frequencies are much higher than today’s fixed wireless access links. They enable higher data rates but the signals can be affected by .. Their cost is estimated one-tenth the cost of a satellite. If they were placed every 60 km in a grid configuration, they would They could offer everything from mobile phone calls to high-definition TV. Satellites serve ........ ese High-altitude platforms could serve one thousand times more people. They could fil the gap ..... -ssses« for highly populated cities and for little populated areas. They could be a reality within a few years. TASK 7 Are these statements true or false? Say why. . Satellites were much in demand at the beginning of the 21" century. __ . Conventional communications satellites also process signals. _ . DVB-S was devised for interactive communication via satellites. .. Next-generation communications satellites provide end-to-end connectivity between two users through a single hop. __ 5. AmerHis is the name of the satellite. __ 6. Ku-band transponders cover the whole world. __ 7. DVB-S and DVB-RCS were developed in the USA. RENs TASK 8 In your own words answer the following questions in writing. 1. Why was a next-generation satellite communication system needed? 2. Whatis the difference between conventional communications satellites and next-generation communications satellites? 3. What are the DVB-S and DVB-RCS and what are they used for?UNIT 9. REGULAR PHONE / CELL PHONE @ In this unit we are going to talk about telephones. Do you know how the telephone originated? TASK 4 — Work in 2 groups. Group A - make a list of advantages and disadvantages of regular phones. Group B — make a list of advantages and disadvantages of cell phones. Compare your lists. 45READING REGULAR PHONE A standard dictionary defines the telephone as "an apparatus for reproducing sound, especially that of the voice, at a great distance, by means of electricity; consisting of transmitting and receiving instruments connected by a line or wire which conveys the electric current." Electrical current 1) operates the telephone and 2) your voice varies that current to communicate. Telephone history begins at the start of human history. Man has always wanted to communicate from afar. People have used smoke signals, mirrors, jungle drums, carrier pigeons and semaphores to get a message from one point to another. But a phone was something new. A telephone is one of the simplest and one of the most amazing devices in your house. If you want to talk to someone, all you have to do is pick up the phone and dial a few digits. The telephone network extends worldwide, so you can reach nearly anyone on the planet. A simple telephone consists of these basic parts: # A switch to connect and disconnect the phone from the network /also called hook switch/. It connects when you lift the handset /receiver/. # A speaker - this is usually an electromagnetic receiver or a small loudspeaker of some sort. # A microphone — in the past, telephone microphones were made of carbon granules which were compressed between two thin metal plates. Sound waves from your voice compressed and decompressed the granules, changing the resistance of the granules and modulating the current flowing through the microphone. Modern telephones also contain a hybrid circuit to block the sound of your voice from reaching your ear, a bell so it can ring and a touch-tone keypad. The telephone network starts in your house. A pair of copper wires runs from a box at the road to a box, called entrance bridge at your house. Along the road runs a thick cable containing 100 or more copper pairs of wires and this thick cable runs directly to the phone company’s switch in your area. i Pinger @ ~ ~ 46CELL/MOBILE PHONE One of the most interesting things about a cell phone is that it is in fact a radio — a very sophisticated radio. Wireless communication is closely connected with the invention of the telephone by Alexander Bell in 1876 and with the invention of the radio by Nikolai Tesla in1880s which was formally presented by Guglielmo Marconi. It was only a question of time when these two great technologies would be combined. To understand how a cell phone works let's compare it to CB /citizens’ band/ radio or a walkie-talkie. Walkie-talkie and CB radios are half-duplex devices. That means when two people communicate they use the same frequency, so only one person can talk at a time. A cell phone is a full-duplex device. That means that you use one frequency for talking and a second for listening. Both people can talk at once. Walkie-talkie has one channel; a CB radio has 40 channels. A typical cell phone can communicate on more than 1,664 channels. A walkie-talkie can transmit about 1.6 km using a 0.25Watt transmitter. A CB radio can transmit about 8 km using a 5-watt transmitter. Cell phones operate within cells; they can switch cells as they move. The whole area is divided into cells; each cell has a base station that consists of a tower and a small building containing radio equipment. You can drive hundreds of kilometres and keep the conversation going because of the cellular approach. The cell-phone consists of these parts: A circuit board which is the heart of the system Anantenna A liquid crystal display (LCD) Akeyboard Amicrophone Aspeaker A battery ‘The parts of call phone 47There are several specialized chips. Analog-to digital and digital-to-analog conversion chips translate the outgoing audio signal from analog to digital and the incoming signal from digital to analog The microprocessor is responsible for global controlling of the phone and the keyboard and display. The ROM and Flash memory chips provide storage for the phone's operating system and user settings, like the phone directory. The radio frequency and power section handles power management and recharging, and also deals with hundreds of FM channels. RF amplifiers handle signals travelling to and from antenna. The display has grown in size because the number of features in cell phones has increased. A cell phone, like any other electronic device, has its problems: # Generally, non-repairable internal corrosion of parts results if you get the phone wet or use wet hands to push the buttons, If the phone does get wet, be sure it is totally dry before you switch it on so you can try to avoid damaging internal parts. # Extreme heat in a car can damage the battery or the cell-phone electronics. Extreme cold may cause a momentary loss of the screen display. # In the past analog cell phones suffered from a problem known as “cloning.” A phone is “cloned” when someone steals its ID numbers and is able to make fraudulent calls on the owner's account. Here is how cloning occurs: When your phone makes a call, it transmits the ESN and MIN to the network at the beginning of the call. The MIN/ESN pair is a unique tag for your phone ~ this is how the phone company knows who to bill for the call. When your phone transmits its MIN/ESN pair, it is possible for nefarious individual to listen [with a scanner] and capture the pair. With the right equipment, it is fairly easy to modify another phone so that it contains your MIN/ESN pair, which allows the nefarious individual to make calls on your account. TASK 2 Use the text and compare a walkie-talkie, a CB radio and a cell phone. Fill in the table: { half duplex [full duplex | channels range L CB radio Cell phone 48TASK 3 Using the facts from the table, tell your partner about: a CB radio a walkie-talkie a cell phone TASK 4 — Fill in the table Nationality Person ‘Adjective Country Denmark Finland | Polish ‘Sweden la Turk the Taiwanese Greek [ Hungary” Norway [Dutch 7 TASK 5 These are some of the features which a mobile phone can have. Match the words with their meanings. call timer, answering service, call waiting, call divert, PIN number, alpha number memory, phone display lets you know when another caller is trying to contact you by the use of a discreet bleep tone displays telephone number dialled, Signal Strength, Call Timer, Battery Strength enables you to associate numbers with names — so that you can retrieve telephone numbers from the memory by inputting the name of the person you wish to call . secret code to stop unauthorized users making calls from your phone ._ shows the duration of the call so that you can keep track of costs re-direct calls made to your mobile to any other number of your choice Integral answering service records messages when you can’t or don’t want to answer your calls. As easy as using an ordinary answering machine. 49TASK @ — Answer the following questions. The answers to the questions alll contain a technical word or phrase already mentioned. 1. In call waiting how do you know another caller is trying to contact you? 2. What is another word for re-directing calls to another telephone number? 3. Name at least two things which are displayed in the telephone display. TASK 7 _ Inthe following extract somebody is describing his/her new mobile phone. Fill in the missing words. J now have a new mobile phone. It's got a wide range of ....... . For example, there is c. ...-. Which lets you know when another caller is trying to c......... you. | have a special ..........number which means that no one except me can make calls without my p....... - The mobile has a call timer which shows the d....... know how much each call c.... . It also has an answering service which re. of the call so that | Masse messages just like an ordinary telephone a.... TASK & What features does YOUR mobile/cell phone have? TASK 9 Tell the class about a situation when you...... * tried pretending you were out to avoid taking a call? * wanted to kill the person on the other end of the phone? * shouted at someone on the phone? * felt like hugging the person on the other end of the phone? * thought your mobile had saved your life? 50IDIOM (to) GET THE MESSAGE eg. * We explained to him that we couldn't help him at all but he didn't get the message. (In spite of our explanation, he didn't understand.) * hinted to Laura that | wanted to leave early, but she didn’t get the message. (She didn’t understand that I wanted to leave early.) Use the idiom to complete the following sentences 1. I'm so disappointed! | thought | had explained everything clearly, but evidently. 2. What more can | say! You simply... 3. It took a long time, but I .. 4. It seems perfectly clear to me. Why can't you.....? 5. Let me go over it once more, then I'm sure you Which sentence expresses: disappointment, persuasion, annoyance? JUST FOR INTEREST The following is a list of mobile phone terms used around the world. Mobile phones are known as: ‘* cell phones or cell - in Canada, South Africa and the United States * mobile - a term in everyday usage in most English-speaking countries clamshell - in the USA and UK, a phone that opens up to reveal the keypad, microphone, and earpiece fonaichean léimhe /meaning hand phone/ - in Scottish Gaelic ffon symudol - in Welsh fon péca - in Irish handy - a pseudo-anglicism that is used in Austria and Germany kinito - which means mobile phone in Greece and Cyprus komérki or telefon komérkowy - meaning cells-cellular phone in Poland mobil - in Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia mobitel - in Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia. They are named after a company called Mobite! which was the first national cell phone network operator in Slovenia © méviles - in Spanish * _ nalle - in Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark. Nalle actually means “teddy bear’, having the meaning of the pet-ike status which mobile phones sometimes have. The term mobiltelefon is also used.in these countries. * portable - in France + xing dong dian hua - in Taiwan 51UNIT 10 STAYING IN TOUCH AT 3S 000 FEET @ Read the title and discuss the following: 1. What do you think the unit will be about? 2. Have you ever travelled by plane? What was your experience like? 3. What did you like or dislike about the flight? 4. Was there anything that you missed? TASK 1 There are several abbreviations used in the unit. Do you know what they mean? Work in pairs and look them up in the glossary. cD DVD Wii Hifi HD DSL ADSL PDA PCS GPs TASK 2 in pairs, discuss the use of the above-mentioned. Refer to the following model and make some sentences as seen in the example: eg. A knife is a tool (that is) used for cutting bread A knife is a tool to cut bread A knife is a tool for cutting bread. (A), isa(n) device (that is) used for verb + ing object used fo verb standard for verb + ing technology type of... 52TASK 3 __ Before reading find the Slovak equivalents for the following words: broadband transmission aviation channel fee interrupt equip ceceuttnenitnenns Cellular tower connection enable available affect on-board safety attachment take-off corporate landing ground switch on terrestrial switch off ceiling cesses seatbelt transmit incorporate handset band route ban TASK 4 — You are going to read about the services which will enable passengers to communicate while being on-board an airplane. There are two short articles A and B. Work in pairs. Choose one and read it. READING For many people, air travel has become an integral part of their daily lives, whether it is for business or for leisure. Imagine your typical business flight from New York to San Francisco - your secretary calls you on your mobile to tell you that your boss changed your PowerPoint presentation. You switch on your laptop, connect wirelessly to your company intranet, and download the file. Is it an illusion or a reality? A American communication. company Aircell LLC is the world’s leading provider of airborne communications in business aviation. It has built a revolutionary new mobile broadband network for business aviation and now also for commercial aviation. This service is available on some commercial airlines e.g. American Airlines. The airplanes have to be equipped with the Aircell Axxess™ cabin system which will enable passengers to log on to the Aircell Axess 802.11b/g “hotspot” at i 53connection speeds comparable to DSL* service in their homes. These speeds will easily support Internet surfing, e-mails with attachments and corporate virtual private network access, so travellers will be able to enjoy using their Wi-Fi laptops, PDAs and Smartphones on a flight. This broadband system will also enhance cabin services such as video, audio, television, games and other entertainment. Standard mobile phone and Voice over IP services will not be available. The air-to-ground in-flight Internet system for commercial airplanes uses three antennas installed on the outside of the airplane. The PCS/GPS antenna is mounted on the top of the airplane, and the other two antennas are fixed to the bottom of the airplane. Passengers access the broadband signal using their own WL-FI devices, which communicate directly with wireless access points that are distributed evenly throughout the airplane cabin ceiling. The signal will be transmitted through the 3GHz signal from air to ground using 92 cellular towers throughout the United States. At the beginning, the Aircell network will cover the continental United States and later on Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean. The signal will be automatically transmitted between ground stations as the plane moves across the country so the service will not be interrupted. Alrcell Axxess is a family of latest-generation, multi-channel, satcom systems. The system comes standard with two built-in channels of Iridium satellite communications and new, certified handsets that incorporate noise reduction technology, ear bud/headset jacks, and colour displays. The Aircell broadband system will operate over the exclusive air-to-ground frequencies which were awarded to Aircell by Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 2006. 8. On April 7, 2008 the European Commission has approved controversial plans to allow mobile phones to be used on airplanes. It introduced rules and harmonised the technical standards and licenses for the use of mobile phones on board airplanes to ensure that licenses granted in one member state would be recognized in all 27 EU countries. Air France is one of the European airlines that have started testing this service. The planes have to be equipped with their own cellular network. The system uses an on-board base station called a pico cell that communicates with passengers’ ‘own phones. The pico cell is located in a hand luggage compartment. The base station routes phone calls to and from the plane to an orbiting satellite which connects to mobile networks on the ground. The control unit on the plane ensures that mobile phones do not connect to any base stations on the ground by blocking “DSL - Digital Subscriber Line — is a broadband technology that enables high-speed data transmission over a standard telephone line. ADSL - Asymmetric DSL - is for Intemet access, where fast downstream is required, but slow upstream is acceptable. (It is a subgroup of DSL) nn 54signals from less than 3,000 metres below the plane to limit terrestrial interference. It also ensures that transmission levels for incoming and outcoming calls are low enough not to affect the safety of airplane equipment. On Air France planes a special icon has been put next to the seatbelt sign to indicate when phones can be switched on. They have to be switched off during take-offs and landings. To be able to phone in-flight, passengers must have a GSM phone operating in the 1800 MHz frequency band and a roaming agreement with their phone company that allows them to make intemational calls. On Air, the French supplier, bills the users' home network which then passes on the bill to customers. The rates vary according to each provider and do not depend on the country over which the plane is flying. They should average about €2 to €3 per minute. Whether to offer this service or not will be left to individual airlines. Ryanair, Europe's largest low-cost airline, plans to offer it in its 163 planes. On the contrary, Lufthansa, Europe's second-largest carrier, after Air France-KLM, has decided not to. offer this service because travellers were against it. Outside Europe, Emirates became the first airline to enable in-flight mobile voice services, on an Airbus A340 from Dubai to Casablanca. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission has banned the in-flight use of mobile phones because of the fear of electronic interference with the airplane and the potential of a terrorist threat. Europeans regulators say that GSM technology, which is the European standard, is advanced enough to resist use by terrorists. TASK 5 — Work in pairs and match the words from both columns to make collocations and explain their meaning. affect _ a. compartment download = __ b. speed commercial __ c. band broadband __ d. unit luggage e. reduction route _ f. aviation terrestrial = __ g. safety seatbelt h. interference built-in _ i. file control _ i. signal frequency __ k. phone call fee-based _ 1. channel connection __ m. access technical = __ n. sign noise _ 0. standard wireless . p. service 55.TASK 6 — Answer A or B questions depending on the text you have read. A . Who is Aircell LLC? nN . What did the company build for business and commercial aviation? e . Is this service free of charge? 4. Can any plane provide broadband link? 2 What is the Aircell Axxess'™ system based upon and how it works? What services does it enable? o: Are the connection speeds sufficient? 7. . How is the signal transmitted? @ 2 Will all the passengers be able to use this service? 40. Can the system operate over any frequencies? B . What role did the European Commission play in approving on-board mobile communication? n 5 2 2 3 8 z) z: 8 a: a 2. a 8 & Si Bi 3 > 2 = 3 3: er a 3 3 3 gs 3 2 8 2 3 8 8 What do planes have to be equipped with? 2: x . How does the system work? What is the role of the control unit? a: Can passengers call any time they want? @: What kind of mobiles can passengers use during the flight? “N: What will the rates for the service depend on? aH 2: }. Why is the American Federal Communications Commission against this service?TASK 7 — Work in pairs and tell your partner what the text was about. ® What is your opinion about the above-mentioned services? Would you be for or against them? Why? TASK 8 — Here are some reactions of Air France and Lufthansa passengers to in- flight mobile phone service. Discuss them. - It's great. - I'm not hearing you. It sounds like I'm talking to a small robot. - It’s not much important on short flights to be without a phone. - I don’t need to be contactable all the time. - It's gone far too far. Let’s cut down the stress and go back to the way we lived without phones. - It's not very important but itis nice to be able to send text messages. - There will be mobiles ringing and people talking and meanwhile | have to sleep to be relaxed for a business meeting next morning. - I don’t want to listen to private phone calls. TASK 9 Fill in the missing words in their appropriate form. to interfere, passengers, to enable, calls, to use, in-flight, surfing, customers, broadband, plane Mobile workers have been used to have high-speed Internet access at home, in hotels and airports or in the car, but not on a... . Staying in touch with your family, friends or colleagues has become a reality and some airlines started providing ... . wireless services to their ..........-...... . The wireless cabin network provides secure wireless ... connection to communication and entertainment services during the flight and . passengers to be reached on their mobile phones. Some airlines are thinking to limit the service to text- messaging and Internet The wireless technology must not with aircraft flight and navigation system. Another important thing is to ensure that the satellite capacity provided to the aircraft must be efficiently ..-, Which depends on passengers’ habits. There are some other problems or the fact that to overcome with mobiles, such as uneven quality of .......... only 6 .... ... Gan get a signal at the same time. 37TASK 10 Work in pairs. ca |. Think of a place/sight which you would like to visit. Prepare the reasons why you are interested in that particular place/sight. Your partner will try to guess by asking questions, you can answer only yes or no. Find out: why he/she is interested in it what things he/she would take with him/her how he/she would travel there and why for how long if he/she would prefer travelling alone/with somebody and why which country he/she would not be interested in seeing and why Did you have any bad experience or good luck when travelling (by plane)? Tell your partner. TASK 11 Do the crossword. ACROSS 6 Umosnit i ° 7 Bezpetnost’ 9 Norma L4 | 13 Spojenie 14 Dodavatel rr r 16 Priloha 18 Pasmo 19 Kanal 7 22 Stinhnut’ 23 Bezpetnostny pis 24 Plafon 7] |e 7 DOWN 1 Zilezat 2 Zikaz 7 3 Poplatok i HH 4 Shichadla §Smerovat 8 Namopntovat! Re] FF 10 Dostupny 11 Sirokopésmovy 12 Pozeminy 45 Znak 17 Podnikovy ] 20 Hiuk 1 21 Zlepsit)UNIT 14 ASMALL PACKET OF CHIPS, PLEASE. e What comes first to your mind after reading the title of this unit? What does the word “chip/chips" mean? The word “chip” has several meanings: * Assmail broken or cut off piece e.g. of wood, stone, or glass. A small piece that has been broken off a larger object, or the mark left on an object such as a cup, plate, etc. where a small piece has been broken off it: wood chips * French fries (BrE) * Athin, usually fried slice of food, especially a potato chip, potato crisp (AmE). Often used in the plural. * Avery small piece of food or candy. Often used in the plural e.g. chocolate chips. * money (slang) Electronics * Atiny slice of a semiconducting material, such as silicon or germanium, processed to have specified electrical characteristics, especially before itis developed into an electronic component or integrated circuit. Also called microchip. * An integrated circuit. TASK 4 __Inpairs answer the following questions: 1. Why was this invention of a microchip important? 2. Do you know any microchip producers? 3. Is there anything new in this field? TASK 2 Before reading the text, study the following expressions and their explications; then give the Slovak equivalent. disembowel .. to remove the inner part of something printed circuit board ...._a flat plastic or fibreglass board on which copper interconnects and other electronic components, such as microchips, are mounted or etched an outer cover to fix securely to a support the use of extremely small components such as transistors and printed circuits in electronic equipment die . Mmigro-module casing to mount miniaturisation $$ 59to embed «to fix firmly in a surrounding mass property ... @ quality in a substance or material to stack to arrange things in an ordered pile performance ... how well a person or a machine works or functions to displace .. to cause to move modular vu Constructed with standardized units or dimensions allowing flexibility and variety in use functionality w. the quality of being functional, capable of serving a purpose well current of the present time efficiently working or operating quickly and effectively to interconnect aw. to connect with each other to improve vu. to make better soldering joining pieces of metal together by using a soft metal e.g. tin or lead to wear down a. to damage by long or hard use appliance v. adevice or a machine especially an electrical one used in the house to operate to perform a function; work to fluctuate ws to change or vary READING Disembowel a mobile phone and the most prominent components on the circuit board are the microchips, mounted inside plastic casings with metallic feet sticking out from the sides. Such large chip packages are an obstacle to further miniaturisation of devices such as mobile phones and PDAs. They could become a thing of the past thanks to a new technology that will help ensure electronic devices keep getting smaller and more powerful. A consortium led by the Technical University of Berlin has developed a commercially viable Hiding Dies technique to embed active chips in Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs), opening the door to a new generation of electronic devices that can pack more features and functionality into a smaller space. Embedded chips are also more robust and reliable, have better radio frequency properties and displace heat more readily than the packaged chips. There are two ways to use the Hiding Dies technique: you can create chips that are integrated into the PCB or modular Systems in a Package (SIPs) in which each integrated chip has a specific functionality The microchips are around 50 micrometers thick, roughly the same width as a human hair, while the smallest module produced with the Hiding Dies technology is around 100 micrometers. That compares with the minimum of 500 micrometers for current chip packages. Their small size allows them to be stacked to pack more performance into devices without taking up more space, a form of 3D integration that 60is virtually impossible with packaged chips. Because the chips can be placed side by side inside the polymer of the board, the interconnects are much shorter and their radio frequency properties are greatly improved. This is important as modern devices. are operating at higher and higher frequencies. The automobile industry is one major market for the embedded chips, mainly because of their reliability and robustness. In the harsh environment of a car, the long interconnects and soldering on packaged chips can be worn down by heat fluctuations and vibrations, causing them to break and the chip and whatever function it performed to fail. However, by sandwiching the chips inside the PCB the chips and their interconnects are much better protected. The embedded chips could be also used in a radar safety system in vehicles which keeps a safe distance between cars. In fact, the chips could be used in a lot of everyday devices, from TVs and stereo systems to air-conditioning units and kitchen appliances. They could be used for smart power control to make devices use electricity more efficiently. AT8S, Europe’s largest PCB manufacturer, is planning to start incorporating the chips into products in 2009. (CORDIS FOCUS, No.6, Oct. 2007) TASK 3 After studying the text give a short title to each paragraph In pairs compare your suggestions. TASK 4 — Work in pairs and answer the following questions. 1, What do microchips look like? 2. Why are chip packages becoming a problem? 3. What is the purpose of the Hiding Dies technique? 4. Why are embedded chips more advantageous than packaged chips? 5. What does PCB stand for? What is it? 6. What are the dimensions of microchips, current chip packages and the new smallest modules produced with this technology? 7. Why could auto industry become a real market for the embedded chips? 8. Which other areas could the embedded chips be used in? 9. Is there any manufacturer interested in this new technology?TASK S In your own words summarize the article. TASK 6 _ Fill in the gaps with one of the following expressions in the correct form. wireless, microprocessors, cameras, speed, integrate, use, switch, generate, power CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) chips are an important type of integrated circuits. They include ........... , microcontrollers, memory, and so on. These different functions can be on a single chip, further reducing costs and the complexity of devices like digital ................ CMOS chips between less heat, use the main part of ... ..... When its transistors are ... on and off states. As a result, they use less electricity and . which means they are ideal for modern battery powered applications. CMOS can be for radio communication, mobile phones, local area networks (WLAN), high .. links, where many functions are integrated 62TASK 7 — Work with your partner and explain the meanings a “chip” has in the following sentences. It is dangerous to drink of a chipped glass. 2. You can buy chocolate chips and bars and in many flavours. 3. Silicon germanium technology can boost performance and reduce the power consumption of chips that go into cellular phones and other wireless devices. 4. Tortilla chips are not very tasty. 5. The new chips will enable longer battery life and increased functionality in cellular handsets. 6. He's chipped a bone in his wrist. 7. Apacket of salt chips, please. IDIOMS with CHIP What do you think fo be in the chips in the following sentence mean? After he invented the computer, he was really in the chips. There are several ways how to express “to be rich *: * tobe in the chips * tobe in the money * tobe in the lap of luxury = to have most things money can buy * tobe in clover = to be rich or successful, in rich comfort * tobe well-to-do = prosperous, rich TASK & Work in pairs and talk about the following ideas using one of the above idioms: 1. In your opinion what is the best way how to get in the chips? 2. How do you imagine a person being in the lap of luxury? Does being rich bring only advantages and happiness? TASK 9 Think of somebody famous or well-known who is in clover. Your partner will ty to guess by asking questions. You can answer only yes or no. Then change the roles. 63UNIT 12 BAR CODES 7 1. How often do you go shopping? 2. What do you usually go shopping for? 3. What is essential for you when making decision what to buy? TASK 1 Find the Slovak equivalents in your dictionary. to rip off . sssue Mags merchandiser width grocery store spacing capability grid retail product fee to purchase to issue to keep track item odd numbers fraud even numbers to assign READING If you look at any item which you have purchased from a grocery store, department store or mass merchandiser you can see that it has a bar code (also barcode) on it somewhere. Have you ever thought where these codes come from and what they mean? A bar code is a machine-readable representation of information. Originally, barcodes stored data in the widths and spacing of printed parallel lines, but today they also come in patterns of dots, concentric circles, and text codes hidden within images. Besides, they are divided into linear barcodes (1D) and 2D barcodes, known also as a matrix code, which is a two-dimensional way of representing information with more data representation capability. They do not consist of bars but rather a grid of square cells. Below are given some examples of bar codes with their uses. Symbology Uses UP.C. Worldwide retail Codebar Old format used in libraries, blood banks, air bills Code 25 Industrial Code 128 Various Code 11 Telephones CPC Binary Post office rr 64EAN 2 Magazines EAN 5 Books EAN 8, EAN 13 Worldwide retail Pharmacode Pharmaceutical Packaging Let's have a close look at the U.P.C. bar code which is one of the oldest and still most frequently barcodes used. The abbreviation UPC represents Universal Product Code. UPC bar codes were originally created to help the stores to speed up the process of payment and keep the evidence of inventory, but the system was so successful that it spread quickly to all retail products. Uniform Code Council (UCC) is a company to which a manufacturer applies for permission to enter the UPC system. The manufacturer pays an annual fee, the UCC issues the manufacturer a six-digit manufacturer identification number and provides guidelines how to use it. If you look carefully at the cover of almost any item, you can see the manufacturer identification number in standard 12-digit UPC code, like this which comes from a cover of Websters New World Dictionary of the American Language. The UPS symbol always has two parts: - The machine- readable bar code - The human-readable 12 digit UPC number This is the code number of Webster American English Dictionary : 0 700993 00395 1 Webster's manufacturer identification number is the first six digits of the UPC number — 070993. The next five digits - 00395 - are the item number. UPC coordinator is the person employed by the manufacturer and he is responsible for assigning item numbers to products. The last digit of the UPC code is called check digit (1) and this digit lets the scanner determine if it scanned the number correctly. Here is how the check digit is calculated from the above mentioned code: 070993 00395 1: 1. Add together the value of all the digits in odd positions (digits 1,3,5.....) » O+0+9+0+3+5=17 2. Multiply that number by 3. » 17x3=51 3. Add together the value of all the digits in even positions ( digits 2,4,6....) » 74943+0+9=28 4. Add this sum to the value in step 2. » 28451=79 5. Take the number in Step 4. To create the check digit, determine the number that, when added to the number in step 4, is a multiple of 10. » 79+1=80 The check digit is number 1. rr 65If the check digit is different, the scanner knows that something went wrong and the item needs to be rescanned. As we can see there is no information about price in a bar code, When the scanner scans a product, the cash register sends the UPC number to the central POS /Point of Sale/ computer to look up the UPC number. The central computer sends back the actual price of the item at that moment. The price can be changed whenever the management of the store wants, for example when there is a sale. If the price were encoded in the bar code, prices could never change. Not encoding the price gives the opportunity to rip off customers. This is the case when you hear about “scanner fraud”. On the other hand barcodes help the shops not only in keeping track of the large number of items in the store but it helps to reduce instances of shoplifting, e 1. Have you ever been a victim of a scanner fraud? 2. Have you ever been ripped off? 3. What would you do if you saw somebody shoplifting? MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS symbol | example | read as | meaning of a symbol my five point four decimals + |atb aplus b addition - |a-b a minus b subtraction x | 5x4 5 times/multiplied by 4 multiplication > [4:2 four divided by two | division = |1m=100cm | 1 mequals 100 cm | equality # |x4y x does not equal y non-equality < |x |x >0 x greater than 0 inequality v 19 the square root of 9 root-taking Vr the cube root of 27 | root-taking va the n" root of a root-taking = approximately proximity % two thirds fractions a ato the power of n power-taking a a squared power-taking a a cubed power-taking Ul square brackets () parenthesis, round brackets_| 66TASK 2 — Write the following expressions in the form of numbers into the box. [ar ff bi gf ol hr a il ef il a. twenty meters by fifteen meters f. sixteen divided by eight b. two thirds g. seven cubed ¢. the square root of sixteen h. the cube root of twenty seven d. seven times three equals /is/ twenty one i.__three fourths e. twelve point fifty six j. eight to the fourth power TASK 3 — Complete the sentences below by putting one word in each space. Use the following words. area, capacity, distance, length, liquid, speed, weight, height 4. The .............0f the Empire State Building in New York is four hundred and forty- three meters. 2. The ............. Of Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco is one thousand nine hundred and seventy meters. 3. The surface of Lake Balaton in Hungary is five hundred and ninety- three square meters. 4. The maximum ... .. limit on expressways in Slovakia is one hundred and thirty kilometres per hour. 5. The ............++ Of Big Ben Bell in London is thirteen thousand seven hundred and sixty kilograms. 6. The ..... between Zilina and Bratislava is about two hundred kilometres. 7. The Maxi Corgofi Bottle can hold one point five litres of ..... 8. The engine ........... of a Formula One car is three thousand cubic centimetres. 67TASK 4 — Rewrite the measurements in TASK 3 as numbers and abbreviations. SNOOP PN > TASK 5 _ Rewrite the measurements below as numbers and abbreviations. twenty-three kilometres per hour ........ two litres .... one point five square meters six square kilometres eighteen kilograms one hundred and thirty grams .... one point five meters by fifty centimetres .... 1. 2, 3. 4, §. fifty millilitres ........... 6. 7. 8. 9. nought point seven five cubic meters ........... IDIOM KEYED UP meaning - excited, nervous, on pins and needles eg. Anna got so keyed up before the exam that she became ill. Give examples of situations when you get keyed up. Use these constructions: What gets me keyed up /on pins and needles. | get on pins and needles/ keyed up when... 68TASK @ — Work in pairs. Chose one of the following UPC symbols. Student A - give instructions to student B how to calculate the check digit and determine if the UPC number is valid or not. If not, what should the check digit be? Then change your roles. i uit EN pe nich il pe i} i l i t (vn 4 ; | tt iN Vin MM iq H! Wt) (a) o ea ince (b) 0 ee a 4) ° Sool | a i | hl Ml) CS Ne (a)° you 13045" g(g) 0) 8831045277" ap 0 63219 Hh 6 TASK For each of the following UPC symbols, calculate the check digit. fl i ii a my ny 0 UE I! q Ni i I I | | wit Dn i i Ui Hin il il mn hi il A177 1 fi EC -VOprEN (4° ila Fone! (e)° Kore! o130 69848"06510 o wm mee 0 ut Mali (a) (b) 69GLOSSARY access acid admission afar affect airborne air-condition allow alternating current altitude amazing amber amount amplification amplifier amplify angle antenna apparatus appliance application approach arrange assessment assign attachment attend a lecture attenuate attenuation attract automation available average Bachelor band bandwidth be admitted to the ZU be available beam bend bill bind, bound, bound board pristup kyselina prijatie diatka, vzdialeny ovplyvnit vo vzduchu klimatizacia dovolit, umoznit striedavy prid vyska, nadmorské wy8ka dzasny jantar mnozstvo zosilnenie zosiliovaé zosilnit uhol anténa pristroj zariadenie, pristroj, spotrebié, pouiitie vyuiitie pristup usporiadat’ hodnotenie pridelit, priradit priloha chodit na predna’ky zoslabit zoslabenie pritahovat’ automatizacia dostupny, k dostaniu, k dispozicii priememy bakalar pasmo Sirka pasma, byt priaty na ZU byt k dispozicii, dostupny zvzok Iiéov ‘ohniit, ohyb set, faktuira viazat, spajat doska 70bond breaker breakthrough broadband broadcast built-in channel by means cafeteria campus canteen capability capacitor carrier carry carry electricity casing cell cellular tower cireuit circuit board circuit breakers cladding clamshell coating co-founder coil commutator compress condenser conduct conductivity conductor connection connectivity consequent considerable consist of contribution control control unit controller convert copper core corporate costs spojit istié zasadny objav, nahly pokrok, prielom Sirokopasmovy vysielat zabudovany kanal prostrednictvom, pomocou menza vysoko8kolsky areal menza schopnost, spésobilost’ kondenzator prepravea, letecké spolognost, nosna frekvencia prendSat, niest viest elektrinu obal, puzdro, kryt, plast @anok, bunka vysielaé (vezZovy) obvod doska plo8nych spojov elektricky preruSovaé, istié puzdro, vonkajgi obal otvaracia musfa ochranna vrstva, pla8t, obal, povlak spoluzakladatef cievka, zavit komutator, kolektor stlacit kondenzator viest vodivost vodié spojenie pripojenie nasledna znaény pozostavat, skladat sa prinos riadenie, oviadanie riadiaca jednotka kontrol6r, riadiaci obvod regulatora konvertovat, menit’ med jadro podnikovy naklady $i Thcrash current, curriculum curve dean decoding decomposition decrease define demodulate demodulation dentistry depend on deplete device device devise diameter die digit diode direct current disembowel displace display dormitory dots downlink download draw drive duplex duration ease electric current electric flow electric relay electrical circuit electrical outlet electrolyte electromotive force electroplating emanate embed encoding end-use device krach, zritenie stigasny, prid ugivo, uéebny plan, osnovy, Stidium krivka, ohyb, zakrivenie, ohnuit dekan dekédovanie rozklad zniZenie, pokles, znizit definovat demodulovat’ demodulacia zubné lekarstvo zavisiet vyéerpat’ zariadenie zariadenie, apardt, pristroj vymysliet, vyndjst priemer mikromodul, kocka Gislica, cifra diéda Jednosmemy priid rozobrat’ vytladit, presuntt, vyhnat vystavit, ukazat internat bodky zostupny spoj stiahnut pritiahnut (si) pohon podvojny, obojsmemy trvanie jednoduchost, fahkost’ elektricky priid elektricky tok elektrické relé elektricky obvod elektricka zésuvka elektrolyt elektromotoricka sila elektrické pokovovanie Sirit sa, vyZarovat zapusti’ zak6dovanie koncové zariadenie $$$ 72enhance enrol for entrance exams equip essential etch even evident exert extend fabricate faceplate fail an exam fan fee fellow student fibreglass field of study filament file fix flashlight flexibility flow fluctuate for instance force fraud fraudulent frequency band full-time student fur fuse gate generate generator get involved in sth. grab graduate graduation ceremony graphite grid grocery store ground handle handset zlepéit, zvysit zapisat sana prijimacie ski8ky vybavit' (technicky) zasadny vyhibit, vypalit, vyleptat pamy zrejmy vykonat, rozsirit, zvacsit vyrobit, vyhotovit’ licna do&tiéka neurobit’ skiSku ventilator poplatok spoluziak sklené vidkno, laminat Studijny odbor wiakno stibor namontovat, upevnit’ baterka pruznost, flexibilnost’ tok, tiect” kolisat, menit sa (na) priklad sila podvod podvodnicky frekvenéné pasmo Student denného kozusina poistka hradlo vytvarat,, generovat, vyrabat (energiu) generator Zapojit sa do uchopit’ promovat, absolvent promécia tuha, grafit, medzera, siet ‘obchod s potravinami zem, pozemny zaobchadzat, oviadat, manipulovat slichadlo, mikrofon rr Bharmless headset hidden high-definition TV hollow hostel hub charge charger chlorine chunk improve incorporate increase induce in-flight calling install installation insulate insulation insulator integrated circuit interconnect interference interrupt inventory invisible isolate issue item jewellery kettle landing Jaunch layer lead leak out link liquid log on loss luggage compartment magnitude make a timetable manufacture manufacturer ne’kodny slichadla skryty televizia s vefkym 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printed circuit board process processing prominent propeller property provide purchase purpose radiate radius raise range rate vetkopredaj siet, siefovina, el. sluéka (obvodu), okruh miniaturizacia miniaturizovat modulovat moduldcia namontovat, pripevnit’ nezékonny, zloginny jadro povinny predmet vyskytovat’ sa neparny na palube lietadla fungovat,, pracovat volitetny predmet prekonat’ problém éastica Student externého Sttidia urobit’ skuSku draha vzor vykonat, vykon povolenie povolit jav, fenomén kopa doktorand napatie sila, energia, vykon cvigenie tlak doska plo&nych spojov spracovat spracovanie napadny vrtuta viastnost’ poskytovat kupit Uéel vyzarovat polomer zvysit pasmo, rozpatie, rozsah pomer, miera, rychlostreceive recipient recognition recover rector reduce reduction refraction regulate relate to reliability reliable remote remove renewable repeater repel requirements resist resistance resistor retail product retain retake an exam return channel reverse revive rip off robust 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switch on tag take an exam take-off temporarily terminal terrestrial therefore thread throughout tin transformer transmission transmit transmitter transponder unauthorized undergraduate unlike uplink upset utilize, utilise versatile viable vice-dean vice-rector voltage waveguide wavelength wavelength-division multiplexing wear down width wire medzerovanie Specializovat sa navésit na seba, naskladat Standard, norma uchovavat data stiahnuf vrehnd vrstvu substancia, latka trpiet kyselina sirova sthm, suéet supravodivy prepinaé, spinaé, vypinaé vypnit’ zapniit Btitok ist na skU8ku, robit skiSku valietnutie dogasne terminal, koncové zariadenie, koncovy pozemny preto vlakno po cely as cin, konzerva transformator prenos prend8at, vysielat wysielaé transpondér neopravneny Student na rozdiel od vzostupny narusit zuzitkovat, vyuzit, upotrebit v&estranny, mnohostranny Zivotaschopny prodekan prorektor el. napatie vinovod vinova dizka vinovy multiplex opotrebovat’ sa sirka drét, inStalovat el. vedenie, zapojit rr 7wireless bezdrotovy wiring elektroinstaldcia wrap ovintit, omotat wrist zapastie ELECTRICAL ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS A: Ampere AC: Alternating Current or Air Conditioning (depends upon context) AF: Audio Frequency ANSI: American National Standards Institute BEV: Billion Electron Volts BW: Bandwidth CBI: Complementary Binary CFL: Compact Florescent Light dB: Decibels DC: Direct Current e: Efficiency EMF: Electromagnetic Field EV: Electron Volt FDC: Flow Duration Curve FCEV: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle G: Conductance GFCI: Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter 78 H: Gross Head h: Net Head Hz: Hertz |; Current J: Joule kW: Kilowatt LF: Low Frequency LION: Lithium fon MAD: Mean Annual Discharge MW: Megawatt OCV: Open Circuit Voltage POV: Peak Operating Voltage Q: Charge R: Resistance RF: Radio Frequency SW: Short Wave V: Voltage/Volt VA; Volt Ampere VOM: Volt OhmMeterBIBLIOGRAPHY Pe No 8. 9. 10. 1. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18, 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24, 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 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A1. [www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travelnews/1305928/Europe-approves-in-flight- mobile-calls.html] [www.thefreedictionary.com/] [www.wikipedia.org] [www.yourdictionary.com] 80Autorky — PhDr. DanuSa Vavrikova, PhDr. Sofia Gallové, Mgr. Katarina Pazicka Nézov ENGLISH IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING FOR STUDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ZILINA Vydala —Zilinska univerzita v Ziline vo februdri 2010 ako svoju 2850. publikéciu Naklad 500 vytlackov ISBN 978-80-554-0162-1 Vytladené z dodanych predioh.