Electrie Circuits Laboratory Faculty of Engincering NTYY ES Department of Electrical Engineering Spring 2014/2015 EXPERIMENT (1) ; ia OHM'S LAW oe TOs Uestee) pentane Objective: pores a JT The object of this test is to verify experimentally that, the voltage drop across an ohmic resistance caused by flowing an electrical current through it - is directly proportional to the value of this current. The constant of proportionality is the ohmic value of the resistance. Mathematically, Ohm's law takes the form: V=RI ‘Where: V = Voltage drop in (volts) , I= Current in (A ) , and R = resistance in (Q) Equipment: a) Test board. b) Three known resistances, 2.5 KQ, 5 KQ and 10 KQ. ©) DC power supply. d) Two multimeters. ’ Work Steps: a) Connect the circuit shown in Fig. 1 +e A Fig. | b) Use a resistor R1. Make sure that the polarity of the voltage source and the multimeters is correct and that the correct measurement range has been selected. ¢) Start with 2 Volts; increase the input voltage to 10 V in steps of 2 volts. Measure the current (I ) at each step. Do not change the measurement range settings of the multimeter. Record the results in Table 1.1.Taif University Electric Circuits Laboratory Faculty of Engineering DPV Y ES Department of Electrical Engineering Spring 2014/2015 d) Repeat the measuring sequence using the resistor R2. Do not change the measurement range settings and record the results in Table 2. e) Repeat the measurement sequence once more using the resistor R3 and record the results in Table 3. £) Determine the quotient V/I for the values recorded in Table | and enter them in columns in the same Tables. g) Compare the values of V/I in each table with the value of the corresponding resistance. h) Plot the values measured on the graph as shown below in Fig. 2. i) Verify that R=tan © Results: Table 1 Riggs a v(v) (A) \.\e] vit. (ay BZ 5s Dee 2-2 lo G Beie ee} ost aT es ria 2N6 Table 2 R2 Far aA v(v) (A) V/I(Q) 2.5 lo- Sous | 462 = oe ne Bee 4.62 10 Z.iste’| 4.65Taif University Electric Circuits Laboratory Faculty of Engineering NeT YES Department of Electrical Engineering Spring 2014/2015 Table 3 R3 lo vm) 1 (A) o-2440V (9) us os 9.61 3S oe sie] 4.8 1° l.otxed] AN ta 5 a Figure 2 V-I characteristic Comments: it..this .expevivnent the. ciweuit wis.usevies,Se the CANA) Sm Ceara Stout... but... he equivalent. fe, Srsbecree OF SONICS. Crt Une ton Cor Me... Calcuetttych. 5. Bolus, : a Ry R. oe Re = Rp — Cr “a bowns Laas” is—.avew—byy diy Ten equation, 2 ieee aTaif Universi Faculty of Engine Department of Elects Basics of Electric Circuits ing 803224-3 al Engineering EXPERIMENT 2 SERIES RESISTORS Objecti The object of this experiment is to show experimentally that, the equivalent resistance Reg of a group of resistors connected in series is the sum of them Components and Apparatus: a) Three known resistors R1, R2 and R3. b) Two multimeters. c) Single DC Power Supply. Work Steps: a) Connect the circuit shown below in figure 2.1. Rt R2 R3 R4 XML xz eh} ¥ seis] A Figure 2.1 b) Adjust the DC source voltage at 2V, for example. c) Record the ammeter and voltmeter readings (I and E). d) Determine Req = E/I ©) Compare Req with (RI +R2+R3). f) Vary the DC voltage source in steps to 10 V in step 2V. g) Ineach step repeat (d_) and (e)Taif University Basics of Electric Circuits Faculty of Engineering 803224-3, Department of Electrical Engineering h) Record the readings in Table 2.1 Table 2.1 E I E/L RI+R2+R3 2Vv. | 0-38 a (26 | E-2 ba B Av |o Trl 5-4 | 53Ka 2A VAIN M5226 PERS C 5 5 TY | Ve 33m (26 | 536.0 EY | 0-GaAl 5-26] 5-3 Ba Comments: the eivewyt WG Series tpab meant \- the series ef ements kav . C 5 2- the vesistanc Hee Some current ein levy, \w Ge Vieg CAleulated 4 Sollows ae att Mg nee oe tea vse Ohm i. lawg fae Alea lete as follo We te Yes (StangBasics of Electric Circuits 803224-3 Taif University Faculty of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering EXPERIMENT 3 PARALLEL RESISTORS Objective: The object of this experiment is to show experimentally that, the equivalent conductance Geq of a number of parallel resistors is the sum of their conductance , i.¢., for three parallel resistors RI , R2 and R3 Geq = G1 + G2+ G3 or 1/Req = (1/R1) + (1/R2) + (1/R3) Components and Apparatu: a) Three known resistors R1, R2 and R3. b) Two multimeters. ©) Single DC Power Supply. Work Steps: a) Connect the circuit shown below in figure 3.1 . Figure 3.1 b) Adjust the DC source voltage at E = 2 V, for example . c) Record the ammeters and voltmeters readings in Table 3.1 .Taif University Basics of Electric Circuits Faculty of Engineering 803224-3 Department of Electrical Engineering d) Determine Gey = (levE) , Gi = (IE) , Gp = (lo/E) , Gs= (1y/E) and record the results in Table 3.1 Table 3.1 E Trot i L i, [lt hth] G, G, | Gs | Geq | E/ Tie 2 14-54] [.4¢10.60| % [4-55 [09023 | \ |2.29]0.43 4 [4 20]3-49f1-2 [a-o | 7-2 [ows] 0-3 [V4] 2.3 [oa 6 |13-4]6.03]\-B2]6 -07]443-4| 1 Jo-3 | 1-6] 2-31 jo-43 y |W. 45] 7-47] 2-49-0311 F-4 [9-44] F [1-7 ]2-3] 0-43 0 [2244996] 3 |\o.04 ~3 [o-rale-3 [1-2]2-29]0-43 e) Compare Ii with ( I;+y+Hs) and Gg = G+G2+Gs £) Vary the DC source voltage in steps and repeat (¢ to e) Comments: Thee civeuit 6 parallel trat meares 1: the Vol huge \® con ghent Lo the vesigtance can be caleuted as fol ae \ a ae ee ee Wo aR a, ows: (« C\) : the Current entewring 4a Caual ie nek cwRV iy 4 The Civey \eeving H+ hisTaif University Faculty of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering Basies of Electric Circuits 803224-3 EXPERIMENT 4 VOLTAGE DIVIDER Objective: The object of this experiment is to prove experimentally that, for a series resistors group the voltage drop across any one, say Ri , is proportional to the total voltage drop across the group. The constant of proportionality is the ratio of Ri to the sum of all the group resistors. Mathematically: R, =v ER the voltage drop across the resistor Ri V = the total voltage drop across the group . =R = the sum of the group resistors. Components and Apparatus: a) Three known resistors R1, R2 and R3. b) Two Multimeters . c) DC power supply. Work Steps: a) Connect the circuit shown below, Fig. 4.1. Alv ae Rt R2 R3 Fig 4.1Taif University Faculty of Engineering d) Determine V3 = 4l Department of Electrical Engineering Ta b) Adjust the DC source voltage at E = 2 Volts, ©) Record the voltmeter readings in Table 4.1 V and record the calculated values in Table ©) Compare V3 with the voltmeter reading. Basics of Electric Circuits 803224-3 4) Vary the DC source voltage in steps and repeat ( ¢ to ¢) ¥~ Canbe Uges Va ce Re & one Multimeters. Valkame Livedey Kulecanbo given the fe ha wing. La measured 2) Table 4.1 E(V) V3 measured Vs cateulated Error 2 a OES 0.258 0 392 4}, 511 © S06 1, 64970 See ee O.259 Leeta2 2 j.olt Assit Z, o1ge 10 Pere? 3 Me e66 Ya. S49 Conclusion: e Voléwe mud move for Ulbhe besisters « Y ervope \ caleubkel - Se x lovTaif University Faculty of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering Basics of Electric Circuits 803224-3 EXPERIMENT 5 CURRENT DIVIDER Objective: The object of this experiment is to prove experimentally that for an n parallel resistors group, the current flowing in any one, say RI, is proportional to the total current group. The constant of proportionality is the ratio of Gi to the sum of all the group conductance. Mathematically: ra " Se, Where: I, = the current flowing in the resistor R; I, the total group current. 1 G,= R The R; Conductance ee aes leer ee XG RRR the sum of the group conductance Components and Apparatu: a) Three known resistors R1, R2 and R3 ‘b) Two Multimeters c) DC power supply Work Steps: a) Connect the circuit shown below, Fig. 5.1. b) Adjust the DC source voltage at say E= 2 volts. c) Record the two ammeters readings in Table 5.1 G ine I, =——2— @ Determine = GTG VG bn and record the calculated values in Table 5.1Taif University Basics of Electric Circuits Faculty of Engineering 803224-3 Department of Electrical Engineering A TA| trot 13 Bik] A Rt Re Ra Fig 5.1 e) Compare 13 with the ammeter reading. 0) Vary the DC source voltage in steps and repeat (c toe). Table 5.1 ZW) Ts measured cacuitea | %Error a 3:38 tag | ano lets 4 6. 63 2.9 3.92 Llc : to Goge S299 | 498 See Dene VATA 7.99% | ¥i0-33 10 16 7S 2.98 es Hoke Comments: we nite tr this exPeriment that the mere pue the errr (n thex efPerim ent decieassedTaif University Basics of Electric Cireuits Faculty of Engineering 803224-3 Department of Electrical Engineering EXPERIMENT 6 KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW Objectiv The objective of this Experiment is to verify experimentally Kirchhoff's Voltage Law ( KVL). KVL states that: “Around any closed loop the algebraic sum of voltage drops is equal to the electromotive forces”. Mathematically, KVL takes the following form: XV=ZE. Where: V = voltage drop (V) , B= electromotive force (V). Equipments: a) Three resistors R, R and R3. (1000 , 2209 , 1K 2) b) DC variable voltage source (0-10 V) c) Three ammeters and three voltmeters. Procedure: a) Assemble the circuit as shown in Fig. 6.1 b) Adjust the DC source at E= 5 V. ©) Measure voltage drops across each resistor PVA ea at Pay. d) Measure the current I. a A ¢) Does (¥,+ V2 + V3) equal to E? £) Does I equal to E/(Ry+ Rz + Rs)?Taif University Basies of Electric Circuits Faculty of Engineering 803224-3, Department of Electrical Engineering 2) Does V; equal to (E*R,)/(Ry+ Ry + Rs) (i123) ? h) Adjust the DC source at 10V. i) Repeat steps (c) to (g) and fill in table 6.1. Tale 6.1: Measured and calculated data for KVL Ez 25V ee Quantity | calculated | Measured values values %error | calculated | Measured | %error values values y 1a 7 | Nae 37/26 DD y, [0.84 | 285 fe45 [1649 % |o38 [o4 [%I-3 | 3 ee leas ere | Ose ee erie) MY, 0% or lter5| o7 06 Ong: % error =100 * (calculated — measured)/measured EA] Fig 6.1Basics of Electric Circuits Faculty of Engineering 803224-3 Department of Electrical Engineering Comments: ¥ Bigger amount ake Series «Sram kN se NoweTaif University Faculty of Engineering Basics of electrical Circuits Course No. 803224-3 Department of Electrical Engineering Spring 2014/2015 al EXPERIMENT #7 KIRCHHOFF'S Current LAW The objective of this Experiment is to verify experimentally Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL). KCL states that : “At any node in an electric circuit, the algebraic sum of the currents is zero”. ‘And KCL takes the following form: Z1=0 Where: I= current entering or leaving the considered node (A) - a) Three resistors Ry, Rz and Rs. (1002 , 2202 , 1K. 2.) b) DC variable voltage source (0-10 V) ©) Three ammeters and three voltmeters. Procedure: a) Assemble the circuit as shown in Fig, 7.1. b) Adjust the DC source at 5 V. c) Measure currents (I,, fz, and Iroe)- ) Does (I+ Iz) equal to Igor 2 ¢) Caloulate Req for both Ry and Rp. f) Does J; equal to ae Hoge @=l2y)Taif University Faculty of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering [eaten isan Ce EEE g) Change the DC source to 10 V. h) Repeat steps (c) and (f) and fill in table 7.1. Tale 7.1: Measured and calculated data for KCL. Basics of electrical Circuits Course No. 803224-3 Spring 2014/2015 E=2.5V E=5V Quantity | calculated Measured % error calculated Measured % error values values values values le | Zawh |O 796A B% | 14.6wali2ce|F2H fe [LbuA | L585 |VSZo | 2 224 [3 06 wAIE2Z% tor [Bawa |S 226A 7% | Zama Vos/m4] 9% % error =100 * (calculated — measured)/measured Itot RI R2 Fig. 7.1Basics of electrical Circuits Course No. 803224-3 Spring 2014/2015 Taif University Faculty of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering Comments: _wenete—tnt his exitiment that the. ter the c£@ort incieese\ wer and Ae Beem _ Peo Porkenof mis IncYeass od PreveS Taif University Faculty of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering Basics of electrical Circuits Course No. 803224-3 Spring 2014/2015 EXPERIMENT #8 Mesh Analyses Method (MAM) Objective: The objective of this Experiment is to verify experimentally the Mesh analyses method (MAM) for solving electrical circuits. Mathematically, MAM takes the following form: (R] f] = [Vv] Where [R] Stands for resistors matrix [i] Stands for meshes currents matrix [V] Stands for voltage sources matrix Equipments: a) Eight resistors R, to Rg. (I KQ, 1.5 KQ, 15K Q,2.2KO,1KQ, 2KQ,4709) b) DC variable voltage source (0-10 V each) c) Three ammeters. Procedurs a) Assemble the circuit as shown in Fig. 1. b) Adjust the DC source at 5V. c) Measure Mesh currents (iy, ip, é3, and ig). Palod.mA, i= 009A, ig = ALA ty = el 63. A d) Re-adjust the DC source at 10V. e) Measure Mesh currents (i, iz, is, and ig). iy = aQNb.wA, ig = 1ASEBLA, ip ig ie A. 4 f) Use mesh analyses method to calculate currents iy, iz, iz, and i .Taif University Basics of electrical Circuits Faculty of Engineering Course No. 803224-3 Department of Electrical Engineering Spring 2014/2015 g) Fill in table 1. h) Comment on results. ‘Supply Voltage = 5 V V=10V Quantity | calculated Measured % Error | calculated Measured % Error values values. values values i, [2d | ae, [a 7 4 Brees! 2% Boje ereieae, P| Sr | 88 is 344 ied 3 eee) |. 5 PRisia ofS ZH Calculated Value — Measured Value Measured Value % Error = x 100 R z Fig. | circuit under testce me Tyo San, ah). T+ 2d, -2f. soual oMaly.. aval, - od, 213d] Jor meth ] 15 Tees eee eee ene) ISTggo4aTs- oe, = en -o.4AE g hagtee -5 SAB. eee (ty = oe ete oth 0 1-99 ne =, Tes ojot mA Tye oH WA > oe i ee Bopeviment x B For meth J) Ty lie Teale eT) = « 1, 420,21, .o475, wotlece Fey mesh 2 157, +227, +H +2Lt)= lo 4.5], 42.20e+te ig etree ~22, 16.442 = le Fer mesh 2 15 454049ts wot7l, = -lo Ts0-2d mA en eeTaif University Basics of electrical Circuits Faculty of Engineering Course No. 803224-3 Department of Electrical Engineering Spring 2014/2015 EXPERIMENT #9 Node Voltage Method (NVM) Objective: The objective of this Experiment is to verify experimentally the node voltage method (NVM) for solving electrical circuits. Mathematically, MAM takes the following form: (al Vl = fl Where [G] Stands for conductance matrix [i] Stands for meshes currents matrix [V] Stands for voltage sources matrix Equipments: a) Eight resistors Ry to Re. (I KQ, 1.5 KO, 1.5K O,22KO,1K 2. 470) b) DC variable voltage source (0- 10 V each) c) Three voltmeters. Procedure: a) Assemble the circuit as shown in Fig. 1. b) Adjust the DC source at SV. ¢) Measure node voltages (v4, v2, vis, and i). vy = $22 Vy 0 = ie 4) Re-adjust the DC source at 10V. €) Measure Mesh currents (¥;, V2, and V3) Fae aoedhy = OHAD 2) Use node vol h) Fill in table 1° i) Comment on results. oe ia method to calculate voltages v1, V2, and V3 -Taif University Basics of electrical Cireuits Faculty of Engineering Course No. 803224-3 Department of Electrical Engineering Spring 2014/2015, Supply Voltage = 5 V V=10V Quantity | calculated | Measured | %Error | calculated | Measured | % Error values values values values vy | 5.294 3.194 | 0.6. | 6.481 6632 | 0.025 ole ea 2.514 Joyo [454% Choe) [lens Us | 6.355 D434 | o3o | 5,43 BMP | oa. oh Error = £tlculated Value — Measured Value. | Measured Value R vw R 2.2KQ R Fig. | circuit under testvee (sigtie he -8 ) (t+ dq aD- hve ) aV 7 y+ Coat Ty: |. 66 0.45us v2 -V2 ze 1, 46, — 0.4 545%: — V0 RH O4S4SV, 426.4545 V2 -25 V3= 5 Te ee Noes ee ec -otb4s -\] [vy = Leusys 20.45 -281) Ve 5 Ei a as sa) ie = 0.1623 V eo Vz, -o 2473 V gas y «264 Me -BSVe = fo | 4 rN oe M2 EeZBE Gas alc) Ng) oon ee vy ° potay 26.45 “271 1y, | | go yee aby -le Nis Seng av In = Cpvoritda, Vi Mf, castle M