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AUR, CRB, SAR, RATER, TRIBE, BE THEA, JLT EBL@LBAE, emezenex ARMOIRES ABSTRCT ‘The superlong span cable-stayed bridges are more and more favored in practices when the main span beyond 1000 meters compared with suspension bridges. Beside the Hong Kong Stonecutters Bridge and Su-Tong Bridge, planning and feasibility studies of some other large projects are also imagined in China. Focusing on some superlong span cable-stayed bridges such as Su-Tong Bridge, this dissertation deeply discussed many problems as following mainlined by design theories and special mechanical behaviors. 1. Studies on the conceptual design and approximate calculation formulas. Based on the existing research results and practices, this paper systemically expatiates principles of some global design parameters and the structural detailing during the conceptual design. Approximate formulas about internal forces of pylon, girder and cables under dead load and traffic load are deduced on the assumption of beam on elastic foundation. Combined with theoretical deduction and statistical data, two formulas for basic frequency of cable-stayed bridges, such as the first-order bending and torsion vibration are presented. Compared with those formulas in the current specifications, the presented formulas have advantages of simpler form, higher accuracy and clearer physical meaning. 2. Comparative studies on some optimization methods of cable forces for the reasonable final state and construction stages, and all kinds of nonlinearity effect of cable-stayed bridges. Jn the paper, many optimization methods of cable force are systemically studied and summarized. Associated with the practice of Su-Tong Bridge, ideal final and construction stages can be achieved by stressing all stay cables just one time. By using single cable model, the effects of three nonlinearity computing methods of superlong cable are compared. It is proved that cable simulating methods by 8 nodes or 8 sub-elements, in the range of spans from 1000m to 2000m, both have high precision. As to the final state and construction stages of Su-Tong Bridge, many kinds of geometric nonlinearity effects are systemically analyzed. Studies show that@LLAF ninmeemex AARRARH ROR erection geometry of long-span cable-stayed bridges, if the sag effect of superlong cables are simulated by the equivalent module method, may becomes untrue. It is serious that the elevation error along the girder comes up to a maximum of 30cm caused merely by this factor. Finally, calculating methods of traffic load are analyzed and it shows that second-order theory is still effective for those cable-stayed bridges with 1000m or much longer span. 3. Studies on trial design and parametric behaviors of superlong span cable-stayed bridges. Trial designs of three kinds of superlong span cable-stayed bridge with span of 1200m, 1400m and 1600m are carried out, and structural behaviors under live load, lateral static wind, structural instability and aerodynamic performance of three bridges are discussed. Results shows that structural instability is the main dominating factor with the span becoming much longer. Influence rules of many geometric parameters such as the depth of girder, the stiffness of the pylon, the ratio of height-to-length, the layout of cables and the ratio of width-to-length of the girder are obtained through profound and comparative research. The applicability of twin-box girder in superlong span cable-stayed bridges are also compared and demonstrated. 4. Theory analysis on cable-stayed bridge by multi-cable plane Comparative researches on cable-stayed bridge of 1600m span in the aspect of static force and instability and dynamic appearance and economic comparison, finally, It opens up that cable-stayed bridge by multi-cable plane isn’t reasonable structure configuration in the domain of superlong span cable-stayed bridge. Meanwhile, twin box girder and traditional gradient double-cable plane are reasonable choice to bridge whose span is above 1400m. 5. Comparative research on structural system of long span cable-stayed bridges. Based on Su-Tong Bridge and one superlong span cable-stayed bridge using unilateral hybrid girder, it does the research on integral mechanics performance influenced by the following factors such as the connection between pylon and girder and subsidiary pier at side span and hybrid girder. Some conclusions have been implemented in the design of Su-Tong Bridge. relevant technical research methods could be taken as reference to other projects with similar characteristics. Vv@L2t5, emmevnex MBAR SIR STRICT 6. Economic index and research on the reasonable span limit of self-anchored cable-stayed bridge. Based on the Euler column model under axial force, it derives estimated expression of minimal flexural stiffness of sectional variable pylon under the control of instability. The computation indicates the presented expression is of superb accuracy and high practical value. In paper, it does collection about some technical and economical index of some representative cable-stayed bridge all over the world, which can be used as reference to conceptual design. It does systematic research on dominant technical factors about span limit. Based on statistics, it derives expression of the equivalent amount of steel usage to superstructure of cable-stayed bridge and suspension bridge, moreover, derives the simple expression of relation between span and economical efficiency. According to this expression, it indicates that cable-stayed bridge is of large competitive in the economic aspect even if span is above 1400m or 1600m. 7. Geometry control and precision criterion of long span steel cable-stayed bridges. It indicates basic principles of geometry control, confirms its procedure. Applying the deterministic method, it does sensitivity analysis to primary parameters in construction control of Su-Tong Bridge. Finally, in the consideration of geometry harmony, it puts forward proposals of precision control requirements of steel cable-stayed bridge, and does trial of availability through approximate analysis. At the end, it briefly discusses the research topics in next step. KEYWORDS: cable-stayed bridge; long span; conceptual design; nonlinear; elastic stability; dynamic characteristic; aerodynamic instability; twin box girder; multi-cable plane; structure system; technical and economical index; span limit; construction control; geometry controlSRCRMLEBRRE ANGE TAKER FUR, FRR. ORPAALIO CHALE, FERMT AA: BRAEMAR A, PRA REALE MAA ETI, SRR, BREN. ii, MFURACFARAK, RAPA RRR Rett KEMELENRA BDO MBS: PRAGA ARE RA EBT TRE IEE IO ICA SS EE AH F Ws CEA A SEP, PRATER HLCM MARAMA AAT SRM 4 STONES: BEA, 206% 6A BRIAR, AAMT RE, 2 READ ABH RSAUES: FRAMERS: * AOA & AGAFASAMEM MAME A AMER: HEN EREK, RAMESIES ET, MET TRIPARAN KR. BRP OBES NAAT, AA HAR RRA EA CIE, BAF RRMA RAAF REN TER ATA. MASA RTL EH RSET A RE PE, UATE AAT AR. ARAPALID CR ANE OE HAA ARIE 2eob%* bA OHBARRA ATCT Bik #£t 1.1 aE AABEGRAWWALTUERAR ERA, CER HRM LEMMA. BAR RHLTAAABHEK, HALA ZAREK, BTML TRO EIA, SHRILL, FVABEH. SHE. HHAENESOMREASHM PERE. 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MER. to £8 Niemburg FHS, RAAEDSS FRED DG, REWRARSS SARWAN RA Gimsing 4 iH!"", Roebling ZE Wit Brooklyn BEM, SUIRILIA WBA IEIHE T 1SOMIN A5e KA, GELKARERED AMO ELRARL, MARCIA. F Dischinger BIRABE MOIRA. 1938 4, Dischinger ERP ALE Elbe FI — RAR RAT, AL FURAMVENARIRTM LAMAR, WAAR, Be ‘ES AU Sa FTE A TS FE, TS HHE 1949 EM OEM MUIR T SC Bh EO AY OE RO TE “Roebling HAP MHHRTLLARAN”, WHT ARF Roebling KAM AWA HR Cen HSPRARARRER, GERM RA ARR, BR SHAD TR AEM Dischinger $R). REA Dischinger KAHWARKG ARAMA, CREM REAVER RH Stromsund HF, 95 183m, tH Dischinger 5 DEMAG AAR TERR BSL, F 1957 sea) Wee aT IA IN we, HK, AMAL, Roebling 1 K9 Dischinger HANK RAF. RARE OMEM, te HAP DR DENA, UELPREOREL ORS TRENES. HUH, BIE LEMMRATH, SARRRAMEHE, MRR TERA RR PTE ME ROAR. Dischinger FHA A FAE MANIA A Stromsund RL RLM BEA RADA HT CARA EMM. MIMEVIR! Dischinger FBR RNR MER ACS, MEMES Sh oe DHAN CREATE A, BIER BIT SSN BEL Roebling RAKR PHD RAKTAORAME. HHL, MARAE RATR. BAER, ABU 3@EBAE smmseymns wie ai PMT MIT ORR T TARE. A-*AHBMIEZ, F Leonhard F 1936 FFM AM LT ER EA COrthotropic type deck) MAHER, MISCLET SHAM, (ERT ERMA. HH HM HRKMPMTACM, BAUR. SHV LRART EA, CABG KM. PMAAFRETRERM OE, CAAT AREERHLAAB, HT ET RAEN LR, ATMAARHE LRM MBER. SARAH, BR ERUARAERS LRH. HELE MER, HAAR OENM, URE RMML. BH. SES SERA, RAHA RARE RAM, ROKER R A. BH OB. RD STEN T PRLS BAM. 20 tHe 60, 70 FUE HIER. Jt, PC AE HO, HARARE RRER LOE. PALE ATER, MTT RMT A ANUAAHT, MARL ERATE AFR, DET AORN” AB DUADR” RAE RETR PC TRTEA MS RHR” PAAR, 2002]. BRI TAK AD EGS SCRE OE 121 *ifLELBHeRSWR SRR DEL TERS “HUMIPR UR LOADER OLE” IEAM: SHEAR RRALR, MPTLRNAL DRL MSRASER, RAT AROS HAMS FR REEL OD, ALLE ILA Ar RY ACRE A A AT VL 1) MERERRRBERAR BURRIS (1955~1966) BMRA CERES MR 1~4 RR, $1 Sromsund #f Theodor Heuss $f, Maracaibo #), BSAA, (DSULB PC AILS. HRCA E ATA) 30~65m, WRLRERIEA 15~30m. RAGRAR, — 7H ROA HORA EARP RRP ORES RA RM, B— AMES PERN LAMAR ASF 4~S MH) [Gimsing). BRERARLAN ERM CAB ML EMS, HPA RM HE ADR, KEBRSAR, KEAPRITHAHRREDNAAENR, HAGA TE RLER. H Homberg "HHL EER MRD, F 19672 UCB Me Friedrich Ebert BE BS 280m, BF 36m. HUSA. AUST 20K, FRMERIE 224m, HER), FRONT BH AN EM . Finsterwalder MBG Ze 1972 FRM ATES TEAM Hochst Mein BL AUB ERAA SRR LER MAS (MEAP 148m, BFR 31m, REAR, ERIE 6.3m, 4Bae BAS semasptine BARR MRT RR 2.6m), REARRRRLA OT, HBT EM Broconne AG (1977 4B RD). CREAM TERA, BELGE, ELA, HH ABI, SHENG, AEFARBL. HERRERA. PERT HRB RASH FSAWH ORE, SRERAR BHT. 2) ERGRVAHER DHA DERM, HUSRAAER, PURE DNER, FLAP MAR A HORIAAGATOTS SERS ELA, WAASCRUERNHR, LARS. F Leonhardt F 1936 HHO RART ELF AA ME, AHELALLARMAR, WE HRS TRIR, BRANT RANMA ER OR. DACA FAQ LU LAE Leonhardt Br HEPA REN. ANAT CUA EPH. BRET Card HF. PRA COR IS). A COTTER AED. DIAUEMA RARAERGIMPARAR (Stonccutters KF, RHA). DARA, — MAO UT SUZ, CRPRRHLET, WER KIL AB. 70 RUS Finsterwalder FS FORRRRL SE (BRR) EMAAR, F101 Maracabo $f) Morandi MARRIHIRLER AR BAI. REL ERA AT — RATES FEMSEWA (Sunshine Skyway KE), MEAL ( VSL Pasco-Kennewick HAI, LAE HMA PK AGH, MEHR ALRRARMXoH), RAW CL Dames Point, East-Huntington BAF, LMA DP REG, Litt Helgeland HAURAKI A. PRL AB. BX (A Diepoldsan, Evripos HfL) ALAMUSL. ULE, Wem NERY BRER, HHMNSAR, MOSHER T LMM TR. WIL, BYE Leonhardt # Pasco-Kennewick SHLMHRMSY, BRL ERAT AR AAR RARE, Sm FUUEHEBAK. Bet, TRA, WRI) DP RT, PKS, HAMS, RATER, RAD. MIMS SA, HREM FRA SB 019 PC EARL FALE. Finstenwalder 5 7E 1967 AE FLHE XT ARATE SAT R. R.Walther ‘Wit Diepoldsau $F. J.Schaich ZE4S B81 Evripos #f, PLZ J.Holt Bt AD28BR Skamsundet FE OR, TAIRA ALLEN T TATE OS AL HL MT THE REE. BARRA CORRES HRS 5 HiPIE LA) Ad FLeonhardt F 1982 4 Sunshine Skyway S007 RHR ARMM, BAG ARARZEDEBET Rande HF. Annacis HF. EVE Hooghly? S Bi. MMBAEF. baytown HF, HAAR PA RAR, StL AG ER A ex. BENERERADM TREO IRA, TREMP (Slender deck) KARL FRR PRAMS RZ —, ER APTI WL WPL, PRE 1/50~1/70, BRZESI—ALHE 1/100~ 5@ELAL onmevnins wim sit 1300 Z(AZEL, EBA. M1 Dames Point HF (h/L=1/260). Skamsundet #F(1/247), HAHEI RHF C1208), S68, Helgeland BF (1/354), Normandy #F(1/285), Tatara HF(1/330), MiG A GF(1/272), ALRT $F (1/306). 4618 Evripos $F (MARR, 1/478). FESEHM, ERMA HLS T SN Seemanth. 8) BRR MERMS HH AWFHRELARESAEUNAHKRO SRLS AH, U RIV HREM GLE HRORAL, RARE RORLL I, DASERASEMANE, O05 DEF Ebro tf. PRIMM Ruck-A-Chucky FAR, KARAM RR LAD. BA L6F (40 Sunniberg #F), B28F (Ganter HF). SIS PRA GLE Millan BRHF. 48 Rion P. HARARE ORLA PAG RA”), PARAS HERR S, SS. SHAVE RNAAH, ERREAVENAN, DORARTRR RM, HAT FRAG. ELATRAACAMHORE, CALERA RAR aS SHRwZ—. 4) AMRRRA ARE TA RREARRERN AM. ARENA. WAX. Dh. MHS, MAND RABE T AMIE. RRA STARE AE 1882 ZEB LLOOMPa, 1932 E42 R53 1520MPa. SLIG7RA, 1570,1670,1770MPa FA HMRI”, BERET AAT ELREEAE. 2000MPa FI 2300MPa ML ARI TEPER RP, SOR, Pb RH Ee FARMS ER AEM OR, TARTU. BUTE. LARA CA HCL. AML. RAR) SHOR MAGEL. Hob, AML AAA KERMA Rs RR IN TAA He AO, A AR BT «ATL ECAC A TR HRB, MLR. Boh, BRB, MAMA BRM. AE. URES. BRE BSGRMRO, RRM PR HAA, AR. HR, Wt, HR) WR SGM RRR, AK, PARR, FART DRA) FRAMAKAR MEHR. REAAGES, LAR TARE RE. 5) MIBKSLE. Re LHS KIFERLELMSHUREBKPRRXASARATECE, LEMKE. GRA itt. ONAL AM AAR, 1984), ARLES A PRERLMS OR UERATHIAR, BRSLAKMARNESH. PARRA AN HUN SRL HE, WEOMILSERERERMAE, AREF R T BR OER. 6k @Lees RRL HRT BANSAL RTM TELA ERA RRL, TCS EE ea bk. MEET, MIDAPEERREAPTERANATS, ALGER RAEDS SH RO SERENA, SSUES DHE, ABA LINE. M.CTang "Ze Penang BFREIX REM, GET PELE, IEF 1988 EAE Dames Point HLA KIEHT “BW 421K" (cable-stayed carriages). Tang MERA RAA TR MER ERAGE ERE TARA ATE REPRE CET RAE. TALI, BAR AMR TL Diy UE IUP AMIEL BAL TEE. NRE EA TS RA ‘PHG%K, M1 Brotonne HF. Sunshine Skyway Hf, EBLE MRM EE. SHACRMEM, HORADHAMITRLETANARHLS, —RRAS SHA BERN, REGRPHRM ER. HRMS. WHERE, Bae BROCE, PWFTAM REAR RMLRHZ A. LRMIALSRHAMAS, H-FRETEROMAEL, RAT ASHE HEARED. PERALA ERS CREME SLI. OST wR, RAHERR, SHRARHMEAMIIS. HRRGPRMF A. RHE. UR. RERKIREMI BASHA. AH, ERR HM, RATER RAE BEATA AMAR, DMRS LAE. 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PRI, TR, seer SHARELRALEN, HAKAN -EAARHSM OUP. HB. Ee RECS) OR ACMETT OME, AMNHRS RT SMR AMER T HR. WProtte (1966), Okauchi (1967), Podolny (1971) ASR Ab PORUEAY fa BEL Se, SPOT HL RM. RIAA (METRE RAE) MMAR, WHER BEA AIT IR F , EARLE LID) AVI 2 SE PIR I FE. Hassan (1988) LRT EMARE KE. RAR OM TR ME RR. Walther!" 911355 200m H=PA ANH, RR SULA MAA OR AORN, DL RLARMERAAMGWER, WRAMMTTSRATR, BATU LILES A REE HPATIALMRE. D, HMRTEMERZ A RHAMAA DAS BRIER HL SR A NP BE NS a es EL CR SYP AA. Leonhardi(1980), Gimsing(1987)iit MHI T DPBS He. PSM SHE DETER SB HE md. FEES (2004) LIMA AAR, HART AE. BREATHE F MAL BYR EL BH APR, SA Be PAIR A EEC RS A TE@ALLE omnzsnex sie se AMIR. Tang (1976), Nagai. M (1988), #3835 (1995) sae HR AN ERAZARSLORLADRAENAEMER, HRT RRANFRAERM BLAM. ‘Nagai, Yamaguchi" "DL 1400m #1 931%, WILT PRIS RUBE A ARS AD SHAMIM, HAKAALRES ARLES AAMNHARRAE, NR, RM FA GARE RAE S RIG TE) ES. VESRAREERB AA HARK NERS REM ABRCRERKT RLS IK R. 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F, CRM AM 200MPa RAF KN, BARE 6.7KN CHER ATHRIE 1000m, 429381 J 2 200MPa) « RUE AALS AB MN ER. » KAS MP ARMEKAMR, oRAF ome seinies B30 AAMAS A DHRC R34 BALA FEHR AERRD AB CR (Unit: m, KN) anemelenad wea | seam | zea F F F F AF AF F F AF AF 4] 4 1000] 686.2 72774] 6864 727.7] 0.2 03 | 6903 7284] 41 10 2000] 13128 15088] 1312.4 15082] -04 -06 |1315.0 15093] 21 05 200 | 3000] 1938 2 22898] 1937.5 22889] -07 -09|1939.7 22901] 14 03 4000/ 2563.3 3070.8| 25619 30690} -1.4 -18 | 2564.4 3071.0] 11 0.2 so00| 31882 38517/31892 38530] 10 13 [31801 38519] 09 02 1000] 923.2 3844] 9248 3861[ 16 17 [9370 3875/1139 31 2000|17778 916.1|17777 9162] -01 01 |i7850 9175] 72 14 400 | 3000} 2628.2 14466) 26282 14467] 00 01 |26330 14475) 49 09 4000] 34774 19769] 34760 1976.1) -14 -08 |3481.0 19775] 37 07 5000 | 4326 1 25070] 43267 25074] 06 04 |43290 25075] 30 05 1ooo| 9893 1456] 9990 1498] 4.7 42 [10200 1520] 307 64 2000} 1927.4 5340] 19274 5346] 00 06 [1943.1 5366] 157 26 600 | 3000) 28556 9196 | 28550 9197] -0.6 01 |2866.2 9212] 106 16 4000} 3781.2 1304.7] 3779.0 13039] -22 -08|37892 13058) 80 1.2 5000| 47059 16895|47065 16899] 06 04 [47123 16905] 64 09 1500/14952 1203]1so10 1247] 58 44 [15319 1267] 368 64 2000) 19815 2716 }i9s31 2736] 16 20 |20092 2758) 277 43 800 | 3000] 29450 571.6 |29450 5722] -01 06 |29637 5741] 186 25 4000} 39041 8706 |39014 8702] -27 -04| 30181 8724] 140 18 5000 /48614 11693|48583 11686) 31-07 |48726 11707] 113 14 2000] 19987 71.1 [20054 756 | 67 45 [20421 776 | 434 65 3000) 29833 316.5] 29840 3180) 07 15 |30123 3201| 290 37 1000| 4000] 39606 560.2}39609 S610] 03 08 |39824 5627] 219 25 5000]49350 8033 [49352 8039) 02 06 |49526 8052] 175 19 6000|5908 1 10462] 59042 10456] -39 -06 |59227 10478] 146 15 Es RPPARRAM MOKA RCHARR AEB, UDR. TRAST ACERS, SROVRARST AMORA. SRBRR MS AY, 34 Lx=600m, SHH A) 1OOOKN (LH LOOMPa) WY, FA BEAIZE 14.5° , HIMGENL I 24 300-SOOMPa, RRB BEAT . MAI4ATURH, LALA, RWRABADRRER, RHR AFDREAREE 4344N, HERADAMBUERD, HF-BR POL, BAKTSE GRAPRSD EO MET, ALREADY PHL). HATA, RATRARLT AHAB LARA RAA ADS ADE SHE.@SELE omaspex BAM MMAR HAR 3-5 KALA FE HADR PREM AEE ALAR EAM HR (Unit: m) Bee 8 BABE zea s Ss S-5) & S S-S,| AS AS A(S-SO) 1000 | 320.29 32047 0.18 | 320.28 32046 018 |-001 -001 000 2000] 31990 32024 0.35 | 31989 32024 035 | 000 000 000 200 | 3000 | 31969 320.20 051 | 31969 32019 051 | 000 O00 000 4000] 31951 32018 067 | 31951 32018 067 000 000 00 5000 | 31933 32017 084 | 31933 32017 08 |o00 000 000 100 | 47331 473.58 0.27 | 47326 47352 027 |-005 -005 000 2000 471.70 47220 051 | 47169 47220 051 |-on1 001 000 400 | 3000] 471.18 471.93 0.75 | 471.18 471.93 075 {000 000 000 4000 | 47084 47183 099 | 47034 47183 099 | 0.00 000 000 sooo | 47055 47178 123 | 47055 47178 1.23 |o00 000 000 1000] 65565 65601 036 | 65539 65576 037 |-0.26 -026 000 2000] 65088 65158 070 | 650.85 651.55 0.70 |-0.03 003 000 600 }3000| 64969 65072 1.03 | 64967 650.71 103 |-001 -0.01 000 4000 | 64905 65041 1.36 | 64904 65040 1.36 |-001 -001 000 so00| 64857 65026 1.70 | 64856 65026 170 |o00 000 000 1500 84391 84460 0.68 | 4367 944.35 069 |-025 -024 000 2000 | #4092 #4182 090 | 84082 84172 090 |-010 010 000 800 3000] 83848 93981 133 | 83845 83978 1.33 |-003 003 000 4000 | 837.34 83910 1.76 | 83732 83908 176 |-002 -002 000 5000 | 83657 83876 219 | 83657 83875 219 |-O01 -001 000 2000 | 1036.83 103794 1.10 [1036.57 1037.68 1.11 |-0.26 026 000 3000 103235 1033.99 163 }103228 1033.91 1.63 |-0.07 0.07 000 1000] 4000 }1030 43 103260 2.16 |103040 103256 216 |-003 -003 0.00 5000 | 1029.26 1031.95 2.69 |1029.24 1031.93 269 |-0.02 -0.02 000 6000 | 1028 38 103159 321 | 102836 103158 3.21 |-001 -001 000 R35 TR, RMR A AF 2000KN FRM AA F 200MPa) Fis tS BETA NCAMAE KOR EAR DAL. Lx VF 600m Mt, RERKF 001m, KEBLVAAEAMEARHER, WAANRETA—M, RABMAARA MR RPKREH, LRAVMARRUT EHR REGAL MAE. 4 Lx-600m, HAR SSD F 200MPa, RHE 0.26m. FY, HFRANNRKOAMREH AB, PMR WATE EH, BALA RMCARER. WRAMKR, TEARMRHMRARAT SP BS it RE Rt BAL.@LPtS, emmesicex B38 HARARE DME R36 AAR KAW IATA (M 200MPa—500MPa) MH LE HE HG (Unit: mw) BSR SRB HEBIRS AVS) 3 os cu] wo Ala, My wr Da |Ea-Zas, 2000) 319.90 # 320.16 0.64) ¢ aod t t 3000} 319.69 0.21 320.16 © 0,85)0.16 0.05 0.22 ¢ A 209 V4o00] 319.51 0.18 320.16 0.93(016 0.02 O18 ¢ ' $000} 319.33 0.17 0.56 | 320.16 0.96}0.16 0.01 O17 0.57 0.01 2000) 471.70 ¢ 471.70 0.30) # og f ‘ 3000} 471.18 0.52 471.70 © 0.60)0.24 0.31 055 ¢ t - 4000} 470.84 0.34 471.70 «(0.78024 0.11 035 Ff t 5000} 470.55 6.29 1.14 | 471.70 0.87/024 0.05 029 1.19 0.05 2000} 650.88 = ¢ 650.00 0.16) ¢ og f / 600 3000} 649.69 1.19 650.00 0.40/0.33 0.96 1.29 Ff f 4000} 649.05 0.64 650.00 061/033 0.33 067 F¢ f 5000} 648.57 048 231 650.00 075)033 015 049 244 O13 000] #40927 e815 O10)? 7 7 7 7 3000} 838.48 2.44 838.15 0.27/043 219 262 ¢ f bid 4000) 837.34 1.14 838.15 0.47/043 0.77 1.20 ¢ f 5000} 836.57 076 4.34 | 83815 063/043 0.35 078 46 026 2000 | 1036.83 1030.78 0.07) / fod t f to00 3000} 1032.35 4.48 1030.78 0.19} 0.53 4.21474 7 f 4000 | 1030.43 1.92 1030.78 0.36053 1.47 200 ¢ t 5000} 102926 1.18 7.57 | 1030.78 0.52}0.53 068 1.21 7.95 0.38 i: RASRARAA ATRL OGN, PRATT EA LE REAM K RREXRRWARVASERKARLE. MLLRAATHLR, HHAMMEAMBRES SF 001, 0.04, 0.12, 0.25, 037m. HIE 3-6 BSN, SHLAA 200MPa JHB) SOOMPa BY, SRA AAR ALEXT IN F Lx=400, 600, 800, 1000m BSA MARKED Hi 0.05, 0.13, 0.26, 038m. HMA RAIMA ROEAMERE, ABBE 0.04, 0.12, 0.25, 037m. 4HRATKE Lx<300m Bf, FR MAREK. ERA CBA 400-600m BANAL, LAMA, MER SR SHEAR. SATHRARA, NAMED, WEARER, KRERIRHEREMMBABL RATE PARANA, Bit, SERA (L>800m) , HFERE ARSE, KANE, RATE TRIE STB, MOREA SC ERE RG AIR ADD A, DAT SBA IL EYER HRRARE. HKRELLAS, REL EG ARORLEA (RAWOAS mmm sete BARRA LTB BEARUTMMNRAKE) REMDROKH, EROMTAVRABA GAME, HS TRIAL SARE. BLE, MISABRADH, RASRAREHATA KAA, MEA DR BUMRK, URAERRBURRERK, We FRERM TAU Bee. 8 BAER THES RELRETUEERERY ES, ABRREGM, RRAVAAMMIWR DL. 8B FATED LEE 200m HAANZAR RAN RTOS LEH EER. 34.3 PBA DARED RE REE 3.43.1 WERE PEAPRABAK, HORAN, HAEMORILR), AR. RRA. BUA FUG RAEAL FAO LEE. ERM RAR LR, ERA FRE 540.8 m, METRE LTE NR. itl, AE RL TERE eat ete KEABIRG LAG. RUB MEAL. AK COW! HMA MTT SO KR, ERLE REURHRRA. 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(2) SRC PR TE BMAP HAM KILO, EOWA, ROR ERI 100 EBL Uy =38.9¢n/ 5)» RAPER HE, RRL. RFK 2. Fat 3 Wet@aeis sini Pie BIR HAMMER DSM BCM TT BT AL, BUD ERB EA AF a LASER, TR, He ‘SLIP FBLA FY fl FO BR 2750 om AE PTR RAE, FTAA TRAIT, FE RRR ET RMI, BIE RBM BE (accumulate permanent load method) , MAYHHE ARAM, FMS Bat EAE ANAIA AiR, AAI AH EH NJ RTE, ET SR nS HN DBR LRA AR. 3-9 MURR RRO CY EAE. OK) ma oS BRAK A RA HAL ik? Fik3 motee [ke aks ate semaines | 14888 27% 098 14% gmames [136 17-26% 088090 —-2% mame [2.1566 2566 -19% 15686 15866 _-1% RRA MBI | 843Es 1098) 20% | 379E4 328E4 14m HE BLE 87S 1334 4% 3-9 RA, IRA LGR AE A OP LR PLE SE eB BARE, BAAR FR RE EB, FRR ORIENT, HOT 2 HTRRERANMD. AAPRALTH, HTRESARRTRSERERE, HED RM TESA AEE A RB, BARAT HA 3 FG SAR TET OH HES BR UB 8 ID RARE 4 TERME, URE RAR. 3-10 RAMSAR BRN LEAS OK) aa Si Be a BAS Se RLS AER Wik? 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B RARMRZ) « BUR LAR A AE HF RSL FAVA TE WANN HS et iy RE et | YG we RRR see | tmariew [ee | tire [mn [arin -oaat | 0347 | 120% | -0296 | -1320% | -0280 | -1789% x#| ®* | ose | ow | oon | ome | som | oss | -i7ses ae 0236 | 0243 2.97% 0213 9.75% 0.191 | 19.07% A | ase | ose | im | 04s | 658 | caso | rx138 oe | on | 011 | oom | ono | 4% | ons | -1298% sa} wr | 1527 | -15s8 | 200% | -147s | -s4im | -1367 | -1048% we | ave [0307 | 03x | 153% | 027 | -1s20% | 0202 | -198e% wa | 0328 | 03 | 120% | -0279 | -1490m | 027 | 707% em | 30033 | 39429 | sow | -35136.7 | -1044% | -34495 | -12.08% mo | a | sore | i001 | asim | 10466 | -406% | oxca9 | -9.57% ae “anne | 473749 | 0.00% | -4as7s | 5.78% | -aan607 | 657% FH | re | ssc | orm | 154002 | -rr96% | issi99 | 11.86% wu | -196 | -1996 | ooo» | -iwos | 942% | -1941 | 276% we | 10027 | 10841 | 07% | 10166 | 9m | 012 | 07% *) om | ama | a0 | ome | 201 | com | 03a | s20% Hm | 12027 | 11931 | -oso% | 11359 | -ssse | 12085 | 0.15% 2062 | -20621 | o.0o% | -20285 | -1.82% | -2033.7 | -1.378 MBM Y 550.4 | 1520.5 | -oess | v4is.2 | -760 | 15143 | -1.106 seme [ae te | 3006.2 | -s6063 [coon | 3607.5 [1.068 | -aea5.4 | -0. 308 KA | sv | 3392.2 | 3374.4 | 0.5% | ai92.5 | -s.em% | 3046.3 | -10.20% ag | 4999.1 | -a905.6 | -o.07m | -4676.8 | -s.sin | -a9121 | -0.558 seme | aries | azans | ove | 458 | a6 | aoi6.7 | -2.008 SOP AELY, OEIC Wn BHO RH ERNE HS LL RH, RE CP Bi, RAPA RAE LY, CH BAP ERK RE, RPA i RUM ME 15@sere sina PO 83% HAMAS ORCA B. 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RHEE ERLE MRM TAY, RN RES BS HRA TRRELRNAE, BARBRA BUTERA, DOR AEM. 343.3 MI MRER EMR ST WHR. HIMAPTHEALM ELAN RL WER RRR A, VL RA RFLU RCM S BRA FAS RIGA BE LBP IRE LB RE Hh TREARHRAHLM, REN LGLSPTRUTERELR I. 0) MOIPRRRL RRR IRL UCR RR AA CEB-FIPOO BLMET, SHG COTE REN HE. TI ABMEALEARHERUTA. HHRH, KA. EROGLRML KAS HE Dy WAR. 16@BLLE mina yinies sakvereeinerinst Ome MITRE RTE }-40000 YP PIPPIPH I LSESS OLS EPPA GGINIPI SPOOR GOS” B35 MIMGRRL OREN RAMEE EARS | a a 3 3 4 51 58 64 i? a1 ea 94 hoo hoe fiz his has hai is? has hs0 hs7 io gseeasrezgess H316 KIMBER ESO UL RSE RAC, HT aL BEN tt EW WK A JL GNARL, SHREK, UR REFN 30 FOKKER. Hp, UR TERRA, STAM 48.4 um, EERE. PE A Ki, RRO RARE ORAL EEL, UE RAK, RE LA. SUPREME, PERE KA, SEOUL LPR AF Mie 17.8 um, HST A ABA 32 eo, ERS P PH 72 mm, REBAR MRT see A I) TOA. HORE ER, ORD LAURE AMBRE, BR ME) FE LE MRERAGRE. Aik, WINE ASAP RR PRL, MERE AK ia eh EE EGRAERER A LAATRARERGORR (ERNE, AM. MET BER) RABE (RARE, RR KAA) « MHL LR Bs, FURR. Ae PAH BD HE SRDS FF RAA REN n@SStF emexeniex BIE HARARE AD MICM 2) BIA Ce 3-2 MEM MK AE, MRR 3-7 PHI 2. 3 AMTMISMR RA RAN, ART ARREKEREL. RAATLAMM PEK RABARA, ERR PARSE, ERAMAS LSA EMF: “os 228885 tbdecerensl BSSSSSTESS ESELEESECECC CORR RCELEEL CCC) 3-17 MOSSAD LE Const. sage taquence by Wik 3 MCS j Bending moment Mz (total) z 318 RMAERER BETH@eers mint itie RAREST [as — He] “2.06004 6. 08-04 4.06404 “1.0805 ~1. 28608, b) Fee 319 BAGRERL ERAN THUR = Seam 3.20 RAARERRRRTS IAM 3-17-H 3-19 TH, HPA 2 RARER KM ELEM RM, Eat PRAAAMANMRT, Sk 3 ARH, HORFRAR DD MR-113%-2.64% HME, SHRAFRARSF, RH. ERGRGEPPARARAKRH. HERAT. ER ML. FRRAEPHREE UGE, RERGMALEWUTA Be. TRAE, BATAAN TEMERRROE MEM ENS EM. BNA, A WAKES MSD PEPE GEE REP RIE, — ALS SNe I LS RUA AREA RAAB DH. AMF Emst AARNE ERR, AD BR 7-7 WAH 2 A. BA, UGA HA, CREA NARE, HRA 2 RELL MER AR, BTA AO MM, ARETE BRE TE PASE 289 am FR Ae CL 320, Soh 3L8 hE), BTM HERR AEB. BU. 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APRA T ERS, LAR MR ORAS RRA) OHA. “AERA, ch FIORE MMR, BRAIN, FRASER. ARASH, RMA. ERPRAUCRA TERE, REKLAMA 1000m RAH RH ERK. REKFHLARERACRAT LG, KGAA MERE LARK, AES ‘BIPRI) SER WSAR SERY R L ILAA RD EG yo HEBEL HR CE OR I TR@aRee MIME PILE BARA AH RTROMR, CREP BRT AS OAT i. REMNADHALBRAREREARM IOAN EERE. CEL KAANGRE, AXAAGM, HPARFRAADRSARALA, PERE PR FE 20% EA» ERT AE OK WIE — 289 mo CFE), PRU ABRRER BHT ROARHIACAAA AE. Bt, DARA CEPR OMT RD Hi, BRARRAN RADAR. 81@LEAE wnasr00x RAR MARMARA RTH SSRN ME FARLAMHFARRRtSSRAR 41315 DUR, AAVFLNOLED, HSFAOMATRERNLAARR, AGA SAT, CASON LAR, ROMAASMANILAEH. IH, Cimsing LEH ‘WEP 3000m AEE RE TT, JM. Muller HTT BERATED MBER (99 CBi-stayed system) Eat APSE RLM MTIAE BUR. Nagai. M SOR SHPHFT 140m 298 ‘BRYA ATES BHE, Manabu Ito AY SL BFS SR AR HRA FE A AA AS HE ATT BR A HEE", P Taylo"'$Rit T 100m BIE CHR FANT LE a HE EA BAMRATHRAAMCR. HALE TREAPUR ROMA OLE, AME i Dh ILM KA APS BA ETE AR HOE PE ALR, SBT ER: EF IBLE, HBEL-S BAGO APTAMRE RAR, KHER 2 BRAUER 3 BAF 1000 KA AG) FERED TE FUNAEREE, SERIA 1200, 1400, 1600m [HEARSE SRT RRR, BARRE EMRAQUSR GRA, PHRWAIT RL, EL. MRE. ERR) TT SHIN, UERRELSEMN EAB LAR FHL RE. MRT ERAR AE AMT Rit. 4.2 £F5 1200m, 1400m. 1600m AUSHUAR ART 421 BER FREULANFEBRAM MAREN, WER DRA. TUBER A ET OR WELTER, FeRAM Normandy, Tatara s Stonecuters AHMRARAR, MABE RBH. MERLEN, HT RARARAN. RACRREL, RNR AHR, PTE RBA, RET PD KANE RAH DARE RHA, VARESE ERE. ARLE RR HATS. TREE, HAN AAAS ARAMA TRAM ARTE. DBE AMIR RT PH Rie ER AO Fe DAMME: AMTALRFAR ERS HM APS RA ASH AM AA, BOR 8@LRLF swaseonse remot OTT INRit, ERR 354m (KARR. HSE: RAWRKEMERU, MLA TERADT 65m. RAE: RESARRSAE, TAME, LEHR RUT RARY, =40m/s, 1K ARPLTHREMG, RATRRKURAURRAABSEMLEORHER. BOA RA AERERM 30 Fit. 10°" Rit aera Y= kK6-(2) x40=505m/s; Mite. [V,]=1.2-p,-V, =1.2x1.2x50.5=72.7 m/s ec wnmisetoae maa [V5 ]=17-[V,,]=0.92x72.7 = 66.9 m/s PRAIRIES RMR MASALA BHAAR 1:13. KEOUGH, DLE" SAMAR AAO ERI. MEARE, Cy =0.8165,C, =0.2551,C, =0.09, MIR &F, Cy =0.2672,C, =0.069,C, = 0.0941. ANRMABHKK 08, MA RKH OBsin? a. HHI RRR 1.6, REFN 2.0. BANNER IE 1.16. EMO Mh TRAST ORI, OL Q34SqD CHELAN 345MPa) HE, MANCHA FA Q370qD CLARE 3TOMPa), BEF AEME: IE Ys C55 OR CHO. BERL IRIT 97mm BARAT (VARA, HCNVBRIE LTIOMa, 3: Syl FROALAIK IY) 708MPa. HAR. (IEAM, MIRAIELLAN SWART LR ORBIRLABED. WIR He TORN HEAR, HEC I, ASCH TEAL DUK LAREN A RT weas S505 8 oR + HR CARAT) HE + ER + ATSC HR + HR + BUTS 28% + APPR A 1 + BUPA ASTRO CARDURA RROD, BRRHLE: 0, +0,<0,/f,-19.6 (MPa) (6,=1.7) (a aeoenw 0, +0, <0,/f,-19.6 (MPa) (8, =1.15) (42) RA, 6, O,, Oy SHIA. GMAT ERR AK HB BAL RL 1 REA I»@RBLE, swansea AE HARE RET RRL SORT Bs BABA RAS TORERR. APMIS 19.6MPa, MH BHAT BAHIOTSERRFRANLA, SHMANARGASRMN ESE. 4.2.2 £P5 1200m HHH RRT SBE 4221 FRBR SRRLAR, SUA, ERELRUTERAR ES, WEEP 1200m HL Ret RA FA 4.1. RSH Wy 0.447, ESAT AM, BFR A BE (100+100+336) +12004 (336+100+100) =2272m AU-LPSER EH. “A” RE, SPSL 0.204, HSA 315m, HF VER 245m, BRE ARE 85m. ERE, SEA 4.0m, IRSA 300, FELL 29.3 CPM Yo REIN. FAI I A: HAN Hy BE He A SAH HG | YS SEEK A HC 14~24 man), HS SLY 4 I BES ARID RB SE Fs LAE 10.0~17.0m, BULGE CBRE ABER) FE 8.0-22m, FEE 8.0m, BU LMAEREE 1.2m, F SEAERUE 1.5~1.8m. $HYR ARAMA PESY7-301 (1770MPa), BRAKKIEN 645m, AF KE 592 m. RARER RE LASER A RRA HL PR 4 CBRE 3S HD, B42. PREDMRRAGE RAMEE RG RN, AK EME 850 mm, SE RTKIE SOOWN/m, LAE MR TMA RE. FRE UT SLAOR. ws a2 ae et pe a x20 10%20 7x10 1674 wo 80 at 70 678 RAL SIR, SHERMER wae 7 SBN? Tend Iyfned Tao Be Mol 178732238048 - Dt MOM 209356 L cd pes) NGI 217 986 Mo 2518219 05373. HE 65557 ters ITA 8102 FRE 276 ES 496 1028 HB 4.1 EPS 1200-m #4 BF ees PE 6738014543560 19187@LLLE vmexenex AABN AIH Ht OTT 0.013 0.010 0.008 0.005 0.003 0.000 gg oR ae 4.2 £95 1200-m HRT RANRR 422.2 BREE CD) RERAADT RACSLATFREBASHBL, HE 31 RATE TRF BRST B, RARE TE, ERP BER AIS MIE 1.2EAKNm VLA, SRR RA TE HAE ESORAKNm, SEKI 7SEAKNm (EME), IRAE -4 SEAN. HRA FE Ey FRuRKEE A 117.3MPa. EAH AF EBAK III 130.1 MPa, SEAALNE 23.3 MPa, PRRKED 140.7 MPa, RADIA 51.7 MPa. HH. HRP RAKRIGRECUGHR, K PNEAWA 6651.TKN, T6161KN, HRHEAME TRAD AMPA, SEP RODRA LRAT QRATERGRKEEKMABREAR, TURECEN. RRM “ZEKE” FEHR, MLA 1, AA 2 FAG 9.8MPa, 12.8MPa, 16.0MPa, MRT FERNY ALR, BOGE EMT RRA, HERZ A RE ER TTR, RRR. RT HI 22.4MPa, —3.6MPa, SRAVLHSM, SELVA TRLAORRA TR, A, RHBLTA, HMEVER, HERMHRG ARAN. sme 818 43 HERSERL, FRA PIF PISS HOKE OCS ISIS SSH PPPS B44 BR. EAMAERAD A ABH. PHL 0.447, BURR FAL RR. SSRN, HE@kPAE, wanremnx 4 WAM EO RRS ONO Pl GE SEBD. P2 Case). P3 ERE BHM) TLE 24m, 36m, 24m KBE HIE 400KN/m, ‘SSOKN/m. 600KN/m FUL IL, Hi SRR DARL, Be HSE Ae FLERE RD) 1L00KN (PD, XA 137SKN (3). HR FRR 45, REPRE 1.69m,, PLY 1/710. RMF ARAMA 055m. BMRA PERE PME Wy 284m, SERS HRA UR AN ht 4.6. 4G ERA EA FR CFR SBIR, ED EY 40s HAT Fs BROAD GE ABE PF EDR DS LH AE ERA (MARFA MEMS, PUSHER ERD). ) Sis BEE AAR BET ERE RM (RAKE) RBA FORM CBDR) MATA. HATE, ARE, ZED Ea RAZ EMER PETIA LARS HES REED NAR. R42 AMPERES BOM EPS 1200m SARA ae WA AE ‘eR a HE A@Lres iO ERIK SABRANE RTCA As PRM 122K, SMUT 9-16m CDK: BSB, PRONE LAK, HOR IRS: SECs EERIE 122K, BERGRUEF ATMEL Im (10-17m), THR, HFRS 35m, FREKELRMARM 184m, KHRBRTRAH MATAR SMH, RERGPRSE,. PRURM MBA PRAT RE KZA” MERCER, AKAM BEART MENA DAH A, 24.0). SRG RBA FHA, SH -MARELRAA POCA, TE MRT RUHR R TE SAR ORMMIE. K 42 AREER SET, BC HRM A PAE SHIM 20cm, IAF ALIEN 1m, FSR AUK 19%, TRAUB A 29%, DIL AEEM AH EE, ERTHODE RS (PORN. DAMAGE) Bah, AE was TH BEE. MIVARTARAT, MHHER, HIAPORALERMAA, MARARSLR FOOD, HP NIE RBC AS, = 4.756, AL, = 6.542, SRA PRE ROE ARH, AGRE 43, R43 “Tere [awzane| ne (BARBER) Ds HRI AR O+ Bann O + mR ETRALHDER, FAME, NARMS, PART LALER Dh, EENGESRAUAOSCR TENE. RUE, PRES HREELAB ES DAH RH MERSMARL —, LGR AR SR AS TE EA UT TL I HAT EAAXBEX. Boks FRA BPE OR EH, TO GUE. BLE AL) Cae FRA, ARBRE RM SR TRAE BAL, EHR RR MRAP. MOU EDEMA RENAMED RARE LD EE AHEAAORRARADT IO, RRALR CV, =40m/s) KIFRURKE MMA SRe ee FRA emFA. BROOR, KTMAILBERLSABERERM_AMMHALA, SHER RGK. HH. HRHWHKEAM, URPRERMASEAMRRPOSHARAX, Bit URL AAMT. HEVEER, WRMMEBERMAT 400, DAB DORR