NG DUNG CHEO HOA MA TRAN

vao tnh luy tha

cua ma tran vuong
Nguyen Hoang Bao Trc (DH1A3)

y thuyet cheo hoa ma tran c ng

dung kha nhieu trong viec giai cac bai
toan co lien quan en ma tran. Trong bai viet
nay, toi ch e cap en mot ng dung c ban cua
cheo hoa ma tran: tnh luy tha cua ma tran
vuong.
e tnh luy tha cua mot ma tran vuong A, ta
co the dung nhng phng phap a biet (thng
th moi dang co mot phng phap rieng). Chang
han: d oan cong thc va chng minh bang quy
nap; tach ra thanh tong cua mot ma tran n v
vi mot ma tran khac (A = I + B) va dung khai
trien Newton; tm mot so mu r thch hp e Ar =
I, khi o, At = As (t s (mod r)). Bay gi, ta lam
quen vi mot phng phap kha hieu qua: phng
phap cheo hoa. Tuy nhien, toi cung xin lu y la
phng phap nay ch dung c khi A la ma tran
cheo hoa c hoac A co the tach thanh A =RSR1
(vi S la ma tran co the de dang tnh luy tha).
Phng phap tnh luy tha cua ma tran vuong
A cap n bang cheo hoa:
- Cheo hoa ma tran A : A = PBP-1 (B : ma tran
dang cheo, P : ma tran lam cheo hoa A).
- Tnh luy tha cua A theo cong thc At = PBt P-1.
* Thuat toan cheo hoa ma tran A cap n :

+ Neu k1 + k2 + + km = n : goi dim (KGCR

(A, i )) la so chieu cua khong gian con rieng cua
ma tran (A - i I) ng vi i :
i {1, 2, , m} sao cho dim (KGCR (A,
i)) < ki th A khong cheo hoa c .
i = 1, m sao cho dim (KGCR (A, i)) = ki
th A cheo hoa c.
Bc 2 : Khi A a u ieu kien cheo hoa :
- Tm n vecto rieng oc lap tuyen tnh cua A bang
x1
cach giai he:
x2 = 0 ng vi moi gia tr
(A - i I)
.
rieng i (ke ca boi).
.

xn
Khi o, ma tran lam A cheo hoa c la :

P=

(1 = (a11, a12, , a1n),

, n = (an1, an2, , ann) la
c).
- Ma tran dang cheo (hay
cua A la:
1
0

- Neu (1) co m nghiem 1, 2, , m vi so boi

tng ng k1, k2, , km (m n):
+ Neu m = n (tc (1) co n nghiem phan biet)
th A cheo hoa c.
+ Neu k1 + k2 + + km < n th A khong cheo
hoa c.
Thng tin khoa hc
i hc An Giang

06/2002

ma tran ong dang)

(i (i = 1, n) la n gia tr rieng (ke ca

boi)).
- Hien nhien, ta c : A = P B P -1.
* Bang phep quy nap toan hoc, ta de dang chng
minh c At = P Bt P-1 (t N). De thay:

Bt =

A:

- Neu (1) vo nghiem th A khong cheo hoa c.

2 = (a21, a22, , a2n),

n vecto rieng va tm

0
0
2 0
B = .
0
0 . n

Bc 1 : Lap va giai phng trnh ac trng cua

f() = |A - I| = 0 (1)

a11 a21 . an 1
a12 a22 . an 2
.
a1n a2n . an n

1 t
0 0
0
2t 0
.
0
0 . nt

; t N

Khi o, viec tnh At tr nen qua de dang.

Ta hay khao sat cac v du sau :

V du 1 :

1 0
Cho Ak = -1 2
(k N)
Tnh

a11 (k)

a12 (k)

a21 (k)

a22 (k)

a21 (k )
22 ( k )

lim a
k

42

Giai
k

Trc tien, ta tnh A .

Goi la gia tr rieng cua A va = (x1,x2) la vect
rieng ng vi
thoa A - I = 0 1
0 = 0
2

(1 - )(2 - ) = 0
=1

=2
Do A co hai gia tr rieng phan biet nen A cheo
hoa c .
1 0
Ma tran dang cheo:
B=

0 2

x1
= 0
x2

Thay lan lt = 1, = 2 vo (A - I)

ta co cac vect rieng viet dang nghiem tong

quat:
1 = (a,a) ; 2 = (0,b) , a,b R*.
Cho a = b = 1, ta co hai vect rieng :1 = (1,1);
2 = (0,1).
Do o, ma tran lam cho A cheo hoa c la :

1 0
10
P = P 1 =

1 1
1 1

Tuy nhien, ta hay e y en phng phap cheo

hoa.
Goi la gia tr rieng cua A va = (x1, x2,
x3) la vecto rieng cua A ng vi .
Giai phng trnh ac trng cua A : |A - I|
= 0, ta c:
=0
= 1 (boi 2)
Vi = 0, ta tm c 1 vecto rieng: 1 =
= (1, 1, -2).
Vi = 1, ta tm c 2 vecto rieng: 2 =
= (1, 0, -1), 3 = (0, 1, 0).
Do o, ma tran lam A cheo hoa c:

1
P= 1
-2

1
0
-1

0
1
0

-1
P = 2
1
-1

0
0
1

-1
1
1

Ma tran dang cheo:

0
0
0

B=

0
1
0

0
0
1

Nh vay : An = P Bn P-1 = P B P

(v Bn = B)

=A
n

Nh vay :

1 0 1 0 1 0
k
k -1
=
k
A = PB P =
1
1
0
2

1 1
=

0 1 0 1 0

=
k
k
k

2 1 1
1 2 2

a21(k)
1 2k
1
Vay lim
= lim k = lim k 1 = 1
k a (k )
k 2
k 2

22
2
V du 2 : Cho A = 1
-2

0
1
0

1
1
-1

Chng minh rang An khong phu thuoc vao n,

nN*.
Giai
Nhan xet : Ta co the de dang chng minh
bai nay bang quy nap e a en ket qua An = A.
Thng tin khoa hc
i hc An Giang

06/2002

Vay A khong phu thuoc n, n N*.

* e ket thuc bai viet nay, toi xin gi en
cac ban mot so bai toan e cac ban tham khao
them:

0
0

1. Cho A =
Tnh

lim A

1
/3
0

1
1
1
/5

2. Tnh B2002

vi B = -1

1
-1
3. Cho C =
-2

-2
1
0

1
0
1

1
0

Tnh C100

(Cac dang toan tren ap dung nhng phng

phap a biet) 

43