1

.
SiO4

,
.

(
)

5000 ..
,

.
,
,
.
(23 .. - 79 ..)


4000.. (
,)
27..14..,:
.
15
1 5 ..

(,)
79 ..(
).
11 ..
.
1216 ..,
,.

17 ..(
).

Si4
(glass
formers),


(modifiers),
glassformers
modifiers (intermediates).
,
,Si
.

?
SiO2 (:2000C)

T .
(1700 900C)

. CaO,

?
SiO2 (:2000C

T .
(1700 900C)

. CaO,

17%
72%

5%
6%

silica sand
soda ash
lime
other ingredients


SiO2
(2000C)
(,

16001650 C).

.

:
(

Al)
15%()
CaO 510%(
Fe<0,1%)

4050%.

SiO2
..
0,3%
1%.
NaNO3
,

, 33 (
()

)
Na2B4O7*1020(),Na2SO4,Na2SO3
Co.
l23
.
NaCl,(NH4)2SO4,43
..
1037%PbO.

.
(NaF).
pyrex
,.


Aluminosilicate Glass
Borosilicate Glass
Lithia Glass
Phosphate Glass
Opal Glass



,
.
.

1600 1650C.
24,
.
11001200

C.
.

700C.

.
:4,5m,
9m.
1000.

50100
C,
:
:
Transformationrange.

.
:
.(Blownglass)
.(Rotatedglass)
.(Drawnglass)
.(Rolledglass)
.(Floatglass)
.(Compressedglass)
.(Castglass,extrudedglass)

10


.(Blownglass).
,,
1000C

.
,,

.
,

11


.(Rotatedglass)

,
.

..

12


.(Drawnglass)

.
.(Rolledglass)

.
.

...

13


.(Floatglass)
n
.

.
.(Compressedglass)

,
.
.
,,,
.

14


.(Castglass,extrudedglass)

,

.


.

,700C

15

.
:

:
(
).
600C.

.
:
.
:
,
.

16

,'

.
:

transformation range,

.

,,
.

,
.

.
.

17



().
,,
,
,
.

,
.



.
,,
,,
.

.

,
,

.

,3 4
.

18



,
.


.

.

As,V,Mo,SCr,
.
.

:
,
,
(),

)
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
microchips.

19


.
10
.3000
.
.

.

20

21

Glazes(,)

.

.
,

.
SiO2,
2325

Glazes(,)

(,)
,
(mat)Mg,l,
Ca,Zn
,(
)
.

22