Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2professional Services, Inc. vs. Agana
2professional Services, Inc. vs. Agana
80
Professional Services, Inc. vs. Agana
not have happened if those who had control or
management used proper care; and (4) the absence of
explanation by the defendant. Of the foregoing requisites,
the most instrumental is the control and management of
the thing which caused the injury.
Same; Same; Same; Same; Res ipsa loquitur is not a
rule of substantive law, hence, does not per se create or
constitute an independent or separate ground of liability,
being a mere evidentiary rule.In this jurisdiction, res ipsa
loquitur is not a rule of substantive law, hence, does not per
se create or constitute an independent or separate ground of
liability, being a mere evidentiary rule. In other words,
mere invocation and application of the doctrine does not
82
Professional Services, Inc. vs. Agana
that a patient has accepted treatment from that
physician in the reasonable belief that it is being rendered
in behalf of the hospital, then the hospital will be liable for
the physicians negligence.
Same; Same; Same; By accrediting Dr. Ampil and Dr.
Fuentes and publicly advertising their qualifications, the
hospital created the impression that they were its agents,
authorized to perform medical or surgical services for its
patients.In this case, PSI publicly displays in the lobby of
the Medical City Hospital the names and specializations of
the physicians associated or accredited by it, including
those of Dr. Ampil and Dr. Fuentes. We concur with the
Court of Appeals conclusion that it is now estopped from
passing all the blame to the physicians whose names it
proudly paraded in the public directory leading the public to
believe that it vouched for their skill and competence.
Indeed, PSIs act is tantamount to holding out to the public
that Medical City Hospital, through its accredited
physicians, offers quality health care services. By
accrediting Dr. Ampil and Dr. Fuentes and publicly
advertising their qualifications, the hospital created the
impression that they were its agents, authorized to perform
medical or surgical services for its patients. As expected,
these patients, Natividad being one of them, accepted the
services on the reasonable belief that such were being
483
SANDOVAL-GUTIERREZ, J.:
Hospitals, having undertaken one of mankinds most
important and delicate endeavors, must assume the
grave responsibility of pursuing it with appropriate
care. The care and service dispensed through this high
trust, however technical, complex and esoteric its
character may be, must meet standards of
responsibility commensurate with the undertaking to
preserve and protect the health, and indeed, the very
lives of those placed in the hospitals keeping.
1
484
484
486
the
rate
of
P21.60-US$1.00,
as
SO ORDERED.
US$19,900.00
5. 6.Costs of suit.
487
reimburse
defendant-appellant Professional
Services,
Inc.,
whatever amount the latter will pay or had paid to the plaintiffsappellees, the decision appealed from is herebyAFFIRMED and the
instant appeal DISMISSED.
Concomitant with the above, the petition for certiorari and
prohibition filed by herein defendant-appellant Dr. Juan Fuentes in CAG.R. SP No. 32198 is hereby GRANTED and the challenged order of the
respondent judge dated September 21, 1993, as well as the alias writ of
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488
488
ASIDE. The bond posted by the petitioner in connection with the writ of
preliminary injunction issued by this Court on November 29, 1993 is
hereby cancelled.
Costs
against
defendants-appellants Dr.
Miguel
489
490
_______________
Rule v. Cheeseman, 317 P. 2d 472 (1957), citing Russel v. Newman, 116 Kan.
Smith v. Zeagler, 157 So. 328 Fla. (1934), citing Ruth v. Johnson, (C.C.A.)
172 F. 191; Reeves v. Lutz, 179 Mo. App. 61, 162 S.W. 280;Rayburn v. Day, 126 Or.
135, 68 P. 1002, 59 A.L.R. 1062; Wynne v. Harvey, 96 Wash. 379, 165 P. 67; Harris
v. Fall (C.C.A.), 177 F. 79,
491
491
12
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27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1174; Moore v. Ivey, (Tex. Civ. App.) 264 S.W. 283; 21 R.C. L.
388.
11
10
492
492
769.
In the leading case of Vda. de Bataclan v. Medina, (102 Phil. 181[1957]), this
13
14
13
14
494
15
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15
the instrumentality which caused the damage, citing St. Johns Hospital and
School of Nursing v. Chapman, 434 P2d 160 (1967).
16
Rural Educational Assn v. Bush, 42 Tenn. App. 34, 298 S.W. 2d 761 (1956).
495
495
IIIG.R.
No.
126297
Whether PSI Is Liable for the Negligence of Dr. Ampil
19
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17
18
Id.
xxx
496
496
The
foregoing
view
is
grounded
on
the traditional notion that the professional status and
the very nature of the physicians calling preclude him
from being classed as an agent or employee of a
hospital, whenever he acts in a professional
capacity. It has been said that medical practice
strictly involves highly developed and specialized
knowledge, such that physicians are generally free to
exercise their own skill
xxx
22
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20
23
Id.
497
_______________
497
21
Tolentino, The Civil Code of the Philippines, Volume V, 1992 Ed., p. 616.
22
herein mentioned prove that they observed all the diligence of a good
Goodrum, 147 Ark. 281, 228 SW 397, 13 ALR 1403 (1921);Rosane v. Senger, 112
Colo. 363, 149 P. 2d 372 (superseded by statute on other grounds); Moon v. Mercy
Hosp., 150 Col. 430, 373 P. 2d 944 (1962);Austin v. Litvak, 682 P. 2d 41, 50 ALR
4th 225 (1984); Western Ins. Co. v. Brochner, 682 P. 2d 1213 (1983); Rodriguez v.
Denver, 702 P. 2d 1349 (1984).
23
Arkansas M.R. Co. v. Pearson, Id.; Nieto v. State, 952 P. 2d 834 (1997). But
see Beeck v. Tucson General Hosp., 18 Ariz. App. 165, 500 P. 2d 1153
(1972); Paintsville Hosp. Co., 683 SW 2d 255 (1985); Kelley v. Rossi, 395 Mass.
659, 481 NE 2d 1340 (1985) which held that a physicians professional status does
not prevent him or her from being a servant or agent of the hospital.
498
498
26
27
25
26
211 N.Y. 125, 105 N.E. 92, 52 L.R.A., N.S., 505 (1914). The court
inSchloendorff opined that a hospital does not act through physicians but merely
procures them to act on their own initiative and responsibility. For subsequent
application of the doctrine, see for instance, Hendrickson v. Hodkin, 250 App. Div
649, 294 NYS 982, revd on other grounds, 276 NY 252, 11 NE 2d 899
(1937); Necolayff v. Genesee Hosp., 270 App. Div. 648, 61 NYS 2d 832, affd 296 NY
936, 73 NE2d 117 (1946); Davie v. Lenox Hill Hosp., Inc., 81 NYS 2d 583
(1948); Roth v. Beth El Hosp., Inc., 279 App. Div 917, 110 NYS 2d 583
(1952); Rufino v. US, 126 F. Supp. 132 (1954);Mrachek v. Sunshine Biscuit, Inc.,
308 NY 116, 123 N.E. 2d 801 (1954).
27
499
499
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24
completion
qualifications,
fulfill
of
residency,
their
educational
the
important
hallmarks
of
an
employer-employee
28
500
500
_______________
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presuming that such agent has authority to perform the particular act in
question.
31
29
Blacks Law Dictionary (6th Ed. 1990) 1100. The terms ostensible agency,
579 P2d 970 (1978). Agency by estoppel is defined as one created by operation
of law and established by proof of such acts of the principal as reasonably lead
instance, Baker v. Werner, 654 P2d 263 (1982) andAdamski v. Tacoma Gen. Hosp.,
not granted to him, thus justifying others in believing the agent possesses
29
501
The principal is bound by the acts of his agent with the apparent
authority which he knowingly permits the agent to assume, or which he
holds the agent out to the public as possessing. The question in every
case is whether the principal has by his voluntary act placed the agent in
such a situation that a person of ordinary prudence, conversant with
501
presumptive agency which exists where one, either intentionally or from want of
ordinary care, induces another to believe that a third person is his agent, though
he never in fact, employed him. It is, strictly speaking, no agency at all, but is in
reality based entirely upon estoppel. Apparent authority refers to the power to
affect the legal relations of another person by transactions with third persons,
professedly as agent for the other, arising from and in accordance with the others
manifestations to such third persons. Supra, p. 96.
30
quoting Arthur v. St. Peters Hospital, 169 N.J. 575, 405 A. 2d 443 (1979).
31
Id., citing Hudson v. C., Loan Assn., Inc. v. Horowytz, 116 N.J.L. 605, 608,
502
502
ART. 1869. Agency may be express, or implied from the acts of the
32
Supra.
503
principal, from his silence or lack of action, or his failure to repudiate the
agency, knowing that another person is acting on his behalf without
authority.
503
physician
whose
name
and
competence
are
33
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33
34
504
504
36
37
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35
36
Supra at footnote 1.
37
Corleto v. Hospital, 138 N.J. Super. 302, 350 A. 2d 534 (Super. Ct. Law
505
39
505
of
silence
and
concealment
about
the
gauzes. Ethical
40
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38
39
40
262 S.E. 2d 391, cert denied 300 NC 194, 269 S.E. 2d 621 (1980).
506
506
41
507
507
Hospital, 18 Ariz. App. 165, 500 P. 2d 1153 (1972). This court has
confirmed the rulings of the Court of Appeals that a hospital has the duty
508
xxx
In the amended complaint, the plaintiffs did plead that the operation
was performed at the hospital with its knowledge, aid, and assistance,
and that the negligence of the defendants was the proximate cause of the
patients injuries. We
find
that
such
general
allegations
of