SuperTallBuilding

DesignApproach
Presentedby:

HiSunChoi,P.E.
Principal,VicePresident
March6,2009

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Objectives
ProvideGuidelinesforSuperTallBuilding
DesignCriteria
CompareStructuralSystems
CompareStructuralShapeEfficiencies
CompareAerodynamicShapeEfficiencies
WindDesign+BldgMotion
SeismicDesign
FoundationDesign
DiscussOtherStructuralConsiderations

HistoryofStructures

Stonehenge
2500BC?
76feet(23m)tall

EgyptianPyramids
2500BC?
480feet(146m)tall

Lessons

Trulymonolithic
mono =one
lith
=stone
Alldependson
theerector!

Limitedtostone
Notslender
Slopestabilitylimit?
Organizationiskey

HistoryofStructures
TowerofPisa
1350AD
183feet(56m)tall

Lessons
Foundationsettlement
Respectthegeotech
Highaspectratio=
sensitivetosmallbase
movement
Verticalityduringand
afterconstruction
Correctionattempted
astheybuilt

HistoryofStructures
EmpireStateBuilding
1931
102stories
1453feet(443m)tall

Lessons
Steelframe
Fullwidthmoment
frames
Windowstrips,
masonrystrips,trim
Fastconstruction
Superorganized

HistoryofStructures
BurjDubai
2008
162stories(850M?)

Tallest20in2020byTT

Taipei101

KLCCPetronas

ShanghaiCenter

ChicagoSpire

DohaConventionCenter

Incheon151Tower

Pentominium

HowTall?OrHowManyFloors?
FloortoFloorHeightEstimates
TypicalOffice:
11~14
(8~9.5clear)
3.35m~4.25m (2.5m~2.9mclear)
TypicalResidential:
8~11
(7.5~9clear)
2.45m~3.35m (2.3m~2.75mclear)

WhatisAspectRatio?
Buildingheightvs.footprint
Aspectratio(height/structurallateralsystem
footprintwidthordepth)
Preferably<6
Couldbe>10ifspecialfeaturestoimprove
windcomfortareincluded

EvolutionofBuildingDesign
Approach
ShortBuilding:StrengthDesign
GravityControl(~h)StrengthDesign(~h2)

2P

4M

EvolutionofBuildingDesign
Approach
IntermediateSizeBuilding:Deflection
LateralLoadControlStiffnessDesign(~h3)
16D =h4
D

Driftlimitbasedonhh4/h~h3

EvolutionofBuildingDesign
Approach
TallBuilding:
WindInducedBldgMotion(acceleration)
ControlDynamicStiffnessDesign(~h3)

+...

EvolutionofBuildingDesign
Approach

ForceBasedDesign

DisplacementBasedDesign

PerformanceBasedDesign

BuildingDriftorLateralDeflection

OverallBuilding:noPDelta
US/Dubai (1020yearwind) H/400H/500
Korea
(50100yearwind)H/500

InterstoryWindDrift:noPDelta
US/Dubai (1020year)
h/350
Korea
(50100year)
h/350
China
(100year)
h/500h/800
dependsonH

InterstorySeismicDrift:withPDelta
InelasticDrift<0.01h0.02h (h/100h/50)

HumanComfortCriteriaunderWind
InducedBuildingMotions

USPractice:
BuildingAccelerationLimit(10yearwind)
Residential=1015millig
Hotel
=1520millig
Office
=2025millig
Retail
=25+millig

ISObasedon1year

JapaneseCode(AIJ)basedon1yearseasonal

LateralLoadResistingSystems

IdealStructuralSystems
forSuperTallBuildings
Flared
Bundled
MegaFrame
Linked
Tripod

StructuralSystem#1 Flared

EiffelTower

BurjDubai

StructuralSystem#2 Bundled

SearsTowerBankofChina,HK

StructuralSystem#3 MegaFrame
(Outriggers)

JinMao
Taipei101

StructuralSystem#4

151IncheonTower

Linked

NakheelTower

StructuralSystem#5 TripodSolution

MileHighTower

IdealStructuralShapeEfficiencies
(BasedonBuildingStiffnessfortheSameFloorArea)

Rectangular
Circular (Polygon)
Triangular

RectangularShapeEfficiency
Sametotalcolumnarea

A=1.0B2

I=1.0

>

A=1.0B2

I=0.67

>

A=1.0B2

I=0.50

Polygon/CircularShapeEfficiency

A=1.0B2

I=0.71

>

A=1.0B2

I=0.65

>

A=1.0B2

I=0.64

TriangularShapeEfficiency

A=1.0B2

I=1.54

>

A=1.0B2

I=0.77

>

A=1.0B2

I=0.38

IdealStructuralShapeEfficiencies
(BasedonBuildingStiffnessfortheSameFloorArea)

Triangular>Rectangular>Circular(Polygon)
I=0.771.54 I=0.671.00 I=0.640.71
B=1.52B=1.00B=1.11.3

LumpedCornerColumns>DistributedColumns

WindDesign:
BuildingShapesandAerodynamics
Rectangular
Circular
Triangular

DragCoefficient alongwind
Cd =2.2

Cd =1.5

Cd =1.2

Cd =1.4

Cd =2.0

Cd ~= 2.2
(smooth,highRe)

VortexSheddingEffectsCrosswind

ModificationtoBuildingShapesto
reduceWindEffect
StairStepCorner
ThroughBuildingOpenings
RotateadTwist

StairStepCorners
Roughcornercan
reduceVortex
Sheddingeffects.

Corner plan

Taipei101

ThroughBuildingOpenings

Openingsreduce
windforces
(ReducedSail
Area)

ShanghaiFinancialCenter

ThroughBuildingOpenings

Slotsreduce
windforces
andsway
fromvortex
shedding

151IncheonTower

Rotate/Twist
Rotateto
minimizeload
fromprevailing
direction
Twistavoids
simultaneous
vortex
shedding
alongheight

ShanghaiCenter

WindTunnelTest
HFFB:HighFrequencyForceBalanceTest
CladdingPressureTapTest
HFPI:HighFrequencyPressureIntegration
usingrigidpressuretapmodel
AerodynamicElasticModelTesting

DampingandDynamics
Dampingdirectlyreducesbldgaccelerations
Somedampinginherentinconstruction
(Concreteframing>steelframing)
Wheninherentdampingisnotsufficient,
providesupplementarydamping
Dampersoccupyspace:Quantityand
locationbasedonmodestobetreated
Costsincludepurchase,installation,tuning,
maintenance,inspection

SupplementaryDampingDevices
TunedMassDamper
TunedLiquid
Column/SlushDamper

SeismicDesignIssues
Lesscriticalthanwindfortallbuildingwith
longnaturalperiod
Minimumbaseshearmaygovernseismic
Interstorydrift
maxatupperfloors
Ductiledetailingstillimportant!
Geometriccompatibility
PerformanceBasedDesign

StructuralMaterialSelection(1)
Availabilityoflocalmaterial
Reliabilityofmaterialqualitycontrol
Reliabilityoflocallaborandtraining
Constructability(abilitytoerectlarge,heavy
steelmembers)
Relativecost
Constructionspeed
ArchitecturallayoutImpact
Culturalattitudes

StructuralMaterialSelection(2)
Buildingweight
Foundationload
Netuplift
Seismicmass
Dynamicbehavior
Stiffness
ConcreteEincreaseswithstrength
SteelEconstantforallstrengths
Period(~mass/stiffness)
Damping

FoundationDesign
Intensivesoilinvestigationandanalysis
Concentratedbuildingweightaffecting
strengthandsettlementstudies
Constructionsequences
Modeldeepbasementanchoragainst
overturningvs.baselineattopofmat
Piledepthsverticality
Dewateringfordeepbasements

BuildingHeightrelatedIssues(1)
Differentialcolumnshorteningandcolumn
cambering
Steel=elastic
Concrete=creep,shrinkage
Mixed(concretecore,steelperimeter)=
severedifferential
Constructionsequenceforoutriggers
Loadredistribution
Delayedconnections

BuildingHeightrelatedIssues(2)
Verticalityduringandafterconstruction
Effectsonnonstructuralcomponents
(claddingarea,riserlengths,elevators,
stairs,etc.)
Experienceindesignandconstruction
Capabilitytointerpretcodes
Applyinternationalstandards?

BuildingHeightrelatedIssues(3)
Concreterateofstrengthgain
Slowloadingofcolumns,foundations
Fastfloorcycles
Consistentspecifications
Structure
Equipment(elevators)
Architecture(shaftsizesandtolerances)
AppropriateValueEngineering

OtherConsideration
ThinkGreen

EDDITTower
Singapore

O14,Dubai

StructuralSustainableDesign
Recycledmaterials
Localmanufacturers
Lesstraveldistance=lesspollution
Nowasteofmaterials
Flyashorslaginconcretemixes

DesignTeam
RequirementHighlights
Collaboratewitheachother
Respectprofessionalopinions
Trytomeetallrequirements
Useallavailableresources
Performproperdecisionmakingandvalue
engineering
Thinkgreen
Workwithexperiencedprofessionals!

Questions?

ThisconcludesTheAmerican
InstituteofArchitectsContinuing
EducationSystemsProgram

Thankyou
HiSunChoi,P.E.
ThorntonTomasetti
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