Pharmacodynamics PDF

10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
SlideShareExploreSearchYou
Upload
Login
Signup
Search
Home
Technology
Education
MoreTopics
ForUploaders
GetStarted
Tips&Tricks
Tools
Search
http://www.slideshare.net/VIJAYFARMAC/pharmacodynamics24831593
1/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
15of93
PharmacodynamicsPPT
21,261views
Share
Like
Download
VijayPrasad,ASST.PROF
Follow
13 22 0
PublishedonAug1,2013
Pharmacodynamicsbyvijayfarmac
...
Publishedin:Health&Medicine,Technology
1Comment
61Likes
Statistics
Notes
FullName
Commentgoeshere.
12hoursagoDeleteReplySpamBlock
AreyousureyouwanttoYesNo
Yourmessagegoeshere
Shareyourthoughts
Post
2/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
bhaerava
Howtogetcopyformyself.Howtodownloadthisppt.?
1yearagoReply
AreyousureyouwanttoYesNo
Yourmessagegoeshere
OhemaaAgyekum
2weeksago
thanhquoc,atTrngTHPTBiDcTi
3weeksago
jasleenkaur
1monthago
pankajbbhardwaj
1monthago
SirarinSiriwittayapas,StudentatSilpakornUniversity
1monthago
ShowMore
NoDownloads
Views
Totalviews
21,261
OnSlideShare
0
FromEmbeds
0
NumberofEmbeds
35
Actions
Shares
35
Downloads
1,739
Comments
1
Likes
61
Embeds0
Noembeds
3/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
Nonotesforslide
Rabbit livercontainatropinaseenzyme,whichdestroysfasterChinese cooktheirfoodincastoroil
PharmacodynamicsPPT
1.1.PHARMACODYNAMICS
2.2.InGreekPharmacon=DrugDynamics=Action/PowerItcoversalltheaspectsrelatingtoWhat
adrugdoestothebodyMechanismofaction
3.3.Action:HowandWheretheeffectisproducediscalledasAction.Effect:Thetypeofresponse
producingbydrug.
4/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
4.4.SiteofDrugActionWhere:1.Extracellular2.Cellular3.Intracellular
5.5.TypesofDrugActionEFFECT(Typeofresponses):1.Stimulation2.Inhibition/Depression
3.Replacement4.Irritation5.Cytotoxic
6.6.MechanismofActionofDrugsDrugacteitherbyreceptororbynonreceptororbytargeting
specificgeneticchanges.Majorityofdrugsactsby(HOW)ReceptormediatedNonreceptormediated
7.7.ReceptorMediatedactionDrugproducetheireffectthroughinteractingwithsomechemical
compartmentoflivingorganismc/sReceptor.ReceptorsaremacromoleculesMostareproteins
Presenteitheronthecellsurface,cytoplasmorinthenucleus
8.8.ReceptorFunctions:Twoessentialfunctions1.Recognizationofspecificligandmolecule(Ligand
bindingdomain)2.Transductionofsignalintoresponse(Effectordomain)Ligandbindingdomain
Transductionofsignalintoresponse
9.9.Drug(D)+ReceptorDrugreceptorcomplexResponseDrugreceptorinteraction:1.Selectivity:
Degreeofcomplimentarycorelationbetweendrugandreceptor.Ex:AdrenalineSelectivityfor,
Receptor2.Affinity:Abilityofdrugtogetboundtothereceptor.3.Intrinsicactivity(IA)or
Efficacy:Abilityofdrugtoproduceapharmacologicalresponseaftermakingthedrugreceptor
complex.
10.10.Drugclassification(onthebasisofaffinity&efficacy)
11.11.ResponseNoresponse
12.12.Partialagonist:Thesedrughavefullaffinitytoreceptorbutwithlowintrinsicactivity(IA=0to
1).Theseareonlypartlyaseffectiveasagonist(Affinityislesserwhencomparisontoagonist)Ex:
Pindolol,Pentazocine
13.13.Inverseagonist:Thesehavefullaffinitytowardsthereceptorbutintrinsicactivityiszeroto1
i.e.,produceseffectisjustoppositetothatofagonist.Ex:Carbolineisinverseagonistfor
Benzodiazepinesreceptors.
14.14.ReceptorfamiliesFourtypesofreceptorsfamilies1.Ligandgatedionchannels(inotropic
receptors)2.Gprotiencoupledreceptor(Metabotropicreceptors)3.Enzymaticreceptors
(tyrosinekinase)4.Receptorregulatinggeneexpression(transcriptionfactors/Steroid)
15.15.CharacteristicsofreceptorfamiliesLigandgatedGproteincoupledEnzymaticNuclearLocation
MembraneMembraneMembraneIntracellularEffectorIonchannelIonChannelorenzymeEnzyme
GenecouplingDirectGproteinDirectViaDNAExampleNicotinicMuscarinicInsulinSteroid,
hormone
16.16.SignaltransductionmechanismIongatedreceptors:Localizedoncellmembraneandcoupled
directlytoanionchannel.ReceptorAgonistHyperpolarizationordepolarizationReceptorBlocker
PermeationofionisblockedCellulareffectNocellulareffectIonNa+2
17.17.Ex:Nicotiniccholinergicreceptor
18.18.GproteincoupledreceptorsMembranebound,whicharecoupledtoeffectorsystemthroughGTP
bindingproteinscalledasGproteinsBoundtoinnerfaceofplasmamembrane(2ndmessenger)
19.19.VarietiesofGproteinGproteinReceptorforSignalingpathway/EffectorGsadrenegic,
H,5HT,GlucagonACcAMPGi1,2,32adrenergic,Ach,ACcAMP,OpenK+GqAch
PhospholipaseC,IP3cytoplasmicCa+2GoNeurotransmittersinbrainNotyetclear
20.20.Gproteineffectorsystems1.Adenylasecyclase:cAMPsystem2.PhospholipaseC:Inositol
phosphatesystem3.Ionchannels
21.21.cAMPsystem
22.22.PhospholipaseCsystem
23.23.IonchannelregulationGproteincoupledreceptorscancontrolthefunctioningofionchannelby
don'tinvolvinganysecondmessengerEx:Incardiacmuscle
24.24.Thesereceptoraredirectlylinkedtyrosinekinase.Receptorbindingdomainpresentinextra
cellularsite.ProduceconformationalchangesinintracellularEx:InsulinreceptorsEnzymatic
receptors
25.25.EnzymaticreceptorsExtracellularreceptorbindingdomainIntracellularchanges
26.26.Receptorregulatinggeneexpression(transcriptionfactors)Unfoldsthereceptorandexpose
normallymaskedDNAbindingsiteIncreaseRNApolymeraseactivity
27.27.ReceptorregulationtheoryReceptorsareindynamicstate.Theaffinityoftheresponsetodrugs
isnotfixed.Italtersaccordingtosituation.Receptordownregulation:Prolongeduseofagonist
ReceptornumberandsensitivityDrugeffectEx:Chronicuseofsalbutamoldownregulates2
adrenergicreceptors.
28.28.Receptorupregulation:ProlongeduseofantagonistReceptornumberandsensitivityDrugeffect
Ex:propranololisstoppedafterprolonguse,producewithdrawalsymptoms.RiseBP,induceof
5/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
angina.
29.29.Agonist:Boththehighaffinityaswellasintrinsicactivity(IA=1)Thesedrugtriggerthemaximal
biologicalresponseormimiceffectoftheendogenoussubstance.Ex:Methacholineisa
cholinomimeticdrugwhichmimicstheeffectofAchoncholinergicreceptors.
30.30.TypesofagonismSummation:Twodrugselicitingsameresponse,butwithdifferentmechanism
andtheircombinedeffectisequaltotheirsummation.(1+1=2)AspirinCodienePGOpiodsreceptor
Analgesic+Analgesic+++
31.31.TypesofagonismAdditive:combinedeffectoftwodrugsactingbysamemechanismAspirinPG
PGAnalgesic+Analgesic+++
32.32.Synergism(Supraadditive):(1+1=3)Thecombinedeffectoftwodrugeffectishigherthaneither
individualeffect.Ex:1.Sulfamethaxazole+Trimethoprim2.Levodopa+Carbidopa.
33.33.TypesofantagonismAntagonism:Effectoftwodrugsislessthansumoftheeffectsofthe
individualdrugs.1.ChemicalantagonismEx:heparin(ve)protamine+ve,Chelatingagents1.
Physiological/Functionalantagonism2.Pharmacokineticantagonism3.Pharmacologicalantagonism
I.Competitive(Reversible)II.Noncompetitive(Irreversible)
34.34.PharmacokineticantagonismOnedrugaffectstheabsorption,metabolismorexcretionofother
drugandreducetheireffect.Ex:Warfarininpresenceofphenobarbitone,warfarinmetabolismis
increased,iteffectisreduced.
35.35.PharmacologicalantagonismPharmacodynamicantagonismbetweentwodrugsactingatsame
receptors.Twoimportantmechanismaccordingtowhichtheseantagonists
1.Reversible(Competitive)2.Irreversible(Non)
36.36.Reversibleantagonism(Competitiveantagonism)Theseinhibitioniscommonlyobservedwith
antagoniststhatbindreversiblytothesamereceptorsiteasthatofanagonist.Thesetypeinhibition
canbeovercomeincreasingtheconcentrationofagonistEx:Atropineisacompetitiveantagonistof
Ach.
37.37.IrreversibleAntagonismItoccurswhentheantagonistdissociatesveryslowornotatallfromthe
receptorsresultthatnochangewhentheagonistapplied.Antagonisteffectcannotbeovercomeeven
afterincreasingtheconcentrationofagonist
38.38.NonreceptormediatedactionAlldrugsactionarenotmediatedbyreceptors.Someofdrugsmay
actthroughchemicalactionorphysicalactionorothermodes.ChemicalactionPhysicalaction
(Astringents,sucralfate)Falseincorporation(PABA)Beingprotoplasmicaction(antiseptics)
Formationofantibody(Vaccines)Targetingspecificgeneticchanges.
39.39.DoseItistherequiredamountofdruginweight,volumes,molesorIUtoprovideadesired
effect.InclinicalitiscalledasTherapeuticdoseInexperimentalpurposeitiscalledaseffective
dose.Thetherapeuticdosevariesfrompersontoperson
40.40.Singledose:1.Piperazine(45g)issufficienttoeradicateroundworm.2.SingleIMdoseof250mg
ofceftriaxonetotreatgonorrhoea.Dailydose:Itisthequantityofadrugtobeadministeredin24hr,all
atonceorequallydivideddose.1.10mgofcetrizine(allatonce)issufficienttoreliveallergic
reactions.2.Erythromycinis1gperdaytobegivenin4equallydivideddose(i.e.,250mgevery6hr)
41.41.Totaldose:Itisthemaximumquantityofthedrugthatisneededthecompletecourseofthe
therapy.Ex:procainepenicillin earlysyphilisis6millionunit givenas0.6millionunitsperday
for10days.Loadingdose:Itisthelargedoseofdrugtobegiveninitiallytoprovidetheeffective
plasmaconcentrationrapidly.ThedrugshavinghighVdofdistribution.ChloroquineinMalaria600
mgStat300mgafter8hours300mgafter2days.
42.42.Maintenancedose:Loadingdosenormallyfollowedbymaintenancedose.Neededtomaintain
thesteadystateplasmaconcentrationattainedaftergivingtheloadingdose.
43.43.Therapeuticindex:MarginofsafetyDependuponfactorofdoseproducingdesirableeffect
doseelicitingtoxiceffect.TI shouldbemorethanone5050EDLDindexcTherapeuti
44.44.ToxicTherapeuticwindow:Optimaltherapeuticrangeofplasmaconcentrationsatwhichmosto
thepatientsexperiencethedesiredeffect.Therapeuticrange TherapeuticwindowSuboptimal
optimal
45.45.Cyclosporine100400ng/mlCarbamazapine410g/mlDigoxin0.82ng/mlLithium0.8
1.4mEq/LPhenotoin1020g/mlQunindine26g/ml
46.46.Tolerance:Increasedamountofdrugrequiredtoproduceinitialpharmacologicalresponse.
Usuallyseenwithalcohol,morphine,barbiturates,CNSactivedrugsReversetolerance:Same
amountdrugproducesincpharmacologicalresponse.Cocaine,amphetamine ratsinc.motor
activity
6/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
47.47.TypesoftolerancesInnatetolerance:Geneticallylackofsensitivitytoadrug.Ex:Rabbits
toleratetoatropinelargedosesChinese CastoroilNegros Mydriaticactionof
sympathomimeticsEskimos highfattydiets
48.48.Acquiredtolerances:OccursduetorepeateduseofdrugPharmacokinetictolerances
PharmacodynamictoleranceAcutetolerancePharmacokinetictolerances:Repetitiveadministration
causesdecreasetheirabsorptionorinc.itsownmetabolismEx:Alcohol dec.absorption
Barbiturates Inc.ownmetabolism
49.49.PharmacodynamictoleranceDownregulationofreceptorsImpairmentinsignaltransduction
Ex:Morphine,caffeine,nicotine.Acutetolerance:TachyphylaxisAcutedevelopmentoftolerance
afterarapidandrepeatedadministrationofadruginshorterintervalsExEphedrine,tyramine
50.50.Ex:Mondaydisease.NitroglycerineMonday,Tuesdayworkersgetheadache,aftertheyget
tolerances.Afterholiday(Sunday)theygetagainheadache.Crosstolerances:Crosstolerance
amongdrugsbelongingtosamecategory.MORPHIN HEROIN NARCOTIC
51.51.FACTORSMODIFYINGTHEEFFECTSOFDRUGS
52.52. Individualsdifferbothinthedegreeandthecharacteroftheresponsethatadrugmayelicit
Variationinresponsetothesamedoseofadrugbetweendifferentpatientsandeveninthesame
patientondifferentoccasions.
53.53. Oneormoreofthefollowingcategoriesofdifferencesamongindividualsareresponsibleforthe
variationsindrugresponse: Individualsdifferinpharmacokinetichandlingofdrugs Variationin
numberorstateofreceptors,couplingproteinsorothercomponentsofresponse Variationin
neurogenic/hormonaltoneorconcentrationsofspecificconstituents
54.54. Thesefactorsmodifydrugactioneither:a)Quantitatively Theplasmaconcentrationand/or
thedrugactionisincreasedordecreasedb)Qualitatively Thetypeofresponseisaltered,eg:drug
allergyandidiosyncrasy
55.55. Thevariousfactorsare:1.Bodyweight/size: Itinfluencestheconcentrationofdrugattained
atthesiteofaction Theaverageadultdosereferstoindividualsofmediumbuilt
56.56.Forexceptionallyobeseorleanindividualsandforchildrendosemaybecalculatedonbody
weightbasis BSA=BW(Kg)0.425xHeight(cm)0.725x0.007184doseadultAveragex70(kg)BW
doseIndividualdoseadultAveragex1.7(m2)BSAdoseIndividual
57.57.2.Age:InfantsandChildren: Thedoseofdrugforchildrenoftencalculatedfromtheadultdose
formula)sYoung'.........(doseadultx12AgeAgedoseChildformula)sg'...(Dillindose......adultx20Age
doseChild
58.58. However,infantsandchildrenarehaveimportantphysiologicaldifferences Higherproportion
ofwater Lowerplasmaproteinlevels Moreavailabledrug Immatureliver/kidneys Liver
oftenmetabolizesmoreslowly Kidneysmayexcretemoreslowly
59.59.Elders: Inelderly,renalfunctionprogressivelydeclines(intactnephronloss)anddrugdoses
havetobereduced Chronicdiseasestates Decreasedplasmaproteinbinding Slower
metabolism Slowerexcretion Dietarydeficiencies Useofmultiplemedications Lackof
compliance
60.60.3.Sex: Femaleshavesmallerbodysize,andsorequiredosesofdrugsonthelowersideofthe
doserange Theyshouldnotbegivenuterinestimulantsduringmenstruation,quinineduring
pregnancyandsedativesduringlactation
61.61.4.Pregnancy: Profoundphysiologicalchangeswhichmayaffectdrugresponses: GImotility
reduceddelayedabsorptionoforallyadministereddrugs PlasmaandECFvolumeexpands
Albuminlevelfalls Renalbloodflowincreasesmarkedly Hepaticmicrosomalenzymeinduction
62.62.5.Food: Delaysgastricemptying,delaysabsorption(ampicillin) Calciuminmilkinterferes
withabsorptionoftetracyclinesandironbychelation Proteinmalnutrition LossofBW
Reducedhepaticmetabolizingcapacity Hypoproteinemia
63.63.6.Speciesandrace: Rabbitsresistanttoatropine Rat&miceareresistanttodigitalis In
humans:blacksrequirehigherMongolsrequirelowerconcentrationsofatropineandephedrineto
dilatetheirpupil
64.64.7.Routeofdrugadministration: I.Vroutedosesmallerthanoralroute Magnesiumsulfate:
Orallypurgative Parenterallysedative Locallyreducesinflammation
65.65.8.Biorhythm:(Chronopharmacolgy) Hypnoticstakenatnight Corticosteroidtakenata
singlemorningdose9.Psychologicalstate: Efficacyofdrugscanbeeffectedbypatientsbeliefs,
attitudesandexpectations Particularlyapplicabletocentrallyactingdrugs Insomepatientsinert
drugs(placebo)mayproducebeneficialeffectsequivalenttothedrug,andmayinducesleepin
insomnia
7/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
66.66.10.Presenceofdiseases/pathologicalstates: Drugmayaggravateunderlyingpathology
Hepaticdiseasemayslowdrugmetabolism Renaldiseasemayslowdrugelimination Acid/base
abnormalitiesmaychangedrugabsorptionorelimination Severeshockwithvasoconstrictiondelays
absorptionofdrugsfroms.c.ori.m Drugmetabolismin: Hyperthyroidismenhanced
Hypothyroidismdiminished
67.67.11.Cumulation: Anydrugwillcumulateinthebodyifrateofadministrationismorethanthe
rateofelimination Eg:digitalis,heavymetalsetc.
68.68.12.Geneticfactors: Lackofspecificenzymes Lowermetabolicrate Acetylation Plasma
cholinesterase(Atypicalpseudocholinesterase) G6PD Glucuronideconjugation
69.69.13.Tolerance: Itmeansrequirementofahigherdoseofthedrugtoproduceaneffect,whichis
ordinarilyproducedbynormaltherapeuticdoseofthedrug Drugtolerancemaybe: Natural
Acquired Crosstolerance Tachyphylaxis(ephedrine,tyramine,nicotine) Drugresistance
70.70.14.Otherdrugs: Byinteractionsinmanyways
71.71.Drugclassification(onthebasisofaffinity&efficacy)Agonist:Boththehighaffinityaswellas
intrinsicactivity(IA=1)Thesedrugtriggerthemaximalbiologicalresponseormimiceffectofthe
endogenoussubstance.Ex:MethacholineisacholinomimeticdrugwhichmimicstheeffectofAchon
cholinergicreceptors.
72.72.Antagonist:Whichhaveonlytheaffinitynointrinsicactivity(IA=0).IA=0sono
pharmacologicalactivity.Ratherthesedrugbindtothereceptorandproducereceptorblockade.
AtropineblockstheeffectsofAchonthecholinergicmuscarinicreceptors.
73.73.cAMPsystemSomedrugs,hormonesorneurotransmittersproducetheireffectbyincreasingor
decreasingtheactivityofadenylatecyclaseandthusraisingorlowercAMPwithinthecell.
74.74.StimulationSomeofdrugactbyincreasingtheactivityofspecializedcells.Ex:Catecholamines
stimulatetheheartandHeartrate,Forceofcontraction
75.75.InhibitionSomedrugactbydecreasingtheactivityofspecializedcells.Ex:Alcohol,
Barbiturates,GeneralanestheticthesedrugdepresstheCNSsystem.AtropineinhibitsAchaction.
76.76.ReplacementWhenthereisadeficiencyofendogenoussubstances,theycanreplacedbydrugs.
Ex:InsulininDiabetesmellitusThroxineincretinismandmyxedema
77.77.IrritationCertaindrugsontopicalapplicationcauseirritationoftheskinandadjacenttissues.
Thesedrugsareusingforcounterirritant.Ex:Eucalyptusoil,methylsalicylates(Usedinsprains,joint
pain,myalgia.
78.78.CytotoxicTreatmentofinfectiousdisease/cancerwithdrugsthatareselectivelytoxicfor
infectingorganism/cancercellsEx:AnticancerdrugsAllAntibiotics
79.79.ECamE*GqPLCPIP2DAGSAgonistHydrolysisActivationIP3PKCATPADPProduct
Ca+2CamWatersolublereleaseResponsePhospholipaseCsystemHydrolysisPLC=PhospholipaseC
PIP2=Phosphotiydlinositol4,5diphosphateIP3=InositoltriphosphateDAG=DiacylglycerolE=
EzymePKC=PhosphokinaseC
80.80.Extracellularsiteofaction1.Antacidsneutralizinggastricacidity.2.Chelatingagentsforming
complexeswithheavymetals.3.MgSo4actingaspurgativebyretainingthefluidinsidethelumenof
intestine.
81.81.CellularSiteofAction1.AchonNicotinicreceptorsofmotorendplate,leadingtocontractionof
skeletalmuscle.2.Effectofsympathomimeticsonheartmuscleandbloodvessels.
82.82.IntracellularsiteofactionFolicacidsynthesisinhibitors.Folicacidwhichisintracellular
componentessentialforsynthesisofproteins.Trimethoprimandsulfadruginterferewithsynthesis.
83.83.orFCofheartmuscleLipolysisGlycogenGlycogenbreakdownsynthesistoglucoseGprotein+
EffectorACcAMPATPProteinkinaseActiveCa+2releasePhosphorylationGs/Gi
84.84.PhysicalactionAbsorption:Kaolinabsorbsbacterilaltoxinandthusactsasantidiarrhoealagent.
Protectives:Variousdustingpowders.
85.85.Antagonist:Whichhaveonlytheaffinitynointrinsicactivity(IA=0).IA=0sono
pharmacologicalactivity.Ratherthesedrugbindtothereceptorandproducereceptorblockade.
AtropineblockstheeffectsofAchonthecholinergicmuscarinicreceptors.
86.86.PhysicalActionOsmosis:MgSo4actsasapurgativebyexertingosmaticeffectwithinlumenof
theintestine.Astringents:TheyprecipitatethesurfaceproteinsandprotectthemucosaEx:tannic
acidingumpatientsDemulcent:Thesedrugscoattheinflamedmucusmembraneandprovide
soothingeffect.Ex:Menthol
87.87.FalseincorporationBacteriasynthesisfolicacidfromPABA(ParaAminoBenzoicAcid),for
growthsanddevelopment.SulfadrugsresemblePABA,thereforefalselyenterintothesynthesis
processofPABA,causenonfunctionalproductionandnoutilityforbacterialgrowth.
8/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
88.88.ProtoplasmicpoisonGermicidesandantisepticslikephenolandformaldehydeactasnon
specificallyasprotoplasmicpoisoncausingthedeathofbacteria
89.89.ThroughformationofantibodiesVaccinesproducetheireffectbyinducingtheformationof
antibodiesandthusstimulatethedefensemechanismofthebodyEx:Vaccinesagainstsmallpoxand
cholera
90.90.Targetingspecificgeneticchanges.Anticancerdrugsthatspecificallytargetgeneticchanges.
Inhibitorsofspecifictyrosinekinasethatthatblocktheactivityofoncogenickinases.
91.91.PhysiologicalantagonismTwoantagonists,actingatdifferentsites,counterbalanceeachotherby
producingopp.effectonsamephysiologicalsystem.HistamineVasodilatationNorepinephrine
Vasoconstriction
92.92.Chemicalaction1.IonExchanges:Anticoagulanteffectofheparin(vecharge)antagonizedby
protamine(+vecharged)protein.2.Neutralization:Excessivegastricacidisneutralizedbyantacids.3.
Chelation:Thesearetraptheheavymetals.Ex:EDTA,BAL.
Recommended
TimeManagementFundamentals
GettingThingsDone
ManagingYourTime
Pharmacodynamics(Mechanisnofdrugaction)
DhritiBrahma
Pharmacokineticsppt
NITISHSHAH
Lecture1Pharmacodynamics
DrShahMurad
9/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
Pharmacodynamics
RamiAlShemari
Mechanismofdrugaction
DeepthiPRamachandran
Mechanismofdrugaction
Dr.VijayTalla
Pharmacodynamics(updated2011)drdhriti
DhritiBrahma
English
Espaol
Portugus
Franais
Deutsch
About
Dev&API
Blog
Terms
Privacy
Copyright
Support
LinkedInCorporation2016
ShareClipboard
10/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
Email
Enteremailaddresses
Addamessage
From
Send
Emailsentsuccessfully..
Facebook
Twitter
LinkedIn
Google+
Link
Publicclipboardsfeaturingthisslide
Nopublicclipboardsfoundforthisslide
SavethemostimportantslideswithClipping
Clippingisahandywaytocollectandorganizethemostimportantslidesfromapresentation.You
cankeepyourgreatfindsinclipboardsorganizedaroundtopics.
Startclipping
Nothanks.Continuetodownload.
11/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
Selectanotherclipboard
Lookslikeyouveclippedthisslidetoalready.
Searchforaclipboard
Createaclipboard
Youjustclippedyourfirstslide!
Clippingisahandywaytocollectimportantslidesyouwanttogobacktolater.Nowcustomizethenameof
aclipboardtostoreyourclips.
Name* BestofSlides
Description AddabriefdescriptionsoothersknowwhatyourClipboardisabout.
Visibility
OtherscanseemyClipboard
Cancel Save
Savethispresentation
12/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
13/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
14/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
15/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
16/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
17/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
18/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
19/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
20/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
21/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
22/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
cAMPsystem
23/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
PhospholipaseCsystem
IonchannelregulationGproteincoupledreceptorscancontrolthefunctioningofionchannelbydon't
24/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
involvinganysec...
25/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
Thesereceptoraredirectlylinkedtyrosinekinase.Receptorbindingdomainpresentinextracellularsite.
Produce...
26/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
EnzymaticreceptorsExtracellularreceptorbindingdomainIntracellularchanges
Receptorregulatinggeneexpression(transcriptionfactors)Unfoldsthereceptorandexposenormally
27/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
maskedDNAbindingsi...
28/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
ReceptorregulationtheoryReceptorsareindynamicstate.Theaffinityoftheresponsetodrugsisnot
fixed.Italte...
29/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
Receptorupregulation:ProlongeduseofantagonistReceptornumberandsensitivityDrugeffectEx:
propranololisst...
30/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
Agonist:Boththehighaffinityaswellasintrinsicactivity(IA=1)Thesedrugtriggerthemaximalbiological
responseor...
31/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
TypesofagonismSummation:Twodrugselicitingsameresponse,butwithdifferentmechanismandtheir
combinedeffect...
32/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
TypesofagonismAdditive:combinedeffectoftwodrugsactingbysamemechanismAspirinPGPG
33/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
Synergism(Supraadditive):(1+1=3)Thecombinedeffectoftwodrugeffectishigherthaneither
34/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
individualeffect.Ex:...
TypesofantagonismAntagonism:Effectoftwodrugsislessthansumoftheeffectsoftheindividualdrugs.
35/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
1.Chemicala...
PharmacokineticantagonismOnedrugaffectstheabsorption,metabolismorexcretionofotherdrugand
36/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
reducetheireffec...
37/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
PharmacologicalantagonismPharmacodynamicantagonismbetweentwodrugsactingatsamereceptors.
Twoimportantmechan...
38/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
Reversibleantagonism(Competitiveantagonism)Theseinhibitioniscommonlyobservedwithantagonists
thatbindreversib...
39/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
IrreversibleAntagonismItoccurswhentheantagonistdissociatesveryslowornotatallfromthereceptors
resultthat...
40/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
NonreceptormediatedactionAlldrugsactionarenotmediatedbyreceptors.Someofdrugsmayact
throughchemicalacti...
41/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
DoseItistherequiredamountofdruginweight,volumes,molesorIUtoprovideadesiredeffect.In
42/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
clinicalitis...
Singledose:1.Piperazine(45g)issufficienttoeradicateroundworm.2.SingleIMdoseof250mgof
43/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
ceftriaxonetotreat...
Totaldose:Itisthemaximumquantityofthedrugthatisneededthecompletecourseofthetherapy.Ex:
44/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
procainepeni...
Maintenancedose:Loadingdosenormallyfollowedbymaintenancedose.Neededtomaintainthesteady
45/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
stateplasmaconcen...
46/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
Therapeuticindex:MarginofsafetyDependuponfactorofdoseproducingdesirableeffect dose
elicitingtoxiceffec...
47/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
ToxicTherapeuticwindow:Optimaltherapeuticrangeofplasmaconcentrationsatwhichmostothepatients
experiencethed...
48/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
Cyclosporine100400ng/mlCarbamazapine410g/mlDigoxin0.82ng/mlLithium0.81.4
mEq/LPhenotoin102...
49/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
Tolerance:Increasedamountofdrugrequiredtoproduceinitialpharmacologicalresponse.Usuallyseen
withalcohol,m...
50/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
TypesoftolerancesInnatetolerance:Geneticallylackofsensitivitytoadrug.Ex:Rabbitstolerateto
51/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
atropinelarg...
Acquiredtolerances:OccursduetorepeateduseofdrugPharmacokinetictolerances
52/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
PharmacodynamictoleranceAcu...
PharmacodynamictoleranceDownregulationofreceptorsImpairmentinsignaltransductionEx:
53/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
Morphine,caffeine,n...
Ex:Mondaydisease.NitroglycerineMonday,Tuesdayworkersgetheadache,aftertheygettolerances.
54/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
Afterholiday...
55/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
FACTORSMODIFYINGTHEEFFECTSOFDRUGS
Individualsdifferbothinthedegreeandthecharacteroftheresponsethatadrugmayelicit Variationin
56/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
responset...
57/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
Oneormoreofthefollowingcategoriesofdifferencesamongindividualsareresponsibleforthe
variationsindrugresp...
58/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
Thesefactorsmodifydrugactioneither:a)Quantitatively Theplasmaconcentrationand/orthedrug
actionisincrea...
59/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
Thevariousfactorsare:1.Bodyweight/size: Itinfluencestheconcentrationofdrugattainedatthesite
ofaction ...
60/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
Forexceptionallyobeseorleanindividualsandforchildrendosemaybecalculatedonbodyweightbasis
BSA=BW(Kg)0.4...
61/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
2.Age:InfantsandChildren: Thedoseofdrugforchildrenoftencalculatedfromtheadultdose
formula)sYoung'...........
62/105
10/19/2016
formula)sYoung'...........
PharmacodynamicsPPT
However,infantsandchildrenarehaveimportantphysiologicaldifferences Higherproportionofwater
63/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
Lowerplasmap...
Elders: Inelderly,renalfunctionprogressivelydeclines(intactnephronloss)anddrugdoseshavetobe
64/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
reduced Chro...
3.Sex: Femaleshavesmallerbodysize,andsorequiredosesofdrugsonthelowersideofthedoserange
65/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
Theyshould...
66/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
4.Pregnancy: Profoundphysiologicalchangeswhichmayaffectdrugresponses: GImotilityreduced
delayedabsorption...
67/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
5.Food: Delaysgastricemptying,delaysabsorption(ampicillin) Calciuminmilkinterfereswith
absorptionoftetrac...
68/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
6.Speciesandrace: Rabbitsresistanttoatropine Rat&miceareresistanttodigitalis Inhumans:
blacksrequireh...
69/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
7.Routeofdrugadministration: I.Vroutedosesmallerthanoralroute Magnesiumsulfate: Orally
purgative Paren...
70/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
8.Biorhythm:(Chronopharmacolgy) Hypnoticstakenatnight Corticosteroidtakenatasingle
71/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
morningdose9.Psycholo...
10.Presenceofdiseases/pathologicalstates: Drugmayaggravateunderlyingpathology Hepaticdisease
72/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
mayslowdrugme...
11.Cumulation: Anydrugwillcumulateinthebodyifrateofadministrationismorethantherateof
73/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
elimination Eg:...
12.Geneticfactors: Lackofspecificenzymes Lowermetabolicrate Acetylation Plasma
74/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
cholinesterase(Atypicalpse...
75/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
13.Tolerance: Itmeansrequirementofahigherdoseofthedrugtoproduceaneffect,whichisordinarily
producedbyn...
76/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
14.Otherdrugs: Byinteractionsinmanyways
Drugclassification(onthebasisofaffinity&efficacy)Agonist:Boththehighaffinityaswellasintrinsic
77/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
activity(I...
78/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
Antagonist:Whichhaveonlytheaffinitynointrinsicactivity(IA=0).IA=0sonopharmacological
activity.Ratherth...
79/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
cAMPsystemSomedrugs,hormonesorneurotransmittersproducetheireffectbyincreasingordecreasing
theactivityofade...
80/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
StimulationSomeofdrugactbyincreasingtheactivityofspecializedcells.Ex:Catecholaminesstimulate
theheartand...
81/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
InhibitionSomedrugactbydecreasingtheactivityofspecializedcells.Ex:Alcohol,Barbiturates,General
anesthetic...
82/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
ReplacementWhenthereisadeficiencyofendogenoussubstances,theycanreplacedbydrugs.Ex:Insulin
inDiabetesmel...
83/105
10/19/2016
inDiabetesmel...
PharmacodynamicsPPT
IrritationCertaindrugsontopicalapplicationcauseirritationoftheskinandadjacenttissues.Thesedrugs
84/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
areusi...
CytotoxicTreatmentofinfectiousdisease/cancerwithdrugsthatareselectivelytoxicforinfecting
85/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
organism/cancercel...
ECamE*GqPLCPIP2DAGSAgonistHydrolysisActivationIP3PKCATPADPProductCa+2Cam
86/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
WatersolublereleaseResponsePho...
87/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
Extracellularsiteofaction1.Antacidsneutralizinggastricacidity.2.Chelatingagentsformingcomplexes
withheavymet...
88/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
CellularSiteofAction1.AchonNicotinicreceptorsofmotorendplate,leadingtocontractionofskeletal
muscle.2.Effe...
89/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
IntracellularsiteofactionFolicacidsynthesisinhibitors.Folicacidwhichisintracellularcomponent
essentialfors...
90/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
orFCofheartmuscleLipolysisGlycogenGlycogenbreakdownsynthesistoglucoseGprotein+Effector
ACcAMPATPProtei...
91/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
PhysicalactionAbsorption:Kaolinabsorbsbacterilaltoxinandthusactsasantidiarrhoealagent.
92/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
Protectives:Vario...
Antagonist:Whichhaveonlytheaffinitynointrinsicactivity(IA=0).IA=0sonopharmacological
93/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
activity.Ratherth...
PhysicalActionOsmosis:MgSo4actsasapurgativebyexertingosmaticeffectwithinlumenofthe
94/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
intestine.Astringe...
FalseincorporationBacteriasynthesisfolicacidfromPABA(ParaAminoBenzoicAcid),forgrowthsand
95/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
development.Su...
96/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
ProtoplasmicpoisonGermicidesandantisepticslikephenolandformaldehydeactasnonspecificallyas
protoplasmicpois...
97/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
ThroughformationofantibodiesVaccinesproducetheireffectbyinducingtheformationofantibodiesand
thusstimulate...
98/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
Targetingspecificgeneticchanges.Anticancerdrugsthatspecificallytargetgeneticchanges.Inhibitors
ofspecific...
99/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
PhysiologicalantagonismTwoantagonists,actingatdifferentsites,counterbalanceeachotherby
producingopp.effect...
100/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
Chemicalaction1.IonExchanges:Anticoagulanteffectofheparin(vecharge)antagonizedbyprotamine
101/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
(+vecharged)protei...
102/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
PharmacodynamicsPPT
103/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
UpcomingSlideShare
104/105
10/19/2016
PharmacodynamicsPPT
Loadingin5
105/105

Pharmacodynamics PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pharmacodynamics PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

10/19/2016

Rabbit livercontainatropinaseenzyme,whichdestroysfasterChinese cooktheirfoodincastoroil

4.Pregnancy: Profoundphysiologicalchangeswhichmayaffectdrugresponses: GImotilityreduced

5.Food: Delaysgastricemptying,delaysabsorption(ampicillin) Calciuminmilkinterfereswith

6.Speciesandrace: Rabbitsresistanttoatropine Rat&miceareresistanttodigitalis Inhumans:

7.Routeofdrugadministration: I.Vroutedosesmallerthanoralroute Magnesiumsulfate: Orally

8.Biorhythm:(Chronopharmacolgy) Hypnoticstakenatnight Corticosteroidtakenatasingle

10.Presenceofdiseases/pathologicalstates: Drugmayaggravateunderlyingpathology Hepaticdisease

12.Geneticfactors: Lackofspecificenzymes Lowermetabolicrate Acetylation Plasma

You might also like