The introduction and applications of

TOTAL STATION
(Leica TS02/06/09)
LUONG BAO BINH
Dept. of Geomatics Engineering
University of Technology, HCMC, VN

Contents
Introduction
Fundamental measurements
Why is the total station?
Modern technologies

Basic functions
Target offset
Height transfer
Hidden point
Check tie
2

Contents (cont.)
Applications

Surveying & Traverse

Stake out
Free station
Reference line & Reference arc
Tie distance
Area and volume
Remote height
Coordinate geometry calculations
Road 2D and 3D
3

Fundamental measurements
Angle with theodolites

Leveling with levels

Distance with tape or EDM

Should we combine them

in an instrument?
4

Why is the total station?

Problem: in practice, not only individual
measurements but also the combinations
of measurements and the calculations are
required for many tasks.
Solution: the total station
Electronic
theodolite

EDM

Firmware

Total
station

Advantages of total station

All-in-one instrument for multi-task
Reliable and highly accurate
Integrated applications available for many
common tasks
Automatic and easy in data storage and
transfer
A complete procedure from surveying to
map plotting is available with appropriate
softwares
6

Accuracy and range

Prism mode

Accuracy and range

Non-prism mode

Modern technologies
Reflectorless (non-prism mode)
Integrated GPS (smart station)
Auto tracking (robotic)

Integrated GPS

10

Integrated GPS

11

Basic functions

Target offset
Height transfer
Hidden point
Check tie

12

Target offset

Determines the target point P2 from:

_ the offset point P1 and
_ two distances: traverse offset and length offset
13

Cylinder offset
Determines the center P1
and radius R from
_ three points on the border

14

Height transfer
Determines the instrument height at P0 from:
_ the point(s) Pi with known height(s)

15

Hidden point

Determines the hidden point P1 from:

_ two points 1 and 2, and
_ distances d1 & d2 on the rod

16

Check tie

Calculates from 2 measured points P1 & P2::

_ slope and horizontal distance
_ azimuth
_ grade
_ height difference
_ coordinates diference

17

Applications

Traverse and Surveying

Stake out
Free station
Reference line & Reference arc
Area and volume
Remote height
Coordinate geometry calculations
Road 2D & 3D
18

Traverse

Helmet transformation
Adjustment
Checking point and tolerance
Start the traverse with or without known
backsight
Measure sideshot

19

Traverse

20

Traverse

21

Stake out
Polar mode

Orthogonal mode

Cartesian mode

22

Free station
Determines the instrument position P0 from at least 2 known points Pi

23

Reference line
Reference Line is an application that facilitates
the easy stake out or checking of lines, for
example, for buildings, sections of road, or
simple excavations. It allows the user to define a
reference line and then complete the following
tasks with respect to that line:
Line & offset
Point & Grid stake out
Line segmentation stake out

24

Base line
Base line is defined by 2 points
which can be:
_ measured, or
_ entered / selected from memory

25

Reference line

Reference line is created by:

_ parallel / longitudinal offset
_ rotated
from base line / base point

26

Line & offset

to calculate:
_ offsets
_ height difference
of target point relative to ref. line

27

Stake out

Grid stake out

Point stake out

28

Line segmentation stake out

29

Reference arc
Line & offset
Stake out:
Point
Arc
Chord
Angle

30

Reference arc

31

Line & offset

32

Stake out (point & angle)

33

Stake out (arc & chord)

34

Tie distance
Polynomial method

35

Tie distance
Radial method

36

Area

37

Volume

38

Remote height
to compute points (without prism)
directly above the base prism

39

Geometry calculations

Inverse and Traverse

Intersection
Offset
Extension

40

Inverse

to calculate:
_ distance
_ direction
_ height difference
_ grade
between 2 known points
41

Traverse
to calculate the position
of a new point using:
_ distance
_ bearing
from a known points

42

Intersections
Bearing-Bearing
(2 lines)

Bearing-Distance
(a line & a circle)

43

Intersections
Distance-Distance
(2 circles)

By Points
(4 points on 2 lines)

44

Offsets

Distance-offset

Set point

Plane offset

45

Extension
to calculate the extended point
from a known base line

46

Road 2D

47

Road 3D
Quadratic Parabola

48