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Gramatika Engleskog Jezika PDF
Gramatika Engleskog Jezika PDF
engleskog jezika
lYlustafa Tanovic
fhn
Mostar, 2002.
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cngJeski j bosanski jczik:
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Tiraz:
lOOO
Ibra Rahimic
TANOVIC, Must"f"
Gramatika cngleskog jezika I Mustafa Tanovi6.
Mostar: UniverLitet "Dzemal BijediC", Fakultet
humanistickih nauka, 2002. - 217 str. : 24 C111
Bibliografija: str 217
ISBN 9958-c,04-06 -X
Predgovor
Ova kratka gramatika namijenjena jc prijc svcga studcntima engleskog jezika,
studentima na drugim fakultctima i ucenicima srednjih skola. Tokol1l dugogodisnjcg i
ncposrcdnog rada sa ve!ikil1l brojem uccnika u Bosni i Hercegovini na osnovnoskolskom,
srednjoskolskom i visokoskolskol11 nivou, autor je stckao bogato iskustvo i pouzdan
livid 1I tcskocc sa kojimase nasi lIceniei i 'studenti slloc:waju u proccsu uccnjn engleskog
jezikn. Precizan livid u prirodu i llccslalost grcSaka nasih ucenika i stude nata tI BiB i
nasih izgnanika u New York - U omogucio jc autoru cla vise paznjc i prostora u knjizi
posvcti oninl jcziekim zt1konitostima cngleskog jezikn kojc za nasli populaeiju
prcdstavljaju najvecc poteSkoce.
U SV0111 melu autor .le, u svojstvu s3vjetnika Z3 nastavll cnglcskog i njcmackog
jezika, imao mogucnost i obavezu prcporuciti rad velikog broja nastavni!ca i profesora
englcskogjezika, pratiti i registrirati, njihova iskustva i teskocc, pronnlaziti l:jcScnja za
takvc teSkoce i preporuciti postupke kojima cc sc postizati bolji nastavni rezultati.
To je, svakako, imalo utieaja n3 opredjeljenja i prakticna ljescnja U ovoj knjizi.
Vjerujern dn cc knjiga biti od pomoci i svim drugima koji sc, iz profcsionalnih
i drugih razloga, opredjeljuju da prcciznije upoznaju nacin funkcionisanja engJeskog
jczika, da ga bolje razumiju, da uspjesnije komuniciraju na ovom svjetskom jeziku.
Knjiga je napisana u New Yorku, gradu 1I kojel11 su sc nasli I11nogi nasi izgnanici. Neki
imali osnovnn znanja i vjestine potrcbne za minimalno kOl11l1niciranje na englcskorn
jeziku. drugim<.l je susret sa englcskim .lczikom II Nc\.v York - u bilo prvo iskustvo sa
ovil11 jezikom. Vecina polaznika kurseva, koje jc auto!" organizirao za nase izgnanike,
bili su u poodl11akloj zivotnoj dobL Iskustvo steceno u radu sa oelraslim po\aznicima
bilo.ie visestruko korisno i dragocjeno. Vecina polaznika kurseva u New York - u bilaje
prinuctena brzo usvajati vjestine nuzne za najjednostavniju komunikaciju kako hi se
mog[i na trzif;tu rada, II izuzctno teskim uvjctima i ujakoj konkurcnciji, karaktcristicnoj
za amcrieko trzliitc rada, ukljucivati 1I nckc poslovc u novoj srcdini i tako prehranjivati
svoju porodieu.
Sll
lzvodi iz recenzija
Prof. dr. Mustafa Tanovic napisao je udibenik koji je nazvao Grarnatika
cngleskog jezika, koji je, kako Sam kaie U 8vom predgovoru , namijenio studentima
engleskog jezika, studentima drugih stlldijskih grupa, ali i lIcenicima srednjih 5ko1a.
Udibenik Gr:uuatika engleskog Jezika sastoji se ad 9 pogJavlja ad kojih su najobimnija
pogJavlje 0 glagolima i pogJavlje 0 imenicama. Svako poglavlje sadrii niz vjezbanja
koja Sll vezana za tematiku pogJavJja. Takocler, svako pogJavlje i potpoglavJje sadrzi
veliki broj primjera koji stlldentu trcbaju pomoci cia 5to bkse zapamti kontekst za kaji
se veze konkretna forma. To je znacajna vrijednost ave knjige. Isto tako vrijedno je
ista61 i prisllstvo napomena u tekstu svakog pogJavlja iIi potpogJavlja, kojc Sll posebnim
fontom odvojene od drllgog dUcla teksta kojem pripadaju. Na tl.lj na6in student u tim
napomenama dobija korisnll informaciju koja se ticc neke vaine osobenosti pojave koja
se obradllje.
Ovakve knjige uvijek su dobrodosle jer poz,nata nedovoljnost ponllcie akademskih
udzbenika, narocito na polju anglisticke lingvistike, i stoga ova knjiga zasluzuje da
bude stall1pana.
Prof. dr. Snezana Bilbija
Sarajevo, 11. 09. 2002.
This is a good basic compilation artlle essential rules of grammar of EngJish explained
in Bosnian, J intend to use it for first~year students of English at Mastar University. The
university student of English needs til is overall picture of the tricks of grammar. Then,
she or he can begin to put to good use any oCthe many availnble grammars and advanced
textbooks written in English.
Colleen B. London, M.A. Linguistics
SADRZAJ
I Glagolska vrcmcna u englcskom jczilm ............................................................. , 9
Sa(hinjosl (14); PIVS'ioSi (29); Baduhwsl (41); Pasiv (50); Koudiciona/ (62);
Konjukliv (66); Imerativ (68); In/itiv (73): Gerandi (80); Parlicipi (85);
Slagm?je premella (89); Upravni i ncupraFni gOVDJ' (93);
Pogodhcnc I'cccn;ce (98): Nepotplflli g/ago/i (J02): Qucs'tions Tbgs (l09).
Jedan od najtczih problema sa koj im sc stalno suocavaju nasi studenti .Ie pravilna
upotrcba gJagolskih vremena u englcskomjeziku. Razlozi za to su formalni i sustinski.
U engleskom postoji i fonnalno mnogo vise vrcmena nego u bosanskomjeziku. Mi smo
uglavnol11 naviknuti na cetiri vremena: prczent. fulur, pluskvamperfekt. Ovaj posljednji
kod nas je rijetko u upotrebi, pa se nase prcdstavc svode uglavnom l1a tri vremena.
Nasuprot tome, u cngleskom jeziku postoji scst Vremena aktiva i scst vremena pasiva:
II
itd.
Jpak, najvece potdkoce prccistavlja pravilno iskazivanjc triju osnovnih vremenskih
pOJl11ova sad~lsnjosti, prosIosti i buduclIosti za sta sc koristi iZl"azito vcllki broj
razlicitih gJagolskih oblika.
10.Participies,
II.Having + Past Participle i Having been + Past Participle,
12.Being + Past Participle,
13.Thc Simple Present Perfect Tense Passive,
14.The Simple Past Tense Passive,
IS.The Progressive Past Tense Passive,
16.The Simple Past Perfect Tense Passive.
13
SADASNJOST
1. The Prest'llt Progressive (Continuolls) Tense
Trajni prczcnt gradi sc od prezcnta pOlllocnog glagola "to be'l i participa prezenta
aI{tiva od glagola koji zclimo upotrUebiti. (prc::enf pO/llO(:l1og p,/ago/a "(0 be "+ particip
prezenla akfiva).
1\'('
l2lQ)~i.J1g..
Upitni oblik tvori se invcrzi.iom potvrdnog obIika, ~j. zamjcnolll mjesta subjckta i
glagola. Am I ( is he. is she) wril-iol,! sleeping, sitting. pJaving? itd.
Odricni oblik pravi sc dodavanjcl11 ncgacijc not koja se slnv lja iZI11Cciu odgovarajuccg
oblika pomocnog glagola "to be" i participa prczcntn ujJotrijcbljcnog glagola.
[alii !lot i he i\" lIot she is /lot> sleepifl u It'l'ifil]J:, yitriflV n/avillo. ifd.
Odricllo-upitlli oblik pravi sc dodavanjcm ncgacijc not upitnom obliku.
Negacija not se stavlja iZl11cau subjckta i pnrticipa prczcnta.
Is he !lot s/eeDiflV? Arc tlic), flut n/({l'inv ill {he oan/ell 'J Is J\1arkI1Qrdo;'w his hOlllework?
4r( Ann alld 111([n' flOr 1Fririn~J?
NapofJIel1a 1: Alol"(lfl/o iowti 1/(/ /III/If da II parlicipu pre::enta mogll nas/ati iZl.'leSlIe
prollljelle pri l~jegoJ'(~j {Forbi. Dokle: porticip pre::en{a sc tvori
dodavaJ!jem glagolu nm;wl'ka -- "ing". Pri tome st' maze desitijedan
od sfjedei'a fri s/uc({ja:
lJpolrdlH
15
Napomcf7a: Postaji rc/ati1'!lo vellki bmj giago/a kaj; ne fIIogu bill lIpofrUebUcni /.I trqjnofll
obliku, osll/l u i:.:u:.:etllilll kOlltekstilll({, II izuzetnilll lfpotreiJa/l/a. Ib su g/ago/i
ko)! se ocinose 11(1:
MENTALNA SYOJSTYA OSOGE: know, realize, believe, imagine, want, doubt,
nced, understand; ngree; disagree; recognize, suppose, remember, forget, prcfer, mean.
EMOCIONALNA STANJA: love, hate, miinJ, fear, like, dislike, envy, appreciate,
care.
GLAGOLl KOJ! OZNACAYAJU POSJEDOYANJE : own, belong, possess.
GLAGOLl PERCIPIRANJA: hear, see, notice.
DRUGE YRSTE GLAGOLA KO.II NE MOGU !MATI TRAJNE OGLlKE: seem,
cost, exist., consist of~ contain, include, wish, find, decide.
16
-0
U drugim slucajevima trecem liCll jcclnine se dodaje nastavak -s ion se moze izgovarati
kao nase s iii kao nase z. Kao s izgovara se ako se gJagol zavrS<1va I1n bezvucni
konsolla111 (-p, -k, - t, -0, a kao z ako se gJago\ zavrS(1va na zVLlcni konsonant ( -b, -d,
-g, -11, -m, -I)
-z
.. to stop
he (sh~) stQPS
to come
!J..h.l,~he) comes
he (she) Cllts
to ill1<lgine
he (SllclJ,m.ugjIles
to cut
.. to look
hushe) looks
to live
he (shQ.)Jivcll
.. to laugh he (she) laughs
to Cell!
he (she} crdls.
to clerl11
hushc) cleems
he (she) PlliS1
to put
he
(she)
to
wear
he (she) wears
1a
Il~s
to talk
10 sail
he (sbt.l sails
Ilushe} k~eps
to keep
to swim
he (she) swims
to cook he (sh~} cQ9ks
to vacuum
he (she) vacuums
be (sh~) smfs
to surf
-,
Potvrdni ohlil\.: I ask, you a;>k he asks she askL\Y.(;": ask. you (lsk. they ask.
Odricni oblik tvori se dodavanjem infinitiva glagola koji z,elimo upotrijebiti prezentu
pomocnog glagola to do U oclricnoll1 ob!iku.
r do not (don 'I) ask You dQ not (don 'I) ask l-1e docs 1101 (docs!Li) ask, We do ll,ot,i.dmLLl
ask, You do not (don't) ask They do not (don\L.WiL
UpH-ni oblil{ pravi se oel upitnog prezenta pomocnoga g];:lgola to elf) kojem se doda
infinitiv upotrijebljcllog glagola.
Do I ask?, Do VOll ask'?, Does he ask? Does she ask? On weask? Do vou ask? Do they
ask?
Odricno-upitni oblik gradi se dodavanjcm ncgacije nol' iza upitnog oblika prezcnta
glagola to do, a isprecl iniinitiva glagola koji zclimo upotrijebiti,
Do I not ask'?, Do VQU not ask') Docs he- not ask') Does_5he 1101 ask2J)o we not ask? DQ
XQ1Lilll.t ask" Do they oQ1 afikl
17
Pri tvorbi ovog prezenta u glagolu se desava sUcde6a promjena: kod gtagola koji se
zavrsavaju na y to y mijenja se u 1, ako tom nastavku prethodi konsonant. Nakon toga
se doda nastavak cs u trecem lieu jed nine. Meuutim, ako se glagol zavrsava na )', a
prethodi 111U vokal ovakve promjene nema, vee se glagolu S81110 doda nastavak s.
to cany he (she) carries
to pIny
he (she) plays
to elY
he (she) cries
ali
to pay
he (she) pays
to t1y
he (she) tries
to say
he (she) says
to fly
he (she it) nies
to buy
he (she) buys
to apply he (she) applies
to enjoy
lli:-Ls.he) enjoys
Upotrcba
Simple Present Tense se upotrebljava u sljede6im okolnostima:
1. Kada sc iskazuje uobicajena radnja ("habitual action"), tj. radnja koja se uobiCajcno
desava, ali nc u trenutku kada se 0 njoj govori. U ovakvim recenicama cesto se
upotrebljavaju iii podrazumUcvaju adverbijalne oznake vremena: very oftcn every week
almost eyel)' day sometimes from time to time eve.!')! month twice a month (a week)
now and then.
e He starts to work at 8 a.m. and ~ home at 6 p.m.
We usually have dinner at 6 0' clock.
I-lis friends call him to go out almost cvery day.
Does Maria write letters very often?
Women generally -I2!!1Jlli their make-up in the morning.
Good students usually don't miss. their classcs.
Does he s.ing in the choir every day? No, he doesn't, only twice a week.
2. OviIn vremenom iskazuju se opec konstatacije, a vremcilski okviri se ne pomi11ju,
zatim op6epozn<lte cinjenice, naucne istine i poslovicc.
A week has. seven days and every day has 24 hours.
Every child~ good care.
Mmy gQQS. to work by car and her brother by bus.
lle understands Italian a little bit but he does!l 't sl2Q.il.k it.
o 1 do not agree with thc chairman.
Children never drink strong coffee, their parents do.
o-The policeman controls traUic at the crossroads.
e Spring is mild and pleasant in Hercegovina.
The Neretva is a beautiful river and everybody loves it.
e A year has 365 days.
The sun rises in the east.
o The moon goes around the earth.
o After rain comes' sunshine.
An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
18
5. Ovo se vrijeme upotrebljava sa glagolima koji ne mogu imati trajni aspekt (progressive
tense,) iako se njime iskazuje radnja koja se upravo dogada u trenutku govora.
e I llnderstand what he is telling me.
We are sllre tbey~ us very much.
-I irn'aginc the whole situation. (I can imagine" .. )
It~to me he will not come at all.
That doesn 'tjllcl.u~k me at all.
I ~ what is going on here,
My father owns this beautiful house, not you.
You are telling me something that I really dill.tbJ:..
We hc.ar our guests coming.
o She feels the danger hanging in the air.
They recognize their car that was stolen two days ago.
Kad se .:leli posebno nagJasiti da je raclnja koja se spominje zaista u toku,,, kad 0 njoj
govorimo, moze se upotrijebiti modalni glagol can tJ kombinaciji sa glagolima koji ne
mogu imati trajni oblilc Dalele: I can hear you (see you, understand you, feel the danger,
imagine your trouble).
19
:'0
- Ako se infinitiv glagola zavrsava lla sllglasnik kojem prethocii kratak i naglasen
samoglasnik onda sc taj suglasnik udvaja:
.. drop
droJ2l].hd
permit
12IT!llitted
prefer
preferred
refer to
referred to
stop
:;1Qp~
tip
beg
rob
skip
trim
plan
omit
robbed
~
tiJ:lpffi
trimmed
planned
Q.lllllled
- Alw se infinitiv zavrsava na ~y, a prethocJi l11U suglasnik taj se ~y mijenja u i kada ITIU
sc doda nastavak -cd.
Medutim, ako tom -y prethodi vokal nema nikakvih prornjena U glagolu pri dodavanju nastavka -y prethodi vokal nema nikakvih promjena u glagolu pri dodavanju nastavka ~ed.
marry
married
ali:
enJoy
5dl.joved
study
copy
otudied
copied
imply
t1y
implie.d
triee!
play
stay
~
~
Pot'vrdni oblik
I (we you they) have visited (planned cried studied stayed. gsked. taken),
He (she) has ,"lsiled (planned cried stayed asked fo[gQttcll~il..k.n1
Napomena: Ob/ik 1, YOll, we they maze se pisati i izgol'Clrati skraceno kao 1 've
)j'f!
vOII've
've the)! 've dak se she i he piu; izgav(lrc!iu skr({(:'eno kaa she:} he :~'.
Upitni oblik: tvori se inverzijom j)otvrdnog oblika perfekta tj. zamjenom mjesta
subjckta i prcdiklta. Drugacije receno: uphni oblik ovog vremena tvori \se od upitnog
obtika prezenta glagola to have i participa perfekta glagola koji zelimo upotrijebiti.
J-lave I (you we. llley) visited 11lanned cried stayed. forgotten lnken(~
Odnosno: Has_:ih~t) visited planned cried. staved. forgotten taken?
21
Odricni oblik gradi se od oJrienog oblika prezenta pomocnog glagola have i participa
perfekta giagola koji zclimo upotrijebiti.
1 (you, we, they) have not visited (planned, cried; stayed, forgotten, taken),
She (he, it) has not visited (planned, cried, stayed, forgotten itd.)
Naravno i ovqj oblik se /1/o:e pisafi i izgovamt! skmceno,
I (VOli we the)!) have" ~ viyjted (planned cried yfa)!ed /Orgotfen (akell) odnosno: She
(he 10 ham I visited (planllcd cried ytawd forgotten taken),
Odricno-upitni oblik gradi se od oddeno
~upitnog
I ovi oblici pel/ekta se mogu izgovarati i pisa!i skraceno law: haven ,I (you, we, they)
+ particip pet/ekta, odnosf1o hasn [she (he, it) + particip pellek(a,
Upotreba
Postoje vclike razlike u upotrebi per[ekta u bosanskom i u engleskomjeziku. Potrebno
je stoga obrazloziti u kojim okolnostima se upotrebljava engleski Present Perfect. Ako
bi se propustilo naznaciti uslove u kojim3 se uobicajeno upotrebijava Present Perfect
Tense mogio bi doci do znaeajnih gresaka pri prevodenju nasih tekstova na engleski i
engleskih na nas jezik. Najbitnije je da se shvati da Present Perfect Tense moze iskazivati
sadasnju radnju (sto je eest slucaj)) pa eak i buducu radnju, Ima veliki broj primjera
koji potvrduju da se ovim vrel11cnOl11l11oze izraziti i sadasnja j buduca radnja, tj, da ovo
vrijeme moze obuhvatati i sadasnjost i proslost i buducnost.
Present Perfect Tense iskazuje radnju u vremenskim recenicama koja ce sc dogoditi
u buducnosti.
Wben I've improved my English I will go to England.
Wait for me till I have finisbed my writing.
Maria will give me this novel as soon as she has finished reading it.
.. He will call me as soon as he has completed the \.vork .
.. The students will be very happy when they have passed all their exams,
Ipak Present Perfect Tense najcesce je povezan sa proslim ili sadasnjim zbivanjima u
sJijedeCim uvjetima:
1 a) Simpie Present Perfect Tense upotrebljava se da oznae! radnju koja je poeela u
proslosti ali kojaje jos u toku. U ovakvim siueajevima se Simpie Present Perfect Tense
najcesce prevodi sa nasim prezentom.
Tbey have been very bl! sy for the last three weeks (te tri sedmice jos traju) Dakle:
oni su vrlo zauzeti (zaposleni) vee tri sed mice.
My mo..ther hasJivecl jn Mostar for 60 years. (Ijos 2:ivi u Mostaru)
He has been ill since October (Jos uvijekje bolestan)
The students have studied English for eight yeurs (ijos ga studiraju)
Om frjend who is ill has heen hospitalized for three weeks (i jos je)
We haven't seen her this month. (Taj mjesec jos nije zavrsen)
1 b) U neposrednoj vezi sa ovakvom upotrebom pCJi"cl{ta obicnogje injegova upotreba
sa adverbijalnim oznakama vremena koje ukljueuju sadasnji trenutak: now, today, this
year, this month, this week pod uvjctom da jc radnJn vee ranijc zapoccla.
Today we have been to Central Padc (Danas smobili. ..... J
She has not cQm~.Jo the office today. (Onajos nije dosIa, radni danjos traje)
They have not eaten this morning. (Nisu jutras pojeJi svoj ciorucak)
My parents have not visited uncle John this month. (Nisu posjetili)
I have 'worked velY hard this week. (Radio sam iii radim ave sedmice veoma
naporno) iii: radim ove sed mice - zavisno od sirega kontcksta).
o Our guests have been with us for almost two weeks. (su bilL .. perfekt ili su
vee .. prezent zavisno od intencije govornika i sirega konteksta)
U primjerima datirn pod II vise odgovara prevod sa nasim sadasnjim vrcmenom, a pod
b, oeito je, postoji ko\ebanje pa je moguce prevoditi iii nasim perfektom (eesee), iii
nasim prezentom (!jeae).
2. Ovo vrijeme kodst! se cia oznaei radnju koja je poceln u prosiosti, zavrsila se, ali se
posljedice jos Llvijek osjecaju u sadasnjem trenutku, tj. njene posljedice prislltne Sll u
sadasnjosti.
I have bought a new suit. (Sadasnja posljedica je: I am wearing it) Dakle: Kupio
sam ..
Look what you have done, (Sadasnja pos\jedica: the table is dirty now)
My parents have gone out (Pos\jedicaje: they are not at home.)
They have moved into a new apatiment. (Posljedica: they don't live here any
longer).
o They have built a new bridge over the Neretva. (Mozemo prelaziti preko njega).
I have not read this weU known noveL (ne mogu 0 njemu raspravljati)
e The stucients ~ll1proyed their skills and their knowledge very much.
06to: ovakve i sliene primjere prevodimo nasim perfektom.
23
zavr~ila. N(~jcesce
se
Present Perfect Tense sc upotrebljava Sa stjedecim prilozima: ever, ~cr, yet (not yen,
alread.y. . since fill:.. a[vYm:... recentlv.
~ be ner written 10 you? (Da Ii tlje on ikada pisao?)
"Have you ever been to New York", asked Selma. "No, I've never been in this
huge town."
I-lave they alrcndy seen that famolls film?
My sick friend has been in bed 1iill~ March
Napofllena:TreiJa imati na lIIlIlI cia adllcr/} sillce trazi doplIIw odrectenil71 vremenOIll, tj.
tackol11 U pOll/enu/om vremellll, l1ek011l vremens/wl7l odrec/nicom, (s'ince
Dctobel; s'/nee SUllday itd.) a da sc adverb lor doplIl?java vrcmenolll /wje
izrazava t/"{{j(l/(je (for two "veeks, lor three months, for a couple of hOllrs)
4. The Present
P~rfcct
Trajni pedckt se u potvrdnom obliku pravi od perfekta p0l110cnog gJagola "to be" i
pmticipa prczenta glagola koji zelimo upotrijebiti .
.. I (you, \\~~, they) have been_playing (teaching, erving, cutting driving itd.)
.. I-Ie (she) has been playing (teaching, crving cutting driving itd.)
Upitni obHk gradi se upotrebom upitnog oblika perfekta pomocnog glagola "to be"
kojem se dod a particip prczenta glagola koji zelimo upotrijebiti.
I-lave J (you .we they) been plaYing (teaching, crYing cutting. driving)?
Has she (he) been plaYing (tcDching, clying cuning. driving)?
Odricni ohlik tvori se dodavanjcm participa prezenta glagola koji zctilTIO upotrijebiti
odricnom obliku perfekta pomocnog glagola to be.
a Uyon, we they) have not been playing (teaching. cryjng cutting drivjng)
She (he) has not been playing (teaching clying cB1ting driving).
Odricllo - upitni nhlik gratli sc lako SIO sc odricno -upitnom obliku perrekta p011locnog
gJagoJa "to be" dodaje particip prezenta glagola koji zelimo upotrijcbiti.
Have r (you we they) not been playing teaching crying, cuttitlg driving'!
1-1as she (he) nQl been playing teaching crying cutting driving?
Napomena: Ne ,<;l1l1jell1o 2aboraviti da sc glagolski oMici frajnog pel:/ekta mogu
upotrijebiti i II saze/om obliku. I've, he~' (shej been playing, (teaching,
C/ying, cutting, driving - odnos/1o J haven't (he - shej hasl? 'f been playing,
teaching, C1ying, cutting, driving. Haven '( I (we, YOll, they) been playing,
(teaching, cutting, Clying, driving)?
Upotrcba
]. Ovim se vremcnom oznacava raelnja koja je poccla prije trenutka njenog
spominjanja i trajc do sadasnjosti tj. do trenutka bela se 0 toj radnji govori. Vjerovatno
6e se radnja i dalje nastaviti. Nag/asak je na trajanju, tj duzini trajanja, Mi u nasem
jeziku nemamo ovaj gJagolski obhk pa mogu nastati ocirc(1ene poteskoce prilikom
prevodenja na eng\eski jezik.
I have been writin.ll.a report since 10 a.m.
She has been singing for two hours.
The parents are happy that their daughter.llilliJ2.een st\ldying all day,
She hates this kind of weather - it has been rQiillngJor ninc hOllrs.
2. Kada se ovaj gJagolski oblik upotrebljava bezjasne naznake vremena onda on izrazava
generalnu, opeu aktivnost i radnju koJa se odncdavno odvija.
I have been thinkin~ about this ditTicult problem.
An my students have been stui:lyiIJz-very hard and I'm proud of it.
Some people have been tryinZJo play basketball with no success.
e Hasn't she been \vdting the report?
3. Kacl se radi 0 izvjesnom broju glagola narocito to live, to work, to teach, gotovo
i da nema nikakve razlike izmcdu upotrebe Present Perfect Tense Continuous
(Progressive) i Present Perfect Tense Simple.
25
4. Izvjestan broj glagola koji oznacavaju stanje subjckta kao sto su: to sit, to stand, to
lie (lezati), to rest, to wait gotovo nikad se ne upotrebljavaju u Present Perfect Simple
vee u Present Perfect Progressive .
.. I have been waitint; f(x my [I'lend since noon .
.. We have been standinl? in the corridor quite a while .
.. Martha has been lying- in bed for almost a week .
.. Sbe has been resting all afternoon.
Preostale dvije mogucnosti za iskazivanje sadasnje radnje upotrebom pas iva (The Simple
Present Tense Passive i The Progressive Present Tense Passive) su objasl1jene LI poglavlju
koje se odnosi na pasiv. Ova elva vremena pasiva se upotrebljavaju u istim okolnostima
i pod istim uvjetil11a kao j odgovarajuce vrijeme u aktivu, samo sto su upotrijebljeni
oblici pasiva a ne obtici aktiva.
Peter is given some apples.
The book is being read by Illy students.
26
VJEZBE
Prepisi date recenice i pri tom ad glagola u zagradi upotrijebi Present Simple iii Present
Progressive Tense u skladu sa pravilima njihove upotrebe.
1. Look at these two girls! They (talk) quite a long time.
2. My parents nevver (read) after ten p.111. They (go) to work early every morning.
3. He is now in an Italian restaurant and he (have) his dinner.
4. Maria usually (drink ,- negative) a lot of coffee. At the moment she (drink) quite a
7.
8.
9.
10.
II.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
]7.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
I seldom (meet) him these dnys. He is husy nnd he rarely (go out).
Where arc they? Can'l you sec them? They ( sit) in the corner over there. That's
their usual place. They often (sit) there.
He is [! famous writer and (write) a new novel.
The students are at schoo!. Maria is in her class and she (write).
What Ali usually (drink)? I think he (drink negative) any alcohol, he only (drink)
soda or mineral water.
What (look at)? I (look at) these wonderful paintings over there.
Who Anna ( sit) with over there? I think she (sit) with her boyfriend.
Mary generally (sleep) in the afternoon, but she (sleep -negative) although it is 4
p.m.
Do you often speak English'? Yes I (speak) that language whenever I have an
oppOltunity.
Look tit them! Some students (stand), some of them (sit) and some even (run). I
wonder what they (do)"
Where he usually (work) ? I think he (work) in a very high building on the 20th
floor. And what (do) now? As a computer programmer he (program) something
new. He (work) full time or part time? Programmers usually (work) full time.
What he (look for)'? I think he (look for) a nice tie. He has a paIiy.
Is Maria a waitress? Yes, she is. She (be) in the restaurant now. She (serve) a few
customers. One customer (give) her a good tip. This customer is her good friend and
he often ( come) there and (give) her good tips.
My rather (drink) two cups of tea every morning. Right now he (drink) a cup of tea.
Is Elizabeth (sit) over there? Yes, of course. She (talk) 10 her husband, obviously
not very friendly. Maybe they two (discuss) or even (quarrel) about something. I
know their relationship (be) not very good.
Our teacher never (smoke), but look at him, he (stand) in the backyard and (smoke)
one cigarette after another. He mllst be very nervous for some reason.
"You (listen - interrogative) to me" asks the teacher" Yes, we (be). We (listen) to
you because we are vety interested in this topic."
Mohammad (study) on Sunday, but he never (do) it on Friday. Today is Friday and
of course he (study ~ negative).
I do not agree with my brother. He (talk) nonsense. Maybe he is nervous.
27
24. \Vho usually (help) your mother at home? My rather (do), of course. J suppose he
(help) her now, although he is very tired, because he (work) all day long every day.
25. You regularly (pay -intcrrogntive) your rent? Of course, I (do) but my boyfriend,
who (live) with me ahvays (puy) half ortbe rent.
26. What (eat)? Can't you see'? I (cat) French fries. They (be )delicious.
27. What you (wait for) '! I (\vait for) IOrlhc bus which n!ways (stop) here.
28. Where he (go (0)" What he (look [(ll').l don'l know. He (be) here and you can ask
him about it.
29. My brother (like) German. That's \-vhy he (take) German lessons twice a week: on
Tuesday and all Friday. Tod::!y is Friday and he (have) Germaan lessons,
30. Whose number (look up) in the telephone book? I need to ask Mark about this problem
but I don't know his telephone number. So, J (look up) his number,
28
PROSLOST
U engleskom jeziku, u poredenju sa bOS311skim, ima mnogo vise l11ogucnosti za
izrazavanje proslih radnji, dogadanja i stanja. Sve te mogllcnosti treba spomcnuti i
obrazloziti kako hi se stckle preciznije i pouzc\anije predstave, sto ce rezultirati
pravilnijom upotrebom gJagolskih oblika za kazivanje proslosti na engleskom jeziku.
OV1111 vremcnom veoma se cesto iskazuje p1'0513 radnja koj<1 se dc-sila u nedefiniranom,
neodrcc1enom, nespomcl1utom, nepodrazumljevEll1ol11 pros 10m vrcmcnskom okviru.
Buduci cia se OVi111 vremenom testa iskazuje i sadasnjost njegovi oblici i upotreba Sli
poblizc obrazloz,eni u poglavlju koje se odnosi na sadasnjost.
sadasnjih vremcna.
****
BudllCi da su tri l11ogucnosti za izrazavanje proslih radnji vee obrazlozene II poglavlju 0
sadasnjosti potrebno .Ie spomenuti i objasniti i druge nacine iskazivanja proslosti: the
Past PerFect Tense (Simple i Continuous - Progressive), would + Infinitive, the Past
Participle i clrllge.
29
PAST TENSE
Postoje dva aspekta ovog vrcmena kao uostalom i u drugim engJeskim vrcmcnima: Past
Tense Simple i Past Tense Continuous (Progressive). Izmedu ova dva aspckta - Dei to "'postoje i formalne i semanticke razlike. Formalne razlikc se odmah uocavaju (I worked
i I was working) a semanticke treba posebno obrazloziti. U "continuous" ("progressive")
aspektu uvijek nagiasena je duzina trajanja radnje i to gotovo uvijek ima znacaj kao i
sailla radnja.
U Past Tens-u glagoli mase ne dodaju nikakv1 nastavei u trecem lieu jednine kakav je
slucaj u Present Simple Tens-u, pa se jedan te istj obUk koristi za sva liea jednine i
mnozine.
Potvrdni ohlik pravilnih glagoJa pravi se dodavanjem nastavka -ed, a kod nepravilnih
glagola potvrdni oblik je identiean za sva liea jcdnine i mnozine i on se mora pamtiti.
Donjih nekoliko primjera nepravilnih glagola pokazuju oblike koji se moraju pamtiti.
to go
~
to be
}Yflli
to give
gave
to have
had
to bring
l2.rmuili.!
to come
~
to write
wrote
to understand
understood
Upitni oblik pravilnih i nepravilnih glagola gradi se pomo6u oblika did koji se
stav1ja isprcd subjckta i kojem se zatim dodn intlnitiv upotrijebUenog giagola bez
"to" .
~\irza
If
PllllOIII ohlikll.
Upotreba
Simple Past Tense upotrebljava se:
31
3. Za radnju u zavisnoj recenici nakon izraza: I wisit, if, as if, as though, it's time,
suppose, if only.
I wish you ,"vere in my shoes.
4. Za kazivan,ic proslc i zavrScnc radnje koja se desila kada je neka druga racinja
izrazena sa Past Tense Progressive bila u toku.
She came in when I was playing the piano.
o My mother was reading a book when I ~the room.
o They were playing basketball when a spectator rushed in the hall.
I was waiting in the hall when somebody ~ my name.
We were going home when a car ~ in front of us.
She was studying mathematics ",vhen the doorbell rang.
eWe were eat in!?, our dinner when somebody shouted "Fire".
I-Ie was having his breakfast when we~.
Odricni oblik gradi se dodavanjem negacije not potvrdnom obliku, izmed'u pOll1ocnoga
glagola (""as, were) i participa prezenta.
e I (he she it) was not playing cutting smiling. carrying stUdying writing
We (you they) were not playing cutting. smiling carrying studying itd.
i pomocnoga glagola
Was J (he, she, it) playing, cutting, smiling, carrying, studying, writing?
Were we (you, they) playing, cutting, smiling, carrying, studying, writing?
Odricno-upitni oblik tvori se clodavanjem negacije not upitnom obliku. Negacija se
stavlja izmedu subjekta i participa prezenta upotrijebljanoga glagola.
e Was T (he. she it) not playing. cutting smiling, carrying studying
o Were we (YO!! they) noL.playing. cutting, smiling carrying. St!ldying? itcl.
Napomel1a:Cesto s'e lIlJ?jesto pUl1ih ob/ika ad glagola "to be" upotreb/javaju saieti
oblici If odricnol1l i odrihw-upitnolJl obliku.
J (he, she, it) wasn [playing, clitting, smiling, ca!'l:l'ing, studying, writing.
We (YOl!, they) weren i playing, CUffing, smiling, c(fI"J'ing, studying, writing
~Vwm r1 (he, she, it) playing, cutting, smiling, canying, stu{(ving, writing?
Weren '/ we ()lOll, they) playing, cutting, smiling, c(lf")'ing, studying, ltd.
Upo!reba
1. Ovo se vrijeme upotrebljava za proslu radnju koja je trajala duze iii krace vrijeme.
Vrijemc trajanja moze biti izricito naglaseno: for two hours, the whole day, from nine
a.m. till four p,m., a long time, ali se vremenski okvir i njegova duzina mogu naznaCiti
kontekstom. U svakom slucaju naglaseno je trajan,ie prosle radnje.
She was reading a book for six holll's without any break.
We were traveling a long time from New York to Denver.
They were building that beautiful bridge for over three years
Mark~.dyjng mathematics till midnight.
How long were they writing their reports yesterday?
I was wai1.i.ug here for half an hour to meet my boss,
2. Past Progressive Tense upotrebljava se za radnju koja je pocela II proslost!, trajala
odredeno vrijeme i bila u toku kad se dogodila neka druga prosla radnja izrazena pomocu
Past Simple Tense.
I was writi.ng"a letter when my friend !.d!.lkd me.
We were playing cards when they ~ our room.
She was talking with her mother when I called her.
He was sitting in his room when they ~Lhim.
They were singing when Jim came in
I was eating my breakfast when the telephone rang.
3. Ovim vremenom izrazavajll se dvije iIi vise para\elnih radnji koje su istovrerneno
trajale bez obzira na vrijeme njihovog pocetka i zavrsetka.
While we were playi'llt.chess, Bob and Jim were playing tennis.
We were pla'yjlll~Jennis and our friends were watching us.
33
When my father was smoking., r was reading while. my mother and Jane were
talking and~.
Nero and Tarik were programming a llC\V program and their two friends were
waiting and talking.
e 'While I "vas cleanin-I11Y bedroom, my mother \,\I8S cooking the dinner for us and
my father was reading the newspaper.
The teacher was explaining the usc of English Past Tense and all the students WCJ.:s;.
listening carefuUy.
~
Odricni oblil( tVOrl se dodavanjem negacije not iza preterita pomocnoga glagola "to
have"
I (you he she we, they) had not played cut smiled, taught carried studied
Had
if potvrdnoJl},
odricl)olll ; odrihlO -llpitnolll obliku.
I'd (yoll 'el, he'd, she'd, we'd ,they'd) taken played, clIf, smiled, tallght, carried,
studied.
J (YOll, he, she, we, they) hadn't p!ayed, ClIt, smiled, taught, carried, studied
Hadn '11 (vall, he, she, we, theJ)p!ayed, Clft, smiled, t(fllght, carried, stlldied?
Upotrcha
1. The Past Perfect Simple Llpotrebljava se da izrazi proslu radnju koja se desila pfije
neke drugc proslc radnjc. To znaci da postoje dvije pros!e radnje od kojih
jedna
desil<l prije od druge. Ta prva radnja izrazava se pluskvampcrfcktorn obicnim, druga
prcteritom.
se
She was a\V(1rc that she had forgotten her umbrella at home.
He h.ad.ls:f! his house before I C1:l.!M there.
After my mother had spent three weeks in London, she !d.1l11e back home.
I-Ie ~ his wallet before he reached the subway station.
Vlhen we arrived the bilihday patiy had already started.
As soon as they had finished their breakfast, they ran out to play.
On coming back home he understood that he had fOlJ,;!01tcn to lock the cloor.
I had lived in Mostar, before IJll.ovcd 10 New York.
They had spent all their money before their father ~ame to them.
2. Ovo vrijeme upotrcbljava se u slaganju vremcna umjesto pretcrita (simple) j umjesto
perfekta (Present Perfect Simple).
I was told that my brother bad not bought a new house, although he had
promisedJhat to his family.
They said that they hnc1 nrrived a week ago.
My friends:tQld me that they had returned home early.
I lhought I had seen him in the cinema.
We knew that our uncle had arriy'ed in time.
He said he_had had no idea ahout the situation in Bosnia.
They till.d me they had left London Friday morning.
She .ful.1 somehow that her mother had been in great danger.
John.s.ai.Q that he hnd received] sent yesterday the telegram.
Napomena: Umjesto punih oblika cesto, se pLfu i izgovaraju sazeti pofvrdni i odricnoupitni ab/iei.
e 1 {JJou, he, she, we, the)) Iwdn t been playing, cutting, smiling, teaching, canying,
stopping writing.
Hadn 'l 1 (Vall, he, she, we, they) been playing, cutting, smiling, teaching, canying,
stopping, l,vriting.
Upotreba
1. Kada zelimo izraziti radnju kojaje pocela u prosiosti prije neke druge prosie radnje i
koja je trajala duze vrijeme i vjerovatno se nastavila u trenutku pominjanja druge,
upotrebljavamo pluskvamperfekt trajni. U oYom vremenu je izrazito znacajno
naglasavanje trajanja radnJc pri ccrnu to naglasavanje ima izrazitu sernanticku
vrijednost.
He discllssed the film he had been direc1ing
I ~ her cat, which she had been carrying in her arms.
The train arrived when they had been talking about the accident.
Mary showed me the report she had been writjng.
The composer ~ il part of the symphony he had been composjng.
Napomena:Ako hi se 1/ gon!iim prin!jerima upotrijebio obic:ni wJ'!iesto trajnogpluskvampetfekta, profll{jen;/o bi se z!l{{(\el1je recenice, Jto pOfl'rctl{je semantiC/w
razliCitosl tih dl'iju struktura. Sljede!:; prillljeri ce pofl'rditi tIl konstatac(ju.
He disclIsscd the film he had been directjtlf{ (Raspral'Uao je 0 filmll koji je on
rezirao. Reiiranje jejo.s' II toku, film jos nije zavrSen)
Me(tutim: He discuysed the jilm he bad directed. ( Ra:-:ipravljao je 0 filmu koji je on
f'dirao. Filmje zavrScn, l'eZi/'wy'cje zavl'seno.)
MCllJ! showed me the report she had been writing. (lviw)! mije pokazala iZlfeitaj
kojije nisala' izvjdtaj nUejos gOlOv}
Ali: Mwy shol-ved me the repo/'! she had written (lvfal:v 11l; je pokazala iz\jdtaj
{(oji je n{lDisala. lzvje.<;f({i.je zavl'sen.)
8. Used to + Infinitive
Ovaj oblik upotrebljava se cesto. Njime se izrazava prosla radnja iii stanje, to jest prosla
navika, prosia ponavljana radnja. Izraz" Used to + infinitiv se na bosanski jezik prevodi
37
sa izrazima "obiell0 sam + partieip prosli: nekad sam + partieip prosli; uobicavao sam
da + prezcnt; i111ao sam obic[~j da + prczcnt glagola koji zelimo upotrUebiti.
My father used to play the guitar, when he \vas a young boy.
He doesll't drink cotlee now, but he lIsed to drink a lot of coffee when he was
younger.
We used to meet every Saturday a few years ago.
This is the place where we used to play when we lived nearby.
My aunt used to come velY oflen to visit me.
When we were at the seasicle, we !J1i.~ very early.
o vVhcn she \vas a young girl she llSSd 10 be keen on reading.
Our parents l!scd~ us to the zoo 011 Saturday.
sobel
Recovered from his surprise, he mentioned some excuse. (Kad se oporavio oporavivsi se - od iznenadenja pomenuo je neko izvinjenje.
o This heard, he relt very happy, (Kad je to cu~ - clIvsi to - bio je ... )
Once done, it can never be undone. (Kad se oe5to uradilo nikad se ne maze
promijeniti. Jec!nom llcinjeno se ne moze promijeniti.)
e
Dvn gornjn glagolskn oblika upotrcbljnv<lju sc clll iznlzc proslu i Z<lvrsenu radnju koja
se dcsila prijc nckc drllgc profile radn,ie. Ocito ave strukturc mogu zamijeniti
pluskvamperfekt. Struktura "having + past participle" lma obiljezja aktiva, dok struktura
"having been + past participle" ima svojstva pasiva.
been
been
been
been
been
been
l:h1Virur been
.. Having been
39
BUDUCNOST
na engleskom jeziku buducnost se moze izr3ziti na mnogo vise naCina nego na nascm.
Postoji, zapravo, osam mogllcnosti cia se izrazi buduca radnja:
I.the Simple Future Tense,
2.the Future Progressive Tense,
3.the Present ProgrcssiveTensc,
4.thc Present Simple Tense,
5.the Simple Present Perfect Tense,
6.the future Perfect Tense,
7.the going to + Infinitive j
8.to be about to + Infinitive.
ojoj govorimo.
Potvrdni oblik gradi se od gJagola shall i will !cojima dodajemo intinitiv upotrijebljenoga
glagola. Shall sc upotrebljava sa prvim licem jednine i mnoine (1, we ), a will sa 5vi111
ostalim licima. MCGutim, u govornom jeziku, narocito u americkoj verziji sve vise se
upotrebljava wil! za sva licajednine i mooline.
I (we) shall pIny. cnt smile teach carry stlldy. write itd.
)'011 (be she it HleY) will play ClIt smile teach corry, study write.
41
ob/ikll. 1 '11, (he'll, she 'f! lFC"!I, YOl! 'II, fhey '!I) pia); ClI!, slIIile, tcach, ccmy.
write. I (he, she, it. 'FC. YOIl, {lie}) 'POll 't play, Clll, smile, teach, cany,
study, write) i IYou 't I (yOI/, he, she. it ,we, the)) pili)', cut, smile ,teach,
c{m)" Sll/ely write?
Slll(~V,
Upotreba
3. Kada se glagol shall upotrijebi LI drugom lieu jednine iii mnozine (you shall) onda
taj oblik ne izrazava futur vee zapovijest, iii ncku prijetnju iii, cak i obeCalljc.
Zapovijcd:
You shall wr.i.t your homework right now,
You shall gQ homc at Ollce.
You shall ask your Lather about it.
You shall tcllmc the truth, or.
r promise you, VOll shall get your money back.
Obcnnje:
You shaH have your cake, for sure.
You shall be awarded for this heroic action.
You sh,~a vcry high price if' you do it.
Priictllja'
You shall have a lot or trouble if you go there.
Napomf!!la: Shall se moze upotrijebili i u rl"ei;clllliclijednil1e; lII!1oiinc (hc. she, it, they)
ali !Ill! se fuc/a lIlIeko/i/w prolllUeni :';Il{/(:el~je. U tom se s/U(;({ju lie izrazava
obicno buduCl10st ve(' rUde/lOst i (~vrSla odlllka do ce all ili Olla iii ani
i:,;vrSili odre(tene radnje. Ovakva upotreba je lIaroeilo cesta 11 pravl10m
dokwllcntima.
o He (she, tliey) shall.f1giJt/or his (he/; their) rights as long as hersheY lives (they
live).
They shailnot go there any more because II is dangerous.
e He (she) shall help you anyway; YOll are his (he/) ji'iend.
e The buyer shall pay 30% a/the lola/ in thejirs! qu([rte~:
42
Odricni oblik gracli sc clodayanjem negacijc not potyrdnom obliku. Taj not se stavlja
iza pomocnoga glagola (shall, will)"
I (we) shall Dol he nhviJ.ll! c!lain\{ smiling teDching c:wryinl! writing
1l011~~ey) will no! be plnyj~d,:l!lljng smiling !eachjnu, writing
Upitni oblik pravi se inyerzijol11 potyrdnog oblika, tj. zamjenol11 I11jesta subjekta i
pOl11ocnog glagola shall will
Sholl I (we) be pinyin" CUlling- smjlior: j"ciwbjng cQrryjnfl wri1"il1gC~
Will you (th~w she) be playing euning smiling. j"cucbing, writing')
Odricno-upitni ohlik pray! se dodavanjem negacije not upitnom obliku. Taj not se
stavlja izmec.1u pomocnoga glagola shall ( will) i pomocnoga glagola be.
Shall J (we) !lot he playing, (cutting silliling leachjng cany)ng writing)?
Will YOIl (they she be) not h(' playing (c!!t!'jng smjling teaching, carryjng),)
II
1 '1/ (VOti "II, we "II, they '/1, he 'Il, she'll) be playing, clltting, smiling, teaching,
carrying, stU(Z),llg.
J (we) shall"t he pia)'ing, ctltting, smiling, tcacliing, canying, and writing.
You (they, he, sht') won't be playing, cuttil/g, smiling, cao:l'il1g, and wriring.
Shan't I (we) be playing, clitting, smiling, c([I"]ying, iVfiring, and studying?
rVon 't .1'0/1 (they, she, he) be playing, clitting, slIIiling, carlying, and .,vf/ring?
Treba napomcnuti:
SliWI
Upotrcba
ce
1. Ovim se vremenOI11 oznacava buducn radnja za koju sc zna iIi ocekuje da potrajati
cluze iii haee vrijeme. Naglasava se trajanje radnjc, a ne samo njeno buduce trajanje.
On Friday IJlJ2e studyinG English irregular verbs.
They'll be working the whole day tomorrow.
s They say it will be raining all afternoon.
43
2. Buduce trajno vrijeme koristi sc da izrazi radnju koja cc tnljati prijc, a i poslije
nekog buduceg vremenskog period:!. Taj buduri vremenski period maze se izricito
spomenuti, a moze se i podrazumijevati kad kontckst to nalaze.
~ When you call me 1'1\ be playing footbalL l'1l be playing for at least four hours .
.. He says he'll be working hard when we come to see him,
.. She insists that 1 don't cal! her because she wil! be practicing the Violin .
.. They wi 11 be slandinfl by the window to watch the parade .
.. The whole f~lmily wil! be waiting at the airport.
.. Will you be waiting for me by when I call you?
Odricni oblik gradi se dodavanjem negacije not izmedu subjekta i glagola should iii
would.
I (we) should not play, cut, smile, teach, carry, study, write, read.
You ( they, he, she) would not play, cut, smile, teach, cany, study, read.
Odricno-upitni oblik pravi se od upitnog oblika ovog vremena i od negacije not koja
se stavlja iza subjekta i infinitiva upotrijebljcnog glagola.
Should I (we) nol play. cut, smile, teach, carry, study, write, read?
Would you (they, he, she) not play, cut, smile, teach, cany, study, write?
Upotreba
Ovaj glagolski oblik Izraz<1va radnju koja se desHa II proslos!, ali kojajc buduca rad11ia
u porcc1cn,iu sa nekom drugom, izrazenorn preteritorn u glavno,i recenici. To znaci
da se futur II ( Future in the Past) upotrebljava pri slaganju vremena i - svakako- u
ncupravtlom govoru.
lako je futur prosli po obliku identican kondicionalu prvom, njihove funkcUe i
semanticke vriJcdnosti sasvim su razliciti. To se ne smije zaboraviti pri prevodenju
tekstova, narocito lileral1lih, sa engleskog na nas jezik. Futur prosli moramo prevoditi
nasim futurom, a engJeski kondicional prevodimo nasim pogodbcnim nacinom.
I knew he "vould come in time. (Znao sam dn ce on doci~ ne da bi dosao)
They said they would do their job in time. (Rekli su da ee obaviti svoj posao na
vrijeme. Naravno ne cia bi obavili posao na vrijemc.)
The construction firm clajn@ it would build new, better roads.
(Gradevinska firmaje tvrdila da ce napraviti bolje, nove puteve. Ne da bi napravila
bolje nove puteve)
The manager s8icl that the promised rew8rcl would be given to her. (Direktor je
rekao da ee joj obecana nagrada biti data. Ne da bi .10.1 obecana nagmda bila data)
His daughters said they would go to the cinema the-next day. (Njegove keeri su
rekle cia ce sutra iei u kino. Ne cia bi sutra isle u kino.)
My father knew that I would tell him the truth. (moj otac ... znao da eu mll kazati
istinu).
They ~us what we would do the following day. (Pitali su nas sta eemo sutra
raditi.
45
Potvrdni olJlik:
should.
Upotreba
Ovaj .'iC glagolski oblik 1I potvrdllom obliku gradi oel glagola shall i \vill kojima se
doda infinitiv pcrfekta. A infinitiv perfckta gradi se dodavanjem participa perfekta
gJagoJa koji zelimo upotrijebiti pOl11ocno!TI gbgolu "to have". Upitni i upitno oddeni
. obEci veomCl se rijetko upotrebljavaju pa ill nijc potrebno ovdje navoditi.
Potvrdni ohlik
~ f (we) shall have played, cut, smiled, taught, carried, studied, written.
You (they, he, she) will have played, cut, smiled, taught, carried,written
Upotreba
The Future Perfect Tense upotrcbljava se da izrazi rndnju kojn ce biti zavrsena u nekom
trenutku u buducnosti iii ncposrcc!no prije l-og proslog trenutka. Potrebano je paziti pd
prevodenju ovog g!agolskog ob!ika,jer mi nelll<lmo ovo vr!jcl1lc. Pri prevodenju ovog
oblika treba da koristimo naSl! rijee vcc koja nagovjcstava okvire karakteristicne za
futur perfckta.
I shall have passed my exams by this time next year. (Ja ell vee po!oziti 111o.1e ispite
do ovog vrcmena sljedcce godine)
They will have written their report by the end of this week. (Oni ce vec napisati
svoj izvjciitaj do kraja ove sedmicc).
She will have heard this news by the end ofthe next day. (Ona ce vec cuti tu vijest
do kraja sUccleceg dana).
We'll not have read this novel by Sunday. (Do nedeljc necemo nwci ... )
Ovo vrijeme se takoder cesto koristi za izrazavanje un8prijed planirane buduee radnje.
Objasnjenja 0 tvorbi i upotrcbi ovog vremena za isk8zivanje buduce radnje data su uz
Present Perfect Tense Simplc,
47
Napol1lena: U ameriawlJI gOV0l'!10111 jezikll se cesto cuje izraz 1 'm gonna, he~' gOl1na
ftd. ali se lIpotreba fog oblika ne preporucuje u njegoV(l110m govoru, pogotovo
ne II akademskim raspravama.
Upotreba
Upotreba oblika pas iva za izrazavanje buduce radnje obrazlozena je u pog\avIju koje
se odnosi na vremena pasiva. Oblici pasiva se upotrebljavaju za buduCll radnju II skladu
sa pravilima upotrebe pas iva uopste. Uvjet 1I kojima se upotrebljava aktiv za izrazavanje
buduce radnje slicni Sll uvjetima u kojima sc koristi pasiv za buduC:ll radnju, samo se
dodatno moraju imati u vidu opci okviri za upotrebu pasiva i, naravno moraju se
49
PASIV
OBILJEZJA I'ASIVA U ENGLESKOM JEZIKU
1. U pasivnoj rccenici subjckt trpi posljedicc vrscnjH glagolskc radnje, pa je otuda
i dobio nazi v trpno stanjc. Subjekt, daldc, nije vrsilac glagolske radnje (sto jc sluca] u
recenicama izrazenim aktivom) ncgo se radnja vrsi na subjektu. Ustvari objekt aktivne
recenice postajc subjekt pasivnog glagola u pasivnoj konstrukciji.
U recenicama
a) "Mal]! asked my friend Bob about (he whole situation"
b) "1vlyfh"end Bob )'vas asked about the whole sitUalion by Maly"
imamo dva razliCita strukturalna Jjesenja za slicne, ali ne identicne scmantickc
varijallte. Formalna razlika u ave dvije recenice ogleda sc u Cinjcnici da je u recenici
pod '''a'' Mary subjekt, a my friend Bob je objekt ,dokje u rccenici pod ~b" my friend
Bob postao subjekt pasivne recenice. Sustinska scmanticka razlikaje u cinjenici daje u
"b" recenici naglasak na radnji, na izvrsavanju radnje dokje u "a" recenici naglasak na
vrsiocu radnje, 11a subjektu.
2. U engleskom jeziku razlikujcmo dvije vrste pas iva: pasiv radnje i pasiv stanja.
Pasiv radnje ima sva obicna gJagolska vremena ("simple tenses") i samo dva trajna
vremena ("continuous - progressive tenses": (Present Progressive Tense i Past
Progressive Tense), dok se druga trajna vremena ugJavnom ne upotrebljavaju ni u
usmenome ni u pismenome komuniciranju.
Pasiv stanja opisu/e stanje i fie izraiava aktivl105>'f niti praces radnje. To potvrctuju
sljedece rc(:en;ce:
The window is broken.
The door is locked.
Jane is married to Henry.
Peter is interested in modern painting.
He is quite satisl1ed with his new job.
Pasiv stanja ncma "progressive" oblike, za razliku od pasiva radnje koji ima dva trajna
obllka: prezent i preterit.
3. Pasiv radnje mogu po pravilu imati samo prijelazni glagoli tj. glagoli koji obavezno
imaju iIi mogu imati objekt u akuzativu. Neprije\azni gJagoli kao "to go" "to run" (u
znacenju treatl), "to spring", "to lie" (Jczati), "to die", "to fall" "to bleed", "to come",
"to travel", "to alTive", "to bow", "to endure", "to bargain", "to appear", "to disappear"
hd. ne l110gu bit-i upotrijebljeni u pasivu.
4. Pasiv se u engleskom jeziku kodsti veoma testa. Ova narocito vazi za tekstove i
usmene rasprave sto se ad nose nu gotova sve tehni6kc grane, tchnoloske postupke, na
nauena istrazivanje i interpretiranje rezultata istrazivanja. U takvim tekstovima postize
se veea koncentriranast, veea gustoea, jer je u njima u prvom planu konstatacija bitnih
Cinjenica i rezultata istrazivanja, isticanje nalaza do kojih se doslo. Vrsenje radnje je u
pasivnim konstrukcijama vaznije ad vrsiaca. Vrsioci radnje, istrazivaci, interpretatori
rezultata istrazivanja Sll u drugom planu, gotovo nikad se i ne pominju, jer su nebitni u
datom kantekstu. Citalac u takvom zgusnutom tekstu brze dalazi do infonnacije koja ga
zanima, do rezultata istrazivanja pa tako gubi manje vremena. Procjeniuje se da se
najmanje jedna trecina recenica u tekstovima i raspravama 0 tehniCko-tehnojoskirn,
naucno-istraiiv<lckim temama izrazava pasivnom kODstrukcijom
Pasiv se naroeito u engieskorn jeziku upotrebljava u sljedeeim okolnostima:
a) aka je subjekt aktivne reecnice sasvim nepoznat iii nema u datim okolnostima nikakvu
veeu vainost.
My umbrella was stolen yesterday.
The b,.;clge over the Neretva wm built last ye([/:
German is spoken in three European countries,
The boss has been informed about the accident.
This action will never .b..U'ru:~
The new highway will be completed sometime next month.
Foreign languages are taliS/ht in eVely' school il1 Bosnia.
The World Clip/ootball games are beil1f' tclel'i.<.;ed allover the world.
Computers are used (have been used were used, had been used, will be lIsed) all
over the globe,
It is said (assumed, known) that much damage had been caused.
Mathematics is' aoolfed in many sciel1!(/1c bra/lches.
Will these letters be answered soon?
T"vo wires have' heen welded vel)' quick)v.
The definilion has been used mallY times during the research.
Forces are classified under two general headings.
The shape of this body will be changed.
51
It is estimated that one third orthe total energy hus been lost.
.. The chemical constituents of this material must be controlled.
All these free samples should be controlled.
o Our house must be (shQuld be) painted this week.
U gornjim primjcrima ne znamo ko je vrsilac radnje iIi nam on nije poscbno vazan.
b) ako jc subjckt pasivne recenice vazniji od subjekta aktivnc recenice, tj. ako je radnja
rccenice bitnija od izvrsioca radnje.
The poem you are reading was WIi11&u by Keats.
Mmy W((), Dunished by her/atha
He was driven to Sarajevo by his friend Bob.
This ft:lIllOUS :iymphony vms composed by Beethoven.
The dass ,vas being tallght by a famous teacher.
He has been interro~by the police for five hours.
Many car engines arc cooled by watel:
The fact that the Earth revolves round the sun was discovered by Galileo.
Treba poscbno istaci cia u gornjim recenicama i drugima koje imaju iste karakteristike i
svojstva subjekt aktivne recenice kojem prethodi prepozicija "by" tini bitan diD informacije
kaa cjeline i u pravilu se mora upotrijebiti u pasivnoj recenici tj. ne smije se izostaviti.
c) ako je vrsilac radnje, ocigleuan u datoj situaciji ili poznat, pa ga slusaoci i Citaoei
podrazumijevaj II bez obzira sto nije pOlllcnuL
The new president was elected last year.
.. Many mistakes were made during the last exam.
This new road in our town has already been built.
.. The new member of our party was \Vel~.
"Hamlet" was written a long time ago.
Football is played very well in England.
I will be told the latest news when I come home.
The New Year will be celebrated everywhere .
.. English is taught almost everywhere.
That can't be done easily in the existing situation.
The sick girl in my neighbor's family was looked after very welL
.. He was la1!ghed at eveD in his family .
.. President Clinton was re-elected six years ago.
-llil.s. the business lIetter been sent in time?
He was told to be to work on time.
U gornj im recenicama fokusira se radnja i njeno vrsenje, dokje vrsilac (iii vrsioci radnje)
u drugolU planu, te je stoga n~bitan. To je razlog da se konstrukcija "by" i subjekt
aktivne recenice izostavljaju u pasivnoj recenici.
11
engleskom jeziku
Pasiv u engleskom jeziku ima sva "simple" vremena kao i u aktivu i sarno elva
"progressive" tj. "continuous" vremena: Present Tense Progressive i Past Tense
Progressive.
Opee pravilo za tvorbu razlicitih vremena pas iva glasi: pasiv se pravi od odgovarajuceg
vremena pomocnoga glagola "to be" i participa perfekta glagola kojeg zelirno
upotrijcbiti.
This letter is written.
Present simple:
This letter is being written.
Present Progressive:
This letter was written.
Past Tense Simple:
This letter was being written.
Past Tense Progressive:
This letter has been written.
Present Perfect Tense Simple:
This letter had been written.
Past Perfect Tense Simple:
This letter wi!! be written.
Future Tense Simple:
53
by;
b) glagolsko vrijeme prebaci se iz aktiva u odgovarajuce vrijeme pasiva.
Primjeri:
Aktiv:
Pasiv:
Aktiv:
Pasiv:
Aktiv:
Pasiv:
Aktiv:
Pasiv:
Aktiv:
Pasiv:
Aktiv:
Pasiv:
Aktiv:
Pasiv:
Aktiv:
Pasiv:
Aktiv:
Pasiv:
Aktiv:
Pasiv:
Napomena: A1oramo imati na 1I/1l1l da lwd g/agola koji im(~iu elva objekta (direktni i
indirektni) postoje dl'lje fIIOguC:"05;fi :;a pf'ebaciv[[f!ie aktivl1ih re(.~enica u
pasivne. Kako di/'ektuj tolw i !Ildir(,ktllj objekt //IoZe bjtj lfDotr{jebUan u
fUllkciij wb)ekta p(!SiJ'l7e reCenice
57
Aktiv
Pasiv
.-
They turned down our offer immediately. Our offer was turned down immediately.
A great crowd of people listened to Peter.
59
12. Two police officers pushed the robber out of the room.
13. Most probably they will print this f~llnous novel in Sarajevo.
14. Such newspaper reports confuse many readers.
15. The English police arrested the driver for speeding.
J 6. Someone must fix that leaking sink.
17. The boss yelled at the employee for being an hour late.
18. The film director will direct a new expensive film.
19. He had painted this painting beforc he came to Bosnia.
20. This famous inventor has invented many useful machines.
2 J Mary must write down John's telephonc number.
22. Maria has done all the dishes in a VCIY short time.
23. The police have\been chasing the robber al! over the town.
24, Somebody has turned oirthe lights,
25, The parents woke up both children,
26. They must look into that matter.
27. Today the teacher wil! give us a new test.
28. This doctor ordered the patient to rest for two weeks at least.
29. The computer performs these mathematical operations in no time.
61
KONDICIONAL
Kondicionalima se iskazuju pogodbcne recenice, tj. uvjeti pod kojima ce se radnja glavne
recenice 1zvrsiti iii se nece izvrsiti. Razlikujcmo tri vrste kondicionala:
za izrazavanje pogodbe u sadasqjosti;
za iskazivanjc ostvarive, rcaine i moguce pogodbe lIpotrebom preterita;
za kazivanjc Ilcostvarive, irealnc pogodbe upotrebom pluskvamperfekta.
Pri izrazavanju pogodbenih rccenica sva tri pomcnuta tira koristi 5e jedan od dva
postojeca kondicionala: kondicional I (The Present Conditional) i kondicional II (The
Past Conditional).
Tvorba
Kondicional I gradi se u potvrdl1om obliku upotrebom glagola should iii would i
infinitiva bez "to".
I (we) should play, cut, smile, carry, write, study, read, s1mi itd.
You, (he, she, they) would play, cut, smile, carry, write, study. start itd.
6)
Should I (we) not play, cut, smile carry, write, study, read, start?
Would you (they, she, he) not play, cut, smile, carry, write, study, read?
Shouldn't I (we) wouldn't you (they, he she) play, cut, smile, eany itd.
Napomena: Veoma cesto piSli se i govore sazeti oblici
~llpitnil11 I'ecenicama.
II
I'd, we'd, you'd, he'd, she'd, they'd play, cut, smile, carry, 'write, read. ftd.
/'d not, (iii Ishouldn 't) we'd not, (we ).jlou/dn i) you'd not (vou wouldn't) she'd not
(she wouldn't), he 'el nol (lte rvouldn 't), they 'e! not (they lNouldn i) play, cut, smile,
Can)', write, read, start.
Vpotrcba
rf
63
Upitni oblik pravi se inverzijom potvrdnog oblika, tj. zamjenom mjesta subjekta i
glagola should, would.
e Should I (we) have played, cut, smiled, carried, written studied, read, ...
Would you (they, he, she) have played, cut, smiled, carried, written, read?
Odricni oblik pravi se upotrebom negacije not koja se dodaje potvrdnom obliku iza
pomoC:lloga glagola "to have".
I (we) should have not played, cut, smiled, carried, written, studied, read)
You (they, she, he) would have not played, cut, smiled, carried, written
Upotrcba
Kondicional drugi koristi sc za iskazivanjc proslc pogodbc (proslog vjctn) l! glavnoj
rcccnici. U if rcccnici sc tac!a upotrcbljava pluskvamperfckl a u glavnoj reccnici jc
ircalni. neostvareni uvjet izraZcn kondicionalom drugim. Treba svakako ponovo istaci
da je po obliku kondicjomd drugi identican futuru u proslosti. To namccc potrebu za
vclikim oprezol11 pri prcvoc1cnju ova dva formatno idcnticna, a scmanticld razlicita
gJagoJska oblika. Jet", l1ikako ne mOZe biti svcjeclno cia Ii sc taj oblik prcvocli pogoclbenom
rccenicom iIi se on prevodi fllturom. Upotreba i kontekst odreolljc izborjcdnog iii drugog
prevoda.
Ifmy father had been more careful, the accident \-vould not have happened.
Smisao: Nesreea sc dogodila i ta Cinjenica se ne maze izmijeniti. Dakle, da je moj
otac bio pazljiviji, ali nije i to se ne maze izmijeniti. U tomcjc irealnast pogodbe.
We would have traveled a lot if we had had enough money.
Smisao: Nismo imali novac i nismo putovali - ircalna pogodba
If they had caught the 8 o'clock train, they would have been here already.
Smisao: niSI! .';figli na voz II osam sari i nisu do/iii. To cil~jenica ne maze se
prolll{jeniti, iI/tome se soslqji irea/nast, lIeostl'orenosf i neastvarivost pagodhe.
lfwc had knQ\vn how dangerous that action \-vas, we wouldn't have done it at ,dL
Smisao: Nismo znah daje ta akcfja opasna, poduze/i slIIoje i dospje/i II opasllost.
lreainost pogodbeje oCita.
If they had told me that in time, r wouldn"t have done such a stupid thing.
Smisao: Nismo znali daje fa akc{ja apasno, podllzeli smoje i dospjeli 11 opasl1ost.
lrealnost pogodhe.ie o(~ita.
If you had come in timc, you would have seen him.
I wouldn't have had any trouble if I had known all these facts.
If be had asked his parents, he would have been quite sure about it.
She would have arrived earlier if she had taken n taxi.
-lfit hadn't stopped raining, we would have not made in time.
- He would have lost his books jf he hadn't put them in this bag.
65
KONJUNKTIV
Glagoli u engleskomjeziku mogu imati tri nacina (moods);
Indikativ
Konjunktiv
Imperativ
Indikativom se iskazuju radnje iii zbivanja koji su reaini, koji se stvarno dogadaju,
koji su se dogodili iIi ce sc dogoditi. On, dakle, iskazuje stvarne cinjenice, konstatacije,
stvama dogadanja ili nedogadanja.
They go ta school.
Azra doesn't like to get up early.
My mother has lived in Mostar for 10 years.
They visited us an Sunday,
Has he always been such workaholic?
She had forgotten to ask about it.
He will come in time.
Are you going to travel this week?
Konjunktivom se ne iskazuje cinjenicno stanje i realnost vec, naprotiv, pretpostavke,
:zelje, ocekivanja, zahtjev, nadu, eventualnu mogucllost, a te pretpostavke zelje i
ocekivanja itd.mogu biti ostvarivi ( moguci ) ali i neostvarivi (irealni). Ostvarenje je u
svakom slucaju neizvjesno, nesigurno.
1I
odnosu
l1a
1.Glagol "to be" u svim licima konjunktiva prezenta ima isti oblik: infinitiv bez "to~
be you be he be she be it be we be they be,
2,U prvom i treccm lieu Past Tens-a u konjunktivu se koristi oblik were umjesto was.
(Jf! 'were, ifhe were, ifshe were). Ostali oblici Past Tens-a ostaju isti kao u indikativu).
3. U trecem lieu jednine u Present Simpl-u ucma nastavka s kojije u indikativu obavezan
(osim izuzetno kod nekih glagola): he go, she go, it go,
Upotreba
Konjunktiv sc rijctko upotrebljava u savremenom u engleskomjeziku, ali se ipak koristi
bar u ovim trima razliCitim okolnostima:
66
will
67
IMPERATIV
Zapovjednim se naCinom izrazava naredba, zahtjev, zabrana, opomcna, paziv i molba.
Za drugo lice jednine i mnozine zapovjcdni nacin identican je infinitivu glagola bez
"to".
~here.
Sit down.
~ this book, not that one.
Th.ll me the truth.
Take him out.
Switch the light QiI.
Kad se nc radi 0 izricitim narcdbama, ondaje U ovakvim strukturama gotovo obavczna
upotrcba rijeci, please. Njenom upotrebom "umeksava" se zahtjev (trazenje), ublazava
se izriCit05t, sto je vazoa kulturoloska oznaka cnglcskog jezika.
U odricilom obliku imperativa u drugoml ieu jednine i mooiinc isprcd gJagola stavlja
69
sum
KHd uz glagol stoji prcpozicija iii ncka druga partikuhl , onda se one u il11pcrativu
najcesce upotrebljavaju na kraju recenice, ali se one IllOgU upotrijebiti i neposredno
nakon imperativa
Take out your books.
:I:iJJs& your books llllI.
II.iJ:n...Qn the TV
Iw:n the TV Qlh
Write my phone number llilli:u. Write down my phone number.
lJ.lLQn the light.
P.ll.t the light Qlh
Drink up the mille
l2rink the mi Ik lIj2.
Kad se poslije imperativa upotrijebi zamjcnica kao objekt, onda pattikule i prepozicije
moraju biti na kraju recenice.
Bring them in.
Look it up.
70
o Drink it up.
Take it out. (the garbage)
o Put them on the desk.
Put!hrnl down. (the boxes)
Let them out.
Let him in.
Switch it off.
UCtivi zahtjevi
Uetivi zahtjevi, sugestije, prijedlozi, iskazivanje vlastitog oeekivanja i zelje u engleskom
jeziku veoma su vazni zato 5tO su eesti u upotrebi. To nisu izrieiti zahtjevi i naredbe, vec
sugestije, podsticaji da se nesto ueini ill ne ueini, zapravo blagi zahtjevi i gotovo motbe.
Najces6i nacini ispoljavanja tih blagih zahtjeva su: Would you, will you, could you,
caD you + infinitive bez ~'to."
Potrebno je da se ovi oblic; usvoje vee u prvim fazama ucenja i da se pravl imperativj
upotrebljavaju samo izuzetno i rijetko. Izrazima would you? i could you? iskazuje se
btagi zahtjev u formalnoj atmosferi gdje ima {judi koje ne poznajete a njima se obracate,
dok se izrazi will you? can you? upotreb\javaju l! neformalnoj atmosferi, dakle u situaciji
kad se obraca poznanicima, iii bliskim osobama.
Izmedu fraza could you? i would you? nema nikakvih bitnih razlika, a takode nema
razlika izmedu izraza can you i will you?
71
Kad se ouaberc nastavak if, onda se iza toga upotrijebi Past Tense, a semanticka poruka
je trazcnjc dopustcnja da se Besto udni. Ova struktura zapravo znaci: smcta Ii yam ako
zatvorim prozor, sto implicira prijedlog, sugestiju. Upotreba Past Tense-a ne znaci da se
radnja odnosi na pros!ost. Radnja se, zapravo, odnosi na sadasnjost iii buducnost.
U govornom engleskomjeziku umjesto Past Tens-a se cesto upotrebljava 1 Present Simple
, dakIe: Wou/dyoll mil1d ({he callie I,Filh us?ili he comes with us?
Vv'ould you mind my smoking ima slicnQ znacenje kao a) struktura ("if struktura").
Medutim b) struktura (gerund) vise se koristi kad se sugestija upucuje nekome drugom
da nesto ucini, lako sc u govornom jcziku cesto upotrebljava gerund i kad sc traii
dopustcnje. Mogucc je, prclll<J tome, rVouid YOIl mind Illy smoking? (Smclll Ii 1/(l/1I (//w
pUSilll?) lii J-VouLd you I/Iilld opening the window sto bi se preve/o sa: Bisie Ii otvorili
prozor?
Sugcriran,ie lIeke radnje u cngleskom jeziku pocesto se vrsi izrazima: Why don't
we'! lli shall we'!
e Why don't we n.li our parents now?
Shall we call our parents now?
\Vhy don't we ~
Sl1.all wc~
\Vb\' don't we meet at four o'clock? Shall we ~ at four o'clock?
Shall we ~ something?
\Vhv don't we ~ something?
INFINITIV
Infinitivi su osnovni, bazicni, neodrccteni gJagotski obIie!. U englcskom jeziku
infinitivim<1 prethodi partikula "to" Kod relativno maJog broja glagola ta partikula "to"
ne upotrcbljava se. Za razliku ad bosanskog jezika u kome postoji samo jed an infinitiv
(ncodrcc1cni glagolski oblik nn -ti, -ci) u engleskom jeziku postoji scst razlicitih
illfinitiva kod prelaznih i cetiri kod neprclaznih glagola.
1. inJil!~r~cnta (s.imu.1.c.) : to write, to smile, to study, to Cllt, 10 l'inish itd.
2. infinitiv prezent1!..ln..r!!grcssivt); to be writing, to be smiling, to be cutting, to be
canying, to be reading itd. Ovaj infillitiv nc postoji u pasivu. Primjeri pokazuju
Infinitiv perfekta trajnog se prnvi ad infinitivn perfcklD pomocoQ[; glngola "to be"
i participa prezcnHl !!potrijchJjeoog giawoia. On se rijetko upotrcbljava, cak i na
akademskom oivoll.
5. inilnHiy prt"lt'ota ):Ulsiva (simple); to be written; to be cut, to be asked, to be
read, to be visited, to be carried itd. Ovaj infinitiv se tvori D..dinfinjtivll pnmoCnWl
glagoln "10 be" i parljcjpn perrekta upotriiebHenog glagQla
6. intinit,iv perfckta nasivu (sirnnlffi to have been written; to have been cut, to
have been asked, to have been visited, to have been caJTied itd. Primjeri pokazuje
da se IDfinitiv perfekta pasivil obicno[l1vO[i oel infiniliva perfekta pomocnog
glugoJa "1'0 he"! particjpn perfektn Ilpotriiebljenol! glagQJn
Neprelazni g\agoli nemaju infinitive pasiva. Otudaje njiilov broj manji (cetir!) 1I odnosu
na infinitive prelaznih gJagola kojih imn sese U aktivu neprelazni imaju iste oblike
infinitiva kaQ i prelilznj glngoli
Ove oblike, tvorbu i upotrebll treba ukratko obrazloziti. Nacelna infinitivi imajll svojstva
gJagoJa ali i neka svojstva imenica. Glago\ske osobine in fin it iva se potvrduju Cinjenicom
da infinitivi mogu imati razl iCita vremena i aspekte (sto je svojstvo sarno glagola), imaju
oblike u aktivu i u pasivu, a karakteristike imenica se potvrouju cinjenicom da infinitivi
mogu biti upotrijebleni i u funkcUi su~iekta i u funkciji objekta.
Infinitiv prez~nta; to write, to smile, to cut, to study, to eany, to send. Ovaj infinitiv je
naznacen u Ijecnicima. Njegovu tvorbu nije potrebno objasnjavati.
73
Upo!reb.
Infinitiv moze u recenici imati tri razlicite funkcije iako mu oblik ostaje nepromijcnjen.
Ta cinjenica odreduje i mogucnosti upotrebe infinitiva. Razni oblici infinitiva se u
engleskom jeziku testa upotrebljavaju, svakako mnogo ceSce U odnosu na nas jezik.
Stoga je neophodno pokazati mogucnosti upotrebe infinitiva u engleskom jeziku.
To
74
6. Odredeni broj pridjeva koji izrazavaju osjeaIlje ( h~lppy, delighted, gJad, sorry,
pleased, sad, relieved, proud itd.), zatim neki drugi pridjevi koji ne izrazavaju osjecanje
i raspolozenje kuo fortunate, lucky, ready, anxious, eager, hesitant, reluctant itd,
nalaze da se iza njih upotrijebi intinitiv sa "to",
75
9. Nakon glagola to need i to dare kaJ se !lC ujJotrcbljavaju kao 1110ua!ni glagoli vee
kao glagoli sa samostalnim znacenjclTl upotrebljava se infinitiv sa "to". Uz gtagol ought
obavezan je lnfinitiv sa "to"
He needs 1.QJlQ it inlluediate!!y.
Does he really need 10 know all these details?
I-Ie dared his rivals to try to run as fast as he did.
You don't need to worry at aiL
He ought 1Q.gQ. there every Saturday.
We ought to write this letter immediately.
10. U usklicnim rccenicama upotrebljava se infinitiv sa "to".
To ask such a question!
To make such a mess!
~ To
To
To
To
iZrrlZ{( too + pric(jeJ! i pl'h(jel' + enough o/;uve::{[njc illfjllifil' S'{[ "to ",
They were too busy to hear and 1Q understancll1s
He was too tired 1.QJJ..clp LIS.
e She was too nice ~ something like that.
His father was too sick to make sllch a trip.
They arc not dever enough to \vri~ such a good report.
Maria wasn'l courageolls enough ill....killlli~
11. lza
e
2. [za glagola "to make" u znacenju prisiliti. navesti, nagovorili i glagola to let"
upotrcbljava se k111ji infinitiv. Iza g!agola "to help" upotrebljiv je infinitiv sa iii bez "to".
Let them finish their job.
Thc actrcss made the audience liw,gh.
Tbis judge made him confess his crime,
Let her write this letter first.
My parents Mmc drive thcir car.
Our tcacher usually let us discuss many topics with him.
Don't let him gQ out. It's mining.
His son and daughter ill~ him stop smoking.
We didn'l make them writc this sentence.
The boss mad.!: his secretary answer all business letters.
\Vhat makes you think so?
77
1. Infinitiv perfekta oznacava radnju koja se desila priie radnje izrazene liCnirn
glago\skim oblikom,
79
GERUND
Gerund je glagolska imcnica koja sc gradi dodav3njcm nastavka iug infinitivu glagola.
To znaci da se gerund grad! na isti nnein k<1o i particip prezenta j da pri tome u gJagolu
mogu nastati iSle promjcnc kao i prj tvorbi participa prczenta. Tc promjcnc su naznaccnc
uz objasnjcnjc Present ContinuOLls (Progressive) Tense-a. (jcrund treba mzlikovati ad
imcl1ica koje se zavrsavaju na ,jog a kojc nCl1laju svojstva gcrtlnda: b.u.iJ.ili1lg. morning. .
vcoma razlicitc.
Kad gerund preuzima funkciju imenice tada 1110ze biti upotrijebUcn:
1. kao subjekt,
2. kao objekt, iii prepozicionalni objekt.
3. ispred gcrunda 1110gU stajati deter111inativi kao i isprcd drugih i111cnica (my, his,
our, the, a), ncb od prijcdloga (in, of itd.), hilo koji atribut (pridjev), a takodc
isprcd gcrunda 1110z,e stajati genitiv isto kao i ispred drugih i111enica.
Subjckt
Reading is a very useful skill.
Hunting was a popular sport in England.
Talking about politics is crucial for some people.
Smoking is forbidden in this waiting room.
a Interrupting people white they arc talking is not. polite.
a Talking business is oilen very boring.
Speaking English is very useful and desirable.
Visiting other countries was always interesting.
His coming hack in this moment is extremely useful.
a Beiug polite is helpful in many situations.
A good beginning helps you to bc successfuL
Going out to the mountains is always very interesting.
Talking about this accident makes me nervous.
Playing tennis is great fun.
Dancing is extrcmely important in her liCc.
Ii
Ii
1;1,1
,Ii
":1
; i
Uz glagol "be" kao i uz neke druge glagole (feel, seem, look, sound itd.) ispred gerunda
moze biti upotrijebljen pridjev, imenica iii imenska fraza,
1.. Cestaje upotreba gerunda iza glagola koji iskazuju pocetak, zavrsetak iii nastavak
glagolsl<e radnje. Takvi glagoli su: finish, quit, stop, keep (keep on), begin, start, end,
continue, go on, postpone, put off itd.
He finished reading his book at six o'clock.
His father has some heatt trouble and he must quit smoking
Do you ever stop talking?
.. Keep writing your report and finish it before noon.
o They will begin writing as soon as they come home.
They put off their travel iog to Germany.
The pianist continued (kept on) playjng the piano
2. U ovu kategoriju spadaju i glagoli koji iskazu.iu osjecanja : enjoy mind appreciate,
love hate like dislike. zatim gJagoli: avoid delav consider talk about. speak, mention.
suggest prefer itd
.. She enioyed (liked loved) swimming at noon and gQ.ing out in the evening.
83
Ilot
to go.
4. Gerund perfekta izrazava radnju koja prethodi radnji izrazenoj licnim glagolskim
oblikom.
I'm extremely sorry for having lied to you this sad news.
The student went out without having answered my questions.
That little girlleji the room lvitliout bein/( taught hmv to sing this song.
He traveled abroad without having bought a new suit.
He went to school after haying written his homework.
Azra felt happy after having passed all the necessary exams.
After having been lold what to do she began doing it.
We are sorry for having mentioned your man"jage troubles.
sadas'~ieg aktiva i pasiva '". asking i being asked, 1!..l2Q.
identiCnj ob1icima participa sadaSnjeg aktjya j pasiya . To isto vazi i
za oblike gerunda aktiva i pasiva proslog koji su formal no jdentjni sa
obJjcjma pa!1icipa proSlog aktjytl i pn$jya' having asked i having been asked.
PARTICIPI
Participi su vrsta rijeci koje mogu imati dvojake osobine: a) osobine glagola, b) osobine
pridjeva.
Kao pridjevi participi stoje ispred imenica i pokazuju njihova svojstva. Kao i svi drugi
pridjevi mogu se upotrijebiti atributivno (ispred imenica) iii predikativno (kao diD
predikata).
Postoje po dva oblika paIiicipa aktiva i pasiva: particip sadaSnji i pD!1'icip perfekta
Particip prezenta
Tvorba patticipa prezenta i promjene kaje pri tome nastaju su obrazlozeni u dijelu koji
se odnosi na tvorbu i upotrebu Present Tense Progressive,
Paliicip prezenta sluzi da se pomoctt njega grade svi oblici trajnih (progressive) vremena
i 0 toj fuukeiji bilo je rijee! na vise mjesta prilikom njihovih objasnjenja. Ali particip
prezenta moze imati i sljedece cetiri samostalne funkcije tj. mogucnosti upotrebe:
atributska upotreba (pddjev ispred imenice da je poblize oznaei);
predikativna upotreba (pridjev koji se dodaje glagolu - predikatu - da mu dopuni
znacenje);
upotreba u sluzbi skracivanja recenica;
dopuna izvjesnim ustaljenim frazama.
Atributivna upotreba: a flying bird, a crying child, a smiling girl, a singing actress, a
lasting peace, breaking news, an encouraging event, a room with running water, working
people, a freezing wind itd.
Predil{ativ : a bird is flying, a child is crying, a girl is smiling, an actress is singing, the
peace is lasting, the event is encouraging itd.
Skracivanje recnica: Coming borne late at night, she went to bed, to have a good rest.
(when she came home ...... )
Knowing this we decided to give up,
We enjoyed having such nice weather (as we had, .)
We thanked him for d.illn.g us such a favor; (because he did us ... ).
Being recognized he ran away as quickly as he could, (When they",)
They saw a lot of people waiting for the train (who were waiting for ... )
LOQkin~ up Maria saw her good school friend. (When she looked up ... )
85
Ovoj kategoriji pripadaju glagoli koji iskazuju. fizicke percepcijc: to watch to see. to
hear to notice to smell to look at to listen to to observe zatim g!agoli: to feel. to
~ jer se iza njih skracuje zavisna rccnica.
I watched (saw observed) the plane landinb{ (The plane that was landing.)
We heard (noticed) something moving behind us, (that something was)
I;uncll something hlli:ni.!:u! in the kitchen. (that something is burning ... ) They ~
at (watched, saw, observed) the birds ~birds which were ..
John felt the whole hOllse shaking, (That the house was shaking,)
All the students cl~oycd ~to the park after the lecture,
Ustaljene Craze
Neki idiol11atski izrazi podrazlfJllijevajll lIpotrebu partieljJa jJrczcnta koji doplIl!javaju
znacenje idioma. lilkvi idiomi Stl dosta cesti i II uSl1lenom ill pisanom /wllluniciranju.
Generally speaking
e Strictly speaking,
.illd.giug from his discussion.
Accurately calculating
Properly considering
Carefully thinking
Roughly estimating
KnowiofJ this fact.
Speaking as an honest man
Speaking as a human being,
Frankly speaking
Napoll1ena: Oblici gerunda sadasnjeg - asking, being asked; su po formi identicni
obLicima participa prezenta aktiva i pasiva.
Particip prosli aktiva ima dva oblika u pasivu jedan oblik u aktivu. U aktivu se prosli
particip gradi od glagolskog oblika having kome se dodaje particip perfekta, Particip
pro~ili pasiva gradi se od gJagolskog oblika haying been i participa perfekta gJagola koji
zelimo upotrijebiti. Drugi je particip prosli pas iva zapravo preterit i on je kod svih
pravilnih i ,iednog rnanjeg broja nepravilnih glagoJa identiCan sa participom perfekta,
Pmiicip proSli aktiva: having asked, having written, having finished, having sent,
having ordered, having done ......
Pmiicip proSli pasiva' having been asked, having been written, having been fInished,
having been sent, baving been ordered, having been done ....
Upotreba
1. Participom proslim iskazuje se zayr$ena prQ~;la radnja koja se dogodila prije Deke
druge prosle radnje. To znaci da ovi participi (aktiva i pas iva) preuzirnaju funkciju
pluskvamperfckta.
Haying finished his entire job, Peter went home.
o Having recovered from her surprise, Mary described the danger.
Having been warned by a policeman, John gave up.
Elwin&" heen informed of the danger, the commander knew what to do.
Havjng been asked about the problem the scientist suggested the solution,
IIaving: read all the business letters the manager made his decision.
Having seen the accident, Jane left the place immediately.
~ visited by his schoolmates James felt happy,
87
~"!
4. Partieip prosli u strukturi "causative infinitive" sa glagolom had (get u ovom slucaju
moZe biti upotriiebJjen) ima donekle izmijenjcDo znacenie gJago)a "to have" Had, u
kombinaciji sa participom proSlim znad pretrpjcti stetu, nesto podnositi, dozivjeti, itd.
My father had his car ~ two days ago,(Mom oeu ostctili su" .. )
I krlmY that they had their apartment QrQkru into on Saturday night. (Znam da je
neko provalio u njihov stan .... )
During the bombardment a lot of buildings had their windows ~. (Na mnogo
zgrada su polomljeni prozori u toku bombardovanja ... )
We hillL enough money ~ for new furniture, ( Ustedeno je dosta novea ... )
IlQ
S LAG A NJ E V REM E N A
Medusobni odnosi vremena u engJeskoj slozenoj recenici Stl za nase studente i ucenike
komplicirani kako na razini pojmovnog razumijevanja, taka i na razint samostalne, vlastite
prirnjene pravila 0 slaganju vrernena. To je, naravno, posljedica cinjenice da takvih
jezickih kategorija nema u nasem jeziku, pa se nn takvu nov1nu tesko priviCi, nar06to
kad se radi 0 dosljednoj primjeni pravila 0 slaganju vremena-,
Pravila 0 sJaganju vremcna uspostavJjaju odnose !TIedu vremenima u zavisno slozenoj
recenici, a ti SU odnosi veoma karakteristicni za engleski jezlk. Oni odreduju sljedece
odnose:
aka je u gJavnoj recenici upotrijebljen preterit (Past Tense - aktiv ili pasiv) onda u
sporednoj rc<enici mora hiti upotrijcbljen takode Past Tense (aktiv iii pasiv)
za radnju koja se dcsava istovrcmeno sa radnjom u glavnoJ recenici;
ako je glagol u glavnoj recenici izrazen preteritom (Past Tense aktiv iIi pasiv),
onda radnja u sporednoj recenici koja se desila prijc radnje glavne reccnice
mora biti izrazcna pluskvamperfektorn (aktiv iii pasiv);
ako je radnja u glavnoj recenici izrazena preteritom (aktiv ili pastY), glagoli u
sporednoj recenici koji izrazavaju buducnost moraju biti u foturu proslom
(Future in the Past).
e ako je radnja glavne recenice izrazena prezentom iii pcrfektom (Present Perfect)
iii futurom, glagol upotrijebljen u sporednoj recenici moze biti u rna kojem
vremenu, zavisno od konteksta i smisla recenice.
1. Istovremcne radnje
He :wid he understood English very welL (Rekao je da razumije ... )
She 1.hru1.ght that the lecture ~ very important. (Mis1ila je da je predavanje veoma
vazno).
I QQll.ldn'1" remember what his name~. (Nisam se mogao sjetiti imena).
1 ~ that it was raining. (Primijetio sam da pada kisa)
He W1lkd to tell her who he illlJi. (Htio joj je reci ko je on).
I 1.hru1.ght my friends ~ at home.(Mislio sam cia su mi prijatelji u kuCi).
He drank because he illlJi thirsty. (Pia je jer kllli.l zedan).
He ~ all morning because he illlJi happy. (Svirao je cijelo jutro jer .il;.J2.iQ.
sretan. )
It was raining when I cam~home. (Pad ala je kisa kad sam dosao kuci).
89
lzuzetak
Od gomjeg pravila 0 obaveznosti upotrebc prcterita u sporednoj recenici ako je u glavnoj
upotrijebljeno to isto vrijeme izuzele su sporednc recenice u kojima se iskazuju zakoni
prirode, opec poznate naucne istine, opee prihvaeenc cinjenicc.
I ~ happy to hear that she is. healthy again. (Cinjenica .. pa stoga izuzetak)
We were told that you ill.:Q Me Smith's daughter. (lzuzetak ... cinjenica)
He knew that the eatth ~round.(Konstatacija cinjenice ..izuzetak)
He 1.Q.W us tlwi the sun rises in the east and SJj,S in the west.
We knew that Mostar is. a beautiful town. (Konstatacija cinjcnice)
He didn't know where Zenica is. What a shame!
We were told that the winters in Hercegovina are mild.
The scientist described the moon and s.ill.d that the moon goes round the earth.
(Konstatacija naucne cinjenice pa stoga izuzeee od pravila)
Of course, we knew that spring ~ March 21 st and ends] une 20th.
90
IZl1zetak
Od gornjeg pravila koje kazuje da se II sporednoj recenici mora upotrijebiti
pluskvamperfekt za prijevremenu radnju, ako je II gJavnoj upotrijebljen preterit postoji
i jedan izuzetak. Naime, aka radnja zavisne recenice prethodi glavnoj a desilli_MUl
odredenom Spomcl1utom trenntkn ptile glavne recenice I! proSlostj ondn l! sporedmu
recenicj nije obayezan pluskyDlUperfckt.
We were aware that our friends arrived in Mostar two years ago.
We knew that the war in Bosnia started in 1992.
The boss was informed that our products won the first prize last Sunday.
I was told that my relative kfi Zenica last month,
The witness s.illd that he ~illLQ.Q.tll in i 976,
Preterit
11
Kadje radnja glavnc recenice izrazena preteritom a radnja sporedne recenice odnosi se
na buducnost, onda se ta buducnost iskazuje upotrebom futma II prosJosti (Future in
the Past)
They wrote that they would come on Sunday.
I was quite sure he would not do such a thing
He silld he would be very tired then,
We didn't know it ~~ so difficult.
We were told that our uncle would arrive at 5 p.m.
Semir thought he would leave for Sarajevo on Monday.
They ~ they would have to work very hard,
It was known that the next meeting would be held on Saturday,
iii
f
91
,I
He has. just 1ill.d me that he is very happy (~ happy, was happy, would be
bappy, bas been bappy) tbere .
Maria says she is writing (wrote. has written. will wriite will be writing ... ) her
report.
1. Promjene lica
Promjena liea U odnosu na direktni govor logicna je i nije sarno svojstvena engleskom
vee i drugimjezicima. To je iogicna posJjedica promjcne situaeijskoga kontekstualnog
okvira. Pravila 0 promjeni liea nalazu da se:
mijenja u
he iii she;
he, she iIi I;
You
We
they.
Primjeri ee pokazati kako se te promjene prakticno izvrsavaju.
93
Svi navedelli prin~jeri potvrduju cia se pravila 0 slaganju vremena primjenjuju samo u
sluc\lju da glavna rec~el1ica koristi preterit (mid) i cia tog slagU/{ja ne1l1({ ako je u glavnoj
rec~e!lici upotrUebljel1 prczcnt, peJ.fekt Wlutw: Druge promjene se, naravno, primje,~jliju
i fwd nema s/aganja vrcmena (1((10 pl'omjene z({mjenica, prUoga itd)
If
direktnhll nitan;;m{/.
9S
2. U neupravnom govoru maze se upotrijebiti glagol "to say" i "to tell". "To say"
obavezan je aka se ne spominje osoba kojoj se govori. Ako je porn en uta lice (u tom
slucaju objekat) mora se upotrijebiti "to tell"
They said: ''The driver had an accident"
They said that the driver had had an accident.
Ali: The)! told liS that the driver had had an accident
&
97
POGODBENE RECENICE
Pogodbene (kondicionalne) su jedna vrsta zavisno s,lozcnih recenica. One sc sastoje od
glavne i pogodbene, tZY. if recenice. Ifrecenica iskazuje uvjet, a 11102e prethoditi glavnoj
reccnici ili se nalaziti iza nje. Pored veznika if u pogodbenoj roccnici maze se upotrijebiti
vezl1ik unless koji zapravo znaCi if ll.Ql.. Posta.unks..s. sadrzi u sobi i ncgaciju glagol iza
tog vcznika nc moze biti upotrijcblicn U odrjCoo!J) Qbliku u zavisnoj reCenici
U glavnoj receoici moze se upotrijebiti i odricni i potvrdni oblik. Pri upotrcbi veznika
~ sporedna receniea maze prethoditi glavnoj iii biti upotrijebljena iza nje.
Kondicionalne recenice mogu im3ti i jos oeke veznike kao: Q1} condition that. in case
(that), supposing, provided that itd. Medutim veznik if najcescije pa se stoga pogodbene
recenice cesto nazivaju if-recenicailla.
Pogodbene recenice iskazuju jcdnu od tri Illogucnosti:
.. ako se ispuni neki uvjet ostvarit ce se odredena glagolska radnja,
.. kad hi se ispunio ncki uvjet ostvarila bi se odredena radnja,
da sc bio ispunio neki uvjet ostvarila bi so neka radnja.
Prema tome u pogodbenim recenicama iskazuje se uslov za izvrsenje glagolske radnje u
sadasnjosti, buducnosti iii u proslosti. Taj uslov izrazen u if-recenicama moze biti
trojak:
Ostvariv (ispunjiv) uvjet
.. Neostvaren ali ipak moguc (ispunjiv) uvjet.
.. Neostvariv (irealan, neisjJwv'iv) /./vjet.
Imaju6i to u vidu sve pogodbcne recenice dijeliI110 na tri tipa (v1'ste). P1'voI11 tjpu pripadaju
po god bene recenice sa ostvarivim uvjetom, drugom recenice sa neostvarenim
(neispunjenim) ali moguCim (ispunjjvilll, ostvarivilll) uvietorn a treCem (jpu pripadaju
recenice u kojima su uvjcti ncostvarivi. nemogui irealni
"i
jV(l//)
\:
9vom tipu pripadaju recenice koje po ~j i nisl! PQgodbene ali po svojoj 5uStjnj
one to jesu. U njima se ne mora (a maze) upotrijebiti if kao pogodba vee rijeCi koje
ukazuju na uobicajcno ponavljanje radnje U odredenim razmacima when, always when,
whenever, every time.
We go to the mountains when (whenever. always when) the weather is nice.
o' When I fuel tired I gQ to bed. (If! feel tired, I go to bed).
Every time r have a fever r g.Q to my doctor. (If f have., .I go to ..
!
!
U ovoj vrsti pogodbenih recenica postavlja se uslov koji maze biti suprotan cinjeniCnoID
stanju iIi jednostavno izrazavati nesto sto nije uracunato kao Cinjenica. Drugim rijecima
uslov koji se postavUa neostvarenje, neispunjen ali De j nemogu neostyarjy. neispunjiv.
U recenici:" Ifhe came he would help us" (Da doae, on bi nam pOlTIogao) pravo znacenje
je: on nije dosao i ne maze nam pomoei, ali to ne znaci da je apsolutno sigurno da neee
doci i da nece mod pomoCi. Ove recenice dakle konstatira daje malo vjerovatno, ali ne
nemoguce, cia ce se uvjet ispuniti.
Ova vrsta recenica je nesto tela za nase stuclente (L1ccnike) .ier je obavczna primjena
pravila 0 slaganju vrcmena. To znaci cia se u glavnoj obavczno upotrebljava
kondicional prvi a u if rcccnici preterit (aktiv iii pasiv).
Na nas jczik prevodimo ovakve reeeniee sa "da"+ prezent (cia ima, da dade, cia upita
itd) ili "ako"+ kondicional (ako bi on imao, aka bi do sao, ako hi ... )
Ifhe hili!. time, we would finish the laboratOlY tests. (Da on ima vremena, .. ili Ako
bi imao vremena .... )
o He would bllY that car ifhe b.illt enough money, (Kupio bi da ima, aka bi imao)
IfI h.ad more patience, I would listen to him all the time.
If you didn't carUk.with me, I Wlll~ for a walk. (Da ne ides ... Ja ne bih)
99
He would work harder if he gill.. better pay. (Radio bi ... Ako bi imao)
They could call on us if they lY.f!ll.lli! to. (MogIi bi svratiti .... Kad bi voljeJi)
.. You would not feel such pain if you took a painkiller.
If you knew that, I would be very happy .
.. If they ~ more careful, they wouldn't be in trouble.
Ovom tipu rccenica pripadaju i one kojc se ad nose na buducnost tj. Cija ce se radnja
ostvariti iii se neee ostvariti u buducnosti. Najccsce se U ovakvim reecnicama upotrijebi
i neki prilog vremena koji ukaztve na to da se radi {) buducQj radnji, ali se nckad takvi
n~)
COI11(, e(lr/iel;
callght the ./Irst Sarajevo train, he would have arrived in time. Had she
phoned me in time, J l,vould have come to help he!: Had Maria taken a ta,-.d
.",'he would have come milch earlla Had she taken these pills, she would
have been seasick. Had she told us the truth, we would have done something
about it.
101
NEPOTPUNI GLAGOLI
Postojijedna grupa gJagoJa koji sc izuzetno cesto upotrcbljavaju i u usmcnom i u pisanom
komuniciranju. Zbog ie Cinjcnice i zbog njihovih karakteristika treba im posveCivati
veliku paznju u svim fazama nastave. Oni imuju neka obiljezja koja ih izdvajaju od svih
drugih glagoJa i mogu sc svesti pod gon\ji naslov: llepotpuni gJagoli. Nepolpuni gJagoii
obuhvataju pomocne: wj/l ,.. hall yhollid would ali i tzv. defcktnc gJagoJe: call may
must nerd OIWhr to dare ~atim' had beuer have rot to
Zajednicke karakteristike j pomocnih i defektnih glagola su:
1. Cijela skupina glagola trazi neku dupunu da bi imali potPUl10 znaccnje. Bez tih
dopuna oni nemaju puna znacenje OSi111 U odredcnim kontekstima koji podrazu~
mijevanjem osiguravaju dopunu. pOI11Qrnj glagoli shall wi!! se dopunjuju jnfjnitiyoIU
bez "to" da bi se napravilo buduce vrijeme, should i \vOllld da bi se napravio futur drugi
i oha kondicionala.
2. Druga karakteristika cijcle skupine glago!a je einjcnica da za tvorbu upitnog i odricnog
oblika ne koristc pomotni g!agol ., do" vee se ta dva oblika tvore invcrzijom, odnosno
upotrcbom negaciie not.
3. Njihova treca zajednicka karakteristika: u trecem lieu jednine prczenta obicnog (Simple
Present Tense) ne dobijaju nastavak -5 kakav je slucaj sa ostalim giagolima.
Zajednicko obiljeije svim defektnim glagolima (pored one gore pomenutih pet
karakteristika) cinjenicaje da nemain SV3 yremena koja imaju ostali gJagoli. Njihje
potrebno posebno obrazloziti.
Glago) "can"
Ovaj glagol ima odgovarajuce oblike sarno za prezent (can) i preterit (could). Druga
vremena tvore se pomocu izraza "to be able to".
2. U govornol11jeziku se ('an i
3. Can i CQuid takoder se cesto preplii:u sa poljem upotrebe defektnog glagola: may.
Ovoj kategoriji upotrebe pripada i odricanje nekome da nesto ne maze (ne smije uciniti).
You Q.iillll.Q.1 ~ whenever you want.
C1ill I ~ your car, uncle George?
Cilllli:!. I ~ your book, please?
Cilll we (could we) go out now"?
4. Oblikom could cesto se iskazuje ocekivanje da ce se nesto dogoditi. U istom znacenju
maze se upotrijebiti can s tom razlikom da can Qzn[j:wa neStQ yeu vjerovatoou nego
could.
~ They could come to visit liS next Saturday. (Mogli bi doCi 11 posjetu ... )
e She CQuid pass her exam next month.
Our team could win this time.
Glagoll'may"
Glagol may takoder ima samo prezent i preterit.
I may, he may; I might, she might;
May I? May he (she)?;
I may not, he may not, I (he) might not itd.
Za ostala vremena koriste se izrazi: to be permitted i (iii) to be allowed.
Osnovno je znacenje glagola may: smjeti, mod, imati dopustenje.
Glagol "must"
Glagol must ima sarno prezent. Za druga vremena koristi izraz "to have to" iIi to be
obliged to. I must, she must; must I, must he? Za negiranje koristi se oblik must not, ali
mu se tada mijenja znacenje, U negativnorn obliku on ne znaCi ne rnorati. ~
~
Za izrazavanje znacenja ne morati koristi se drugi defektni glagol "need not".
Glagolom "must" izrazava se:
3. zabrana:
You mustn't go out right now, it's too dangerous.
They llllliln:.t.= the prisoner.
They mtlstn't park their car over there.
4. Za negativni oblik
105
He Ileedn'( be paid
iii
You need to do it as soon as possible.
The students need to come again.
I don't need to go to the library.
He doesn't need to be paid.
y()U
Primjeri:
I made my sister write the homework i
I had my sister write her homework. -~ potvrduju gornju konstataciju.
Medutim, postoji i "kauzativna" struktura koja sc gradi taka da iza glagola: have i get
slijedi objekat i particia perfekta giago/a koga felllllG lIDotrijebiti. Neki od sljedeCih
primjera ce to potvrditi.
Two weeks ago she hilll a new dress ~
I:-I.aY.s,: you had your dictation corrected?
We hili! our sink l'ilwi.
John .b.ad....some morc coffee,.b.rQ.y.ght to our room.
lOP
l'ilwi.
QUESTION TAGS
Nasa upitna [raza "Zur ne?" razlicito se prevodi l1a engleski jezik, Najmanje tridesetak
(pa i vise) razlicitih cngleskih ekvivalenata odgovara nasem izrazu "zar ne'?" To nasim
studcntima moze ciniti odrectene poteskoce. Citanjem recenica koje slijede shvatit ce
se da se svaka od navcdenih engJeskih upitnih fraza prevodi sa nasim jednim ~
Ta nas Cinjcnica ocito, uvijek stavlja prcd tcZak izbor: Icoji ad moostva 11)o!J11ih pri~
izraza "zar ne')" treba upotrijebitj u datom kQntekstu? ler, tridesetak iii viSe mogucnosti
u engleskom jeziku stoje naspram nase jednc mogucnosti, koja se ~ to je jasno - ne
moze upotrebljavati arbitral11o. Prevod naseg izraza "zar ne?" ua englesld jezik mora
slijediti neka pravila koja odreduju kada se neki od mnostva engleskih mogucnosti moze
upotrijebiti.
Opee pravilo koje ce nam pomoci da svaki put ispravno prevedemo ovu nasu frazu na
engJeski jezik gIasi:
Prvo treba utvrditi u kojem je vremenll prethodna recenica za koju treba postaviti
pitanje "zar ne?" Nakon toga za iZl"az "zal' ne?" koristimo pomocni glagol u istom
tom vremenu II kome je upotrijcbljen 1I prvom dijelu rccenice.
Pomocni glagol mora biti u suprotnom obliku U odnosu na recenicu koja prethodi
[razl "zar neT'. Ako je pomocni glagol u odricnom. engleski ckvivalent za "zar
ne?" mora biti u potvrdnolTI obliku a ako je pomocni glagol prethodne recenice u
potyrdnom. ekvivalent za "2ar ne" mora bitt U odricnoITl obliku
Ako je u prethodnoj recenici JJ.I2Qtrijebljen modalni (a ne pomocni) glagoJ, onda se
on uPQtriiebi u upitnoj fraz; umiesto pomoenog glagQla. Pri tome se, kao i kod
pomoenih glagola u frazi "zar ne?" modalni glagol L1vijek koristi u suprotnom
obliku u odnosu na prethodnu reccniclI.
This is a young man over there, isn't it?( pri g\edanju fotografije).
They visited the U,S.A last year, didn't lhey'!
He can speak English, can't he?
He isn't your brother, is he?
They can understand normal English conversation, can't they?
.. You are writing a letter, aren't you?
.. You know my friend Bill, don~t you?
He doesn't work on Sunday, does he?
She helps you very often, doesn't she'!
You didn't write your homework, did you?
109
n lMENICE
Jmenice su vrsta rijeci koje u rccenici imaju znacajnu funkciju. One rnogu biti
upotrijebljene kao subjekt (vrsilac radnje), kao objekat iii pr:epozicionalni objekat.
Izuzetno ya'l;oa karakterlli,tika engJes1(Qg jezika UQkazuje se II Cinienjci da veliki hrQi
jmenjca mogu biti upotrijebJjrni i kao pridjevi. lcdnostavno imenica se upotrijebi ispred
druge irnenice pa ona prva preuzirna ulogu pridjeva: copy book copper wire. mtlill
llJ2ring. QlIlcrete bridgL hand pump lYillillllhL lilllJmage textbook. ,offee break. illlli1
~ power plant air ~ pipe radius itd.
Sve imenice mozemo podijeliti na pet kategorija.:.
2.
3.
4.
S.
Syojstva imenica
Imenice posjeduju tri karakteristicna svojstva (obiljezje): rod, broj i padel.
Rod: mllski, zenski iii srednji. Po ovom svojstvu englcske imenice razlikuju se od nasih.
Stvari u nasemjcziku imaju gramaticki rod, tj.jedan od tri roda (taj stol, ovaj izlog, onaj
prozoI', ta stolica, ova knjiga, ona sob a, to sed 1o, ovo pero itd.), dok su u engleskom
stvari (sa malim brojem izuzetaka) srednjeg roda.
Broj oznacavajedninu ili mnozinu imenica: book _. books, man -men, woman - women,
boy - boys, friend - friends itd.
113
Padei oznacava ocInos il11enice u recenici prema njenil11 drugim rijcCima. U nasem
jeziku funkcUa imcnice u recenici ocIreduje njene oblike, lljcne padez.ne nastavke. U
engleskomjcziku ne postoje paddni nastavci vcc Sll funkcija i padez odredeni mjestom
u recenici, ili nckil11 ad prijedloga (to, of itd.), odnosno apostrofom - s.
Subjekt: This man is VCty handsome. His sister is beautiful,
Objekt: Do you see that liliLfl over there? Give this book tQ his sister.
Rod imcnica
2. Ako su zivotinje a kojima se govori veee iii snaznije, anda one cesto im<\ju muski, a
ako su manje i njeznije zenski rod.
There is a big llilg.
lk is dangcl"Ous.
This ill is smalL
~ is nice.
3. Opec imcnicc kojc oznacavaju zanimanjc Sll u cnglcskomjeziku ili muskog iii zcnskog
roda bez ikakvih promjena u obliku imenica, bez nastavaka iii drugih oznaka kojc bi
pokazivale rod.
o Our teacher is very honest. She (hel is also very kind.
The doctor doesn't work today. I::ki.sl:lg) is on vacation.
This parent works hard evelY day. So she (he) supports her (his) whole family.
o My friend helps me a lot. I::ki.sl:lg) is always ready to help me.
Napomcna: imenica SUllce {[he su/1)moie da bude mukog a imenice zemlja (the earth)
i 111jesec {(be 11100n) SLl tl poeziji ienskog roda. imcnice brad (the ship) i
parobrod (the yteamer) kola ([he car) voz (the train) i avion (the aiteral]),
narocito aka se pomiJ?iu iz milja, SlI cesto icnskog roda.
4. Od imenica muskog grade se imenice zenskog roda nastavkom - ess. Pri tome
imenice na: - e, - er iii - or g,ube vokale -c, odnosno -0 kada se doda nastavak - ess.
prince
tiger
poet
pnncess
tigress
poetess
actor
emperor
lion
actress
empress
lioness
waiter waitress;
host
hostess
5. izvjestan broj imenica iii dobiju drllge nastavke za oznakll zenskog roda ilijos uz to
dozive izvjesne formalne promjene u samoj imenici.
master mistress
duke
duchess
negro negress
hero
heroine
Rijeci: Negro - Negress imaju danas pogrdno iii staromodno znacenje i ne
upotrebljavaju se osirn 1I slucajevirna kada se zeli nagiasiti ta pogrdnost. Danas se umjesto
njih upotrebIjavaju black man (woman) a u mnazini se upotrebljava poimeniceni
pridjev: blacks iIi African Americans, jer se time izbjegava njihova pezorativno
znacenje.
6. lsprcd nckih imenica kod kojih rod nije naznacen koristi se jedna od rijeCi kod
kojih je rod jasno naznacen. Time se odreduje rod upotrijebljene imenice.
Qm:friend
girlfriend
ITlill1 servant
woman servant
ill: goat (jarac)
:;ill: goat (koza) =-cat (macak)
she cat (macka)
he-bear(medvjed)
she bear
father bear
mother bear
male elephant
female elephant
7. Iza neldh imenica dodaje se rijec koja pokazlIje rod upotrijebljenc imenice.
turkey cock ( puran)
turkey hen (puranica)
peacock (paun)
peahen (pallnica)
115
b) Mcdutim, postoji veliki broj imenica lwje sc zavrsavaju ua -f, a ipak prave
roof
4. Vise imenica irnaju isti obJik u jednini i rnnozini. Glagol upotrijebljen sa ovim
imenicama moze biti u jednini iii u mnozini zavisno ad toga da Ii se misli na jedninu iIi
na mnozinu, bez obzira !ito su oblici identicnL
deer UelenNi)
cross-roads (raskrsnica-e)
series (niz, serija)
means (sredstvo-a)
sheep (ovca -e)
fish (riba-e)
species (vrsta-e)
swine (svinja-e)
gas-works (plinara-e)
Can you see iLdru over there?
This cross-roads is. dangerous.
Tbat sheep is old.
There is. no means to do it.
This animal ~illtis in danger.
=
children
lllke
foot
woman
tooth
goose
ox
iii uredaje i nernaju dva jednaka dijeia, a ipak imaju sarno oblik mnozine.
headquarters (stab)
wages (nadnica)
thanks (zahvalnost)
goods (roba)
premises (prostorije)
arms (oruzje)
117
physics (fizika)
news (vijest)
mathematics (matematika)
8. Nebrojive imenice
Poveliki broj irnenica Cine skupinu koje se zovu nebrojive. To su uglavnom gradivne i
apstraktne imenice. Za njih je karakteristicno da nemaju mnozinu) da se s njima ne
upotrebljava ni neodreaeni ni odredeni 61an, a upotrijebljeni glagol je uvijek u jednini.
Ispred ovih imenica kol'iste se odrednicc I111!h.. ~ a little too much. too little nJill;
ill.. plenty of ks.s... so much that hardly any. pitanje how much'? za razliku od brojivih
imenica koje imaju mnozinu a ispred kojih se koriste odrednice: many a few few. 100
many. fewer so many that ,1 couple of both several no a great deal of i pitanje how
IllillliL
bread
lettuce
money
honesty
shampoo
meat
salt
jewelry
mail
space
weather
light
butter
milk
rice
flour
toothpaste
pepper
homework
baggage
steam
energy
heat
darkness
cheese
courage
equipment
coffee
laundry
noise
soap
machinelY
oxygen
grammar
humidity
sunshine
happiness
ice cream
courage
WlIle
detergent
money
waleI'
makeup
smoke
vocabulaty
electricity
fire
love
work
health
sugar
paper
time
air
traffic
smog
chess
sow
fish
I
119
b) Kod sloienica ciji je prvi dio man iii woman oba dijeIa sloienice primaju svoja
karakteristicn3 obiljeija za mnozinu.
men friends
woman joumalist
women journalists
man friend
men-servanls
woman doctor
women doctors
man-servant
men drivers
woman teacher
women teachers
man driver
woman driver
women drivers
c) Sloienice sa zavrSetkom Ita -man u nmoiini imaju nastavak - men.
policeman
policemen
doorman
doormen
postman
PQS.lli~
snowman
snowmen
Ovoj kategoriji pripadaiu i imcna Ijudi i zena koja oznacavaju pripadanje nekolll llill:lli1.u...
Frenchman
Frenchmen
gentlemen
gentleman
Englishman
Englishmen
Englishwomen
Englishwoman
Frenchwomen
Belgian women
Frenchwoman
Belgian woman
Swedish WOlllan
Swedish women
Izuzetak od gornjeg pravila
German - Germans
Roman - Romans
axis
crisis illill.
radius radii
120
basis
medium
thesis
llllilill
~
analysis
phenomenon
oasIs
analyses
pbeDQm~Da
datum
tJ!
antenna antennae
formula formulae
criterion criteria
prognosis
cun'iculum
!ll1lll1lillies
curricula
Nastavak -es u mnozini garnjih imenica se cita kao nase dugo i:z
12. a) Imeniee sa dvostrukom mnozinom i razlikom u znacenju
Kod izvjesnog broja imenica znacenje u mnozini maze biti isto kao u jednini ali moZe
hiti i razliCili1.
custom (abicaj)
customs (obicaji, ('arinarnica)
force (sila)
forces (sile, QIliZane sn~
quatler (cetvl1ina)
quarters (cetvrtine, Stab)
spirit (duh)
spirits (duhovi, :lestoka pjca,)
irons (pegle, QkQyjj
iron (gvoide, pegla)
spectacle (prizor)
spectacles (prizori, Illliltlll:.)
b) Promjena namece promjenu znuccllja U odnosu na jedninu
Neveliki braj imenica mijenjaju znacenje 1I odnosu 11a znacenje jednine kada su
upotrijebljene u mooZini.
cloth (stof, )
clothes (~odijelo)
good (korist)
goods (rilllil)
manner (oacin)
manners (man ire ponasanje)
people (narod)
peoples (ljudi, svije!)
a people ( narod)
people ( ljudi,svijet) peoples ( narodi)
Padezi imenica
Padeii u nasem jeziku imaju izrazito veliki broj nastavaka u ovisnosti od roda, broja i
vrste irnenice. Padeini s1st-em u engJeskomjeziku krajnjejejednostavan. Zapravo, sarno
genitiv ima neka ohiljezja koja ga po formi razlikuju od drugih padeza. Svi drugi padezi
istj su po obliku, ali po funkc\ji raz1i6iti. Umjesto nastavaka za razli6ite imenice, rod i
broj u engleskomjeziku upotrebljavaju se priiedlozi koii odreduju odnos imenice prema
drugim rijeCima u reCenici. Tako se dativ determinira upotrebom prijedloga: m...lill:..
lYilh.
Nominatlv i akuzatiy po oblikn su Isti ali njihova ;e funkcija, odredena mjestom j
1im.kijom u reCenici Nominatlv je na prvoj pozjciii \I reCenic! j prethodi glago\u. dok
iza akuzativa slijedi glagoL Taka: A QQ/iceman Idlled an ;,,(ruder znaCi (palicniac je
ubio provalnjka) dok te iste rijeCi poredane drugaije POtpu110 mjjenjaju znaCenje' An
intruder killed a Doficemall (prova[njk ie uhio DoUeqica )
121
Gellitiv u - of obliku
Kao sto je za biea preovladujuCi genitivni oblik apostrof+s tako je za stvari preovladujuci
genitivl1i oblik sa of + imenicH. Genitiv of lwnstrukcije ima viSe upotreba, Pored
najcesce upotrebe za stvari ova konstrukcija upotrebljava se .los:
122
123
III CLANOVI
127
" Once a year, once a week, three times a year, twice a week, in a week, in a
month, once a month, twice a day
" These apples cost 80 cents a pound.
I Ie earns a hundred dollars a day.
His salary is 1400 dollars a month.
They'll come back in a week.
He buys such shirts four times a year.
They go to college six times a month.
He drinks beer twice a day.
" She will graduate in a year.
8.11 izrazirna: for a change, to be at a loss, to be in a hurry, a few, a little, a great deal
of: a lot of, it's a pity, ali ofa sudden, ill a shalt time, to give a guess, quite a bit, to have
a look, a wink, to make a mess, to take a seat, as a matter offact, a matter of taste, a great
deal of, a lot of.
She has taken quite a bit of this bread.
" They had a look around the house.
She couldn't sleep a wink.
" He made a mess in the kitchen.
Take a seat, please.
" As a matter of fact, he didn't cal! us.
This is just a matter of taste.
This is really a matter of taste.
Can you give a guess what happened?
9. u usklicnirn recenicarna:
What a great surprise!
What a wonderful idea!
10. iza rijeci such, half, quite i izraza many a: (u znacel1ju mnogi od):
One should never do such a telTible thing.
He is such a selfish person.
Azra is quite an honest girl.
Come in hal r an hour, please.
Many a player was quite satisfied.
Such a man is very irresponsible.
He bought only half a pound of meat.
129
131
13.
tlZ
133
Napomcna: Ako se dijelovi danG upotrijebc sa prijedlozima: "by" iii "at" odrccteni
Clan se He upolreb(java.
11
by the way
at the end
at the beginning
the very ...
in the end
135
4. ispred imenica koje oznacavaju diD dana ako im prethode prijedlozi at ili by.
Medutim, ako takvim imenicama prethode prijedlozi in ili during onda upotrebljava
se odredeni clan.
o They don't work by night.
Most people work by day.
He carne at dawn yesterday.
I have lunch at noon.
It is pleasant to have a walk at daybreak.
Ali:
He works in the morning.
Who can sleep during the day?
137
IV PRJDJEVI
Pridjevi su rijeCi kojc pebliie opisuju liea, stvari, mjesta, apstraktne pojrnove ~
ukratko ani se dodaju imcnicama cia ih preciznije odrede ili definisu. Pridjevi se i u
englcskom kao i u nasern jeziku mogu upotrijehiti atributivno (ispred imcnice) iIi
prcdikativno (kao dia predikataL I2D.b.r.o. dijetc, dobr<l djevojcica, dobar covjek, d.uhri
ljudi, dobra djeca, ~ djevojcice, dobrirn ljudima, dobrih Jjudi, itd. su sve atributivno
upotrijebljeni pridjevi jer stoje ispred imenica da odrede njihove osobine, karakteristike.
Ti isti pridjevi upotrijebljeni predikativno bi izgledali ovako: Dijete .Ie dobre. Djevojcica
.Ie ~ Ti svi Ijudi su dohri. itd. 06to .Ie da nasi atributivno i predikativno upotrijebljeni
pridjevi imaju razlicite nastavke zavisno od roda, broja i padeza irnenice ispred
koje stoje, odnosno kojirna su dodati kao dio predikata.
Bitna karakteristika engleskih pridjeva (kako atributivno, taka i predikativno
upotrijebljenih) ogleda se u cinjenici da engJeski pridjevi nernaju nikakvih nastavaka
bez obzira na rod broj i padez irnenica kojima su dodate. Od ovog pravila su sarno
izuzeti pokazni pridjevi koji irnaju razlicite ohOke za jedninu (this, that) i za rnnoZinu
(these those). To znacajno olaksava ucenje i usvajanje engleskih pridjeva: potrehno je
nauciti sarno njihova pojedinacna znacenja ali ne i oblike, posto su ani uvijek identicni
u svim mogucirn upotrebnim kombinacijama.
a lazy boy (girl)
cold (hot) water
a noisy (quiet) street
a relaxed woman (man)
a shy (talkative) person
a cheap (an expensive) car
a difficult (an easy) question
a hardworking man (woman)
a dangereus(safe) action
an old, (a new) car
dirty (clean) streets
poor (rich) people itd.
Napomena 1: Relativno mali brC!i pridjeva moze se upotrebljavClti samo predikativno:
fond Qr. qfraid Qr. a<;/eeu mn:v wQrth itd He js VelY SQrt)' The chUd is.
S1ill~
..
BUno obiljezje pridjeva kojc se mora objasniti i nauciti jcste njihovo poredenje.
Poredenjem se izrazavajednakost (istovjetnost) ili njihovo odsustvo (nulto poredeniet
Svojstvo (obiljezje) zastupljeno u vecoj mjeri (pozitivno iii negativno) izrazava se iIi
komparativom iii superlativom.
Poredenje pridjeva
1. Takozvano nulto poredenje u potvrdnom j odricnom obliku cine oblici pridjeva kada
se porede dvije pojave, dva svojstva itd. podjednakih iii veoma slicnih karakteristika i
vrijednosti. Ovakvo poredenje se upotrebljava i kada se porice postojanje veoma slicnih
iIi jednakih karakteristika i vrijednosti. Ovom vrstom poredenja se, dakle, potvrduje
jednakost iii neiednakost
Obrazac za nulto poredenje je: as + pridjev + as za potvrdni i not as + pridjev + as za
odrecni oblik.
John is as intelligent as. Peter.
Maria is !lQt ~ a student as. Azra.
This book is not as thin as that one.
Marta is as heavy ~ Olga.
e He is as stubborn as a mule.
He is as brave as a hero.
Their backyard is not as clean as. ours,
It was as difficult aas ever.
Baseball is not as popular as. football.
His tic is as nice as Mark's tie.
His brother is not as old as my sister.
.. The streets in Mostar aren't as clean as they used to be before the war.
They are also not as nice as they used to be.
l!J.
14?
real
- more real
143
=
=
U slozenih pridjeva komparira se njihov prvi dio na jedan od moguCih nacina, sto
ovisi od vrste pridjeva: jednoslozni pridjevi, pridjevi sa nepravilnom komparacijom,
viseslozni pridjevi itd.
II
ti'azama
1I
kojima se koristi
Karakteristicna Je struktura:
The + komparativ pridJeva + imenica + the + Iwmparativ.
The younger the child, the more help of the parents it needs.
The healthier food you eat, the better life quality you will have.
145
146
severe
precise
common
handsome
sincere
profound
the severest
the precis est
the commonest
the handsomest
the sincerest
the profoundest
the
the
the
the
the
the
most severe
most precise
most common
most handsome
most sincere
most profound
Viseslozni pridjevi grade superlativ upotrebom rijeci most a ispred rijeCi "most" obavezan
je odredeni 61an iIi p1'isvojni pridjev (my, his, her, our itd.) iii neka druga od1'ednica
(pokazni pridjev: this, that, these, those), iIi neki od glavnih brojeva (one, two, five .. ).
Germany produces the 1110st reliable cars.
He is the most honest man I know.
We sell the most beautiful suits here .
.. Azra is the most intelligent person .
.. Who is the most interesting teacher?
Who is the most generolls teacher?
They are the most energetic parents .
.. He is the most impolite student.
He sold me the most comfOliable chairs.
She has two most talented children
.. This was the most dangerous war.
This is the most expensive botel.
Her fumiture is the most comfortable.
Who is the most stubborn girl here?
Is this the most convenient time?
.. She must be the most helpful person.
This is the most beautiful sonata.
I watched the most exciting film.
They built the most impressive bridge here.
This famous architect designed the most magnificent building.
You can get the most delicious mea!s bere.
The most famous actress in the whole world wore these earrings.
They have bought the most uncomfotiable armchairs.
147
That gentlemen often wears the most modem suits you can imagine .
He plays football and he is the most popular student in Mostal'.
Napolllena: (;esta se upatrebljava struktura: a + 11I0st + pridjev koja ne iskazlde
kOl11pariranje vec ielju govornika (pisca) da izmzi postojmv'e neke asobine,
(!wrakteristike) u veofl/u velikaj "?jeri. A most interesting event (izrazito ~
veo/lla - izuzetllo zanim!jiv doga(t{~i), a 1110st beautiful girl; a most desirable
development; a /IIost regrettable action: a most succes.<,/uljob.
149
151
V ZAMJENICE
I:
Licne zamjenice
Kad licnih zamjenica razlikujemo njihove eetiri karakteristike: rod broj vadei i lice
Nominativ Iicnih zamjenica: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Njihova funkcija u
recenici je subjekat ~ tj. vrsilac radnje. Ako je u recenici upotrijebljena jedna od licnih
zllmjenica u nominativu, ona ie najcesce (ne uvijek) upotrijebJjena na prvom mjestu u
reeenici.
Subjekat u eng!eskomjeziku ne moze se podrazumijevati, vee mora se uvijek upotrijebiti
zato $to fOlmalna obiljezja riieCi u okruZenju on morfoio$kom nivou a ni formalna
objUeZia zamjenica ne pokazuju dovoJjQO jasno koja je rijec subiekat u recenici
U nasem jeziku taj zahtjev ne mora biti zadovoijen, jer okruzenje uvijek polcazuje koja
je rijee subjekat. Ides Ii u skolu? (subjekat je ti) Idem u skolu., 0a); Idemo u skolu.,
(mi); Idete u skolu. (vi) . Formalna obiljezja rijeci U okruZenju oa morfoloskom nivou
ne ostavljaju nikakvu sumnju koja rijec (zamjenica) ima funkciju subjekta. To nije slucaj
sa engleskim jezikom pa se subjekat mora 1zri6to pomenuti.
We have just come back.
She will go with liS to work.
He will not come to the party.
We stayed at home yesterday.
They gave me some money yesterday.
It is a \vonderful experience.
Have you already called him?
[ really don't know that.
Akuzativ licnih zamjenica me, you, him, her, it, liS, you, them. One se upotrebljavaju
u funkciji direktnog objekta. Mec1utim, po svojoj formi akuzativ licnih zamjenica se ne
razlikuje od njjhovog datjva Drugim rijeCima jedni te 1sti oblici imajll dvostrukll
funkciju: funkciju direktnog i fllnkcijll indirektnog objekta. Dativ (indirektni objekat)
obicno se naznacava prepozicijama: (to, with itd.) koje oznacavajll njihovll funkciju,
ili glagolima koji zahtijevajll upotrebu indirektnog objekta.
155
lli1~ktniJ.l.!.:ill'kut.
Prepozicionalni objekat
I explained everything to them.
Did you buy something for me?
Have you got any answer from him?
Will the teacher explain this rule to you?
Prisvojne zamjenice
Oblici prisvojnih zamjenica razlikuju se od prisvojnih pridjeva. Zamjenice imaju i
formalne karakteristike koje ih izdvajaju od drugih vrsta rijeCi, ali je oblik za trece lice
jednine muskog roda identican sa odgovarajucim prisvojnim pridjevol)1: mine, yours,
hers, his, its, ours, yours, theirs.
Prisvojne zamjenice uvijek se upotrebljavaju bez imenice; one zapravo zamjenjuju
odgovarajuce imenice.
That book must be yours.
That backpack is not mine. Probably it's hers.
This book must be his.
It was not our mistake, but theirs.
"No, it's neither yours, nor ours, nor theirs."
"Is this office ours?"
"Whose office is it then'?"
"Don't you know that our new manager is Mrs. Taylor. So it's hers."
"Oh, I see, I wish it were mine."
Povratllc zamjcnice
Oblici povratnih zamjenica: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, Uednina)
ourselves, yourselves i themselves (mnozina).
Poyratne 7mnienice mogu imatj
1Tj
razliQite uPQtrebe'
2. Ove zamjenice mogu se upotrijebiti emfatictlo. Tada se prevode sa: ia lieno. ia sam.
mi Iieno itd Kada se taka llPotrebljavaju onda se naglasayaju priJikom njihov..Qg
.izgQvaran_ia~
157
razlikov3nJc.
Sve ove rijeci koje mogu imati i funkeiju pridjeva i fllnkcijll zamjcniee J110gu se podijeliti
na:
1. prisvojne zarnjenice i pridjeve,
2. "pitne zamjenice i pridjeve,
3. pokazne zamjenice i pridjeve,
4. odnosne zamjenice i pridjeve,
5. neodredenc zamjeniee i pridjeve.
161
Who i whom mogu biti upotrijebljeni samo kao zamjcl1ice. Upitne rijeci ~
which i what se magu upotrijebiti i kao pridjevi (ispred imenice) i kao
zamjenice.
Who, whom
Upotrebljavaju se sarno kao zamjenice i odnose se sumo no liea De i na stvari, Pri
upotrebi zamjenice ~ ona najcesce ima funkciju subjekta, ali se moze upotrijebiti i
kao objekat, kada se upotrebljava umjesto zamjenice J:Ybmn
Who is your brother?
Who has come to help you?
Who will go with us to the airport?
Who wants to read this report?
Who went to do shopping yesterday?
\Vho would have done such a thing?
Whom
Zamjenica whom ima funkciju direktnog objekta,
Whom did she invite to the palty? Whom arc you looking for?
Whom do you want to ask?
Whom do you want to introduce to me?
Whom is he calling?
Whom is Mr. Smith visiting?
U govomomjeziku, gotovo u svakoj situaciji, ~ se zamijenjuje sa:mm naroCito u
americkoj konverzaciji, Treba, medutim, spomenuti da to jos uvijek nije u gramatici
prihvaccno kao standardna nonna,
162
Whose
Moze se upotrijebiti i kao pricljev (ispred imenicc, daje odredi) i kao zamjenica (umjesto
neke imenice)
Pridjev:
Zamjcnica:
~ bicycle is in front of our ,house?
Whose is the book on the table?
Whose father has already come?
Whose are those books?
Whose answer was incorrect?
Whose \vas this suitcase?
Whose brother gave you this?
Whose were those lost books?
What
Upotrebljava se dvostruko i kao pridjev i kao zamjenica. Aka se upotrijebi kao pridjev
onda znaci koji (koja, koje, kakav, kakva, kakvo, kakvi)? , a ako se upotrijebi kao
zamjenica onda znaci: sta? What kao upitni pridjev se upotrebljava za lica, iivotinje i
stvari.
Pridjev:
What city is she fulm? (iz kog grada)
What news do you have for me?
What kind of films do you like?
What questions have you been asked?
What time do you go to school"
Zamjenica:
.w.hill is he doing there'?
What did you want to ask me?
What would you like to tell him?
What are you looking for?
What made him stop smoking?
What are you writing about?
What se tlvijek upotrebljava kada se zeli saznati necije zanimanje, profesija, zvanje.
What is your brother-in law?
What was your grandmother?
163
What 5t
What
What
What
o YO/hut
Pridjev:
Wbich
Which
\Vhich
Which
Zamjcnica:
Which do you like more: jam or butter?
Which of them was here yesterday?
Which would you prefer?
~ is less dangerous?
Which of thel1l gut the scholarship?
3. Pokazlle zamjcnice
NajceSce pokazne zamjenice u engleskomjeziku su this, that. This i thal imaju obi ike
za mnozinu koji se po svojil11 forl11alnil11 obiljezjima razlikuju od jednine: these, those.
Such, the same, one (ones), the former, the lattcr takoder l110gu biti upolrijebljcne iii
kao pokazne zamjenice iii kao pridjevi iii mogu imati te obje funkcije. Such j the same.
the fQrmer the latter imaju istl Qblik ujednini i u mnozini dQk Ql1h ima ul11nozini oblik:
ones.
This that, these those, mogu biti upotrijebljeni i kaQ z811ljenice i killLpridjevi. Na nas
jezik se prevode sa: ovaj (taj), ova (ta), ovo (to), ovi (ti), ove (tc) i onaj, ana, ono, oni,
one,
Prid.icvi:
.. This nOlebook belongs to my friend .
.. Thcsb: notebooks belong to my friend .
.. That bus over there is old.
Thili homework is incorrect.
~ Ibis building is very old.
e Thai day was a rainy day.
.. I cannot flnish it t11i2 week .
.. I cannot finish it during these two weeks.
Zamjt'nica:
What do ynu think of this?
That cannot be a very good idea.
ThM must be very Important to you.
.. Those were our happy days.
Those were my best memories.
This. is small compared to 1b.ill.
Such kao pokazni pridjev znaci takav, takva, takvo, takvi, takve a U odredenim
kontekstima moze znaciti i veliki velika vcliko, vclikc. Kad se such upotrebljava sa
imcnicama u jednini testa se upotrebljava ncodreaeni clan a, an llZ imenicu, ali se taj
neodredeni Clan upotrebljava iza rijeci 'weI! n(' iSDred~, Such moze imati i funkciju
zamJel1lce.
Zarnjenica:
o Such was not my hope,
S!.!h were not my expectations.
S:uh was his "brilliant" ielea.
o So, S1!.h is your attitude?
.s.urn was not my desire.
o The problem was such that we couldn't solve it.
o The blunder was sllch that you should be ashamed.
Kada se iza such upotrijebi rijec H5, onda ta konstrukcija znaCi: kao 11a primjer.
Students such !.l..~ those who were late yesterday, are not responsible enough.
Employees such as office administrators and computer programmers should go to
our manager.
165
Same
Ova rijec IIloze bit! upotrijebljena kao pridjev i kao zamjenica. U oba slucaja obavezna
je upotreba odredenog clana ispred rijeCi same.
Same kao pridjev:
The same man wanted to see you yesterday.
That is ~~ book I have read.
That must be the same situation.
One - Olles
Cesto se iza pokaznih zamjenica this. that iIi iza odredenog clana the upotrijebi zamjenica
~ da se izbjcgne ponavljanje imellicc. To isto vaii i za pokazne zamjenice u mnoiini
~c those ali se onda koristi zamjenica ~
She prefers this book than lIill1...Qru;.
Will you ask this question, not lIill1...Qru;?
Ihis is my book and lIill1...Qru; is yours.
That is my chair and ~ is yours.
I'll put on the blue I-shirt and you should put on !ill; yellow
Please give me the green notebooks and give my son the blue~.
These are our seats, and those ones are yours.
Those must be your tickets and these ones here are ours.
=.
The fonner - the latter mogu biti upotrijebljeni i kao pridjevi i kao zamjenice. Znacenje
zamjenice (pddjcva) the {(mucr jc prvopomcnuti, ovaj prvi (prva, Jl(YQ) a the latter
znaci onaj drugi (ona druga, ono drugo), drugopomenuti (-a, -0).
The fonner - the latter kao pridjev:
He can play two different games: basketball and football.
He plays the former game much better. He is not so good at the latter.
She studies both Physics and Chemistry. She likes the former subject better. But,
of course she has to read many books on the latter as welL
.. Two men were very impOliant in her life: Mike and John. The fonner was her
father and the latter her husband .
The President telephoned the ambassador; the fanner was in Washington D.C,
the latter in Sarajevo .
She bought a suit and a dress. The former was far more expensive than the latter.
Who - whom
Upotrebljavaju se samo kao zamjenice u vezi sa lieima na koja se adnose. Ne mogu se
upotrijebiti 1<ao pridjaL Prevode se sa koji, koja, koje, koji, koga, itd. Ne srnijemo ih
poistovijetiti sa upitnim zamjenicama who i whom koje su po obliku identicne sa
odnosnim, ali po funkciji znatno se razlikuju. Who i whom se odnose samo na liea.
This is a student who doesn't like to study.
Who was the man who asked you?
These are girls who were absent last time.
o He is the one who did it.
o Is this the girl
phoned you last night?
o Are they people lYhlLhelped you?
o Are they the boys
didn't want to come?
Is this the girl
often cries?
.. Those wllil believe so, are wrong,
Those :IYb.u did it, are criminals.
Is this the woman Ylhu wanted to see me?
The man who was with you in the park is my good friend.
The policeman Wmn you asked this question was very polite,
o The girl whom you met yesterday is my sister.
That is the man 1Y.hill:n r gave some money to yesterday.
tl
Whose
Upotrebljava se samo 110 pridjev, a maze se odnositi na lica,zivotinje i stvari.
Is that the girl vvhosc mother called you last night?
This is the student ~I:w.s.e books YOlt found yesterday afternoon.
A book ~ pages are so dirty cannot be minco
That must be the house whose roof needs repairing.
Those men and women ~ children are so irresponsible should do something
about it.
The cat J:YhQ.s.e tail is injured is in the backyard.
The chair whose one leg is broken, cannot be used.
She has a nice dog ~ name is Rover.
Umjesto whose moze se upotrijebiti odnosna zamjeoica of which kada se odnosi oa
stvarl ili objekte.
The book, the pages of which are dirty, is not mine.
The chair, of which one leg is broken, cannot be used.
The house, the roof of which needs reparing, is just down the street.
My brother tried an overcoat the sleeves of which were too long.
Which
Odnosna zamjenica odnosi se na ivQtinje stvari i apstraktne poimove. Ona nema
selektivno znacenje kakvo ima upitna zamjenica which. To zna6i ona se ne odnosi na
izbor jednog od vise postojccih predmcta. Odnosna zamjenica w.hkb. moze biti
upotrijebljen i kao pridjev i kao imenica. Pridjevska upotreba relativne zamjenice which
je znatno lje(ta.
.
Pridjev:
l-Ie was waiting for
uS
Zamjenica:
Take the book Yi.hiJ;h is on the table.
The apartment in YLh.icll we live is large.
That is the room in ~ he studies.That is the dog which you were looking for.
Take the book which is yours.
We will take the things M1kh are ours.
Is that the building in which he lived?
That is the cat which she spoke about.
Napomena 3:
The
The
The
The
That
Relativna zamjenica that odnosi se na Iica, stvari, zivotinjc i apstraktne imenice, That se
moze upotrijebiti samo kao zamjenica i liZ ovu relativnu zamjenicu se ne mogu
upotrebljavati prijedlozi, That se najcesce upotrebljava iza supertativa, iza izraza: llil..
everything, much nothing little.
169
'I
I.lill1 se ne upotrebljava ako postoji samo jedna osoba ili predmet na koju se that odnosi.
U takyim slucajevima upotrebtjava se who (za liea) i which (za predmete stvari) umiesto
lllli1
His mother, Will is a manager, goes to work by her car.
e The World Trade Center, which was well known everywhere, was destroyed.
Izostnvlianle zamjenicc that (that kao dircktni objekt)
The boy I met yesterday is my friend's son.
e These people we met in the street were my good friends,
What
Relativna zamjenica what maze se upotrijebiti samo onda, ako u gJavnoj recenici nije
pomenuta imenica na koju se zamjcnica what odnosi. Ova zamjenica odnosi se na
cijelu prethodnu informaciju (poruku) i zapravo znaCi ono sto, to sto.
Ask me what you want to know,
Please tell us ~t you have heard,
I'll show you ~I have received.
Do.llfu!1 the doctor wants you to do.
o I-Ie knows lYhnlis good for him.
] don't know lYlillt you know.
He didn't want to do.w.llill he was asked to.
o They told me lYllli! ] had not known before.
Nobody knew what would happen in the near future,
Some - any
Some se upotrcbljava u potvrdnim i (ljede) u upitnim reccnicama. Kada je upotrijebljen
u funkciji pridjeva prevodi se sa nesto, nekoliko. Maze se upotrebljavati sa brojivim
imenicama i tad a zna6i nekoliko, nesto malo, mali broj, a kada oznacava nebrojive
imenice tada se prvodi sa malo, ne~to.
PridJcv:
We bought some sligar yesterday.
Who needs some money?
He needs some time to recover.
I have ~ books at home.
May I give you ~ fish?
Do you have ~questions?
He didn't buy
sugar yesterday.
We haven't made ll!:!X mistake.
She hasn't read any newspaper today
Any student can understand it.
Any weekend will sllit me perfectly.
==
ZamJenica:
One - olles
One llpotrcbljava se sanw ujednini, a ~ 1I mnozini. PrevoJi sc 11<1 nas jezik bezlicno:
sc. U tall. vim okolnostima one ozoacava general no bilo koje lice i moze se prevoditi sa:
covjek. Qne zajedoinu i ones za mnozinll se upotrebljavaju kao zamjenicc cia sc izbjegne
ponavUanjc prethodne imenice, ili prethodnih imenica. One, ponekad, ujJotrebljava se
u funl<ciji pridjcva. Kao zan~cnicc one (csto sc koristc kao kontrasti zamjcniCHml1: the
01 her another.
Zamjenica:
~ never knows such things.
~ should always leU the truth.
*' One must learn all about it.
One has to be patient with people.
f-Ie didn't want the big dog, but the sma!!~ .
.. I like the green book, not the red ~ .
.. The green books look better than the red ones .
.. That shirt "vas too big and this ll.llS: is too smalL
I saw two students. Qnh. was very tal! and the other very short.
Give me another pencil, ~ I have is not good.
*' Two busses have just come. Q.ru;: is early, 1'he oth~I is in time.
~
Every - each
Evel:)! upotrebljava se isJdjuCivo kao pridjcv (ispred imenice), nikad kao zamjenica,
dok ~moze se upotrijebiti i !cao pridjev i kao zamjenica. Every znaci svaki (svaka,
svako) bez izuzetka. Upotrebijava se U okoloos1ima kada se odnosi n<1 svakog iIi na sve
zajedno u grupi (dvoje iIi vise, dva ili vise) ako svi clanovi (dijelovi) grupe imaju neku
zajednicku karakteristiku, zajednicko svojstvo.
Each znac! svako pojedinacno u grupi, svaki clan grupe pojedinacno.
EYm word I wrote is true,
*' He works ~ day this week.
Who plays tennis every Sunday?
~ ~ student should study ~ day.
~doctor recommends this.
We enjoyed eve!:)! minute .
. EYm member ormy family works hard. He drinks coffee ~ morning.
Take this medicine ~ single night before going to bed.
172
~h
piece.
zamjenica
E.ncll. of you will get a chance.
E!lCh IUlO
Uz [lQl1.... maze se upotrijebiti glagol u jednini ili II mnozini zavisno od konteksta t;j. ad
cinjcnice da li se 11011(" odnosi najedan iii na vise predmeta, najedpu iIi na viSe osoba .
.. I have jlQ book here.
NQ person should do it
There was no cbild here.
We bad no lecture on Sunday .
.. We accept no orders from you.
There has been no snow this winter.
You'll get no chocolate today.
NQ cakes for you, you eat too much.
~ of them knew what to do.
~ of these things can be used.
~of us could comc yesterday.
He received illm~ of your messages.
~ of your friends came.
I will have none of it.
There were none here on Saturday.
None of them were hurt.
Nill1~ of this is W01ih buying.
None have been wounded.
All
Moie se upotrijebiti kao pridJcv i kao zamJcnica. Kac!a imn funkciju pddjeva illl
oznacava iIi kolicinu i prevodi se sa: say, cia, cijeli, cijelu itd.; iii broj kada se prevodi sa
svi. Upotrijebljcn da oznaci broj isprcd imenica u mnozini flll zahtijcva da i glagol bucle
u mnozini.
173
Pridjev:
e We stayed here .aU day long.
He spent nllhis money in OIle day.
.6-11 students can understand this .
.. AlLterrorists have been punished.
e All members are asked to do it.
Napomena 1. Aka all oznacava sasvim odrc{tenu koliCinu necega ili odrcaen braj necega,
onda se ispred imenice ufJotrebljava odreaeni Clan.
.. All the bread in the house has been eaten .
.. All the students [fllllY class have come in time .
.. All the/rult rve picked this morning must be sold today.
o All the boys like to play Jootball. All the girls learn to dance.
Napomena 2: Kada se iza a.J1 lipatrijebi prijedlog of, anda iza tog prijedloga slijedi
jednina iii I1ll1oiina.
Both
Moze biti upotrijebljen i kao pridjev i kao zamjenica. Prevodi se sa: oba, obje, oboje, i
jedan i drugi; i jedna i druga; i jedno i drugo. Moze se upotrijebiti za lica i za stvad.
Glagol uz ovaj pddjev (zamjenicu)je uvijek u mnotini.
Pridjev:
B.Q.th. girls were sick at that time.
o !iillh bedrooms have been cleaned.
Have you used b.uth rooms?
Has he explained llillJJ rules?
Zamjenica:
Both wanted to say something.
e Have you seen M!h of them?
Have lllllh.. afthem been graded?
Napomena: Aka se zamjenica hath lIpotrijebi izmeall dva pridjeva i spaja veznikom !111il.
onda se takva konstrukcija prevodi sa: isto tako ... kao;ne samo." vee- i..
This dress is both cheap and good.
This gentleman is both strong and brave.
She is both clever and pretty.
Either - neither
Mogu se upotrijebiti kao pridjevi i kao zamjenice. E.i1hcr se prevodi sa: bilo jedan, bilo
drugi; bila jedna, bila druga; bilo jedno bilo drugo. Upotrijebljeni glagol uz ti!lJ.cr iIi
neither mora biti u jednini. Kad se upotrijebi zamjeniea (pridjev) ~ glagol mora
biti u potvrdnom obliku, jer nri.!.hsa: po svojoj prirodi saddi u sebi negaciju.
Pridjev: either
You may have either book you want.
Either solution can be useful.
E.i.!hg boy can help me.
Either computer is very good.
He will read ~r newspaper.
I have not accepted your excuse in ri.tb.Jd case.
Either parent can come to school.
Zamjenica: either:
Either of them can come to see me.
Have you seen either of them?
You may take either of them.
Napomena: Kad se either upotrijebi na krajll recenice i kad se hpred either napise
zarez, onda telj either nije nl zanu'enica nl pridje)~ vee prilog sa znacenjem
takoae isl0 taka i (nO iG' i (nj) on. IjYOlf don't write, I won 'I, eithel:
Pridjev neither:
~ answer is quite correct.
Neither film is my cup of tea.
Neither plan is acceptable.
Neither solution is good for us,
He bought ~ tic there.
Neither employee has ever been absent.
I have accepted your excuse in neither case.
175
Zuntjenica neither:
..
I~jJhr
or
Other
Moze sc upotrijcbiti kao pridjcv i kao zamjcnica. Prcvodi sc sa drugi (druga, drugc), He
taj (ta, to, te). Other moze se upotrijebiti i sa odredenim i sa neocireoenim cianom. Ako
se upotrijebi neodreoeni Clan ondn se on pise lIviick zaiedno sa zamie~ (pridievQm)
l.tOO.
Prid.iev:
Please sho\-v me another tie.
He is talking to the other woman.
In other words: we must do it.
He came to see us the other day.
He wants to read some other newspapers.
Zamjenica:
Others have tried it in vain.
Vole must believe to each ~
Will you give me the other, please?
The other will be very usefuL
Consult the others about it, too.
Why don't you show me the other?
If it's not one thing,it's another.
I won't take this book, give me the other over there.
Zamjenica i pridjev other upotrebljava se u viSe razlicitih fraza: every ojher day. each
other. one another. the other day, the other morning the other two no other than (niko
drugi ncgo), other th<U1.J.lli!t (osim toga), any other than (bilo koji samo ne .. ) something
~
(taka nesto).
Napomena: Zamjenica Q./J.J.sa. i!1la i genitivlli oblik U 10m s/ucajll se zal11jenici doda
apostrof i ".'I' ".
The ane brother waas a dad()!;
What was the other :S' professioll?
Others! problems can make mefeel unhappy.
The two brothers sometimes il1tel/el'ed in eachother :s' business.
176
Somebody - someone
Neodredene zamjenice za ljude pojedinacno prevode se na nas jezik sa neko, Cueki
Q.Q.yjek, neka Zen a neko diietet Ove dvije zamjenice upotrebljavaju se iskhuCivo tl
Qotvrdnim i lIpitnim nikad U oc/riCnim reCenicama
Potvrdnc rcccnice:
She had to talk to someone (somebody) about her problem.
Somebody (someone) must have some idea about it.
There is someone (somebody) waiting for you.
Somebody (someone) must do it as soon as possible.
She was not alone, I think. Somebody (someone) was with her.
I-lave you asked somebody (someone) to help you?
I'm sure somebody (someone) made a big mistake.
Was there somebody (someone) to meet you at the station?
Somebody (someone) will have to pay this bill.
Upitne recenice:
Did she talk with somebody (someone) about her problem" ( ... s nekim)
Has somebody (someone) been waiting for me? ( ... neko)
Did somebody (someone) call me this morning?
Do you think somebody (someone) has already bought our products? ( ... neko)
Do you really think that somebody (someone) will pay this bill?
Napomena: Somebody i someone imaiu genitivni oblik sa apostrofom i "s" . rada, ove
zamjenice oznacavqju pripadanje neodretlenom Covjeku (ieni, djetetu) i
upotrijeb(iene Stl ili II fimkciji zan~jenice.
That must be somebody 'S' - someone S'
Anybody - anyone
Ove zamjenice mogu biti upotrijebljene u upitnim, u odricnim i II potvrdnim recenicama.
U upitnim recenicama one znace nclill... i.kQ, II odricnim: n.ikQ, ika.. a u potvrdnim se
177
prevodi sa: rna ko (rna koji. koja koje), bOo ko (koji koja koje) iko (ikoji ikoja
ikl!jll
Upitne:
Have you already seen anybody (anvone)? C" .nekog)
Odricne:
We have not seen anybody (anyone) in the hall. (nikog ... nikoga)
I have not expected anybody (anyone) to help me in the current situation.
I don't think that anybody (anyone) will travel with me to the U.S.A. ( ..iko, neko)
He wouldn't like anybody (anyone) to go there with him.
She did not expect that anybody (anyone) would repair that old bicycle. ( .. iko)
Potvrdne recenice:
Anybody (anyone) could do such a thing. ( ... svak, bilo ko)
That's not heavy. Aoybody (anyone) could carry it easily. ( .. bilo ko, svak, rna ko)
Anybody (anyone) would be happy to get this wonderfuljob.( ... svak)
Ask anybody (anyone) you want in our class about it. ( ... bilo koga)
Anybody (anyone) in my family can travel with me to London. ( ... bilo ko ad .. )
Napomena: Anybody i anyone imaju i svoje genitivne oblike (apostroj' + s) i tada .'Ie
prevode sa: bilo ciji, iciji.
Whose book is this? I don ~ know. It could be anvbody's Canvone H
Did youjind anybody:S' (an vane '5') backpack here?
Everybody - everyone
Potvrdne reccllice:
Everybody (everyone) knew that she would come on Sunday. (Svi su znali ... )
Eve!:ybody (eyeryone) is expected to ask questions, (Svi su ocekivali,,)
Upitne feeenice:
Did everybodv (cvcryoneL understand my questions? C. svi . .razumjeli?)
Does everyhody (Cvcl:yone) in this class have a TV set at home? (svako, svi)
Was everybody (every.Q.D.h) pleased with her last visit?
Did everyone (everybody) look forward to his coming here?
o Had evelybody (eyeryone) done this before 1 came in?
Nohody - no olle
Ove zamjcnicc uJ10trcbljavaju se samo U odrienim reeenicama, Posto u engleskqj reecnici
1110ie biti salTIO jcdna negacija, a posta su zamjcnice nobodv j 110 one po_svojoj prirodi
negacije, to S1.l glagoli u reeenicama sa nobodv no one uvijek u potvrdnom obliku.
(Zamjenica ~ se pise odvojeuo kao dvije rijeei). Prevodi se na nas jezik rijecju:
nilm.
There was nobody (no one) at home at that time. ( .. niko .. nikog)
Nobody (no one) else has come to school today. (,.. niko,..)
e Unbelievable, nobody (no one) could answer my question conectly. ( ... niko ... )
Really, I can see nobody (no one) in the street right now. (,..nikog ... )
She talked with nobody (no one) about her recent problem. ( .. oi sa kim)
Napomena: Zamjenice nobodv i no one irnajll i svoje genitivne oblike (apostl'Of+s). One
su po sV(~ioj prJl'Odl negacije, pa glagol upolrijebUen sa njima tI recenici
mora hili u potvrdn0111 obliku,
She-says that nohQc(r:" (no one\') child is better than hers,
I am quite positive, this is nobodJ'~' (no one 's>fault.
Something - nothing
Something upotrebljava se u potvrdnim i upitnim reeenicama. Prevodi se sa "nesto".ll
potvrdnim, "iSta" u upitnim recenicama. Zamjenjuje sarno predmete, ne i lica.
Potvrdne recenicc:
I have somethint: interesting to show you,
e We are sure somethin!: must have happened to him.
This poor baby was frightened by something (prepala se od necega)
As he was very hungry we gave him something to eat.
o She has somethin!: exciting to tell you.
179
I~
Everything - anything
Everything upotrebljava se u potvrdnim, upitnim i odricnim recenicama. Prevodi se
nasom rijeci ~ a zamjenjuje predmete, stvari.
Potvrdnc rcccniee:
He is stubbom and he is convinced that he knows everything on this matter.
You should tell me everything you know about it.
She is v.ery curious and everything interests her.
Many people say: money is everything but I don't think so.
Evclything we had done then was quite wrong.
U pitne recenice
Did he really know evecything there was to know about that?
Shouldn't you tell me everything you know about it?
Does she really want to know eyer:ything?
Is money everything you need to be happy?
Was everything you had done then, wrong?
Odricne recenice
Of course, we cannot understand ever:ything we have just heard.
I think money is not everythillgJhat makes me feel happy.
o Everything cannot be repaired after this terrible aggression.
I shouldn't tell them everything I know about it.
Ocito je da veliki broj rijeCi moze u engleskom jeziku biti upotrijebljen u dvostrukoj
funkciji (ll funkciji zamjenica i u funkciji pridjeva) pa tu vazou Cinjenicll moramo imati
1I vidll kada prevodimo sa engleskog iii na engleski jezik.
181
VII PRILOZI
'I
1. Tvorba priloga
Veliki broj priloga
nastavak -Iy.
.. successful
fluent
.. quiet
easy
quick
pretty
"nice
bright
beautiful
complete
soft
careful
happy
stupid
cheap
glad
slow
terrible
completely
softly
carefully
happily
stupidly
cheaply
gladly
slowly
terribly
easy
.. busy
G
easily
busily
b) Takvih promjena y u
pretty
lazy
prettily
lazily
happy
sloppy
happily
sloppily
c) Pridjevi sa zavrsetkom na dvostruko "I" (Il) gube jedno "I" kada im se dodaje
nastavak -Iy.
dull
dully
full
fully
d) Neki pridjevi koji se zavrsavaju na l11uklo -e gube
to~"
Jx,.
whole
simple
wholly
simply
true
miserable
truly
miserably
terrible
probable
terribly
probably
2. Podjcla priloga
Priloge mozerno podijeliti na viSe grupa.
a) za naCin: ~ somehow, perfectly, ooili:,~, fl=.tly. well, fus.!, hru:d.ll.ll.ikb',
gladly strongly, hililly, ~. =fully, ~, hl!ppjlx itd. Ovi prilozi odgovaraju na
pitanje how?
b) prilozi odredenog vrernena: today. noW yesterday tomorrow then. on Monday
mornjng in half an hour in the winter during breakfast. at noon. in the morning. at 7
o'clock itd. Ovi prilozi odgovaraju na pitanje when?
c) prilozi Ileodredenog vremena: ~, generally, ~ ~, Q..fkn., .!J.S..!.lilll.,
sometimes, rarely occasionally. recently itd. 1 ovi prilozi oclgovaraju na pitanje when?
d) prilozi koji odrcduju stepen: Y.QIy, \QQ,
odgovaraju na pitanje: to what degree?
~,
e) priIozi za mjesto: there, here over there. in the street. where outside clown. east
lip upstairs. inside at home at school in the middle of in the corner on the shelf on
the table itd. Ovi prilozi odgovaraju na pitanje where?
3. Poreaellje priloga
Prilozi porede se na isti nacin kao i pridjevi. Kompm',ativ priloga tvori se clodavanjem
nastavka -er, iii upotrehom priloga more ispred osnovnog oblika priloga. Prilozi
napravljeni od pridjeva dodavanjem nastavka -Iy postaju viSeslozni (izuzev priloga
186
early) pa stoga tvore komparativ kao i viSeslozni pridjevi. Earlyje u tom pogledu izuzetak
pa komparativ pravi nastavkom -cr.
Superlativ priloga tvori se isto leao i superlativ pridjeva pomoCli nastavka -est. ViSeslozni
prilozi i prilozi na -Iy tvore superlativ upotrebom priloga most. Izuzetakje prilog eaili
koji superlativ gradi nastavkom -est.
187
Napomena: Postaji relativJ1a veliki braj pridjeva sa zavr.~etkom l1a -l}~ Te pridjeve ne
smijemo mijdati sa prilozima koji slIlIapravljeni od pridjeva t/astavkomly. PricUevi na -ly: cowardly (kukavickij,/onely( usamljen), earthly
(zemaljski, ovozema(jskij, Fiendly (pnjatefjslci), kindly (ljubazllo), lively
(iivahan), lovely (mia, Ijubak), manly (hrabm) .
IRR
Prilo~
Pridje v
It is a long way from here to Sarajevo. The experiment win not last lmm..
It must be made hot <:ll'.ill;;h to bend.
~ We need enc'u,;h time to do it.
H\s- lK'\\ "::"'.l "(t':\.\S \'~r:' lli~,
~ He h..,." 2..
::~\\, ..::.:;.::,
H~ ,:-.:-.:c:-lt Zc.::.: ~<:":-'::'F\ c.~: ~;.-h' rr;llrL H,,~ r..::.:,-",> ~;:(,~:l:\~ l..~':;;\\lh
nl~Y \\ ~wh Y(r:- h.;m.1C\ ('ry . .by.
~ 1 kno\\' Ihi~ 1S- \ cry hard work.
F rom here I'll go dinxt to Sarajevo,
He lives far from the center.
That is an
b) Mali broj priloga koji su napravljeni nastavkom -ly moze biti upotrijebljen i kao
pridjev i kao prilog. Njimaje, ocito, oblik identican ali imje funkcija razlicita.
I get daily papers. (dnevne novine- pridjev)
Almost all important papers are being published lliJ.i.lx. (svakodnevno ... prilog)
Our weekly salary is not bad at all. (sedmicna ... pridjev)
Which magazines get published~? (sedmicno .... priIog)
My monthly rent is too high.( mjesecna stanarina ... (pridjev)
He gets paid only I!l.llIllhl.:l. (mjesecno ... prilog)
189
a) Alw je u rcccnici upotrijcbljen prilog za nacin onda on stoji neposrcdno iza glagola
Medutim, ako je u reccnici upotrijebljen direktni objekat onda se prilog za nacin stavlja
odmah iza tog objekta.
My friend speaks German fluently.
He wanted to close the windows softly.
Did he pass his eX{)!l1 successfully?
He drove his new car slowly.
We wrote our homework neatly.
They painted their room sloppily.
She sang this song beautifully.
I translated this sentence accurately.
Ipak prilozi za nacin sa nastavkom na -Jy mogu se upotrijebiti i ispred glagoJa kada
naroCito zelilUo da istaknemo prilog.
I accurately translated this sentence.
He slowly drove his car: it is quite new.
.. He quietly closed all the wind
We carefully entered the room.
She ~accepted my invitation.
He quickly hid the ball.
Napomena 1. Aka se ujednoj recenici upotrijebi vise priloga za vrijeme, onda se Dr;/og
z{/ m(llljll vrpnlCIlS!w jedinjcu stavlia ispred lJri/of/a za vd/( vremewi/al
jediniClI.
-1 will meet YOIl
CIt sjx 0
0/1
Monday.
i~.
Medutim ako su pomo6ni gJagol "to be" i l110dalni g!agoli (can, may, might, must itd)
poscbno istaknuti i nagiaseni, onda se prilozi za neodre(1eno vrijeme upotrebljavaju
ispred tih glago\a.
He often can say such stupid things.
He sometjmes can be careless.
He generally !llil.Y. come in the morning.
I often might call you in your office.
They work and they usually are busy.
She rarely is home at this time.
rosebuo se mora istaci da se prilozi neodredenog vremena ~ upotrebljavaju
prezenta i preterita glagola "to be".
He is always very busy.
He ~ nervous.
We were generally working then.
She is seldom out at eleven p.m.
Who was sometimes with you?
We were often together in this cinema.
He was never at home when I called him.
iw
Napomena: Ako u jednoj recenici fma vise priloga za mjesto onda se prilog za manje
mjesto upotrebljava prije priloga za vece mjesto.
ill a (own in. Bosnia.
She was born in a village near Sarajevo.
J used to live Q.JLJ..1..i.h~ in New York.
He lives
192
Aka je u jednoj tc istoj recenici upotrijebljcno vise pril.Q.gn, onda se primjenjuju poscbna
In-avila za njihova mjesto u toj rccenici. Rcdosljed upotrebe raz!icitih priloga u jednoj
recenici je:
a) prilazi za nacin,
b) prijozj za mjcsto,
c) prilozi za vrijeme.
Our troops stood.l1M (nacin), in their place (mjesto) all !he time, (vrijeme)
They went.QJJ.ikly (oatin) out of Om office (mjesto) when we came. (vrijeme)
He came walking slowly (nacin), into our room (mjesto) at four o'clock, (vrijeme)
She drove carefully (nacin) throngh the town (mjesto) last night. (vrijeme)
Her brother was badly (nacin) injured at home (mjesto) yesterday. (vrijeme)
I gladly (naein) accepted the oportunity to travel to London (mjesto) next month.
(vrijeme)
My friend will come ~ (nacin) to my place (rnjesto) tomorrow, (vrijeme)
We were lmijillx (nacin) welcomed by our friends in their gardrn (rnjesto)
yesterday cveni~(vrijeme)
They were extremely (l1aGin) surprised to see us ~ (mjesto) at three in the
morning (vrijeme)
We llSdlrly: (naCin) missed our train at the station (mjesto) yesterday moming.
(vrijeme)
g) Specificnosti
mjestu priloga
Relativno mali broj priloga ne sJijedi gornja pravila 0 mjestu njihove upotrebe. Po
tome Sll oni specificni pa ih je nllzno objasniti.
Enough upotrebljava se iza pridjeva i iza priloga.
o I think he is brave enough to do it.
She is clever enough not to do that.
I know him well el}Qjjgh,
They don't go fast llliQ!!llh,
193
Kada se enough upotrebljava kao pridjev onda se upotrebljava ispred imenice koju
odreduje,
We bought enough meat for our barbecue
.. She never has enough time but she has enough energy
.. We had enough food
Only moze se upotrijebiti na vise mjesta u recenici ali znacenje cijele recenice zavisi od
mjesta na kome je only upotrijebljeu.
Qnbcl may ask him about it. (Samo ja ga smijem pitati i niko drugi),
Qnl)c he will go there, (Samo on 6e iCi i niko drugi),
go there to see him.( I uikog drugog) IIi We can go there to see him
We can
~. (Mozemo sarno otici. .. i uista drugo) .
.. I gave this book to him only. (Dao sam knjigu samo njemu i nikom drugorn)
I Qlllx gave this book to him. (Samo sam mu dao knjigu ... i nisam mu pomagao).
He only has to go there,( I uista drugo ue mora raditi).
Too moze imati dva razliCita mjesta u recenici. Ako se upotrebljava ispred pridjeva u
zuacenju ~ (previse premalo, prenisko itd.) onda se mora upotrijebiti neposredno
ispred pridjeva,
He is lllll short. She is really lllll smart to do slIch a stllpid thing,
Many books are 1lliLcxpensive.
Ako, medutim, .tQ.Q.... nije upotrijebljen ispred pridjeva da ga preciznije odredi, onda se
1.QQ...upotrebljava iza rijeci koju odreduje:
He lQ.Q..wanted to go with us,
You 1QQ must do it now.
I wanted to drink a bottle of beer 1QQ.
They wanted to visit us :tQQ...
Also
Prilog also moze biti upotrijebljen ispred ali i iza glagola koji pojasnjava. Nijanse
znacenja cijele recenice zavise i od mjesta na kome je also upotrijebljen.
Als.o he is happy at the moment. (Takode i on je sretan ovog trenutka .. pored
drugih i on je sretan),
She can als.Qbe happy at the moment. (Ona takode maze biti i sretna, ali uz to i
zadovoljna i raspolozena i vesela, .. ovog trenutka),
We have ill.sQ been ta Paris. (Bili sma takode u Parizu ... pored drugil~ gradova).
(Znacenje zavisi ad naglasavanja rijeci) .
Vie al.iill. have been to Paris. Takade i mi S1110 bili u Parizu ... pored drugih !judi).
(Znacenje zavisi ad naglasavanja rijeci).
Pravilna upotreba priloga, oCito, nije jednostavna vee i stoga sto postoje prilozi sa
razlicitim formalnim obiljejima, prilozi koji su po [011111 identicni sa pridjevima ali
irnaju razlicite funkcije, prilozi sa dvostrukim oblicima, prilozi kod kojih znacenje
zavisi ad forme itd. Tome treba dodati i povelike poteskoee u vezl sa pravilnim
odabiranjem mjesta priloga u recenici.
195
VIll BROJEVI
Kao i u nasem jeziku brojeve dijelirno na dvije velike skupine: na glavne i redne brojeve.
Glavni brojevi
Rcdni hrojevi
1 one
2 two
3 three
the
the
the
the
4 four
5 five
6 six
7 seven
8 eight
9 nine
10 ten
11 eleven
12 twelve
13 thirteen
14 fourteen
15 fifteen
16 sixteen
17 seventeen
]8 eighteen
19 nineteen
first
second
third
fourth
the fifth
the
the
the
the
sixth
seventh
eighth
nintll
the tenth
the eleventh
the twelfth
the
the
the
the
the
the
the
thirteenth
fourteenth
fifteenth
sixteenth
seventeenth
eighteenth
nineteenth
199
Glavoi hrojcvi
20 twenty
21 twenty~one
22 twenty -two
23 twenty- three
24 twenty-four itd.
30 t!li!:U
40 fony
SO !ill.x
60 sixty
70 seventy
80 eighty
90 ninety
Rcdni brojcvi
the twentieth
the
t\venly~fjlli
tlH~
tytcnt;t-sccond
111" twenty-third
the twenty-fourth itd.
the thinieth
the fortieth
the fiftieth
the sixtieth
the seventieth
the eightieth
the ninetieth
Glavoi brojcvi
100 a hundred
101 a hundred and one
102 a hundred and two itd.
200 two hundred
300 three hundred itd.
321 three hundred (md twenty-one
350 three hundred and fifty
1000 a thousand
1005 a thousand and five
1000 000 a million
Redni brojevi
the hundredth
the hundred first
the hundred second itd.
the two hundredth
the three hundredth itd.
the three hundred and twenty- first
the three hundred and fiftieth
the thousandth
the thousand mld fifth
the millionth.
Kad se slozeni brojevi Citaju iii usmcno izgovaraju koristi se rijec and i.\jJred desetica,
a ako njih nema onda se to and govori ispred jedillica.
Ako sc ispred rijeci hundred thousruld i million upotriiebi neki broj (two, three five itd.)
onda se na te tri pomenute imenice u mnozini ne dodaje nastavak s.
(Two hundred dollars, six thousand and thirty pieces itd.). U tim okolnostima imenica
koja slijedi iza pomenutih brojeva dobija nastavak -so
Brojevi za ponavljanje: jecinom, dvaput, trip lit, cetiri puta, pet puta itd kazu se: once.
twice. three times. four tjmes. five times itd. Dakle broju se doda djee times iZllzev u
once i twice
Svakako je potrebno nauciti kazivati i Citati raziomke, decimalne brojeve, i OSllOVne
racullske radnje.
201
Razlomci
cita se
a.l.lill[
ili
one half
a third
pnc_Jhlrd
a fourth
one fourth
".Jinh
onc" fifth
a sixth
one sixth
nne tenth
[Qm tenths
iJi
Decimalni brojcvi
Decimalni brojevi iskazuju se upotrebom imeniee point: 5.8 (five point eight);
8 ~ 6::::; 2
Multiplication: 8 x 6 = 48
Subtract.ion:
Division:
202
48: 6 =8
a+b
a-b
axb
a.b
a:b
alb
a= b
ab / cd
an
a plus b
a minus b
a multiplied by b
a multiplied by b
a divided by b
a over b
a equals b; or a is equal to b
a times b over c times d;
or all over cd
a to the nth, or a exponent n
three squared, three to the second (power)
five cubed; five to the third (power)
two to the power of six; two to the sixth.
Izrazi dva na kvadrat se kazuju: two squared, dva na treeu two to the third; iii two
cubed; dva na osmu: two to the eighth ili two to the power of eight itd.
203
IX PRlJEDLOZI
Ceste
Sll
pogresne upotrebe engleskih prijedloga oak i kod !judi koji inace uspjeSno
prijedloga.
Sve engleske prijedloge moterno podijeliti u dvije skupine:
a) prosti prijedlozi: at, by, down, for, from, in, into, of, off, on, over, since, to, under,
until, up, upon, out, with, without itd.
b) slozeni prijedlozi: ahead of, along with, aside from, because of, except for, in addition
to, in front of, in spite of, instead of, next to, on account of, owing to itd.
PrijedIog ah.mJ1 ima vise znacenja ad kojih se neka podudaraju sa nekim nasim
prijedlozima, a cesto je aQQlJ1 upotrijebljen u sklopu neke frazeoloske cjeline pa, iii se
prevodi slobodnije iIi se ne prevodi. Najcesca znacenja ovog prijedloga su: u
neposrednoj blizini, vremenski okvir (.ab.uut midnight, at nhill.l1 this time), zauzetost
necim sto nepos red no predstoji (They know what they are illlmIt1 Ovaj se prijedlog
najcesce prevodi sa: 0 oko zbog otprjljke. u vezi sa po za jtd
to speak about sombody.
Do you speak ahm!t him?
(govoriti 0 nekom)
to ask (to talk) allilliLsomething.
(pitati 0, govoriti 0) ahm!l.
to quarrel ahm!l
(svadati se zbog)
to wander ahm!l (lutati po svijetu).
I have no opinion
world.
Frazeoloska upotreba
What's all this ahQut. 0 cemu se to radi?
Vrijeme
m:
Mje,to
Sit ~,please. do, pored
She is sitting by the fire, uz vatru
He passed ~ pored mene
I have it la= Imam to kod sebe
Vrijeme
We traveled ~, danjll
to pay by the hour pl.cati po satll
Come m: five o'clock. do ..
lalbm- dot.da
~ dosada
by this time do tog trenutk.
209
leave Mary fuLAnn), smjer (to !cave fur Paris). razlog~ povod (He was punished fur
murder), vrijeme ( He was sentenced fur life. I haven't seen you fur ages), odnos (as
fur me), prkos u znaceuju uprkos (fur all her large size, she moves gracefully) uzvik
(fur God's sake! Three cheers .fi:l.Lhim!), pogodba (Ifit were not iQLlllC, he would not
get this job.), nove ana naknada (You pay only ten dollars fur a hat), odllos grupapojedinac ( EDr everyone that works, you will Hnd fiye that don't.)
I bought it E)r m)'se!fz~l scbe
The homework for Fridav za petak
He was tried fur murder za ubistvo
to vote fur somebody glasati za nekog
thirst fur revenge teo: za osvetom
lilui!k Zll (n.) prodaju
Prijcdlog hUma vise razlicitih upotreba i stoga vise znacnja. On oznacava: iokaciju
(She was wounded in the leg. Have you seen that in the lake?), vremcnsko odredenje
(in the summer; in one hour), sredstvo (The letter was written in pencil.; all was bound
in leather), ograniccnjc (They are alike in some respects.; That was left in a hurry),
svrhu, razlog (He said that in reply), odnos prema grupi (one in six is eligible). Prevodi
se sa: tl, pod, za, na, od, za vrijeme, dok, l.lOutar, unutra, kod, zbog.
211
Prijcdlog lill oznacava: fizicku razdvojcnost (a path lilllhe main walk; His shop is
jLlst QJI.the main street. Take it QiIlhe table.), ohjekt radnjc (He borrowed a hundred
dollars QiI him), odsustvo sa duznosti (lill duty), odust.janje od ustaljenih navika
(He is Qffliquor. She is QfIdrugs.), rezultat ispod mogucnosti (u sportn) (He is QfIhis
game).
Ovaj se prijedlog prevodi sa: po, van, odatle, dalje, od, sa.
Is she Q.[f duty? van duznosti
It fell illI a tree. sa drveta
He lives Qff his sa [my. od
Keep Qff the grass. Ne hodaj po
Two miles Q.ff the town od
The plane rose Q.[f the runway. sa
Get Qff my toot. sa
He jumped Qff the horse. sa
The slales raIl off the roof Crijep pada s krova.
This path leads uffthe main road. Ova staza se odvaja od glavnog puta.
Postoji i frazeoloska upotreba ovog prijedloga, sto ce potvrditi sljedeci primjerL
212
Prijedlog 011 izrazava: lociranost na povrsini (The book is un the table.;The fly
landed on the ceiling. She has a cut Qllher finger.); lociranost u prostoru (The garden
is Qll the side of the house. He is on the bus.); nacin (He stood on one foot. They live on
a pension.); raspolaganje ncCim (She has some money Q1l her. He had a knife Qll him.);
vremensld olnrir (The parade is Qll Sunday. Qn..arriving home 1 fonnel your letter. Cash
QIl delivery); sredstvo. (She lives ill.l vegetables,); stnnjr (The hom~e is Qlllil'e,) Prcvodi
se sa: na, za, u, nakon, po, o.
Mjesto: na
The book is on the table. na
He is on the roof of his house
He is riding on horseback.
He hit his head on the Ooor.
Is my shirt on the chair?
I-lis books are on the shelf.
We are Qll the right track. ua
On hearing this.. clIvsi
Vri,iemc
They will come on my birthday. nn
Please come to my home on Saturday. u
I-Ie went to his office on his arrival. po
On that day he stayed at home. toga
She came on a dark night. u, po
Qn receipt po prijemu
Prijedlog over kazuje: polozaj (The bird flew = r the lake.) hijerahiju u vlasti (Ask
those ~ him,), neciju naamoc, supcriornost ( She has a big lead over the others.),
odstupanje od normi i neslagan,ie (He passed over the governor's veto.), objekat (She
laid a blanket
her child. He hit her ~the head. He fell
the edge.), prostor
(She showed me over the house), razlomke ( three over five .. tri kroz pet), sredstvo ( I
213
heard it over the radio.), vremcnski period (Q.Yk( the past 25 years; Stay ~ Sunday.)
razlog te'koca (She had a lot of trouble
money).
Ovaj se prijedlog prevodi sa: nad, iznad, preko, pri, po. za vrijeme, kod, zbog.
a victOlY Q.YI 5mb. pobjeda nad
The plane was t1ying...Q.Y.e us. iZllad
the door lind, iznad
D..YI night
prcko noCi
Q.YkLa glass of wine pri 6asi vina
CbLcr. Prijem.
to jump ~ the fence preskociti
all over the world po cijelom svijetu
It's~. Gotovo je, zavrseno je.
.m:g,: the past month tolwm
There is nothing left QY.e.r. Nista nije prcostalo
Q.Y.ld: and above povrh svega
The water spilled QEr the floor. Voda se prosula po podu.
The water will be
his head .. preko
~
='
Prijedlog t!!... Pored upotrebe za dativ ovaj prijedlog oznacava i mjesto (He pressed
her tQ his heart - na syoje .. Ii'om head to foot ~) broj iii koliNnu (They killed all
ill a man - ~~. His debts amount ill 3000 dollars dosczu iznose) vrijeme
(He lived from ill illL...QQ :Lodnos i pripadanje (a secretary.ill a university professor.
We had the whole big house tQ ourselves) poredenje (Compared tQ that I went through
... u poredenju) IIamjcru (I did it tQ help him ... iliLmu pomognem), djclovanjc (He
drank himself ill death - do smrti itd.
Prijedlog to se prevodi sa: u, za, na, do, prcma, pred, sa itd. iii se i ne prevodi.
I-Ie goes tQ school. U
She is married ill John, udata za
He is sentenced 1Q death. ml
from top ill bottom ad dna do vrha
froJll Monday ill Friday do
to be kind ill somebody prcma
His chances are one 1Q five. prema
They played!.cLa full house. pred
I wrote a letter to him. Njemu
tQ and fro tamu - amo
from head tQ foot do pete
up ill the present sve do sada
He is brother tQ Mr. Smith. g. Smitov
214
_Prijedlog under jc jedan od engleskih prijedloga koji ima vise upotreba i znaci: polozaj
ispoel (under the table; under sunny skies), zasticenost, sl(fovitost (He escaped !lnder
cover of darkness.), podredenost po rangu (u sluibi) (He served lJllC.!!d general Smith),
uslove ( under the tenns of the contract; !J.1l.dcr the legal age), prinudu (!J11d.e.r pressure;
llll.Ckr the influence of alcohol), naslov (lJllC.!!d this heading) itd.
Ovaj se prijedlog prevodi sa: pod, ispod, za vrijeme (u doba), prema, u smislu, na
temelju, u skladu sa.
~r arms pod oruzjem
under oath pod zakletvom
under fire pod vatrom
lJ.n.ds:r lock and key pod kljucem
under pressure pod pritiskom
under supervision pod nadzorom
He got under the car. Zavukao se pod
He sat down under the tree. pod
J.lllikr the protection pod zastitom
The book fell ~r the table. ispod
l.l.lld.cr ] 8 years old ispod
lJ.Il.d.tl the normal price ispod cijene
~ a false. name pod laznim
I am ~ the impression imam utisak
under an hour manje ad
under construction II izgradnji
l!D..ill:r his rule za, u vrijeme vladavine
under this project U okviru
The cat jumped under the chair.
under this law po tom zakonu
He works!J.lli!cr great"difficulties uz velike teskoce
They escaped under cover of darkness pobjegli skriveni rnrai{Qrn.
under these rules prerna, u sIdadu sa ovim pravilima
Under present conditions no change is possible. u sadasnjim okolnostima
The temperature is under the average today. ispod prosjeka
llim the terms of the contract prema zahtjevima ovog ugovora
to sell something .un.dIT the counter prodavati ispod tezge (krisomJ
That bridge is still .1J..ll.dcr construction. Jos llvijek se gradi.
Pried log with: oznaeava: zajednicku aktivnost (rad) (She comes with her husband.
He works with his father. They were with their brother.),raskid, razlaz, Ijutnju (She
broke with her family. Mike is angry with his daughter.), nacin (our country is on ftiendly
terms with almost all other countries.), irnati (nernati) uticaja na (He no longer has
any influence Wfu them.), podrsku i slaganjc (I agree .Yii.th you: this painting is a
forgety. If he is for lower taxes, I'm Wfu him. She stooel well W.th all her classmates.),
sredstvo ( He hit her lYilh a roek. He is threatened lYilh divorce.), razlog (pale lYilh
anger; sick with fcar), nacin (She ran ffi1h effOlt.; He was sitling with his hat on. He
came W1h good news), karakteristicuu zalwuitost (The pressure varies with depth.),
ohiljefje osoha (a person W.th a sharp nose; a girl with a nice smile), vremensku
koincidenciju (With the outbreak of the war, they left the country.), zbivanje uprkos
(He is really a loveable man W1h all his stubbornness.).
215
Ovaj prijcd!og prevodil1lo sa: kod, od, protiv, zbog, radi, u drustvu,
llZ,
i pored, uprkos.