Design of The Mechanical Ventilation System of A Building Using Computer Aided Design Software and Building Information Modeling Software

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING
ENGINEERING
PROJECT TITLE:
DESIGN OF THE MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM OF
A BUILDING USING COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN SOFTWARE
AND BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING SOFTWARE
PROJECT CODE: GON/01/2015
AUTHORS:
NAME
REGISTRATION NO.
1. Francis Lesindamu
2. Elizabeth Koske
3. Godfrey Muhinda
F18/36636/2010
F18/36478/2010
F18/35663/2010
SUPERVISOR: ENG. G.O. Nyangasi

A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the
award of the degree in Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering.
DECLARATION
We declare that this work submitted as our Final year project is our original efforts and to the
best of our knowledge, has never been presented anywhere before for academic purposes.
NAME:GODFREY MUHINDA BLASIO

REG NO.: F18/35663/2010
SIGNATURE:
NAME:ELIZABETH CHEROP KOSKE

REG. NO.: F18/36478/2010
SIGNATURE:
NAME: FRANCIS LESINDAMU

REG. NO.: F18/36636/2010
SIGNATURE:
ABSTRUCT
Mechanical ventilation systems are designed with the sole purpose of providing proper room
comfort conditions for people within a particular room or space. The approach or methods used
to design these systems have several stages within them, each leading to the next.
This is a building services design project which was intended to design the Mechanical
Ventilation system for a commercial building, using two alternative methods, namely traditional
manual system, and a computer based Building information modeling software.
The traditional approach involved several manual calculations, use of charts and catalogues
developed by manufacturers. In this process, the space to be ventilated was first identified from
the architectural drawings. This was followed by cooling loads analysis using the Cooling Load
Temperature Difference (CLTD) method which aided in obtaining the amount of supply air
needed for each space for comfort conditions. The elements of the mechanical ventilation system
are then listed. The elements are then selected and sized based on the cooling loads analysis.
These were the ductwork, duct accessories (dampers and filters), diffusers, and the ventilation
system equipment (fan coil system). Finally, a final list of design specifications and detailed
drawings were produced. All this steps were followed to the letter in chapter 3, using ground
floor dimensions and characteristics of the materials used for the sample calculations. The
method was then repeated for the subsequent floors and the results were put down from chapter 4
to chapter 7 with each chapter representing a specific floor.
Once the traditional approach was complete, the process moves to the Building Information
Modeling approach. In this stage, which was well captured in chapter 8, a model was created
from the architectural plans provided and thereafter prepared for the heating and cooling loads
analysis. The loads are calculated and are tabulated in a heating and cooling loads report.
Equipment selection and sizing was based on the loads report. The elements of the system were
modeled and detailed. Estimation of the quantities of the elements was done by extracting
information from the completed model through the preparation of schedules. A list of design
specifications was developed from these schedules.
Upon completion, the two approaches were compared based on the following; analysis in the two
processes, scheduling and quantity take offs, change propagation, detailing of the final designs,
conflict detection and visualization of the final design.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project is made possible through the help and support from everyone, including: lecturers,
parents, family and friends, and in essence all sentient beings. Especially, please allow us to
dedicate our acknowledgement of gratitude towards the following significant advisors and
contributors.
First and foremost, we would like to give special thanks to our project supervisor, Eng. G.O.
Nyangasi for his guidance and continued support throughout this project. His invaluable insight
was of great importance towards achieving our goals.
Second, we would also like to appreciate Prof. F.M. Luti for the advice he provided us on
Mechanical ventilation system design and also teaching us the core units of the project which
were Thermodynamics, Heat transfer, Air-conditioning and Refrigeration.
Finally, we sincerely thank our parents who provided us with the financial support. The product
of this project would not be possible without all of them.
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Table of Contents
SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iii
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT .................................................................................. 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM .................................................................................... 1
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT ...................................................................................... 2
1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT ................................................................................. 2
1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT.................................................................................................. 2
1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT .................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 4
LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................... 4
2.1 TRADITIONAL APPROACH ............................................................................................. 4
2.2 BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING ........................................................................ 5
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 6
MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM DESIGN: TRADITIONAL APPROACH .............. 6
3.1 SELECTION OF A DETAILED AND COMPLETE ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING 6
3.2 MECHANICAL VENTILATION CODES AND STANDARDS OF PRACTICE ......... 6
3.3 COOLING LOADS ANALYSIS ...................................................................................... 6
3.4 SYSTEMS SELECTION ................................................................................................ 24
3.5 EQUIPMENT SELECTION AND SIZING.................................................................... 25
3.6 FINAL LIST OF DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................. 33
CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................... 34
MEZZANINE FLOOR ................................................................................................................. 34
4.1 EXTERNAL LOAD CALCULATIONS ............................................................................ 34
4.2 INTERNAL LOAD CALCULATIONS ............................................................................. 35
4.3 EQUIPMENT SELECTION AND DUCT SIZING ........................................................... 36
4.3.0 SUPPLY AIR CALCULATION .................................................................................. 36
4.3.1 DIFFUSER LOCATION SELECTION AND SIZING ............................................... 37
4.3.2 DUCT LAYOUT DESIGN AND DETAILED DRAWING ....................................... 37
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4.3.3 FAN AND COIL SELECTION SIZING ..................................................................... 39

4.4 FINAL LIST OF DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS ................................................................. 40
CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................ 41
FIRST FLOOR.............................................................................................................................. 41
CHAPTER SIX ........................................................................................................................... 49
SECOND FLOOR ........................................................................................................................ 49
CHAPTER SEVEN ..................................................................................................................... 57
THIRD FLOOR ............................................................................................................................ 57
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CHAPTER EIGHT ..................................................................................................................... 65
BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING ................................................................................ 65
8.1 SELECTION OF A COMPLETED ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING ............................. 65
8.2 MECHANICAL VENTILATION CODES AND STANDARDS OF PRACTICE ........... 65
8.3 PROJECT INITIATION USING AUTODESK REVIT SOFTWARE .............................. 65
8.4 PREPARATION OF THE MODELING PLANS .............................................................. 66
8.4.0 DRAWING/CREATION OF THE 3D VIRTUAL MODEL ....................................... 66
8.5 DESIGN OF THE MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM ....................................... 67
8.5.0 COOLING LOADS ANALYSIS ................................................................................. 67
8.5.1 AIR TERMINALS/ SUPPLY AIR DIFFUSER SELECTION .................................... 74
8.5.2 DUCT ROUTING, ACCESSORIES AND SIZING .................................................... 75
8.5.3 DUCT PRESSURE LOSS REPORT ........................................................................... 76
8.5.4 FAN AND COIL EQUIPMENT SELECTION AND SIZING.................................... 76
8.6 SCHEDULING AND QUANTITY TAKE-OFFS ............................................................. 77
CHAPTER NINE ........................................................................................................................ 79
EVALUATION AND COMPARISON ........................................................................................ 79
9.1 ANALYSIS OF THE TWO PROCESSES ......................................................................... 79
9.2 SCHEDULING AND QUANTITY TAKE OFFS ........................................................... 79
9.3 CHANGE PROPAGATION IN THE TWO PROCESSES ................................................ 80
9.4 DETAILING OF THE FINAL DESIGNS .......................................................................... 81
9.5 CONFLICT DETECTION .................................................................................................. 81
9.6 VISUALIZATION OF FINAL DESIGN ........................................................................... 82
9.7 BENEFITS OF THE BIM APPROACH OVER THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH ..... 83
APPENDIX A: ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS AND DETAILED DRAWINGS OF
THE DESIGN.
APPENDIX B: COOLING LOADS REPORT
APPENDIX C: DUCT PRESSURE LOSS REPORT
APPENDIX D: BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING SCHEDULES
Bibliography
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
Ventilating is the process of changing or replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air
quality, i.e. temperature is controlled, oxygen is replenished, moisture, smoke, heat, carbon
dioxide, air bone bacteria and odors are removed, and basically what happens is that the interior
air is in constant circulatory motion preventing the air from stagnating. Ventilation is one of the
most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings.
This project, which is based on Mechanical Ventilation, describes the design process involved to
come up with this system. Two approaches were adopted for this process, the traditional
approach that pertains to the use of Computer Aided Design (CAD) software for drawing and
detailing purposes and the Building Information Modeling (BIM) approach which is a semiautomated approach for the design.
Building Information Modeling is an intelligent model-based process that provides insight to
help one plan, design, construct, and manage buildings. It has been in use for several years and
the other nations have put the traditional approach aside and are now adopting this new
revolutionary technology in their designs. This is one of the reasons that inspired the project. The
BIM methodology offers dramatic new benefits to students that learning institutions have begun
to discover, but it also will likely trigger trade-off considerations for traditional skills that might
be lost.
1.2STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Design in the building construction industry is a stage that enables the complete realization of
any building. Engineers involved in design do their work with utmost care and thus produce
buildings that are long-lasting and safe. The advent of computer technology is assisting these
professionals in performing their duties and also given them the ability to design buildings
economically.
Computer Aided Design software has met the design needs of many in the building construction
engineering profession and has stood at the forefront in design. Software technology, such as
CAD, continues to move forward rapidly. This rapid forward movement will inevitably give
birth to new and improved methods to meet client needs such as Building Information Modeling.
As a result, CAD will be placed on the backseat as new approaches to design are adopted. The
continued use of CAD in the building construction industry will soon be phased out. Those that
will be stuck with the old ways of design may be rendered jobless for their inability to adopt
these new methods. The same individuals will also fail to realize the benefits that the new
methods will have.
1.3OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

Overall Objective
To design the mechanical ventilation system of a commercial building within the Central
Business District with the use of Computer Aided Design software and Building Information
Modeling software.
Specific Objectives
1. To identify and select the architectural drawings to be used in the design.
2. To conduct an analysis for the Mechanical ventilation system.
3. To generate specifications of all the elements in the system.
4. To create detailed drawings describing all the elements and their locations in the building.
5. To compare and contrast the use of CAD and BIM software approaches to design.
6. To illustrate the benefits of the Building Information Modeling process in construction.
1.4JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT

Apart from the general objective of the project that is to design the mechanical ventilation
system of a commercial building, the other specific objective that inspired the project is the
putting aside of the tradition approach to design and adopting BIM approach to design.
Undertaking this project clearly highlighted the advantages of BIM over CAD as well as
enabling us to acquire knowledge on the building construction industry and the role the
mechanical engineer plays in his or her everyday professional job. The impact of BIM on the
engineering planning and design process was noted.
The advantages of BIM include the following:
Giving the right information to the right people at the right time therefore helping firms
to innovate and compete.
In building and design it helps in articulating ones design vision and delivers an
optimized engineering system.
It helps in giving better alignment in construction planning with performance.
In infrastructures it helps to streamline the planning and design and delivers high quality
projects.
It also improves efficiency and meets expectations for service quality.
1.5SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The general objective was the design of a ventilation system for an office building within the
Central Business District using Computer Aided Design software and Building Information
Modeling software. Conducting the design process required several materials such as:
Detailed architectural drawings.
American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers handbooks

(ASHRAE).
2D Auto CAD software.
3D Building Information Modeling software.
In the design process we first started with the traditional approach followed by the BIM.
The first step in the traditional approach was the performance of a heating and cooling loads
analysis based on the architectural plans provided using the cooling load temperature difference
method. The loads were manually calculated for the all floors i.e.
Ground and mezzanine floor computed by Mr. Godfrey.

First floor and third floor computed by Miss Elizabeth.
Second floor computed by Mr. Paul.
The CLTD method was chosen over other methods due to its simplicity and after an accurate
estimate of the cooling loads was complete, an appropriate system, the fan-coil system was then
selected.
1.6LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT

The design stage of the project was limited to the knowledge the students had gained on the
software, knowledge gained by students that had the opportunity to go for attachment and
secondary sources of information such as books and websites on the internet. Other limitations
were lack of code of standards required for the design as well as lack of detailed information
from the architectural drawings which include Electrical installation specifications, Building
construction material specifications, and Structural detail specifications.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 TRADITIONAL APPROACH
The traditional bit of the design is composed mainly of 2D AutoCAD drawings, manual
calculations, heating and cooling loads calculations, the sizing of the equipment, which was
generally done manually. Design Engineers using the traditional approach in designing a
mechanical ventilation system , use several manuals to guide them in their design to ensure they
come up with systems that are : environmental friendly, economical ,up to the set standards,
efficient et cetera. Most manuals and publications used in the design stage are generated from
one source and that source is The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers.
The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air- Conditioning Engineers is the worlds
foremost technical society in the fields of heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration.
Its members worldwide are individuals who share ideas, identify needs, support research, and
write the industrys standards for testing and practice. The result is that engineers are better able
to keep indoor environments safe and productive while protecting and preserving the outdoors
for generations to come.
The first step during the design process is the Calculations of the heating and cooling loads,
which is done with the help of The 2009 ASHRAE HandbookFundamentals and ASHRAE
1997 Fundamentals, Chapter 28. This chapter comprises of calculating air-conditioning cooling
load for sizing cooling equipment and a general procedure for calculating heating load, for
nonresidential applications. In addition, the fundamental principles for calculating heating loads
are presented as a counterpart to cooling load calculation. The heat balance approach is a
fundamental concept in calculating cooling loads. While generally cumbersome for widespread
or routine use, this underlying concept is the basis for each of the three simplified procedures
outlined for varying purposes. The cooling calculation procedure most closely approximating the
heat balance concept is the transfer function method (TFM), first introduced in the 1972
ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals. This computer-based procedure takes place in two steps,
first establishingthe heat gain from all sources and then determining the conversion of such heat
gain into cooling load.
The second step in the design process is the system selection which is selected by the use of
ASHRAE 2008-Systems and Equipment Chapters 1 through 5.Chapter 1 addresses procedures
for selecting the appropriate system for a given application while taking into account pertinent
issues associated with designing, building, commissioning, operating, and maintaining the
system. It also describes and defines the design concepts and characteristics of basic HVAC
systems. Chapters 2 to 5 describe specific systems and their attributes, based on their heating and
cooling medium and commonly used variations, constructability, commissioning, operation, and
maintenance.
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2.2 BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING

Building information technology was incorporated into the project by the use of the Revit
Autodesk software. Mastering Autodesk Revit written byDon Bokmiller, Simon Whitbread and
Plamen Hristov gave great insight on how to go about the software and bring out the designs.
Traditional computer-aided design software mimics traditional hand drafting, in which drawings
are almost always made in 2D, with lines and arcs representing objects in floor plans, elevations,
framing plans, and details. In the 1980s, computer-aided design began replacing drafting boards,
yet three decades later, many design packages, such as AutoCAD, continue to mimic the hand
drafting process. In the late 1980s, a completely different kind of design software was developed.
Instead of mimicking hand drafting, it used 3D models to mimic the real-world structures that
make up buildings, such as the walls, floors, windows, and doors. With the old style of design
software, drafters drew four independent lines to represent the edges of a wall. With the new
style of software, drafters draw the entire wall fully three-dimensionally with useful information
embedded, such as the material from which it should be constructed.
CHAPTER THREE
MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM DESIGN: TRADITIONAL
APPROACH
Mechanical ventilation system design that is carried out in industry mainly constitutes of a
number of commonly used steps that were adopted in this project in order to fulfill the process.
For this stage, the steps listed were as follows:
I. Selection of a detailed and complete architectural drawing.
II. Mechanical ventilation codes and standards of practice.
III. Cooling loads analysis.
IV. Systems analysis and selection.
V. Equipment selection and duct sizing.
VI. Final list of design specifications.
3.1SELECTION OF A DETAILED AND COMPLETE ARCHITECTURAL

DRAWING
An architectural drawing of a commercial building was proposed by one of the students. The
criteria for choosing the drawing was based on the need to provide mechanical ventilation. For
this project, the type of commercial building was an office building located within the Central
Business District. The Architectural drawings used, which have the information concerning all the
spaces is in Appendix A.
3.2MECHANICAL VENTILATION CODES AND STANDARDS OF

PRACTICE
The standards chosen for the project that were applicable for the design were sourced from the
ASHRAE (American Society for Heating, Ventilating and Air-conditioning Engineers)
Handbooks listed in the references. The handbooks provided an in-depth understanding of the
overall description of the system, the associated components, the schematic representation of the
system and the steps to be followed for the design. The standards chosen were in line with those
used by the Ministry of Public Works.
3.3 COOLING LOADS ANALYSIS

3.3.0 INTRODUCTION
The calculation of the cooling loads for any building is an essential part of any HVAC design
procedure. The determination of such loads forms the foundation of the design and is the
governing factor in the selection and sizing of the appropriate system and equipment to meet the
design requirements. The calculation of loads is a complex procedure that involves several steps
and is subject to several errors when conducted manually.
HEAT FLOW RATES

In air-conditioning design, four related heat flow rates, each of which varies with time, must be
differentiated: 1) space heat gain, 2) space cooling load, 3) space heat extraction rate, and 4)
cooling coil load.
Space heat gain. This instantaneous rate of heat gain is the rate at which heat enters into
and/or is generated within a space at a given instant. The diagram below shows this further.
Fig. 3.1: Types of heat gain within a space

Space cooling load. This is the rate at which heat must be removed from the space to
maintain a constant space air temperature. The sum of all space instantaneous heat gains at any
given time does not necessarily equal the cooling load for the space at that same time.
Space heat extraction rate. It is usually the same as the space-cooling load but with an
assumption that the space temperature remains constant.
Cooling coil load. The summation of all the cooling loads of the various spaces served by
the equipment plus any loads external to the spaces such as duct heat gain, duct leakage, fan heat
and outdoor makeup air.
There are various methods that have been put forward to perform the heating and cooling loads
analysis. They are as follows:
a) Cooling Load Temperature Difference/Cooling Load Factor/Solar Cooling Load factor
(CLTD/CLF/SCL method
b) Transfer Function Method (TFM)
c) Heat Balance method
d) Radiant Time Series method
e) Time Equivalent Temperature Difference/Time Average method (TETD/TA)
Each of the above methods will not necessarily yield the same values for the loads. This is
because of the way each of the methods handles the solar effects and the building dynamics. All
the above approaches appreciate the fundamental principle that the heat flow rates calculated are
not instantaneously converted into loads.
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The most commonly used method to perform the analysis is the heat balance method and radiant
time series method. Due to the complexity of the aforementioned methods, it is thus mandatory to
employ the use of computer software to perform the analysis. Such considerations hope to
eliminate the errors that might be brought about by manual approaches. The use of software
serves as a way in which to save time from performing tediously long calculations that may be of
an hour by hour basis. In order to have an exact feel of what exactly is involved in the heating and
cooling loads analysis, the use of software to perform the analysis was done in the later stages and
shall be revealed in the chapters to come. A manual calculation method, which is the Cooling
Load Temperature difference, was selected due to its simplicity and ease of application to perform
the analysis. This method is strictly employed for manual calculations.
PEAK LOAD COMPUTATION
The heating and cooling loads for any building vary over a 24-hr basis and all year round. The
governing factor behind this is the climate of the area where the building is located. The climate
influences the time within which the loads will be at their highest. The accurate determination of
the equipment required to meet these loads is dependent on the period of the highest loads/peak
loads. HVAC design therefore requires that a proper analysis is done over several different times
of day and several different months in order to estimate the period of peak load time in a specific
geographical location. The particular day and month are often dictated by peak solar conditions.
3.3.1INITIAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Performance of a cooling loads analysis requires that all data pertaining to the buildings
information and characteristics, the outdoor weather data, and indoor weather data be available
prior to the actual analysis. This data must first be assembled before the calculations commence.
DETERMINATION OF THE BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS
Construction Materials
As was mentioned earlier, the architectural drawings provided lacked the information regarding
the building construction materials. The selection of the appropriate material was based on
industry standard practices. The materials listed in the table below were selected from these
standards.
Table 3.1: Construction Materials for the Building
COMPONENT
DESCRIPTION
FACTORS
ROOF
150-mm Heavyweight concrete with 25mm insulation.

200-mm Heavyweight concrete wall
assembly with 25-mm insulation
U-value = 0.71 W/(m2K)
EXTERIOR AND
INTERIOR WALLS
Outside surface resistance, R

value= 0.059(m2K)/W
25-mm stucco, R value= 0.037
(m2K)/W
200-mm Heavyweight
concrete, R value= 0.117
(m2K)/W
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DOORS
FLOOR
CEILING
OFFICE WINDOWS
TOILET WINDOWS
25-mm insulation, R value=

0.587 (m2K)/W
20-mm plaster, R value= 0.026
(m2K)/W
Inside surface resistance, R
value= 0.121 (m2K)/W
RTot = 0.947 (m2K)/W
U-Value = 1.06W/(m2K)
Exterior doors made of steel insulated

with fiberglass insulation.
Door-wood hollow-core wood storm.
100-mm Heavyweight Concrete floor
deck
Non-insulate plywood ceiling 12.5-mm
thick
Triple glass, 6-mm airspace, Aluminium
frame no thermal break product type C
Double glass, 6-mm airspace, Aluminium
frame no thermal break product type R
U-Value = 1.8737W/(m2K)
U-Value = 3.8561W/(m2K)
BUILDING SIZE, DIMENSIONS, LOCATION, FENESTRATION AND ORIENTATION

The architectural drawings provided were used to determine the building size and the dimensions
of the building components such as the fenestration surfaces (windows and doors). The
configuration is reflected in the tables below. This also includes shadings from adjacent buildings,
possibility of abnormally high ground-reflected solar radiation and solar load from adjacent
reflective buildings. In our case, it was assumed that the shading from adjacent buildings was not
present. Table 3.2 is a summary of the building configuration data for ground floor.
Table 3.2: Ground Floor size and Dimensions
GROUND FLOOR
ORIENTATION
NORTH
SOUTH
EAST
WEST
WALL
22.535m2
39.725m2
62.7 m2
62.7 m2
7.59 m2
WINDOW
DOOR
11.4 m
FENESTRATION
45.73%
CEILING
FLOOR
4.33%
1.8 m
258.967m2
258.967m2
Table 3.3: Building Location and Orientation
ITEM
DESCRIPTION
LOCATION
University of Nairobi premises, off Harry Thuku road
LATITUDE
1.32S
LONGITUDE
36.92E
ELEVATION
1795m
OUTDOOR WEATHER DESIGN CONDITIONS
The weather data was collected and used as the outdoor design conditions. This data included
values of the dry-bulb, wet-bulb, dew-point temperature and wind speed at various
frequencies of occurrence. The source of the data is the ASHRAE handbook of fundamentals
which makes reference to the Nairobi Meteorological station.
Local Weather Station: Nairobi Meteorological Station

Table 3.4: Winter Summer Design temperatures
Heating Dry-Bulb
Temp. (C)
99%
10.94
99.6%
9.83
Cooling Dry-Bulb/Mean Coincident Wet-Bulb Temp.

Dry-Bulb (C)
0.4%
1%
28.94 28.11
2%
27.27
Mean Coincident Wet-Bulb (C)

0.4%
1%
2%
15.72
15.78
15.94

Evaporation Wet-Bulb/Mean Coincident Dry-Bulb Temp.
Wet-Bulb (C)
Mean Coincident Dry-Bulb (C)
0.4%
1%
0.4%
1%
18.83
18.39
23.39
22.94
Dehumidification Dew-point/Humidity ratio/Mean Coincident Dry-Bulb
Dew-point temp. (C)
Humidity ratio
Mean Coincident Dry-Bulb
(g/kg of dry air)
Temp. (C)
0.4%
1%
0.4%
1%
0.4%
1%
17.67
17.22
15.49
15.04
19.61
19.11
Extreme annual wind speed (m/s)
1%
2.5%
5%
9.74
8.67
7.73
Heating/Cooling Degree Days (C)

HDD
CDD-65
187
942
INDOOR DESIGN CONDITIONS

The type of climate that an area experiences will directly dictate the desired indoor conditions that
should be determined for a building space. From the weather data collected, the indoor
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temperature conditions, the relative humidity, and ventilation rate were selected and tabulated.
The optimal thermal conditions were also based on common HVAC industry design practices.
Table 3.8: House Design Conditions.
ITEM
COOLING
LATITUDE &
LONGITUDE
ELEVATION
NOTES
1.32S, 36.92E
1795m
INDOOR DESIGN
TEMPERATURE
23.89C
INDOOR DESIGN
RELATIVE
HUMIDITY
OUTDOOR
DESIGN
TEMPERATURE
50%
DAILY RANGE
13C
OUTDOOR
DESIGN WETBULB
TEMPERATURE
WIND SPEED
15.78C
DESIGN t
4.22C
MOISTURE
DIFFERENCE
0.0083 kgv/kga
VENTILATION
RATE
10L/s
28.11C
3.35 m/s
Default Assumption. This was guided by the

commonly used range of 72F-79F for
optimal thermal comfort.
No humidification
Cooling: 1% design Dry-Bulb temperature

Heating: 99% design Dry-Bulb temperature
Data corresponds to weather data used for the
outdoor design conditions.
Determined from local weather data
Mean Coincident Wet-Bulb temperature at 1%
Design value.
Data corresponds to weather data used for the
outdoor design conditions.
Default assumption.
Difference between the outdoor and indoor
design temperatures.
Psychrometric chart.
Based on thermal comfort conditions for
office buildings with Non-smokers/smokers
OPERATING SCHEDULES
This is related to the schedule of lighting, occupants, internal equipment, appliances, and
processes that contribute to the internal thermal load. Based on data relating to Non-residential
buildings, the operating time is assumed to be from 8:00am-6:00pm (still occupied as early as
5:30am to as late as 7:00pm, night work schedule not beyond 10:00 pm).
DATE AND TIME
The time of day and month to do the analysis was selected. The peak load time is determined
from the careful analysis of several different times of day and several different months. The
month selected to perform the analysis was January and the peak time selected between 1200hrs
and 1800hrs.
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3.3.2INTRODUCTION TO COOLING LOADS CALCULATION

The determination of all the building characteristics is quickly followed by an inspection to
ascertain the exact causes of heat gain to the building being analyzed. There are a number of
sources of heat gain and each will contribute to the amount of cooling loads calculated. The
sources of heat gain are as follows:
1. Solar heat gain through the building envelope i.e exterior walls, roofs and floors crawl
space. The combined effect of the outdoor air temperature and the incident solar radiation
causes heat flow through the building envelope.
2. Solar heat gain by direct and indirect solar radiation through windows or other fenestration
materials.
3. Sensible and latent ventilation and infiltration gain through all windows, doors and cracks.
4. Sensible and latent gains through lights, equipment and people.
5. Sensible and latent appliance gains.
6. Gains through HVAC equipment.
7. Gains due to partitions separating conditioned and un-conditioned areas.
The types of heat gain listed above are further classified as either being sensible or latent in
nature. Sensible heat gain is defined as the direct addition of heat gain to a space which shall
result in increased space temperatures. Latent heat gain is the heat gain to a space as a result of
the change of state of water (moisture) at constant temperature.
The total load computation within a building space will be the summation of the total sensible and
total latent loads at the peak load time and month.
3.3.3EXTERNAL LOAD CALCULATIONS

The heat gains experienced are further classified as external loads for load calculation purposes.
The external loads are:
1. Solar heat gain through the building envelope.
2. Solar heat gain by direct or indirect solar radiation through windows or other fenestration
materials.
3. Sensible and latent ventilation and infiltration through doors, windows and cracks.
The inherent differences in these types of heat flows leads to load estimation using four different
equations:
1) Roofs, External walls and conduction through glass
The equation used for sensible loads form the opaque elements such as walls, roof,
partitions and the conduction through glass is:
=
where, U is the overall heat transfer coefficient for roof or wall or glass in W/m2K.
A is the Area of roof, wall or glass as calculated for building plans in m2.
12
CLTD is the Cooling Load Temperature difference for roof, wall or glass
(dimensionless).
2) Solar load through glass
The equation used for radiant sensible loads from the transparent/translucent elements
such as window glass, skylights and plastic sheets is:
=
Where, A is the area of roof, wall or glass calculated from building plans in m2.
SHGC is the Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (dimensionless).
CLF is the Solar Cooling Load Factor (dimensionless).
SC is the Shading Coefficient (dimensionless).
3) Partitions, ceilings and floors
The equation used for sensible loads from the partitions, ceilings and floors:
=
Where, U is the overall heat transfer coefficient for ceiling assemblies, floors and partition
walls in W/m2K.
A is the area of partition, ceiling or floor calculated from building plans in m2.
Ta is the Temperature of adjacent space in oC.
Trc is the Inside design temperature of conditioned space in oC.
4) Ventilation and infiltration air
The equations used for sensible and latent loads due to ventilation and infiltration air are:
= .
=

= .
Where,Q is the ventilation/Infiltration airflow rate in L/s. Ventilation rate specified from
ASHRAE Standard 62. Infiltration rate calculated from ASHRAE Handbook of
fundamentals.
T is the difference between the inside and outside temperature in C.
W is the difference between the indoor and outdoor air humidity ratio, kg
vapour/kg dry air.
H is the difference between the inside and outside enthalpy, kJ/kg dry air.
All sample calculations highlighted in the following analysis used all the details
of the Ground floor to serve as an example.
LOADS DUE TO ROOFS, EXTERNAL WALLS AND WINDOW
Cooling load due to heat gain through External Walls (Sample Calculation)
Indoor design conditions: 23.89C, 50% Relative Humidity.

13
Outdoor design conditions: 28.11C, 70% Relative Humidity.

Longitude and latitude: 36.87E and 1.32S.
Month of load calculation analysis: January
Hour of load calculation analysis: 1200hrs-1800hrs.
From the previously selected materials for the building construction, the wall construction
materials were specified as follows:
Outside surface air-resistance, 25-mm stucco, 200-mm Heavyweight concrete, 25-mm
insulation, 20-mm plaster, inside surface resistance.
The above data corresponded to a wall construction group located from the table shown below.
The value for the overall heat transfer co-efficient was 1.06 W/m2 K.
Table 3.9: Wall Construction Group Description
Heavyweight concrete wall + (finish)

Group Description of Construction
No.
E
100-mm concrete
Mass
U-Value, W/m2
(kg/m2) K
308
3.32
Code Numbers of Layers
100-mm concrete +25-mm or

50-mm insulation
50-mm insulation + 100-mm
concrete
308
0.68-1.14
A0, A1, C5, B2/B3, E1,E0
308
0.68
A0, A1, B6, C5, E1, E0
200-mm concrete
532
2.78
A0, A1, C10, E1, E0
200-mm concrete + 25-mm or

50-mm insulation
537
0.65-1.06
A0, A1, C10, B5/B6, E1,

E0
50-mm insulation + 200-mm

concrete
300-mm concrete
300-mm concrete + insulation
537
0.65
A0, A1, B3, C10, E1, E0
762
762
2.39
0.64
A0, A1, C11, E1, E0

A0, C11, B6, A6, E0
B
A
A0, A1, C5, E1, E0
Each layer of the code number has unique thermal characteristics. The overall heat transfer coefficient is calculated from these characteristics.
The above highlighted group corresponds to the wall construction material that was specified in
the table for the building construction material. The walls are therefore GROUP B walls.
NORTH WALL TIME: 1200HRS
From the table of the building size and dimensions, the North wall Area for the ground floor was
determined as 22.535m2.
Value for the CLTD
The cooling load temperature difference, which is the difference between the indoor and outdoor
air temperature while taking into account the solar radiation effects, was determined from tables
of the ASHRAE Handbook of fundamentals.
14
The CLTD (Uncorrected) value for the North Wall orientation for solar time 1200h is: 5
Corrections are made to the CLTD value read from the tables. The following equation applies in
this situation:
=
Where, LM is the latitude-month correction.

K is the color adjustment factor, 1 for dark colored or light in an industrial area, 0.83 if
permanently medium-colored (rural area), 0.65 if permanently light-colored (rural area).
(25.5 TR) is the indoor design temperature correction in C.
(To 29.4) is the outdoor design temperature correction, where To is the average outside
temperature on design day in C.
TR is the indoor design temperature which in C.
To is the average of the indoor and outdoor design temperatures in C.
23.89 + 28.11 = 26C
2
The latitude for the location is at 1.32S. This cannot be located from the tables listed in the
ASHRAE handbook of fundamentals. The latitude listed in the tables that is nearest to that of the
aforementioned value is 0N. The value of the latitude month corresponding to 0N and the
month of January is: 5.5
Below is a section of the table showing the CLTD correction values for the latitude and month
that is applied to walls and roofs, for North latitudes.
Table 3.10: CLTD correction values for Latitude and Month.

LATITUDE
0N
MONTH
January
NORTH
-1.6
SOUTH
3.8
EAST
-0.5
WEST
-0.5
K, the color adjustment factor, is assumed to be 1 (light colored and in an industrial area).
CLTDCorrected = (5 1.6) 1 + (25.5 23.89) + (25.955 29.4) = 1.61C
=
1.06 * 22.535 * 1.61 = 38.458 W
The heat gain calculated for the Ground floor North facing wall is: 38.458 W
The tables below are a summary of the building heat gains calculated for all the wall orientations.
15
Table 3.11: Loads due to external walls

HOURS
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
NORTH
38.458
38.458
38.458
38.458
62.37
62.37
86.26
SOUTH
337.34
337.34
379.45
421.56
463.67
505.78
547.88
EAST
512.50
645.42
711.88
711.88
778.34
778.34
844.81
379.57 379.57 379.57 379.57 379.57 446.03 578.96

WEST
TOTAL LOAD 1267.89 1400.81 1509.39 1551.49 1683.95 1792.52 2057.90
Cooling load due to heat gain through Fenestration Areas (Sample Calculation)
Office Window: Triple glass, 6-mm airspace, Aluminium frame no thermal break, Product type C
U Value = 3.63W/m2K
Toilet window: Double glass, 6-mm airspace, Aluminium frame no thermal break, Product type R
U Value = 5.22 W/m2K
The two kinds of modes that contribute to the cooling load from the fenestration areas are:
1. Conduction heat gain.
2. Solar heat gain.
Conduction heat gain calculations North wall, Time: 1200hrs
Office window fenestration area, A = 7.59m2
U Value = 3.63W/m2K
CLTDUncorrectd for conduction through glass is determined from tables at 1200hrs as: 5
The CLTD value is corrected by +1.61C, the difference between the indoor design air
temperature and 25.5C and by - 3.4C, which is the difference between the outdoor daily average
temperature and 29.4C.
CLTDCorrected = 5 + 1.61 3.4 = 3.21C
Conduction heat gain, Q-conduction = 3.63 * 7.59 * 3.21
143. 54 W
Solar heat gain calculations North wall, Time: 1200hrs
The shading co-efficient, SC, was taken for that of 6-mm clear glass = 0.95
The solar heat gain factor, SHGF, was taken for 0N latitude and the month of January.
SHGF = 107.
The cooling load factor, CLF, was taken at 1200hrs solar time for glass without interior shading.
CLF = 0.69.
Solar heat gain, Q-solar = 7.59 * 0.95 * 107 * 0.69
= 532.35W
The tables below are a summary of the cooling loads due to heat gain caused by the building
fenestration area.
16
Table 3.13 : Loads due to Fenestration areas

TIME CONDUCTION LOAD
88.441
1200
143.54
1300
143.54
1400
171.096
1500
171.096
1600
143.54
1700
143.54
1800
SOLAR LOAD
532.35
555.497
555.497
555.497
540.07
540.07
578.643
TOTAL LOAD
620.791
699.037
699.037
726.593
711.166
683.61
722.183
Cooling load due to heat gains from Partitions and Floors

Due to the lack of information on the values for the overall heat transfer coefficient, the
calculations for the cooling loads due to the partitions and floors was omitted.
Cooling load due to heat gains from Ventilation and Infiltration

Average indoor outdoor temperature difference = 4.22C
Average indoor outdoor moisture difference (Psychrometric chart) = 0.0078 kgv/kga
Ventilation rate based on building occupancy, (Non-smokers) = 10 L/s per person
Ground floor office space total area = 258.967 m2 259 m2
Area per person = 7 m2
Total Number of people in the occupied space = 259/7 = 37 people
LOADS DUE TO VENTILATION
The required ventilation rate chosen for offices which was 2 6 ACH, air changes per hour or 10
32 L/s per person. The table below served as a guideline in the selection for this range of
ventilation.(Reference no.9)
Total office space ventilation rate = Ventilation rate per person * Total no. of people in space
= 10 * 37
= 370 L/s
Sensible heat gain = 1.23 * Q * t
= 1.23 * 370 * 4.22
= 1920.522 W
Latent heat gain = 3010 * Q * W
= 3010 * 370 * 0.0078
= 8686.86 W
Total heat gain = Sensible heat + Latent heat gain
= 1920.522 + 8686.86
= 10607.382 W
17
Due to the similarity of the office space areas for the floors of the entire building , it was
assumed that the sensible, latent and total heat gain would be the same for all the floors.
The ventilation loads for the entire building was thus as follows:
Total sensible cooling loads = 1920.522 * 5
= 9602.61 W
Total latent cooling loads = 8686.86 * 5
= 43434.3 W
Total heat gain
= 9602.61 + 43434.3
= 53036.91W
LOADS DUE TO INFILTRATION
The infiltration rate was calculated from the formula:
Where, Q is the air flow rate, m /s.

AL is the effective leakage area in cm2(ASHRAE 1997, Low residential applications)
Cs is the stack co-efficient in (L/s)2/(cm4.K).
t is the average indoor outdoor temperature difference for time interval calculation, K.
Cw is the wind co-efficient in (L/s)2/[cm4.(m/s)2].
V is the average wind speed measured at local weather station for time interval of
calculation in m/s.
A table for effective leakage area for low-residential applications was used to calculate the total
leakage area for each floor. A summary of these calculations for each floor are as follows
Table 3.15: Ground Floor Loads due to Infiltration.
Component
Description
Size or
number
AL per
unit
AL,
cm2
Office window
Double hung, weather-stripped

cm2/m2 of window
7.59 m2
3.0
22.77
7.59 m2
1.3
49.335
3.4 m2
27.2
8.24 m2
65.92
11.64 m2
58.2
Framing
Doors
Doors
Framing
Single door, weather-stripped

cm2/m2 of door
Double door, weather-stripped
cm2/m2 of window
TOTAL LEAKAGE 223.425cm2

AREA
The values of the leakage area are used to calculate the infiltration rate and thus the infiltration
load for each floor.
18
INFILTRATION RATE CALCULATION FOR GROUND FLOOR (Sample Calculation)

Total ground floor leakage area = 223.425cm2
Stack co-efficient (House height 3 Stories) = 0.000435
Average indoor outdoor temperature difference = 4.22C
Wind co-efficient(Three stories and a shielding class of 4) = 0.000161
Average outdoor air velocity = 3.35m/s
Infiltration rate,
(Ground floor)
{ .
= 0.013484 m3/s or 13.484 L/s

Table 3.16: Stack Coefficient, A
House height( stories)
One
Two
0.000145
0.00029
Stack coefficient
Table 3.17: Wind Coefficient, b

Shielding class
One
1
0.000319
2
0.000246
3
0.000174
4
0.000104
5
0.000032
Three
0.000435
House Height (stories)

Two
0.00042
0.000325
0.000231
0.000137
0.000042
Three
0.000494
0.000382
0.000271
0.000161
0.000049
COOLING LOAD BY HEAT GAIN THROUGH INFILTRATION (Ground floor)

Sensible heat gain = 1.23*Q*t
= 1.23 * 13.484 * 4.22
= 69.99 W
Latent heat gain = 3010*Q*W
= 3010 * 13.484 * 0.0078
= 316.577 W
Total heat gain = Sensible heat gain + Latent heat gain
= 69.99 + 316.577
= 386.567 W
The summary of the cooling load by heat gain through infiltration for the Ground floor is
tabulated in the table that follows.
Table 3.18: Cooling Load through infiltration for Ground floor.
Floor
Ground floor
Infiltration rate
(L/s)
13.484
Q-Sensible
(W)
Q-Latent
(W)
Q-Total
(W)
69.99
316.577
386.567
19
3.3.4 INTERNAL LOAD CALCULATIONS

Internal loads are the cooling loads generated by sources that area within the conditioned space.
These components are as follows:
1. People
2. Lighting
Cooling load due to heat gain from people
3. Appliances
4. Power equipment
The equation used to calculate the heat gain due to people is as follows:
=
Where, N is the number of people in occupied space.

Sensible HG, Latent HG - Sensible and latent heat gain per person due to type of
occupancy. Adjusted values were selected.
CLF, cooling load factors for people by hours of occupancy.
Note: CLF = 1.0 with high occupancy density or if cooling off at night.
Cooling load due to heat gain from lighting
The equation used to calculate the heat gain due to lighting is as follows:
=
Where, Total wattage Input rating from electrical plans or lighting fixture data
CLF is the cooling load factor for lights, by use schedule and hours since on
Note: CLF = 1.0, when cooling system is operated only when lights are on or when lights are on
more than 16hrs per day.
Cooling load due to heat gain from appliances
The equation used to calculate the heat gain due to appliances is as follows:
=
Where, Heat Gain Sensible and latent heat gain from appliances.
CLF is the cooling load factor for appliances.
Note: CLF = 1.0 with 24hr operation or if cooling off at night.
Note: Set latent heat to 0 if appliance under exhaust hood.
Cooling load due to heat gain from power equipment

The equation used for calculating the heat gains due to the power equipment is as follows:
=
Where, CLF is the cooling load factor for power by use schedule and hours since on.
Heat Gain Sensible heat gain from the power equipment.
LOADS DUE TO PEOPLE
From the equations listed above, the cooling loads due to people were calculated. The sensible
and latent heat gains for people were determined from tables obtained from the ASHRAE
20
handbook of fundamentals (2009). The table below shows the rates of heat gain from occupants
from conditioned spaces.(Reference no.3)
The occupied office space was assumed to have moderately active work. The total heat gain
corresponding to this was 140 W for an adult male. The adjusted total heat gain served as the
most suitable value for the calculations and was thus selected. This corresponds to 130 W. The
sensible and latent heats were 75 W and 55 W respectively.
CLF = 1.0, the equipment is assumed to be turned off at night.
Sensible heat gain due to people = N (Sensible heat gain) (CLF)
= 37 * 75
= 2775 W
Latent heat gain due to people = N (Latent heat gain)
= 37 * 55
= 2035 W
Total heat gain due to people
For Ground floor
= 2775 + 2035 = 4810 W
LOADS DUE TO LIGHTING
A prerequisite for the calculation of loads due to lighting is the input rating or the total wattage.
These data is readily available from electrical plans and completed architectural drawings.
However, these data was missing from the drawings provided. The following were assumptions
made during the determination of the total wattage.
Assumption 1: There were 13 light fixtures per 80 m2 with each light fixture holding 2
fluorescent
lamps.
Area per fixture = 80/13 = 6.154 m2/fixture
Area of office space = 258.967 m2 259 m2
Total no. of fixtures in office space = 259/6.154 42 light fixtures.
Total no. of fluorescent lamps = 42 * 2 = 84 fluorescent lamps.
Assumption 2: Wattage for one fluorescent lamp = 36 W
Total wattage for ground floor = 36 * 84 = 3024 W
Assumption 3: Special allowance factor = 1.5
Total wattage * special allowance factor = 3024 * 1.5 = 4536 W
Cooling load factor, CLF = 1.0, cooling off at night.
Loads due to lighting, Q, for each hour of load calculation = 4536 * 1 = 4536 W
LOADS DUE TO APPLIANCES
The equations to be used for appliance loads were
=
Heat gain Sensible/Latent heat gain per appliance.

The cooling load factor, CLF = 1 the cooling system does not run 24hr a day.
The types of appliances expected in the office space were the following:
21
1. Desktop computers
2. Monitors
3. Printers
4. Scanners
5. Copy machines
6. Facsimile machines
Offices having computer display terminals at most desks have heat gains ranging up to 47 W/m 2.
This served as the guiding principle on the exact heat gain from the office appliances.
Ground floor area = 259 m2
Total Heat gain due to appliances = 259 * 47 = 12,173 W(Guiding principle)
The details about the appliances were unknown. The following equations for the sensible and
latent heat gains applied.
Sensible heat gain,
Latent heat gain,
=
=
Where Cs is a co-efficient (dimensionless).

CLF (dimensionless).
Qris the manufacturers input rating in W.
A table of recommended rates of heat gain from selected office equipment was used to
approximate the sensible and latent heat gains.
Table 3.20: Rates of Heat Gain for Office Equipment.
APPLIANCE
MAXIMUM INPUT
RATING, W
STAND-BY INPUT RECOMMENDED

RATING, W
RATE OF HEAT
GAIN, W
Computer device
1800-4600
1640-2810
Communication/
transmission
1000-10000
1000-6570
Disk drives/Mass
storage
100-600
90-530
Micro-computer
Printers
450
225
Line, low speed
Copiers/Duplicators
460-1700
300-900
Copiers small
3810-17350
3255-11035
Total
Sensible heat gain range, 3566 11986 W
Qs = (3566+11986)/2 = 7776 W
Latent heat gain range, 3255-11035 W
Qs = (3255+11035)/2 = 7145 W
LOADS DUE TO POWER
Type of equipment in the building Elevator Motors.
1640-2810
1000-6570
90-530
376
460-1700
3566-11986
Assumptions.
Standard capacity of people 1341kg.

22
Equipment driving the escalator is not in the conditioned space.

Equipment driving the elevator is in the conditioned space.
Table 3.21: Motor specifications

Motor rated Motor type
power(kw)
Nominal
rpm
Full load
motor
efficiency
22.4
1750
89
3-phase
Location &driven equipment with

respect to conditioned space
a
b
C
Motor in,
Motor out, Motor in,
driven
driven
driven
equipment equipment equipment
in (watt)
in(watt)
out(watt)
25110
22370
2765
In our calculation motor is in the conditioned space while the driven equipment (elevator) is
outside the conditioned space therefore option C applies.
The sensible cooling load for the motor as presented in the load calculation manual from the
equation,
=
Where, Q is the sensible cooling load in W.

FL is the load factor, its usually assumed to be unity for overload & under load
(dimensionless).
CLF is the cooling load factor (dimensionless).
Sample calculation for 1200hrs.
CLF = 0.77 (i.e. 4hrs after equipment is on). FL=1. C=2765W.
Q = 2765*1*0.77 = 2129.05W.
Table 3.22: Sensible Cooling Load for Motor
TIME
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
HOURS AFTER EQUIPMENT IS ON

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
CLF
0.77
0.81
0.83
0.85
0.87
0.89
0.9
Q(W)
2129.05
2239.65
2294.95
2350.25
2405.55
2460.85
2488.50
23
Table 3.23: Overall tabulated cooling loads
Ground floor
1200hrs
1300hrs
1400hrs
1500hrs
1600hrs
1700hrs
1800hrs
Sensible
Sensible
Sensible
Sensible
Sensible
Sensible
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
Load
(Qs)
Load
(Qs)
Load
(Qs)
Load
(Qs)
Load
(Qs)
Load
(Qs)
Q
Latent
(For all
hours)
Load
(Qs)
People
2775
2775
2775
2775
2775
2775
2775
2035
Lights
4536
4536
4536
4536
4536
4536
4536
N/A
Walls
1267.89
1400.81
1509.39
1551.49
1683.95
1792.52
2057.9
N/A
7776
7776
7776
7776
7776
7776
7776
7145
2129.05
2239.65
2294.95
2350.25
2405.55
2460.85
2488.5
N/A
Infiltration
69.99
69.99
69.99
69.99
69.99
69.99
69.99
316.577
Ventilation
1920.522
1920.522
1920.522
1920.522
1920.522
1920.522
1920.522
9243.71
Windows
620.791
699.037
699.037
726.593
711.166
683.61
722.183
N/A
Total
21095.24 21417.002
21580.9
21705.8
21878.2
22014.5
22346.1
18740.29
Total Load
39835.53
40321.18
40446.14
40618.47
40754.78
41086.39
Equipment/Appliances
Power
40157.3
3.4 SYSTEMS SELECTION

Three systems were considered for selection. They were the control volume system, variable air
volume system and the fan coil system. The fan coil system was selected based on the following
advantages:
1. Cheaper to install than all air central plant system.
2. Individual room control.
3. Works well where rooms have individual requirements.
4. No long runs of ductwork.
5. Can be used to heat as well as cool if 3 or 4 pipe coil system is used.
The fan coil system to be designed should comprise the following elements which are:
1. Rectangular duct work.
5. Filters.
2. Duct work fittings.
6. Fans.
3. Diffusers.
7. Cooling coils.
4. Dampers.
The duct work material was galvanized, cold rolled, close annealed steel sheet metal.
24
3.5 EQUIPMENT SELECTION AND SIZING

3.5.0SUPPLY AIR CALCULATIONS
Calculation of the supply air (in kg of air/second) to each room/space is based on the total
cooling load of the room, thus:
=
Where, ma is the supply air mass flow rate in kga/s.

QTis the total cooling load for each space in W.
(h3 h2) is the difference between the space supply air enthalpy per kg of air
determined from the psychrometric chart.
Peak cooling load for the Ground floor at 1800hrs 41086.39 W
h3 47.5 kJ/kga
h2 27 kJ/kga
ma = 41086.39/(47.5 27)
= 2.0042 kg/s
Supply air volumetric flow rate, Va is determined from the equation:
=
Where va is the volume per kg of dry air

= 2.0042 * 0.8175 = 1.639 m3/s
3.5.1DIFFUSER LOCATION, SELECTION AND SIZING
The input criteria that influenced the selection of the supply air diffuser are the following:
Supply air volumetric flow rate in

Throw.
liters/second.
Pressure loss.
Face velocity.
Other influences may include:
Noise criteria, mounting location, heating/cooling/both, looks, availability, price style,
size limitation, material, and new/replacement.
The room air velocity required for comfort conditions is 0.25m/s. Diffusers were designed to
meet this requirement. The sizing of the diffusers was done according to the following steps:
1. Determination of the air volumetric flow requirements based on load and room size.
The air volumetric flow requirement for the ground floor space was 1.639 m/s.
2. Selection of the tentative diffuser type and location within room.
Diffuser type chose Louvered ceiling diffusers. Representation of the diffuser location
can be seen in the detailed drawings appended to this report.
The number of ceiling diffusers used for this floor was 5. The total air volumetric flow
requirement was divided by the number of diffusers to give the amount of supply air from
each diffuser.
Supply air from each diffuser = 1.639/5
25
= 0.3278 m3/s or 327.8 L/s

3. Determination of the rooms characteristic length.
The characteristic length for a louvered ceiling diffuser was determined by either the
distance to the wall or mid-plane between the outlets. For this particular diffuser,
characteristic length was taken as 1.732m.
4. Selection of the recommended Tv/L ratio.
Table 3.25: Air Diffusion Performance Index Selection Guide
The recommended Tv/L ratio was selected based on the Air Diffusion Performance Index,
which is a number that quantifies the overall comfort of a space when in cooling.
The value for Tv/L for Perforated and louvered ceiling diffusers is 2.0. This value
corresponds to a maximum ADPI of 96.
5. Calculation of the throw distance Tv.
Throw distance,
Where, L is the characteristic length of the room.

The throw distance was therefore calculated as:
Tv = 2 * 1.732
= 3.464 m.
6. Locate the appropriate outlet size from the manufacturers catalogue.
The values for the throw and the volumetric flow rate were used to select the appropriate
louvered ceiling diffuser from the manufacturers catalogue.
For a throw distance of 3.464 m and a volumetric flow rate of 327.8 L/s, the data for the
diffuser selected were:
Most sufficient diffuser had a volumetric flow rate of 354 L/s, throw distance 3.7m.
4 Way throw square diffuser of size 450mm.
Neck velocity 1.75 m/s.
Total Pressure drop 10Pa.
The table below is a summary of the diffusers selected for each floor and their
corresponding data.
26
Table 3.26: Details for the diffusers

SIZE
NUMBER THROW
(m)
450mm Square
Diffuser
375mm Square
Diffuser
3.7
4.3
VOLUME
NECK
(L/s)
VELOCITY
(m/s)
354
1.75
351
TOTAL
PRESSURE
(Pa)
10
2.5
21
Sizing of the rest of the elements, which includes the ducts, accessories and mechanical
equipment, used the values of the flow rate tabulated in the above table.
3.5.2DUCT LAYOUT, DESIGN AND DETAILED DRAWING
The duct layout was created from the diffuser layout. Below is a visual representation of the duct
layout for the Ground Floor plan.
There are three commonly used methods for the design of ducts. They are the following:
1. Static regain method.
3. Equal velocity method.
2. Equal friction method.
The most sufficient method of the above was the Equal Friction method. This was used to size
the duct-work. The steps describing this method are as follows:
1. A 1.0Pa per meter rate of frictional drop per meter length was selected and made constant
throughout the system. This value fell within the region of low velocity ducts in the duct
sizing frictional chart.
2. The duct sizing frictional chart was employed to determine the equivalent duct diameter
by using the frictional drop per meter length and a known volumetric flow rate.
3. The equivalent size of rectangular duct was determined as required in the calculations.
The aspect ratio was assumed as 1:1.
4. The corresponding duct velocity was also selected from the duct sizing frictional chart.
The table below is a detailed description of the Ground floor duct sections and their
respective details. The sections are labeled in the detailed AutoCAD drawings attached to
this report.
27
Table 3.27: Details for the Ducts.

SECTION
AIR FLOW
RATE (L/s)
1758
EQUIVALENT
DIAMETER (mm)
500 Sq.
VELOCITY
(m/s)
7.5
C
D
354
1404
351
275 x 250
500 x 400
275 x 250
5.1
6.8
5.1
E
F
1053
351
450 x 400
275 x 250
6.5
5.1
G
H
702
351
350 Sq.
275 x 250
5.9
5.1
351
275 x 250
5.1
A
B
DUCT ACCESSORIES SELECTION AND SIZING

Dampers and filters make up the duct accessories. They were selected and sized as follows.
Dampers
The type of damper selected was a parallel blade damper.
Dampers were installed in each of the branch duct runs. The parameters used in the selection of
the appropriate damper were:
1. Approach velocity which was taken as the velocity in the branch duct run in m/s.
2. Air flow rate in m3/s.
3. Damper area which was calculated from the formula,
For a branch duct of dimensions 275 x 250 mm, airflow rate of 354 L/s, and velocity of 5.1 m/s
the damper area was calculated as,
=
The approach velocity was used to determine the corresponding values for the velocity pressure,
overall pressure drop and the wide open flow coefficient for the damper. They were listed as
follows:
Velocity pressure 14.94 Pa

Pressure drop 7.47 Pa
Wide open flow co-efficient 0.06
28
3.5.3FAN AND COIL SELECTION AND SIZING

DUCT WORK PRESSURE LOSS
There exist two types of pressure losses that contribute to the overall total pressure loss within
any duct work. They are:
1. Static/Frictional losses.
2. Dynamic losses.
The equations governing the calculation of the pressure losses are the Darcy, Colebrook and
Altshul Tsal equations.
Static/Frictional Losses
These losses were as a result of the measured straight duct length and were calculated using the
following equation,
Static losses = Frictional drop per meter length * Measured straight duct length.
Dynamic losses
Dynamic losses are brought about by the presence of fittings installed in the duct system. They
were calculated as follows:
1. The velocity through the fittings was determined using the equation
=
Where, V is the velocity in m/s.

Q is the flow rate through the duct in m3/s.
A is the cross-sectional area of the duct m2.
The calculated velocity was subsequently used to determine the velocity pressure from the
following equation.
=(
.
The pressure loss is then calculated from the equation
=
Where,
is the loss coefficient for the fitting (dimensionless).

This value was located from the ASHRAE Duct fitting database.
For tee type fittings, the pressure loss is due to the branch and the main openings. The equations
used for this are
=
Where,
and
are the main and branch loss coefficients (dimensionless).
The total pressure loss in the duct work was determined for the longest run/index run. It
comprised the summation of the:
1. Static/Frictional losses.
2. Dynamic losses.
29
3. Losses due to equipment and accessories namely the diffusers, the dampers and the
filters.
The value for the total pressure loss in the index run was used to select and size the
corresponding fan for the system. The table below is a summary of the pressure loss calculations
for each of the Ground floor duct sections and the overall pressure loss of the index run or
longest run.
Table 3.29: Ground Floor Duct Pressure Loss.
SECTION
ELEMENT
FLOW
(L/s)
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
1758
1758
1758
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
1053
1758
354
354
354
354
1404
1404
1404
1404
351
351
351
351
1053
1053
1053
351
351
351
351
702
702
702
702
351
351
351
VELOCITY
PRESSURE
(Pa)
LENGTH
(m)
LOSS
COEFFICIENT
1.732
9.927
32.898
2.4
2.203
32.898
0.13
1.316
36.186
36.186 Tee
26.356 Elbow
1.94
10.23
0.14 Tee
1.2 Elbow
1.26
26.356
1.94
4.73
26.356
0.13
1.26
23.029
1.62
TOTAL
PRESSURE
(Pa)
1.732
97.1447
9.927
78.96
10
7.47
2.203
4.277
1.316
70.2
21
7.47
10.23
36.693
31.627
1.26
51.131
21
7.47
4.73
3.426
1.26
37.31
21
SECTION
PRESSURE
(Pa)
98.8767
106.357
6.48
99.986
78.55
80.861
8.156
67.04
30
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
351
351
351
23.029 Tee
18.61
Elbow
6.137
7.47
6.137
3.224
22.332
0.14 Tee
1.2 Elbow
351
21
351
7.47
60.163
OVERALL PRESSURE DROP

The overall pressure drop was calculated from the following values:
Straight run frictional pressure drop

25.031 Pa.
Dynamic pressure drop 69.952 Pa.
Filter pressure drop 97.1447 Pa.

Damper pressure drop 7.47 Pa.
Diffuser pressure drop 21 Pa.
The overall pressure drop was220.598 Pa.

FANS SELECTION
1. Definition of the system pressure loss curve of the air distribution system, after this was
done a fan was selected to meet the system requirements. Multirating tables provided
performance data within the recommended operating range.
2. Fan type curves were studied in order to recognize the effects of changes in system
resistance on the fan performance and the volume and pressure changes caused by
variations on speed .The optimum selection range or peak efficiency point is usually
identified in various ways by different manufacturers.
3. The volume of a fan was determined by material balance plus reasonable extra (about 20
percent) plus volume for control at possible future requirement.
4. The total system was then evaluated and airflow requirements resistances and system
factors at the fan inlet and outlet were determined.
5. Fan speed and power requirements were then calculated using multirating tables and
multispeed performance curves or graphs.
Fan selection was carried out as per the above process and tabulated in Table 3.30.
Table 3.30: Fan performance data.
Model
PCD
PCE
504
Inlet
Avg db.(A)
Low
Air
Flow
62
High
Air
Flow
61
Outlet
65
64
Nominal
Speed
Rev/Sec
23
PCE..
ER
KW
1 PH
AMP
PCD..
ER
KW
3PH
AMP
PCS/
D
1PH
KW
DD
3PH
KW
1.3
5.7
1.39
2.7
1.5
1.1
31
COILS
Cooling coils are of two types: Direct expansion coils and chilled water coils. A chilled water
coil was use for our design
Assumptions
Selection of the tube size was made depending on the choice of the manufacturer.
Coil sensible heat factor of 0.45.
Methodology
Process data is listed for both outdoor and indoor conditions.

The cooling coil sensible heat factor is then selected.
By the use of psychometric chart the enthalpies of the air entering and leaving the coil is
obtained.
The cooling coil capacity is then be determined.
The value of the cooling coil obtained is then compared with the available coil capacities
from the catalogue.
The coil geometry is then obtained from the selected coil.
The face velocity is then obtained to check whether there will be carryover of the
condensate.
Coil Performance Data
Coil model HCCA24.
Sensible cooling capacity 25.05 kW.
Number of rows 6.
Total cooling capacity 58.77 kW.
3
Airflow 1.163 m /s.
Water temperature rise 7.9 oC.
Entering dry bulb air temperature 32
Water flow rate 1.784 L/s.
o
C.
Water pressure drop 74.2 kPa.
Entering wet bulb air temperature
25.5 oC.
Coil Geometry
Finned length L= 1.623m.
Face velocity= Air flow rate / face
area =2.268m/s.
Finned height H= 0.316m.
2
Face area A= L*H=0.5129m .
The face velocity is determined to check whether there will be carryover of condensate from the
coil and this happens when the face velocity exceeds 2.5 m/s
32
3.6FINAL LIST OF DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

Table 3.31: Quantity Estimates of the Ventilation system
ITEM
1
5
6
8
9
DESCRIPTION
400 x 500 Ductwork
275 x 250 Ductwork
400 x 450 Ductwork
350 x 350 Ductwork
TRANSITIONS
400 x 500mm
400 x 450mm
350 x 350mm
TEES
400 x 500mm
400 x 450mm
350 x 350mm
ELBOWS
400 x 450mm
275 x 250mm
DIFFUSERS
300 x 300mm
DAMPERS
Area of 0.0694m2
FILTERS
A pressure drop of
97.1447Pa
FANS
Nominal speed of 23rev/s
COOLING COIL
6-rows cooling coil
QUANTITY
2
6
2
1
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
7
7
1
1
33
CHAPTER FOUR
MEZZANINE FLOOR
All calculations performed in this chapter followed the procedures described as per Chapter
Three.
4.1EXTERNAL LOAD CALCULATIONS

LOADS DUE TO ROOFS, EXTERNAL WALLS AND WINDOWS
LOADS DUE TO EXTERNAL WALLS
HOURS
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
NORTH
26.98
26.98
26.98
26.98
43.73
43.73
60.48
SOUTH
280.02
280.02
314.97
349.92
384.88
419.83
454.78
EAST
544.19
685.33
755.91
755.91
826.48
826.48
897.05
403.05 403.05 403.05 403.05 403.05 473.62 614.76

WEST
TOTAL LOAD 1254.23 1395.38 1500.90 1535.86 1658.13 1763.66 2027.07
LOADS DUE TO HEAT GAIN THROUGH FENESTRATION AREAS
Table 4.2: Loads due to fenestration areas
404.287
1200
656.182
1300
656.182
1400
782.116
1500
782.116
1600
656.182
1700
656.182
1800
SOLAR LOAD
2404.054
2508.517
2508.517
2508.517
2438.835
2438.835
2613.041
TOTAL LOAD
2808.341
3164.699
3164.699
3290.633
3220.951
3095.017
3269.223
LOADS DUE TO HEAT GAINS FROM VENTILATION AND INFILTRATION

Table 4.3: Leakage area
Component
Description
Size or
number
AL per
unit
AL,
cm2
Office window
Double hung, weatherstripped

cm2/m2 of window
7.59 m2
3.0
22.77
Toilet window
Single hung, weather stripped
0.96 m2
2.2
2.112
34
cm2/m2 of window
8.55 m2
Framing
TOTAL
LEAKAGE AREA
1.3
11.115
35.997cm2
Table 4.4: Infiltration loads
Floor
Infiltration rate
(L/s)
Mezzanine floor
2.1735
Q-Sensible
(W)
Q-Latent
(W)
Q-Total
(W)
11.282
51.029
62.311

Table 4.5: Ventilation loads
Floor
Q(W)
Q-Latent (W)
Q-Total (W)
Mezzanine floor
8686.86
10607.382
Sensible
1920.522
4.2INTERNAL LOAD CALCULATIONS

LOADS DUE TO HEAT GAIN BY PEOPLE
The loads due to heat gain by people were due to both sensible and latent heat, as done in the
ground floor calculations. These loads were calculated as:
Sensible loads = 2700 W
Total loads
= 4680 W
Latent loads = 1980 W
LOADS DUE TO HEAT GAIN THROUGH LIGHTING
The load calculations due to lighting was done with the reference to the methodology used in
the Ground floor calculations. The value was calculated as 4536 W.
The loads due to appliances were as a result of both sensible and latent heat gains. They are
as follows:

Total loads
= 14921 W
35
LOADS DUE TO POWER

Table 4.6: Power loads
TIME
4
1200
5
1300
6
1400
7
1500
8
1600
9
1700
10
1800
CLF
0.77
0.81
0.83
0.85
0.87
0.89
0.9
Q(W)
2129.05
2239.65
2294.95
2350.25
2405.55
2460.85
2488.50
Table 4.7: Overall Table For the Cooling loads.
Mezzanine floor
1200hrs
1300hrs
1400hrs
1500hrs
1600hrs
1700hrs
1800hrs
Q
Latent
(For all
hours)
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
Load
(Qs)
People
2775
2775
2775
2775
2775
2775
2775
2035
Lights
4536
4536
4536
4536
4536
4536
4536
N/A
Walls
1254.23
1395.38
1500.9
1535.86
1658.13
1763.66
2027.07
N/A
7776
7776
7776
7776
7776
7776
7776
7145
Infiltration
11.282
11.282
11.282
11.282
11.282
11.282
11.282
51.03
Ventilation
1920.522
1920.522
1920.522
1920.522
1920.522
1920.522
1920.522
9243.71
Windows
2808.281
3164.699
3164.699
3290.633
3220.957
3095.002
3269.208
N/A
Total
21095.24
21592.811
21698.33
21859.23
21911.82
21891.39
22329.01
18474.74
Total Loads
39632.98
40130.551
40236.07
40396.97
40449.56
40429.13
40866.73
4.3EQUIPMENT SELECTION AND DUCT SIZING

4.3.0SUPPLY AIR CALCULATION
The room cooling load at 1800hrs was used to calculate the supply air flow rate for the floor
that was tabulated as shown below.
Table 4.8: Supply Air Calculations.
SPACE
VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE (m3/s)
MEZZANINE FLOOR
1.6297
36
4.3.1DIFFUSER LOCATION SELECTION AND SIZING

Table 4.9: Details For the Diffusers.
SIZE
NUMBER THROW
(m)
450mm Square
Diffuser
300mm Square
Diffuser
3.7
5.5
VOLUME
NECK
(L/s)
VELOCITY
(m/s)
354
1.75
360
TOTAL
PRESSURE
(Pa)
10
53
4.3.2DUCT LAYOUT DESIGN AND DETAILED DRAWING

Table 4.10: Details for the Ducts
SECTION LENGTH
(mm)
2884
A
AIR FLOW
RATE (L/s)
1782
DIMENSIONS
(mm)
500 x 500
VELOCITY
(m/s)
7.4
B
C
D
1526.3
3657.2
1828.8
354
1428
354
225 x 250
450 x 500
225 x 250
4.5
7.0
4.5
E
F
6429.7
1134.96
1074
354
400 x 450
225 x 250
6.8
4.6
G
H
6458
1099.3
720
360
350 x 400
275 x 275
6.4
4.6
8920.6
360
275 x 275
4.6

The duct accessories, which refers to the dampers and filters, are similar to that selected for
the ground floor. The details of each of them are as follows.
Dampers
Damper area = 0.0694 m2

Velocity pressure = 14.94 Pa
Pressure drop = 7.47 Pa

Wide open flow coefficient = 0.09
Filters
Table 4.11: Details for the filters.
Air velocity for ASHRAE testing
Initial pressure drop
Recommended Final Pressure drop
492 Fpm
97.1447 Pa
348.7245Pa
37
Efficiency Rating per ASHRAE 52.2 2007

Efficiency Rating per ASHRAE 52.2 2007 Appendix J
Dust holding capacity at 348.72Pa
Merv 14
Merv 13
95g
DUCTWORK PRESSURE LOSS

Table 4.12: Duct work pressure loss
SECTION
ELEMENT
FLOW
(L/s)
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
1782
1782
1782
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
1074
VELOCITY
PRESSURE
(Pa)
LENGTH
(m)
LOSS
COEFFICIENT
2.88
1782
354
354
354
354
1428
1428
1428
1428
354
354
354
354
1074
1074
1074
354
354
354
354
720
720
720
720
360
360
360
360
1.526
37.627
1.2
3.657
37.627
0.14
1.828
31.804
31.804 Tee
27.418 Elbow
2.4
6.429
0.13 Tee
1.2 Elbow
1.134
27.418
1.2
6.458
27.418
0.13
1.099
19.48
1.2
TOTAL
PRESSURE
(Pa)
2.88
97.1447
1.526
45.152
10
7.47
3.657
5.265
1.828
76.33
10
7.47
6.429
4.131 Tee
32.902
Elbow
1.134
32.902
10
7.47
6.458
3.562
1.099
23.38
53
SECTION
PRESSURE
(Pa)
100.025
64.148
8.922
95.628
43.462
51.506
10.02
84.949
7.47
38
DUCT
FITTINGS
360
360
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
360
2.3
2.532 Tee
21.01
Elbow
53
360
7.47
19.48 Tee
17.511
Elbow
8.921
0.13 Tee
1.2 Elbow
86.312
Overall Pressure Drop

Straight run frictional pressure

drop 33.939 Pa.
Dynamic pressure drop 69.402
Pa.
The overall pressure drop was 260.956 Pa.

4.3.3FAN AND COIL SELECTION SIZING

Fans
Model
PCD
PCE
504
Inlet
Avg db.(A)
Low
Air
Flow
62
High
Air
Flow
61
Outlet
65
64
Nominal
Speed
Rev/Sec
23
PCE..
ER
KW
1 PH
AMP
PCD..
ER
KW
3PH
AMP
PCS/
D
1PH
KW
DD
3PH
KW
1.3
5.7
1.39
2.7
1.5
1.1
Cooling coil
Selection procedure for the cooling coil was in accordance to that used for the Ground floor.
The coil performance data was:
Coil model HCCA24.

Number of rows 6.
Airflow 1.163 m3/s.
Entering dry bulb air temperature
32 oC.

25.5 oC.
Sensible cooling capacity 25.05
kW.
39

ITEM
1
8
9
DESCRIPTION
500 x 500 Ductwork
450 x 500 Ductwork
400 x 450 Ductwork
350 x 350 Ductwork
275 x 275 Ductwork
225 x 250 Ductwork
TRANSITIONS
500 x 500mm
450 x 500mm
400 x 450mm
350 x 400mm
TEES
500 x 500mm
450 x 500mm
400 x 450mm
350 x 400mm
ELBOWS
400 x 450mm
275 x 275mm
DIFFUSERS
450 x 450mm
300 x 300mm
DAMPERS
Area of 0.0694m2
FILTERS
A pressure drop of
97.1447Pa
FANS
COOLING COIL
6-rows cooling coil
QUANTITY
1
1
2
1
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
7
1
1
40
CHAPTER FIVE
FIRST FLOOR
All calculations in this chapter followed the procedures developed in Chapter Three.

HOURS
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
NORTH
44.99
44.99
44.99
44.99
72.92
72.92
100.85
SOUTH
271.86
271.86
305.80
339.74
373.67
407.61
441.54
EAST
512.50
645.42
711.88
711.88
778.34
778.34
844.81
379.57 379.57 379.57 379.57

WEST
TOTAL LOAD 1208.92 1341.84 1442.24 1476.18
379.57
1604.5
446.03
1704.9
578.96
1966.16

62.188
1200
85.569
1300
85.569
1400
96.535
1500
96.535
1600
85.569
1700
85.569
1800
SOLAR LOAD
2432.676
2613.083
2586.261
2452.145
2233.524
2072.586
2015.624
TOTAL LOAD
2494.864
2698.652
2671.83
2548.68
2330.059
2158.155
2101.193

Component
Description
Size or
number
AL per AL,
unit
cm2
Office window

cm2/m2 of window
22.77 m2
3.0
68.31
Toilet window
1.92 m2
2.2
4.224
41
cm2/m2 of window
24.69 m2
Framing
TOTAL
LEAKAGE AREA
6.5
160.485
233.019cm2
Floor
Infiltration rate
(L/s)
First floor
14.063
Q-Sensible
(W)
Q-Latent
(W)
Q-Total
(W)
72.995
330.171
403.166

Floor
Q(W)
Q-Latent (W)
Q-Total (W)
First floor
8686.86
10607.382
Sensible
1920.522


Total loads
= 4680

as follows:

Total loads
= 14921 W
42
LOADS DUE TO POWER

TIME
4
1200
5
1300
6
1400
7
1500
8
1600
9
1700
10
1800
CLF
0.77
0.81
0.83
0.85
0.87
0.89
0.9
Q(W)
2129.05
2239.65
2294.95
2350.25
2405.55
2460.85
2488.50
First floor
People
Lights
Walls
Q
Latent
(For all
hours)
1200hrs
1300hrs
1400hrs
1500hrs
1600hrs
1700hrs
1800hrs
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
2700
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
2700
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
2700
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
2700
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
2700
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
2700
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
2700
4536
4536
4536
4536
4536
4536
4536
1208.707
1341.631
1442.029
1475.965
1604.288
1704.686
1965.934
7776
7776
7776
7776
7776
7776
7776
7145
Load
(Qs)
1980
N/A
Infiltration
Ventilation
72.995
72.995
72.995
72.995
72.995
72.995
72.995
330.171
1920.522
1920.522
1920.522
1920.522
1920.522
1920.522
1920.522
9243.71
Windows
2840.948
3078.628
3045.02
2887.944
2621.827
2409.21
2318.322
Total
21055.17
21425.78
21492.57
21369.43
21231.63
21119.41
21289.77
Total Loads
39754.05
40124.66
40191.45
40068.31
39930.51
39818.29
39988.65
18698.881

SPACE
FIRST FLOOR

1.5717
43

SIZE
NUMBER
THROW
(m)
VOLUME
NECK
(L/s)
VELOCITY
(m/s)
281
2
TOTAL
PRESSURE
(Pa)
13
375mm Square
Diffuser
300mm Square
Diffuser
300mm Square
Diffuser
3.7
4.3
270
30
5.2
315
3.5
40

SECTION LENGTH
AIR FLOW
(mm)
RATE (L/s)
7800
1575
A
DIMENSIONS
(mm)
450 x 450
VELOCITY
(m/s)
7.2
B
C
D
2400
2300
2750
225
1350
225
275 x 275
450 x 450
275 x 275
5
6.9
5
E
F
2300
2400
1125
225
400 x 400
275 x 275
6.7
5
G
H
2300
2750
900
225
400 x 400
275 x 275
6.4
5
I
J
K
L
M
2300
2400
2300
2750
3400
675
225
450
225
225
300 x 350
275 x 275
275 x 300
275 x 275
275 x 275
5.8
5
5.2
5
5

the ground floor. The details of each of them is as follows:
Dampers


Wide open flow coefficient = 0.06.
44
Filters
Table 5.11: Details for the filters.
492 Fpm
97.1447 Pa
348.7245Pa
Merv 14
Merv 13
95g
DUCT WORK PRESSURE LOSS

Table 5.12: Duct work pressure losses
SECTION
ELEMENT
FLOW
(L/s)
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
1575
1575
1575
1575
225
225
225
225
1350
1350
1350
1350
225
225
225
225
1125
1125
1125
1125
225
225
225
225
900
VELOCITY
PRESSURE
(Pa)
LENGTH
(m)
LOSS
COEFFICIENT
7.8
38.665
1.2
2.4
38.665
4.1
2.3
38.665
0.13
2.75
32.104
4.1
2.3
32.104
0.14
2.4
30.084
4.1
2.3
TOTAL
PRESSURE
(Pa)
7.8
46.398
97.1447
2.4
158.52
21
7.47
2.3
5.0265
2.75
131.6264
21
7.47
2.3
4.4946
2.4
123.344
21
7.47
2.3
SECTION
PRESSURE
(Pa)
151.3427
189.39
7.3265
162.8468
6.7946
154.214
6.5118
45
30.084
0.14
4.2118
2.91
2.75
67.3665
21
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
900
900
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
225
21
225
7.47
900
225
225
225
225
675
675
675
675
225
225
225
225
450
450
450
450
225
225
225
225
225
225
2.75
23.15
2.3
23.15
0.15
2.4
25.024
4.1
2.3
25.024
0.13
2.75
20.053
3.36
3.4
20.053 Tee
6.427
Elbow
0.19 Tee
1.2 Elbow
7.47
2.3
3.4725
2.4
102.5984
21
7.47
2.3
3.253
2.75
67.378
21
7.47
3.4
3.81
7.7124
98.5865
5.7725
133.468
5.553
98.598
43.3924


drop 22.7 Pa.
Pa.

46

Fans
Inlet
Avg db.(A)
Low
Air
Flow
59
High
Air
Flow
57
Outlet
61
59
Nominal
Speed
Rev/Sec
Model
PCD
PCE
454
23
PCE..
ER
KW
1 PH
AMP
PCD..
ER
KW
3PH
AMP
PCS/
D
1PH
KW
DD
3PH
KW
0.23
5.5
0.23
0.73
0.75
0.55
Cooling coil
Coil model HCCA24.

Number of rows 6.
Airflow 1.163 m3/s.
32 oC.

25.5 oC.
kW.

ITEM
1
DESCRIPTION
450 x 450 Ductwork
400 x 400 Ductwork
275 x 275 Ductwork
300 x 350 Ductwork
275 x 300 Ductwork
TRANSITIONS
450x450mm
400x400mm
350x300mm
275x300mm
TEES
450x450mm
400x400mm
350x300mm
275x300mm
ELBOWS
QUANTITY
2
2
7
1
1
4
4
2
2
2
2
1
1
47
6
7
8
9
450x450mm
275x300mm
DIFFUSERS
375x375mm
300x300mm
DAMPERS
Area of 0.0694m2
FILTERS
A pressure drop of
97.1447Pa
FANS
COOLING COIL
6-rows cooling coil
1
1
1
4
7
1
1
1
48
CHAPTER SIX
SECOND FLOOR

HOURS
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
NORTH
44.99
44.99
44.99
44.99
72.92
72.92
100.85
SOUTH
271.86
271.86
305.80
339.74
373.67
407.61
441.54
EAST
512.50
645.42
711.88
711.88
778.34
778.34
844.81
379.57 379.57 379.57 379.57

WEST
TOTAL LOAD 1208.92 1341.84 1442.24 1476.18
379.57
1604.5
446.03
1704.9
578.96
1966.16

TIME
1200
1300
CONDUCTION LOAD
297.50
482.85
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
482.85
575.53
575.53
482.85
482.85
SOLAR LOAD
2778.73
2993.06
TOTAL LOAD
3076.23
3475.91
2959.45
2791.41
2525.29
2323.64
2232.75
3442.30
3366.94
3100.82
2806.49
2715.60

Component
Description
Size or
number
AL per
unit
AL,
cm2
Office window

cm2/m2 of window
22.77 m2
3.0
68.31
Toilet window

cm2/m2 of window
1.92 m2
2.2
4.224
49
24.69 m2
Framing
TOTAL
LEAKAGE AREA
6.5
160.485
233.019cm2
Floor
Infiltration rate
(L/s)
Second floor
14.063
Q-Sensible
(W)
Q-Latent
(W)
Q-Total
(W)
72.995
330.171
403.166

Floor
Q(W)
Q-Latent (W)
Q-Total (W)
Second floor
8686.86
10607.382
Sensible
1920.522


Total loads
= 4680 W
Latent loads
= 1980 W

as follows:

Total loads
= 14921 W
50
LOADS DUE TO POWER

TIME
4
1200
5
1300
6
1400
7
1500
8
1600
9
1700
10
1800
CLF
0.77
0.81
0.83
0.85
0.87
0.89
0.9
Q(W)
2129.05
2239.65
2294.95
2350.25
2405.55
2460.85
2488.50

Q
Latent
(For all
hours)
Second floor
1200hrs
1300hrs
1400hrs
1500hrs
1600hrs
1700hrs
1800hrs
People
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
2700
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
2700
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
2700
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
2700
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
2700
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
2700
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
2700
Lights
4536
4536
4536
4536
4536
4536
4536
N/A
Walls
1208.921
1476.178
1604.503
1704.9
1966.15
N/A
1341.845 1442.243
Load
(Qs)
1980
7776
7776
7776
7776
7776
7776
7776
7145
Infiltration
72.995
72.995
72.995
72.995
72.995
72.995
72.995
330.171
Ventilation
1920.522
1920.522 1920.522
1920.522
1920.522
1920.522
1920.522
9243.71
Windows
3076.222
3475.911 3442.303
3366.938
3100.819
2806.491
2715.602
N/A
Total
21290.66
21823.27 21890.06
21848.63
21710.84
21516.91
21687.27
18698.881
Total Loads
39989.54
40522.15 40588.94
40547.51
40409.72
40215.79
40386.15

SPACE
SECOND FLOOR

1.5873
51

SIZE
NUMBER THROW
(m)
375mm Square
Diffuser
300mm Square
Diffuser
375mm Square
Diffuser
VOLUME
NECK
(L/s)
VELOCITY
(m/s)
246
1.75
TOTAL
PRESSURE
(Pa)
10
3.0
3.7
225
2.5
21
2.7
211
1.5
7.5

SECTION LENGTH
AIR FLOW
(mm)
RATE (L/s)
7800
1631
A
DIMENSIONS
(mm)
500 x 500
VELOCITY
(m/s)
7.4
B
C
D
2400
2300
2750
211
1420
211
225 x 250
450 x 450
225 x 250
4.5
7.0
4.5
E
F
2300
2400
1209
246
400 x 500
225 x 250
6.8
4.6
G
H
2300
2750
963
246
400 x 400
225 x 250
6.4
4.6
I
J
K
L
M
2300
2400
2300
2750
3400
717
225
492
246
246
350 x 350
225 x 250
300 x 300
225 x 250
225 x 250
5.9
4.5
5.4
4.5
4.5

Dampers


52
Filters
Table 6.11: Details for the filters
492 Fpm
97.1447 Pa
348.7245Pa
Merv 14
Merv 13
95g

Table 6.12: Duct work pressure losses
SECTION
ELEMENT
FLOW
(L/s)
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
1631
1631
1631
1631
211
211
211
211
1420
1420
1420
1420
211
211
211
211
1209
1209
1209
1209
246
246
246
246
963
963
963
VELOCITY
PRESSURE
(Pa)
LENGTH
(m)
LOSS
COEFFICIENT
7.8
34.11
1.2
2.4
31.421
4.1
2.3
31.421
0.13
2.75
27.964
2.4
2.3
27.964
0.13
2.4
29.025
0.13
2.3
29.025
2.4
TOTAL
PRESSURE
(Pa)
7.8
40.924
97.1447
2.4
139.824
7.5
7.47
2.3
4.433
2.75
75.411
7.5
7.47
2.3
4.085
2.4
67.11
10
7.47
2.3
3.635
SECTION
PRESSURE
(Pa)
145.869
157.194
6.733
93.131
6.385
86.98
5.935
53
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
963
246
246
246
246
717
717
717
717
225
225
225
225
492
492
492
492
246
246
246
246
246
246
246
2.75
22.789
1.94
2.3
22.789
0.13
2.4
19.879
1.94
2.3
19.879
0.14
2.75
13.939
1.62
3.4
13.939
0.14
246
2.75
56.31
10
7.47
2.3
3.77
2.4
44.21
21
7.47
2.3
3.19
2.75
32.2
10
7.47
3.4
19.51
10
76.53
6.07
75.08
5.49
52.42
40.38
7.47


drop 22.7 Pa.
Pa.

54

Fan
Model
PCD
PCE
454
Inlet
Avg db.(A)
Low
Air
Flow
59
High
Air
Flow
57
Outlet
61
59
Nominal
Speed
Rev/Sec
23
PCE..
ER
KW
1 PH
AMP
PCD..
ER
KW
3PH
AMP
PCS/
D
1PH
KW
DD
3PH
KW
0.23
5.5
0.23
0.73
0.75
0.55
Cooling coil
Coil model HCCA24.

Number of rows 6.
Airflow 1.163 m3/s.
32 oC.

25.5 oC.
kW.

ITEM
1
DESCRIPTION
500 x 500 Ductwork
450 x 450 Ductwork
400 x 500 Ductwork
400 x 400 Ductwork
350 x 350 Ductwork
300 x 300 Ductwork
225 x 250 Ductwork
TRANSITIONS
500 x 500mm
450 x 450mm
400 x 500mm
400 x 400mm
350 x 350mm
300 x 300mm
TEES
QUANTITY
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
2
2
2
2
2
2
55
8
9
500 x 500mm
450 x 450mm
400 x 500mm
400 x 400mm
350 x 350mm
300 x 300mm
ELBOWS
500 x 500mm
225 x 250mm
DIFFUSERS
375 x 375mm
300 x 300mm
DAMPERS
Area of 0.0694m2
FILTERS
A pressure drop of
97.1447Pa
FANS
COOLING COIL
6-rows cooling coil
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
7
1
1
56
CHAPTER SEVEN
THIRD FLOOR

HOURS
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
NORTH
44.99
44.99
44.99
44.99
72.92
72.92
100.84
SOUTH
271.86
271.86
305.80
339.74
373.67
407.61
441.54
EAST
512.50
645.42
711.88
711.88
778.34
778.34
844.81
379.57 379.57 379.57 379.57 379.57 446.03 578.96

WEST
TOTAL LOAD 1208.92 1341.85 1442.24 1476.18 1604.50 1704.90 1966.15
Cooling load due to heat gain through Roof

Roof construction description: 150-mm thick Heavyweight concrete with 25-mm insulation.
U Value = 0.71 W/m2K,
Mass per area = 366 kg/m2.
Roof area: 168.314 m2.

Equation for load calculation:
=
The equation for the CLTDCorrected value is similar to that for the walls except for an
additional factor, f which is a factor for attic fan or ducts above ceiling applied after all other
adjustments have been made.
=[
For 1200hr calculation, CLTD = 13.
. ]
LM is the latitude month (Horizontal) = -0.5.

K is the color adjustment factor = 1.
f = 0.75 positive ventilation (Assumption).
CLTDCorrected = [(13 0.5)1 + (25.5 23.89) + (26 29.4)] 0.75
= 8.033C
Roof heat gain, Q-roof = 0.71 * 168.314 * 8.033
= 959.967 W
57
Table 7.2 : Roof heat gain

Hours
CLTD
(Corrected)
C
8.003
Q Heat gain
(W)
1200
CLTD
(Uncorrected)
C
13
1300
14
8.783
1049.59
1400
15
9.533
1139.22
1500
16
10.283
1228.85
1600
17
11.033
1318.48
1700
18
11.783
1408.104
1800
18
11.783
1408.104
959.967

TIME
1200
1300
CONDUCTION LOAD
297.50
482.85
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
SOLAR LOAD
2778.73
2993.06
TOTAL LOAD
3076.23
3475.91
482.85
575.53
575.53
482.85
2959.45
2791.41
2525.29
2323.64
3442.30
3366.94
3100.82
2806.49
482.85
2232.75
2715.60

Component
Description
Size or
number
AL per
unit
AL,
cm2
Office window

cm2/m2 of window
22.77 m2
3.0
68.31
Toilet window

cm2/m2 of window
1.92 m2
2.2
4.224
24.69 m2
6.5
160.485
Framing
TOTAL
LEAKAGE AREA
233.019cm2
58
Floor
Third floor
Infiltration rate
(L/s)
14.063
Q-Sensible
(W)
Q-Latent
(W)
Q-Total
(W)
72.995
330.171
403.166

Floor
Q(W)
Q-Latent (W)
Q-Total (W)
Third floor
8686.86
10607.382
Sensible
1920.522

Total loads
= 4680 W
as follows:
Total loads
= 14921 W
LOADS DUE TO POWER
TIME
4
1200
5
1300
6
1400
7
1500
8
1600
9
1700
10
1800
Latent loads
= 7145 W
CLF
0.77
0.81
0.83
0.85
0.87
0.89
0.9
Q(W)
2129.05
2239.65
2294.95
2350.25
2405.55
2460.85
2488.50
59
Third floor
Q
Latent
(For all
hours)
1200hrs
1300hrs
1400hrs
1500hrs
1600hrs
1700hrs
1800hrs
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
2700
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
2700
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
2700
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
2700
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
2700
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
2700
Sensible
Load
(Qs)
2700
4536
4536
4536
4536
4536
4536
4536
N/A
Walls
1208.92
1341.845
1442.243
1476.178
1604.503
1704.9
1966.15
N/A
Roof
959.97
1049.59
1139.22
1228.85
1318.48
1408.104
1408.104
N/A
7776
7776
7776
7776
7776
7776
7776
7145
Infiltration
72.99
72.99
72.995
72.995
72.995
72.995
72.995
330.171
Ventilation
1920.52
1920.52
1920.52
1920.52
1920.52
1920.52
1920.52
9243.71
Windows
3076.22
3475.911
3442.303
3366.938
3100.819
2806.491
2715.602
N/A
Total
22250.6
22872.8
23029.3
23077.5
23029.32
22925.01
23095.37
18698.88
Total Loads
40949.51
41571.7
41728.16
41776.36
41728.2
41623.9
41794.25
People
Lights
Load
(Qs)
1980

SPACE
THIRD FLOOR

1.7083

SIZE
NUMBER THROW
(m)
300mm Square
Diffuser
3.7
VOLUME
NECK
(L/s)
VELOCITY
(m/s)
225
2.5
TOTAL
PRESSURE
(Pa)
21
60

SECTION LENGTH
AIR FLOW
(mm)
RATE (L/s)
7800
1708.3
A
DIMENSIONS
(mm)
500Sq.
VELOCITY
(m/s)
7.5
C
D
2400
2300
2750
225
1483.3
225
275Sq.
450Sq.
275Sq.
5
6.9
5
E
F
2300
2400
1258.3
225
450Sq.
275Sq.
6.8
5
G
H
2300
2750
1033.3
225
400Sq.
275Sq.
6.6
5
I
J
K
L
M
2300
2400
2300
2750
3400
808.3
225
583.3
225
225
350x400
275Sq.
300x350
275Sq.
275Sq.
6.2
5
5.8
5
5

Dampers

Filters
Table 7.12: Details for the filters

492 Fpm
97.1447 Pa
348.7245Pa
Merv 14
Merv 13
95g
61

Table 7.13: Duct work pressure loss
SECTION
ELEMENT
FLOW
(L/s)
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
1708.3
1708.3
1708.3
1708.3
225
225
225
225
1483.3
1483.3
1483.3
1483.3
225
225
225
225
1258.3
1258.3
1258.3
1258.3
225
225
225
225
1033.3
1033.3
1033.3
1033.3
225
225
225
225
808.3
808.3
808.3
808.3
225
225
225
VELOCITY
PRESSURE
(Pa)
LENGTH
(m)
LOSS
COEFFICIE
NT
7.8
30.62
1.2
2.4
30.62
2.4
2.3
30.62
0.14
2.75
40.3572
4.1
2.3
40.3572
0.14
2.4
31.6
4.1
2.3
31.6
0.14
2.75
25.38
4.1
2.3
25.38
0.13
2.4
22.53
2.9
TOTAL
PRESSURE
(Pa)
7.8
36.745
97.1447
2.4
73.488
21
7.47
2.3
4.2868
2.75
165.46
21
7.47
2.3
5.65
2.4
129.59
21
7.47
2.3
4.424
2.75
104.058
21
7.47
2.3
3.2994
2.4
65.337
21
SECTION
PRESSURE
(Pa)
141.6897
104.358
6.5868
196.68
7.95
160.46
6.724
135.278
5.5994
96.207
62
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
DUCT
FITTINGS
AIR
TERMINALS
ACCESSORIES
225
583.3
583.3
583.3
583.3
225
225
225
7.47
2.3
3.1542
2.3
22.53
0.14
4.1
2.75
83.845
21
0.14 Tee
1.2 Elbow
225
7.47
3.4
2.863
18.525
21
225
7.47
225
225
225
2.75
13.939
13.939 Tee
15.44 - Elbow
3.4
5.4542
115.065
53.258


drop 22.7 Pa.
Pa.


Fans
Model
PCD
PCE
454
Inlet
Avg db.(A)
Low
Air
Flow
59
High
Air
Flow
57
Outlet
61
59
Nominal
Speed
Rev/Sec
23
PCE..
ER
KW
1 PH
AMP
PCD..
ER
KW
3PH
AMP
PCS/
D
1PH
KW
DD
3PH
KW
0.23
5.5
0.23
0.73
0.75
0.55
Cooling coil
Coil model HCCA24.

Number of rows 6.
Airflow 1.163 m3/s.

32 oC.
63

25.5 oC.
kW.


ITEM
1
5
6
8
9
DESCRIPTION
500 x 500 Ductwork
450 x 450 Ductwork
400 x 400 Ductwork
350 x 400 Ductwork
300 x 350 Ductwork
275 x 275 Ductwork
TRANSITIONS
500 x 500mm
450 x 450mm
400 x 400mm
350 x 400mm
300 x 350mm
TEES
500 x 500mm
450 x 450mm
400 x 400mm
350 x 400mm
300 x 350mm
ELBOWS
500 x 500mm
275 x 275mm
DIFFUSERS
300 x 300mm
DAMPERS
Area of 0.0694m2
FILTERS
A pressure drop of
97.1447Pa
FANS
COOLING COIL
6-rows cooling coil
QUANTITY
1
2
1
1
1
7
2
4
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
7
7
1
1
64
CHAPTER EIGHT
BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING
The completion of the traditional approach leads to the next phase of the design project which
was design using building information modeling software. In this stage of the design, various
methods that were used earlier in the traditional approach were borrowed as they proved useful
in enhancing the BIM process. Building information modeling software was revealed as a semi
automated software that brings together both the human mind and the computer software to
achieve the design goals. The design procedure followed in the approach was:
1. Selection of a completed detailed Architectural drawing.
2. Acquisition of the necessary mechanical ventilation codes and standards of practice.
3. Project initiation using Autodesk Revit software.
4. Preparation of the modeling plans.
5. Design of the mechanical ventilation system.
6. Scheduling and quantity take offs.
7. Final list of design specifications.
8.1 SELECTION OF A COMPLETED ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING

The architectural drawings used for the traditional approach were the same drawings used in the
BIM approach.
8.2 MECHANICAL VENTILATION CODES AND STANDARDS OF

PRACTICE
The codes and standards of practice in HVAC design that were used for the traditional approach
were applied in BIM in a similar manner.
8.3 PROJECT INITIATION USING AUTODESK REVIT SOFTWARE

Project initiation is the process of gathering all the details concerning the project. These details
are in the form of the project name, the owner of the project, the owners project number, the
project address, the project description and the areas to be modeled. They were listed as follows:
1. Owner of the project The University of Nairobi.
2. Owners project number GON/01/2015.
3. Project address University of Nairobi premises, off Harry Thuku road.
4. Project description HVAC building cooling loads analysis followed by equipment
sizing.
5. Areas to be modeled Mechanical ventilation system, part of the MEP model.
A file is created and the project initiation details are input within a project information dialog
box found within the software. The dialog box provides fields that give the user the ability to
input his/her information. The fields relevant to this situation were used as shown in Fig. 8.1.
65
Fig. 8.1 Project Initiation

In addition to the project initiation details, the names of the authors of the project or rather the
names of the students undertaking the project were inserted.
8.4 PREPARATION OF THE MODELING PLANS

8.4.0 DRAWING/CREATION OF THE 3D VIRTUAL MODEL
After finishing off with the definition of the modeling components, the next stage was the
creation of the 3D virtual model. The model was created from the previously selected
architectural plans. The process of creating the models were:
1. Creation of the plan views.
2. Linking of the CAD architectural plans in Autodesk Revit.
3. Modeling over the linked architectural plans.
CREATION OF THE PLAN VIEWS
Creation of the plans views was done immediately after the project file was created and opened.
By default, two plan views and four elevations views that correspond to the four compass
directions exist within a newly created project file. From the architectural drawings, it was
observed that the building consisted of seven plan drawings.
LINKING OF THE CAD ARCHITECTURAL PLANS IN AUTODESK REVIT
Once the plans and elevations were completed, linking of the CAD drawings was followed.
Linking, in Autodesk Revit, is a process of inserting a foreign file that gives the user the ability
to maintain a permanent connection with the original source of the file i.e. the owner of the file.
Any modification/change made on the source file can be easily propagated to the linked file
when the user reloads the file. That way, the user remains up to date without necessarily doing
his/her own changes manually.
66
MODELING OVER THE LINKED ARCHITECTURAL PLANS

The linked architectural plans are then used as the foundation of the 3D virtual model creation
process. This task was synonymous to tracing over an already finished portrait, but in this case
the tracing process produced a 3D virtual model. The components traced were walls, floors,
ceilings and columns.
Fig. 8.2 Linked ground floor plan
Fig. 8.3 3D Virtual model
8.5 DESIGN OF THE MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM

The complete model proceeded to the next stage, the design of the HVAC system. The first stage
that followed was the cooling loads analysis.
8.5.0 COOLING LOADS ANALYSIS

It was observed earlier that the cooling loads analysis method that used was the Cooling Load
Temperature Difference method. The CLTD method was most preferred when manual
calculations are concerned. The method that is adopted by the software to carry out the analysis
is the Radiant Time Series method.
Before running the analysis and generating the loads analysis report, the model had to undergo a
number of preparations for this to be done successfully. They include the following:
1. Design considerations Building
location and weather data.
construction data.
orientation.
4. Creation of spaces and zones within the

model.
5. Generation of a space properties
schedule.
6. Modification of the building/space type
settings.
67
7. Modification of the zone properties for

each zone.
8. Analysis using the software.

9. Cooling loads analysis report.
8.5.0.0 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS BUILDING LOCATION AND WEATHER DATA

Autodesk Revit gives the user the ability to specify the exact building location and its
orientation. This was specified in the Revit Manage Location, Weather and Site dialog box. A
visual representation of this is shown in Fig. 8.8.
Fig. 8.4 Location Weather and Site dialog box

A location/ address was selected. The longitude and latitude coordinates of the selected location
are compared to an external database of 4400+ World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
weather stations derived from the 2009 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals. The closest
WMO weather station is selected along with its weather data. The WMO weather station for this
case was the Nairobi Meteorological station.
8.5.0.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS BUILDING CONSTRUCTION DATA
The construction data for the model was meant to match that defined earlier in the traditional
approach design phase. The material for each construction object e.g. exterior walls and
windows, is set to default by the software whenever a model is being created. The user is
therefore required to set the material for each construction object during creation of the model.
The library within Revit is the most appropriate source of the material. In spite of this, it was
observed that the library has a limited number of construction materials to choose from and
which would also match the construction data proposed in the traditional approach design phase.
There was also great difficulty in creating custom materials that would meet the design
considerations.
An alternative solution to this problem was the use of building construction overrides. The
building construction overrides are a group of construction object assemblies which when
selected are used in place of the missing model information. These assemblies and the values of
the heat transfer coefficient closely matched those used in the traditional approach. The figure
below shows how these overrides were applied.
68
Fig. 8.5 Building Construction settings

When the override boxes are checked, the software automatically goes through the model
looking for construction objects that have not been assigned any material. The analytic
construction properties will then fill these gaps. Since construction object material were not set,
the software used all the values set in the analytic construction.
8.5.0.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS BUILDING ORIENTATION
The building orientation or position with respect to the four compass directions is defined within
the working space or modeling space of the software. There are four objects in the modeling
space that appear as small circles surrounding each of the plan views of the model. These four
objects represent the four compass directions. The building was set within these four objects.
8.5.0.3CREATION OF SPACES AND ZONES WITHIN THE MODEL
SPACE CREATION
The spaces are placed within the model in two ways; manually or by letting the softwarelocate
and place spaces automatically. The manual method was used for this building. The Spaces and
Zones toolbar found in the Analyze ribbon was selected as shown in the figure below.
Fig. 8.6 Spaces and Zones

Selection of Space in the Spaces and Zones toolbar activates the place space tool giving the
user the ability to insert the spaces manually in the model. As the space tool hovers around the
plan view, it recognizes the room bounding elements and gives a preview of what the space will
look like within those elements. The space was placed and a space tag or label included
automatically for detailing purposes.
69
ZONE CREATION
Creating HVAC zones within a building allows one to control the airflow to given spaces, shut
off airflow to areas that are not occupied, or increase airflow to spaces when the space load
increases via a signal form a temperature sensor or other sensing device within the zone to a
central control panel.
8.5.0.4 GENERATION OF A SPACE PROPERTIES SCHEDULE
A schedule of the space properties was generated with the sole purpose of keeping track of all
the information concerning each of the spaces. The fields selected for this schedule were:
1. Name Designates the space name e.g. OFFICE, RESTROOM, e.t.c.
2. Number Assigns the space a number.
3. Space Type Describes how the space will be used e.g. office, restroom, e.t.c.
4. Number of people Specifies the space occupancy.
5. Construction Type Displays the construction data of the building.
6. Area The area of the occupied space.
7. Volume The volume of the occupied space.
8. Occupiable A check box used to show whether a room can be occupied or not.
9. Condition Type Displays whether the space is cooled, heated and cooled, unconditioned,
vented and naturally vented only.
The schedule was generated upon finalizing on the selected fields. The schedule created was
named Space Schedule 1 shown in Fig. 8.7.
Fig. 8.7 Space Properties Schedule

8.5.0.5MODIFICATION OF THE BUILDING/SPACE TYPE SETTINGS
Revit gives the user the option of selecting the mode of use for each space or overall building.
This was done by opening the Manage tab and choosing MEP Settings Building/Space Type
settings. A dialog box of the building/space type settings opens as shown in Fig. 8.8.
70
Fig. 8.8 Building/Space type settings

As seen in the above figure, Revit has a large variety of predefined settings for the spaces and
building types. Each space and building type has unique internal parameter values that are based
on codes and standards of practice. The parameters are as shown in the above figure, the area
per person, sensible heat gain per person, latent heat gain per person, lighting schedule, e.t.c. If
the preset values seem inaccurate, it is possible to input more-accurate design load values based
on the codes and standards of practice.
The space type settings were also accessed by selecting the space within the view or selecting
the space type in the space properties schedule. The latter was more sufficient for this case.The
following were the parameter values used for the office space.
Type of office Open plan
Area per person 7 m2.
Sensible heat gain per person 75
W.
Latent heat gain per person 55 W.
Lighting load density 20 W/m2.
Power load density 35 W/m2.
Plenum lighting contribution 20%.
Occupancy schedule Common

Office Occupancy-8AM to 6PM.
Lighting schedule 6AM to 11PM
(Default value).
Power schedule 6AM to 11PM
(Default value).
8.5.0.6MODIFICATION OF THE ZONE PROPERTIES

The zone properties that were already present have default values that must be reset. This was
achieved by selecting the zone in the plan view by clicking on the border drawn around the zone.
The properties that required modification were the following:
1.
Service type There are four main groups of systems in the software to choose from:
Constant Volume, Variable Air Volume, Hydronic and Other. These four groups have
several system variations. Knowledge on these system variations was retrieved from the
71
systems analysis and selection that was performed earlier on. The service type selected for
each zone was the Fan-Coil system.
2.
Coil Bypass Information concerning the manufacturers coil by pass factor for the unit
serving the zone is also modified. The default value, zero, was used.
3.
Cooling Information All information regarding the desired interior thermal conditions
for cooling is modified. The parameters that were set are as follows:
4.
Cooling set-point temperature

c. Humidification control No
23.89C
humidification
required.
b. Cooling air temperature 12C
Heating Information Pertains to all information regarding the desired interior thermal
conditions for heating to be modified. The parameters are similar to that of the cooling
information. It was ignored since only the cooling loads were required.
Outdoor Air Information Refers to the ventilation rate requirements as per the
ASHRAE Standard 62.1. The parameters that were modified were as follows:
a.
5.
a. Outdoor air per person 10 L/s

b. Outdoor air per area 4 L/s.m2(MODIFY THIS VALUE)
c. Air changes per hour (ACH) 2 ACH
8.5.0.7ANALYSIS USING THE SOFTWARE
The BIM software, Revit performs the loads analysis using the Radiant Time Series (RTS)
method.
RTS CALCULATION PROCEDURE
The general procedure for calculating the cooling load for each load component (lights, people,
walls, roofs, windows, appliances, etc.) with RTS is as follows:
1. Calculation of a 24-hr profile of component heat gains for the design day (for conduction,
time delay is accounted for by applying the conduction time series).
2. Splitting of heat gains into radiant and convective parts.
3. Application of appropriate radiant time series to radiant part of heat gains to account for
time delay in conversion to cooling load.
4. Summation of convective part of heat gain and delayed radiant part of heat gain to
determine cooling load for each hour for each cooling load component.
After calculation of the cooling loads for each component for each hour, the software sums those
to determine the total cooling load for each hour and selects the hour with the peak load for
design of the ventilation and air-conditioning system. The software repeats this process for
multiple design months to determine the month when the peak load occurs.
THE LOADS ANALYSIS
The completed building model then proceeds to the cooling loads analysis stage. The Heating
and Cooling loads tool was selected from the Analyze tab as shown in Fig. 8.9.
72
Fig. 8.9 Heating and Cooling Loads

This opened a dialog box for the loads as shown in Fig. 8.10.
Fig. 8.10 Generating the Cooling loads Report

On the left of the dialog box was the 3-Dimensional representation of the spaces in the building
which were highlighted in green. Within the dialog box was a list of general building parameters
to be set before carrying out the analysis. The parameters were set as follows:
Building type Office building.
Location Nairobi, Kenya (set using the Internet Mapping Site).
Ground plane Ground floor.
Project phase New construction.
Sliver space tolerance Sliver space refers to narrow areas that are bounded by parallel
interior room-bounding components. These spaces include, but are not limited to, pipe
chases, HVAC shafts, furrowed columns, and wall cavities. The tolerance value is only
accounted for if the sliver space exists. If not found within the model, the software
ignores this value. The default value of 304.8mm was set.
Building service type Fan-coil system.
Building construction This parameter was not set. This is because the settings for the
spaces were already done. Reference to these settings can be seen in Fig 3.7.
Building Infiltration Class Another factor to be accounted for is the infiltration rate of
the building. Revit accounts for this once the building infiltration class is specified. Four
choices are available for selection. They are as follows:
o Loose: 0.076 CFM/ft2 or 0.386 L/s.m2 of outside air.
o Medium: 0.038 CFM/ft2 or 0.193 L/s.m2 of outside air.
o Tight: 0.019 CFM/ft2 or 0.0965 L/s.m2 of outside air.
o None: Infiltration air excluded from the load calculation.
73
The building infiltration class chosen was Medium.
Report type Refers to the detail level of the report. Three levels are available for
selection:
o Simple, which contains summary data for systems, zones, and spaces.
o Standard, which expands the simple report to include psychrometric data as well
as building level summaries and load summary data for each space.
o Detailed, which further expands the data displayed to include the individual
components contributions to zone and space loads.
The report type chosen was Standard.
Load credits These are negative load values that come from heat entering or leaving a
space through a partition into another zone. It can be included in the calculation by
checking the box next to it or ignored. For the cooling loads analysis, the checkbox was
left unchecked i.e. it was ignored.
8.5.0.8 COOLING LOADS ANALYSIS REPORT

The cooling loads analysis report generated contained all the summary information for the zones
and spaces for the project. The information extracted from the report which was used in the
sizing of the elements was:
1. Peak cooling sensible and latent loads for each space.
2. Peak cooling air flow rate to each space.
3. Maximum cooling capacity.
All information regarding the cooling loads report can be found in Appendix B.
8.5.1 AIR TERMINALS/ SUPPLY AIR DIFFUSER SELECTION

Supply air diffusers were placed in the model by selecting the air terminal command in the
Systems ribbon as shown below.
Fig. 8.11 Systems ribbon

Before placing them directly in the model, it was first appropriate to set the values for the
pressure drop and the supply air flow rate for each diffuser. A properties message box was
available for this purpose. The supply air flow rate for the Ground floor was 1225.3 L/s. This
value was divided by the number of diffusers. The supply air flow rate for each diffuser was
245.06 L/s. The pressure drop was set at 14 Pa.
74
Fig. 8.12 Settings for the Supply air diffuser
Once this is done, the diffusers are then placed in their required positions. This is achieved by
first linking the finished cad drawing the same way as it was done during the building modeling
process and the diffusers placed according to the linked drawing. This can be seen in the
drawings appended to this report.
8.5.2 DUCT ROUTING, ACCESSORIES AND SIZING

Duct routing, or modeling of the duct work system, was done once the diffusers were placed
within the space. A prerequisite for the successful completion of the duct routing process is the
correct setting of the routing preferences. The routing preferences gives the user the freedom to
predefine the kind of fittings that will be used while manually drawing the duct work. The type
of duct material, its properties, and the specific range of sizes of the duct can also be defined.
Placement of the duct accessories
Once the duct work was in place, the duct accessories were then included in the various sections
of the duct. These were the dampers and the filters. Before doing so, the parameters for both the
accessories had to be defined. This was the pressure drop. Reference was made to the values of
the pressure drop that were determined during the sizing of the dampers and filters. Inclusion of
the accessories in the duct work was carried out thereafter.
Duct sizing
The software has an in-built duct sizing capability. Duct sizing is located on the modify/multiselect tab of the ribbon as shown below.
Fig. 8.13 Duct sizing

This button becomes active when a single duct or duct run that is part of a fully enclosed system
is selected, whose components are connected properly in regard to flow direction. The duct
sizing dialog box opens when this button is clicked.
75
Fig. 8.14 Duct sizing dialog box

The software employs the use of the known duct sizing methods i.e. equal friction, velocity
reduction, and static regain method. In order to enable comparison to be done later, the equal
friction method was selected. The value for the frictional pressure drop per metre length taken
was that used in the prior duct sizing method, 1 Pa/m.
Another requirement for the sizing process was the airflow. The value selected for the airflow
was that listed in the cooling loads analysis report for Ground floor. The air terminals hold this
data. Sizing was done for each duct.Additional details on the final detailed duct work drawing
can be seen in the appendix.
8.5.3 DUCT PRESSURE LOSS REPORT

The duct pressure loss report generated contained information on the pressure losses for the duct
work segments, the air terminals, fittings and accessories for each ventilation system that was
created. The information extracted for the design of the fan coil system was the total pressure
loss for the critical path. Detailed information on the report is seen in Appendix C.
8.5.4 FAN AND COIL EQUIPMENT SELECTION AND SIZING

For the selection of fans, one selects Systems on the menu bar, then Mechanical Equipment
as shown in Fig. 8.15.
Fig. 8.15 Mechanical Equipment

Next step is loading the family of fans present in the softwares library and selecting the
appropriate fan that will meet the demands of the system taking into account the overall pressure
drop of the longest duct run so that one doesnt oversize or undersize the fan. At the properties
table theres the option of inputting the mechanical pressure drop that matches the pressure drop
the fan selected from the manufactures catalog can handle, not forgetting the airflow for that
76
particular floor. These two values need to be accurate to ensure the schedule sheets produce the
accurate information concerning the equipment selection and sizing.
Fig. 8.16 Centrifugal fan Settings

As for the coil selection, the procedure is similar to the selection of fans, one selects Systems
on the menu bar, then Mechanical Equipment then one loads the families of the coils present in
the softwares library, then one can edit the drain flow, water pressure drop, water flow, air
pressure drop, and Air flow from the properties table. These values are edited in order to match
the values of the coil selected from the coils manufactures catalog.
Fig. 8.17 Cooling coil settings
8.6 SCHEDULING AND QUANTITY TAKE-OFFS

Creating a schedule of all the elements that make up the mechanical ventilation system was done
by first selecting the Analyze ribbon and activating the Schedule and Quantities command as
shown in Fig. 8.45.
Fig. 8.18 Schedule/Quantities

77
The steps followed in the creation of the schedule was somewhat similar to that used to create
the space properties schedule. The schedules created were for the Mechanical elements in the
model which include the following.
Ducts.
Duct fittings and Accessories.
Duct systems.
Mechanical Equipment.
The above list was used to create five separate schedules that each describe the Mechanical
ventilation system. A number of different fields were selected to be displayed on these schedules.
A section of the schedule on the ducts is as shown below.
Fig. 8.19 Duct schedule

Details on the schedules can be found in the files appended to this report.
78
CHAPTER NINE
EVALUATION AND COMPARISON
9.1 ANALYSIS OF THE TWO PROCESSES
This analysis is based on the outcome of the final heating and cooling loads analysis. In the
case of the traditional approach, all the factors that affect the load analysis were determined
and calculated manually. The sensible heat gains which comprises of the solar gain through
the building envelope, solar heat gain by direct or indirect solar radiation through windows or
other fenestration materials et cetera. Aforementioned loads are also grouped in terms of
external and internal loads, external loads being; conduction through glass, solar load through
glass et cetera and the internal loads being comprised of people, lighting, appliances and
power equipment. All these loads were calculated, and tabulated for each floor. The
calculations were done as per the month of January which according to the climatic data used
is the hottest month of the year. The calculations were also done for different times of day to
determine the hour with the highest load. These hours were from 1200hrs to 1800hrs. Once
completed, the peak cooling load for all floors was at 1800hrs and was found to be
204.122kW.
In the BIM approach, analysis was done by linking the 2D AutoCAD drawings with the
Revit software, creating a 3D virtual model from these plans then putting in place the
windows and doors that matched the ones selected during the traditional approach. Once all
this was done and the spaces to be conditioned were identified, the software did the
calculations using the Radiant time series method (RTS) which is a simplification of the heat
balance method. The results were presented as a report for each zone having its own peak
load, all this peak loads were therefore summed up and the result was found to be 98.451kW.
The difference in the peak cooling loads of the two processes is 105.671kW. This difference
is very huge, indicating the presence of errors in the traditional approach. This could later on
lead to oversizing of the equipment. The traditional approach was very cumbersome
compared to the BIM approach, and yet the results are not very accurate.
9.2 SCHEDULING AND QUANTITY TAKE OFFS

The scheduling and quantity take offs for the two design approaches can be briefly
summarized as follows:
Traditional approach A complete detailed drawing of the Mechanical ventilation
system is first analyzed visually to ensure there are no missing elements. This is
followed by manually counting and tabulating the exact number of each type of the
elements that make up the system. These elements were the ducts, fittings, accessories,
air - terminals and the mechanical equipment. Thereafter, a list of design specifications
is created.
79
Building Information Modeling approach The 3D virtual model is analyzed to ensure

there are no missing connections. After this, a schedule of all the aforementioned
elements is created based on this finished model by using the softwares built - in
capability of counting and tabulating all the elements within the model. This is made
possible by the use of a database that stores all the information concerning the project.
This is created immediately a project is initiated.
Based on the above summary, the following comparisons were made:
1. The traditional approach involves manual calculations where numbers are determined
based on what one sees with their eyes. The likelihood of error in calculation is very
much evident and unavoidable when counting is done in a hurry. The BIM approach
involves automated calculations based on a central database of information of all the
elements in the model.
2. Manually counting the elements using the drawing can lead to errors especially when
done in a hurry. The traditional approach is therefore subject to errors. On the other
hand, the margin of error when carrying out automated calculations is very small,
making the BIM approach to be somewhat free of errors.
9.3 CHANGE PROPAGATION IN THE TWO PROCESSES

Change propagation, in reference to the two processes, refers to the manner in which a
modification in an architectural design is eventually effected to other related designs such as
the structural, mechanical and electrical designs. The architectural drawing is therefore the
reference drawing. Modifications on an already completed architectural design may come
about as a result of a client who was not completely satisfied with what was decided or who
may have had a change of mind when the architectural drawings had already been passed on
to the engineers.
In the traditional process, effecting such changes will involve manually editing the designs
and in some extreme cases, carrying out the designs afresh. Change propagation in the
traditional process is done by first modifying the architectural drawings and passing them on
to the engineers, who will now do their designs based on the modified architectural drawing.
These changes are done by manually drawing lines and inserting texts for detailing purposes.
Such an approach is time consuming and cumbersome.
Propagation of changes in the BIM approach first involves modification of the 3D virtual
model. The model is usually already linked to the ones given to the engineers and effecting
these changes is carried out by reloading the modified model into the software. An example
of this is where an architect will take his/her modified model and pass it onto the engineers as
a linked file. The engineers will then do their own modifications based on this new model
once it is reloaded. The changes that they will eventually make will be very minimal and may
80
have a slight effect on their original designs. Further information on the linking process was
made available in this report.
9.4 DETAILING OF THE FINAL DESIGNS

This project gives some insight on the similarities and differences in the presentation of the
final designs between the two powerful design tools.Both AutoCAD and Revit are used to
create 2D drawings such as floor plans, elevations, details, they may be slight differences on
how theyre presented graphically but essentially the end result is the same.Refer to
Appendix A.
When it came to detailing of the AutoCAD designs, the layout was done manually by
drawing with lines and adding text which was a long and cumbersome process. Whereas in
the Revit software the details of the layout are retrieved from the plan views and placed in a
pre-constructed title block. Detailing of the dimensions in Revit was done by placing tags
with reference to the elements drawn; these tags will show all information about the
elements, e.g. dimensions and any additional details such as the flow rate. While in
AutoCAD everything the designer or engineer needs to be present on the layout will need to
draw or input in the drawing manually.
9.5 CONFLICT DETECTION

Its the process of inspecting and identifying the various interferences which usually occurs
in coordinating processes of 3D models created indifferent advanced softwares like Revit
structural & Revit MEP.3D models created in Revit MEP includes components like beams,
columns, doors windows etc. These models created in Revit may be included in BIM as such
models contains ample information along with high level of detailing which makes further
task for construction easy and smooth going.
Conflict detection idea enables inspecting and reporting of clashes/interferences in3D models
between various 3D solid objects/components. MEP Conflict detection comes into picture
when models with mechanical services like HVAC model, electrical 3D models as well as
3D plumbing models are coordinated in a single model such objects conflicting are usually
highlighted by the software for correction. Such coordinated models is called MEP model. A
typical example of conflict is that when ducts of mechanical HVAC model comes in between
the path of or crosses a steel structure as shown below.
81
Fig. 9.3: Conflict detection

Such conflicts cause severe complexities during actual installations.
Thus conflict detection helps to minimize human errors and results in high level of accuracy
of models. After conflict detection process such models are ready to go to sites for actual
installation.
9.6 VISUALIZATION OF FINAL DESIGN

Visualization is a key component in developing a clients recognition of the potential and
positive impact of a project and in many cases will make or break the engineers proposed
design. Creation of an intricate and informative 3D model of a site can be used to enhance
the design process.
The greatest benefit of BIM technology is that we get to see the building before ground is
ever broken. This is a tremendous benefit for all the project stakeholders because it can be
difficult to visualize the structure from the stack of 2D drawings but rather Revit has the
ability for the viewer to move around the building, check under the building and verify the
progress of the project (example duct installation). It also helps the stakeholder to detect
inconsistency and avoid visual incongruities in the representation. Integrated with BIM
modeling, 3D scheduling helps the owner as well as the project team to visualize time
constraints and invest in the project since the time and cost to recreate the building model in
the visualization application will be avoided.
82
Fig. 9.4: 3D virtual model
Fig. 9.5: AutoCAD drawing
Using the rendering capability of Revit, designers, architects and engineers can generate
images to communicate their design intent more clearly to clients and other members of their
design team.
On the other hand, AutoCAD often relies on envisioning the building based on orthogonal
drawings or a small scale physical model. Visualization such as these can be hampered by the
viewers ability to mentally interpret 2D drawings.
9.7 BENEFITS OF THE BIM APPROACH OVER THE TRADITIONAL

APPROACH
The benefits that were noted from comparing the two design approaches were as follows:
1. Better visualization of the final design. The 3D virtual model provides a clearer and
photorealistic view of the ventilation system before the actual construction takes
place. This can enable the engineers to make several post design adjustments which
will save on costs.
2. Highly accurate and dependable analysis process. The analysis process done to
compute and generate the cooling loads report and the duct pressure loss report was
proved to be more efficient since it saved on time that would have otherwise been
spent doing tedious manual calculations.
3. A better way of sizing the duct work. The BIM software simplified the sizing process
for the ductwork by eliminating the need to constantly refer to the frictional chart.
4. Conflict detection. The built-in operation within the software that is used to detect
early conflicts among the elements in the building, can be used as a preventive
83
measure thus saving on costs that would have been spent on dealing with these
problems.
5. Easy scheduling, quantity take-offs and preparation of the design specifications. The
aforementioned tasks that were conducted involved the automatic preparation of
simple schedules which had all the data for the system. These schedules enabled
preparation of the design specifications.
APPENDIX
Information to be included in the appendix can only be found in the hard copy format of the
report due to the difficulty to attach it in this word document.
84
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UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING

SUPERVISOR: ENG. G.O. Nyangasi

NAME:GODFREY MUHINDA BLASIO

NAME:ELIZABETH CHEROP KOSKE

NAME: FRANCIS LESINDAMU

4.3.3 FAN AND COIL SELECTION SIZING ..................................................................... 39

7.4 FINAL LIST OF DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS ................................................................. 64

1.2STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1.3OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

1.4JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT

1.5SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

Detailed architectural drawings.

American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers handbooks

Ground and mezzanine floor computed by Mr. Godfrey.

1.6LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT

2.2 BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING

3.1SELECTION OF A DETAILED AND COMPLETE ARCHITECTURAL

3.2MECHANICAL VENTILATION CODES AND STANDARDS OF

3.3 COOLING LOADS ANALYSIS

HEAT FLOW RATES

Fig. 3.1: Types of heat gain within a space

150-mm Heavyweight concrete with 25mm insulation.

U-value = 0.71 W/(m2K)

Outside surface resistance, R

25-mm insulation, R value=

Exterior doors made of steel insulated

BUILDING SIZE, DIMENSIONS, LOCATION, FENESTRATION AND ORIENTATION

Table 3.3: Building Location and Orientation

Local Weather Station: Nairobi Meteorological Station

Cooling Dry-Bulb/Mean Coincident Wet-Bulb Temp.

Mean Coincident Wet-Bulb (C)

Table 3.5: Winter Summer Design temperatures

Heating/Cooling Degree Days (C)

INDOOR DESIGN CONDITIONS

Default Assumption. This was guided by the

Cooling: 1% design Dry-Bulb temperature

3.3.2INTRODUCTION TO COOLING LOADS CALCULATION

3.3.3EXTERNAL LOAD CALCULATIONS

Indoor design conditions: 23.89C, 50% Relative Humidity.

Outdoor design conditions: 28.11C, 70% Relative Humidity.

Heavyweight concrete wall + (finish)

Code Numbers of Layers

100-mm concrete +25-mm or

A0, A1, C5, B2/B3, E1,E0

A0, A1, B6, C5, E1, E0

A0, A1, C10, E1, E0

200-mm concrete + 25-mm or

A0, A1, C10, B5/B6, E1,

50-mm insulation + 200-mm

A0, A1, B3, C10, E1, E0

A0, A1, C11, E1, E0

A0, A1, C5, E1, E0

Where, LM is the latitude-month correction.

Table 3.10: CLTD correction values for Latitude and Month.

Table 3.11: Loads due to external walls

379.57 379.57 379.57 379.57 379.57 446.03 578.96

Table 3.13 : Loads due to Fenestration areas

Cooling load due to heat gains from Partitions and Floors

Cooling load due to heat gains from Ventilation and Infiltration

Where, Q is the air flow rate, m /s.

Double hung, weather-stripped

Single door, weather-stripped