Counterexamples in Topology lynn A. Steen 4. Arthur Seebach, Jr. Saint Olaf College\Conyight © 1970 by Hot, Rinehart and Winston, fe: Al righte served ‘brary of Congres Catalog Card Number: 77-1844 si: o3-o7eees AMS 1968 Subjet Cleans $20 ‘Printed inte United Sats of Amere 0123 22 12s4ee789 Preface ‘The creative proces of mathematics, both historically and individual, may be described as » counterpent between theorems and examples, AT ‘ough it would be hazardous to claim that the eration of ieneces example is less demanding than the developrnent of thar, we ave de, covered that focusing on examples ita paticulriy expeditions moans of Snvolving udergradunte mathematics students in aetual rere, Not oly tre examples more coocrete than theerems~and thus more seceable tet they cut aero individual Uhoorea and make it both appropriate and noc sary for the student to explore the entire iterate in Jouraals he well co text, Indeed, much ofthe content of this book wa int olin by aden, radunto rescarch tens working with the authors at Sait Ola Callegs luring the summers of 1967 and 188, In comping and editing material for ths bok, both the authors and ‘thir undergradunteusstanta realized «subntanilieeemest i tol calito direct result of chasing through details of each example, We ope ou readers will havea similar experience Bach ofthe 43 enasopen a this book provides innumerable eoneree illustrations of dentin, these ‘ems nd general methods of prot. Thetis no beter way, for fastener lear what the deiniion of metaccmpactaeu really means tha ory to Drove that Niemytahi’s tangent die topology is not metacsmpac, ‘The search for counterexamples i a ively and creative ativity as ‘ne ound in mathematies rscarch, Topolony particlasy is elre with unreported oF unsolved probleme (do you know an etanple of Housdor! topological space which ix wparuble sd locally compact, bot ‘ot e-compact?), and the process of inoifying old examples or creating ‘ew ones requires a wild ad uninhibited geomet nagintion. Par fom ‘roviding all relevant examples, this book proves a context ia which to‘uk now questions ad seck new answers. We hope that eich reer will slate (and nt just vicasionaly) inthe exitemeat of the bout Courage Fopdgy was ily dein, tex, ‘a espana andres wrk whe ech ‘nets of eral aol ala for tn tecion gat ‘os sil wan th i an operant ga ee oe "sed itn thi mane uploment {0 ana textbook a fain tabs ete ‘oer ag hovers, tw rater font cinta der wih thie nosey sould mt apppraly be tal we tone 4 tly cane: An rr wh eno deen sa ge cla tre nay al tnd the ict psi veh ‘xomsk pomp mil ase of deans pe She ther han Comrranpls x Toptay may rode ibe on A counterexample in ite most restietad sense, i an example which die rvs frou conjecture. We choca to nterposthe won mre Noa fart sige ll exampe of genrltpolgy, cil ene fy stodeaty standin contrast to the enum of the neal line, Soa wo neesary to distinguish defini nd for aus al eee ‘opty emul exanpi evn yee mee opie Ghar iat wl knows fo eters may be innnwn ts ene ‘ih regret the prob eau of ea dng See sharers, wo define al properties for all tpoloial space, and sot hoe (ten we give nly bri uno hin of proc histo bat Pe kite teadersaaainst inferring that we believe the moult wove Rather is most casey, we believe the result to be» nerthebe coe, syiah cual be doce, sing the bin, ina reasonable peril of tine Some ofthe nur diel step ace discus inthe Neuve ead of te eae ‘The esanples are ante very ouhly by thi appropiatenen take ‘ents ot forth the fis section, This ia very see nde whos uly clible cosequence is that the numerical order Is no cveeation| with the difealty of the example, To akan ingtractor in reammening sxanples for stady, ne submit the falling informal election bp sophistication Blomentary: 1-25, 27-28, 20-34, 88, 40-47, 49-60, £2-88, 0264, 75-14, 1, 80-89, 97,104, 106, 115-124, 139-185, 17, 130-140. Intermediate: 2%, 20, 85-97, 88,48, $1, 66-72, 75-80, 82-85, 0-1, ‘58-96, 98-103, 106-108, 113-114, 124, 126-127, 180, 18, 138, 141. Advanecd: 60-61, 92, 108, 116 112,125, 128-120, 18, 142, 4. ‘The discussion ofeach examples geared toits general level: whats proved ‘in detain an elementary example may'be aid without comment i more advanced example Invmany ways the most useful pact ofthis book fr reference may be the ‘ppendizes. We have gatherad therein tabular fom a compote petite bf the most signifleant counterexamples, so person who is vaeling for Musdorfnonregular spaces ean easly diver a few. Notes ae provide which in addition to serving asa guide tothe Bibliography, provide added dtl for many result asumed in the fit two setons A sllestion sf problems elated to the examples should rave most helpful i the bok i ‘wed as text. Many ofthe problems ak fr justification af entre fn the ‘asous tables where thas entresarenotexpiitlydseusd inthe example Many eay problems of the form "justify dhe assertion that» "have ok ‘boast ince Use can seal be invented by the instructor aconding Whis own taste, In most stares, the index inches only the intl (ordening we of ‘term. For obvious resons, no attempt has Been made to ince Se the index all oceurreces of property throughout the book. But the Genera Reference Chart (pp. 170-179) provides a complete erose tabulation of ‘examples with properties and should faiitate the quick oetion of exae Dies af any specific type. Tho chart wax prepared by an IBME 1190 using ‘rogram which enables the computer to derive, fom the theorems dr cused in Part 1, the properties for eash example which follow logally from tho diseussed ia Part Hl "Examples are numbered consocutively and refered to by thee numba imallebarts In those few cas where a isor but inelegen meiiction of ‘an example fs nec to produre the desired caneatention of properticn, ve use vdesinal to indicate e parewar point niin an exampla, 23.17 mesos the 17th point in Exazple 3,‘Tho research for this book was begun inthe summer of 1967 by an under fxduate research group working with the authors under a grant the ‘National Senco Foundation. Thi work was continued by the authors with support from a grant by the Rescarch Corporation, and ape in te sumer of 1968 with the asstance ofan N.S. sponspre undergrad ante ‘scar group. The students who pariipated in the undergradate re search groups were John Feoe, Gary Groenhagt, Thomas Laer, Mary ‘Maloln, Susan Martane, Liuda New, Neil Omvedt, Karen Sos sat Gail Tverberg, We acknowledge dh thery mas a otold contention ot only di they explore and develop many examples, but they proved by their own example the efeay of examples fr the undergraduate stay of topology. Fall, we thank Rebsccs Langhue who with precision, forbearance ‘failing good humor tspad intro years three emnpete prsininare eh ‘ons a thie mane North, Minnesota Lyn A. Steen Jenvary 1970 4. Arthur Sob, Contents Prefe Port | BASIC DEFINITIONS 1. General Introduction § iit Points 8 Costes and Interiors 6 Countabilty Property 7 Punetions 7 Fite 9 2, Separation Axioms 11 Regular and Normal Spaces 12 Completely Hausdorff Speces | 18 Completely Regular Spaces 13 Functions, Product, and Subepaces 4 Additional Separation Properiea 16 3. Compactness 18 Global Compactees Propertien 18 Localized Compactnes Properties 20 Gountability Axioms and Separablity 21 Parwcompsctacse 2 Compactnes Properties and Ty Axioms 24 Invariance Properties 26 4, Connectedness 25 Punctions and Products 31 Disconnectedness 21 iconnectedoes and Contin 38Pert tt Metric Spaces 34 Complete Metric Spaces 36 Metrzability 37 Unions 37 ‘Metric Uniforms 38, ‘COUNTEREXAMPLES Fite Discrete Topology 41 Countable Disrete Topology 41 Uncountable Diseroto Topology. 41 Indiserote Topology 42 Partition Topology Od-ven Topology 48 Deleted Tateger Topology 43 Finite Particular Point Topology 4 Countable Parteuse Point Topolory 44 UUnoountable Parelar Point Topoldgy 4 Sierpinski Space 44 Closed Extetton Topology Finite Excluded Point Topology 47 Countable Exsluded Point Topology 47 Uncoustable Fxcluded Point Topology 47 Open Extension Topology 47 Elther-Or Topology 48 Fite Complement Topology on a Countable Space 49 Finite Complement Topology on an Uncountable Space 40 Countable Complement Topology 50 Double Pointed Countable Complement Topology 50 Compact Complement Topology Countable Fore Space 2 Uncountable Fore Space 52 Fortissimo Space. 53 Arens-Fort Space 4 Modified Fort Space 55, Euclidean Topology. $6 The Cantor Set 57 ‘The Rational Numbers 50 ‘The Irrational Numbers 59 Special Subsets af the Real Linco Specil Subsets of the Plane BL Ove Point Compactifestion Topology 68 3. Py Sseeseeeee sa2aRe g2 Ove Point Compactieation ofthe Rationale 68 Hilbert Space 61 Fréchet Space 64 bert Cube. 68, Onder Topology 68 Open Ordinal Space (0) (P <9) 68 - Closed Onna Space (0,7) (P< 0) 8 Open Ordinal Space 10) 68 Cosa Ordinl Space 0) 68 Uncountable Discrete Onlinal Spice 70 ‘The Long Tine 71 ‘The Extended Long Line 71 An Altered Lang Line 72 Lexicographie Ordering on the Unit Square. 72 Right Onler Topology 74 ight Onder Topology on 7 ‘ight Hal-Open Interval Popelogy 75 Nest Interval Topology 76 Overspping Interval Topology 77 oterlocking Interval Topology. 7 jalmar Hl Topology 78 Prime Ideal Topology 79 Divisor Topology 70 venly Spc Tnueger Topology 80 rhe pric Topology on 2” 8 Redatvely Prime Tntegee Topology 82 Prine Integer Topology. 82 Double Pointed Reals” 84 Countable Complement Extension Topology ‘Smiroov's Deleta Sequence Topology 86 Rational Sequence Topology 37 Indiserete Rational Extension of R88 Taserete Irrational Extension of 88 Pointed Rational Betenion of 88 Pointed Ieratinal Extension of B88 Discrete Rational Extanion of B90 Diserete Iratonal Extension of B90 Rational Extension i the Plane 02 Telophase Topology 22 Double Oxgin Topctogy 92 Irrational Stope Fopligy Deleted Diameter Topology 4 coments xi Coutente Deleted Rave Topology 94 Hale-Die Topology 9% Irregular Lattice Topology 87 ‘Aron Square 98 Simplified Arens Square 100 [Niemytsk's Tangest Dise Toplogy 100 “Metrinable Tangent Dise Topology 13 Sorgeney’s Hall-Open Square Topolory 103, Michael's Product Topology 105, ‘Tychonoft Plank 108 Daletad Tychonol! Plank 106 Alorandraff Plank 107 Dieudonne Piank 108 ‘Tychonoff Corlaerew 100 Deleted Tychoso Corksrew 109 Howit’s Condensed Cortacrew 111 ‘Thomas’ Pick 118 ‘Thomas’ Corksrow 113 Weak Parallel Line Topology 114 Strong Parle Line Topology 114 CConeentrie Cirle 116 Appert Space 117 ‘Maximal Compact Topology 118 ‘Minimal Haudor! Topology 119 101, Alerandrof! Square 120 1a, 2 12) 1M. Uncountable Products of 2+ 123 10K. Baire Prout Metric on f+ 124 1057" 15 506.0.) F128 107. Helly Space 127 108. Clot] 128 100. Boolean Product Topology on Re 128, 10, StoneCach Commpactication 120 SESSRESSESERSSRERRE SSSR 5 113. Ste-Cech Compastfeation of tho Integers 182 112. Novak Space 134 13, Strong Ultetiter Topology 385 14, Single Uitrafter Topology 136 11, Nettd Rectangles 157 16, Topoogist’s Sine Curve 157 117. Closed Topolgit's Sine Curve 137 118. Extended Topologst's Sine Curve 157 Contents xiii 119, The Infiite Broom 130 120, ‘The Clee Inite Broom 150 12. The Integer Broom 140 122, Nested Angles 140 125, Custis Sequence Space M42 Roy's Lattice Space 143 128, Cantor Leaky Teat 15 129. Cantor's Teopoe 145 190, A Peoudo-Are M47 1B1, Millers Bicoonsstad Set 148 182, Whee without Ie Hub 130 133. Tangora’s Connected Space 150 124, Bounded Metrics 151 125, Sherpina’s Metric Spare 182 136. Duncan's Space 158 137, Cathy Completion 154 188. Hausdrl's Mets Topology 154 188. The Post Office Metric 155, 10. The Radial Metre 155 ‘Radial interval Topology 156 Bing’s Discrete Extension Space Michael's Closed Subspace "1857 Port tt APPENDICES Special Reference Charts 161 Separation Axiom Chart 163 (Compactocss Chart 164 Pracompuctnes Chart 198 Connectadnese Chart 167 Disconnoetadnens Chart 168 Metriaabiity Chart 100 General Reference Chart 171 Problems 181 Notes 180 Bibliography 202 Index 206PART | Basic DefinitionsSECTION 1 General Introduction A topological space is pair (Xr) consisting of set X and a colle: ‘ion y of subsets of x, called open sets, sting the ollowing nannes x: ‘The union of open eos i an open et, Or: ‘The finite intersetion of open sla an open set ©: _X and the empty set are open sete ‘The collection +i called 8 topology for X. The topological space (Ky) i ‘orveimes refered to a8 the space X wien its dear hich tale and » are topologies fora sot X, isd to be coarse (or weaker ‘rsmaller) than rif every open set ofr isan open set ef roe cad tobe finer (or stronger or largee) than, and the relatouthiy in crprecnd sor S re Of courae as st of sel 4G Ota sat, the comet toe {gy the indisereta topology (Example 4), and the fest topelery eho ierte topology (Example 1). The ordering < is ony a partal denn, since two topologies may not be comparable (Etamsle 88, In a topological space (Xx), we define a subset of ¥ to be closed it te femplement isan openset of“, thats ts complement sun eeereet ‘The De Morgan laws imply that closed sets, bing eomplemette af once sets, have the following properties. Gis The intersection of cloned sts i closed set Ge: ‘The finite union of closed sts ia close st Ca: X andl the empty set are both cleed 11 is posible that «subset be both open and cloned (Example 1), o that subst be neither open nor closed (Hramples 4d 8), ‘Au Fest ns et which can be wrtte asthe union of countable clelection of closed ate; a Grset ix «st which ea be writen as the inter secti of «countable collection of ypen seis The complement of every Feat is aGrset and conversely. Since single sets, val, m ootable cellction of ets laced sete are Fact, tit not conversely (Example 19). Furthermore, else sets need not beats (Example 19), By complemen {ation snalogous statements hold eonseraing open Sete Ciosly related to the conept ofan open sti that o «neighborhood. Is spice (Xp), neighborhood N of eet A, where A may bea et eon ‘Ssingof single point, any subset of X which contane an open st con taining A. Some authors quite that Nq ial be ope; we ell such ste ‘open neighborhoods.) A at whichis neighborhood f each of i points Ji open singe i ean be expres a Uh unin of opon ses otaiing cach oF ts poi Any collection of subsets of X may be us usa subbass (or subbase) fo generate a topology for X. This is dove by taking as epen ste of» al ‘ats which can be farmed by the won of nite Sere of sets in 8, together with @ and X-If the unio of subsets ina subs the set X ‘and ifesch point contained inthe iteration af to sbbass eames i als contsined in a subbase element contained in the interetion, § 8 called bass (or base) for. Ta tise, the ollection feasts which can le writen asa union of lente of 5. Finite intersetins eed ot be ince each fit intersection already union of leant of 8. 1 wo bases (or subbases) generate Ue same tpl they at said to be ‘equivalent (Bxample 28) 4 loal basis atthe int 2 © X is eoletios ‘ng. contain sme act inthe cllecion, Given a topological space (X;1), topology er ean be defined for any subset of X by taking ax open sca in ry every st which fe hefner ion of ¥ and an open set in. 'The pair (Yin) i called a subspace of (ip), nd ry i aed the induced (or relative, or subspace) topology for ¥.Aset U CY is sid to have a patieular property relative to (such a8 open relative to Y) if U has the property inthe sbspace (Vy) ‘A set Tis aid to have a property which has been defined only for top Togial spaces if thas the property whes considered ase sahapuce 1 for ‘particular property, every subspace has the property whenever space ‘oes, the property i said to be hereditary. Uf every ead subnet when incest a a subpar Ins a property whevever the spare hs that rupert, that property is said to be weakly hereditary. nportant example of weakly hereditary property is compactness 2 space pad be compact if fm every open cover, ths cllectho of open sets hse union cotaing 1, one eat select Hite subvoletion whove union abo contains X. Every claed boc Vol w General Tatoduetion ‘compact space is compact, ince if (0.} isan open cover for ¥, (0a) U (— ¥) ian open ewer for X. From [0,} U(X ~ Y), one ean ehvose ‘finite subellrton covering X, and from this one ea ehowse an appr. tate cover for Y containing only elementa of (Ol simply by amiting X= ¥, Acompuct set of campactepace new not be clase (Eaamplas 418) Lame Ponts A pint pin tiie point of «sot 4 it every open et containing p cone ‘wins atleast one point of ditinet fromm p. (I the pint of 4 i no nes ‘air to be distinet fram p, yi alled an adherent point) Pasielar ido i ‘ue weaccumulation points, for which every open in» ans contain italy many points of 4, and condena- ton points, for which every open st containing p mist Contain ancount bly many prints ofA. Bsamples 8 and 82 distinguish these deinions, ‘The concept of limit point may’ abo be defined for sequences of rot recesarilyditnet pints. 4 point p is sid to be a Hit poine of 2 ‘sequence |2.}, =I, 2, 3, . if every ope eet containing p eoaine all but fivitely inn terms of the quence, The sequence is then said to converge tthe put pA weaker eamditon on p i Chat every open set contang p contains infinitely means teas of the sequence, In this easy p is called an accumulation point of the sequence. Its posible that Sequence fs wicountably’ many Fmt points (Example 4), Both iit vind av aecunation pint dst i wt it pine (Example 3), ‘orusinle accion point that ta it point (Example 2). Since sequence may be thought of special pe of erdored et, ech sequence has axsicnted with i bal way the Set eonseing ef ts ements, On the other hud, every countably Inne et has asa with it mony euenees whase cei are pits of the set. There i ie ration between Une init pints of sequence sad the finit points ofits ssworated et. A pint nay be a init point of x sequence, bt ony at suereot punt of the asexiated set (Example 1, Ifthe points of the sequenve are distivet any areumutation point and therefore any nit Din) of the sequence i ax areumtion pint of the associated nel. wlth point of countably nite sti alk an Pint (batt necessity Git pit) of any sequen ing to theset, Nat tan supine nay be Hit point ntsbly init st, bt a erresponding wuence may hae mo Tint areas pint (Esa 8) fis subnet nf topo spe, the derived set ofthe set i ‘the cieton of al init pots uf Cenerally: this ches some pit(of and some points ofits complement, Any pint of A notin dhe derived set is called an isolated pote since it must be conta tut open ot containing no other point ef A. If A contains no iat point ey ald dense-inciself. If in nition A else, io aid to be perfect. A lose set A contains all ofits lint points since for every 2 © (XA), X= A isan open set containing. and no points ofA. Alo, ace containing it limit points is closed since X'— contains a neighbor ofeach of Doints, 0 is open. Therefor we see that st is perfect if and only i ‘equal ta deived st Cuosunss Ano Larentons ‘The closure ofa st A is the st together with its linit points, denoted by d (or 4°). Sinee a st which contains it init pints i eos, the closure of asl may be defied equivalently asthe eval clea set one {wining A. Allowing tobe pits entccumulation punts er condenea, tion puts would permit A, the clnure uf A, not tobe dows (Example 200), which ie clearly undesirable. Analogouiy, we dein the interior of ‘set 4, denoted by A tobe the largest open st containa in Avo ee lent the union ofall open stain. Clearly the interior of Ale tho complement ofthe elasure of the comlemont of 4 There ar at most fourteen dieoutyete that ea be formed from given Std by suecesiv applications ofthe closure and complement operons Ituoed, these two operations generate x seigroup with fourtacs membern ‘These sets are intricately related by inclusion and there kan esa of ‘et A for which all fourten sets ar dstines (Example 32.9). An open set for whiah A = A~ is callod regular open, and a clad set for which A = Aig called regular closed. ‘The usiow ofthe closures of Titty many sets alway equals the clsure oftheir union; for infinite elletone it need only be contained ia te closure ofthe union (Example 30) Siilarly, the intereetion of the Sn terioos always contains the interior of the intrsction, though they are sual only for fite intersections (Exanipe 24). The interaction of finitely many regular open set ie regular open andthe union of Suita ‘many regular clove set is regular elev, but dhe intersection ui regular ‘lose ets need not be regular closed (Example 326), and by complemen {ation the union of regular ope sets wed not be regular ope ‘The set of al points which are in the closure of but not he inter of A is the boundary (or frontier) of denoted by 4 i la egal We AOE ~ Ady since dh mds ACN ASA se lose if and only ft contains its buscar, adi op if and only in sisjoint fom ita boundary. Therefore met both open a loa fad only fits boundary is empty. A boundary is always sled since iis the General Introietion 7 intarsetion of two closed ses. The boundary ofthe boundary af «set, 8, ‘ead not equal 4%, although A is alvays contained in A* ramp ‘The exterior A’ ofa set A isthe complement of the dowure of A, or ‘uivalenty, the intrioe of the complement of 4. In general, Ais com, {ained in A", but they need not be equal (Exainple St). The exterio of the union of Ste i ays contained fn the intenection of the extering tnd similarly, the exterior ofthe intersetion le contained in tho nies of the exteriors; equality holds only fr tne unions and intercon two sets A and J have the property that A \B = AB =, they ae called separated. A st A ina topologial opace X ie connected aot be written as the union of two separate set Counramisry Prorexmss ‘A cet is mid to be dense in a space X if every point of X i 8 point or limit point of A that is, X= A.A subset A of weaid ve nowhere dense in Xi no nonempty open set of Xe contained int be other words, the iatrior ofthe elatre of» nowhere danse et is empy- h sts sid to be of frat category (or meager) in if itis the union of countable collection of nowhere dense subsets of X. Any othr set isi to hoof second category, ‘A spuce is mid wo be separable if thas countable dense subset. T is ‘ail to be second countable (or completely separable, or perfect separable) if it has countable basis. A spc is fst countable fat ath punt» of the space, there i «countable local basis, bat iy t counts abl clleton of open neighborhoods of p such that ecch ope so cons {sining contains a member of she cllection. Every sasond eountablespace is both first countable and sepamble. The first countabiity i bvinas hile the separability follows from the bcevation that the union of exc Pont from eich basis element ferns countable dense subset A seperate, pace need nt be even rst countable (Example 19) ‘The property of bing first countable and the property of being second ‘countable are both hereditary, but the property of being separable fr not ven weakly hereditary (Example 10). A subapuce A of a fint countable space first countabe sine the intrscton of A with the countoble oe ‘asi for the space provides a countable local basa fr A sulaly, every subspace of second countable spce is second countable, Puxcrione ‘unetious on spaces are important tol for studying propertie of spaces ud for constructing ne space rm previously existing one, A unetion f from space (Xr) to apace (Ye) said Wo be continwous if the sere Image of every open st is open” This equivalent to requciag th teewe nag oslo sts be hed, tat for cchsubct f X, AA) CHA). Another equivalent condition is that for euch » ie X and each teighibrhood Wo f), there oie 2 teghbrhnal of sae eh fa CN. at coeitin fl at etter ae thee ‘said io be continuous a the point ‘The ompositon g © fi annus Whenever: X-— Yang: ¥ ag sx bth sone then nage dey ay en at ‘ope at in, ad he inven age ft pest eer an open set in. X. me an ‘Met en (9) 0) nad ob ope i hinge nde ot ‘ach open set oper, ad else he iage ser} afcron heed ‘lee: For biti (irae sl on fneiaos Bacal ‘oe an hic ecg ge i bot oivalnt (Example 3) 1s mot dia tose that Fon se Sigtive function an nl ifn continwos ecto fe A bese fiction fom iva homeomeaghene eg p< sue unin, or eave, if bath rons ed ne 4A) =) tr AX and at then topaopieay ure omeomorphic. Sac space are idstspuchale eae ca i of view. I pombe though, tt two spac ferned by eta Leper and"to set ny bob once tang 3 ot etal nar evn compan (Enample 88) Wh ae poe atten dw VC XM CF where Xau'Foclmtonae hk, may be tpolgealy civ ar cuayus but ae a atte of Xan ¥ thre be homers ¥ ed Pao nto sample 32.) A mort i sil to be s topologial invariant (or topological Property) if whetncr ove spe poster pes ajo ee a wsonrphis tot alo pment ne poery Sinan, cree tala continuous open, or closed invariant if ny etnnes reectively open clase) nage ofa apace onc he eat essen he property Bath paral ad compaction as ontey Savers, {oy sell the Tycho tipobgy and ea subtacts a images inder projections of epost of the Ky that of he form au (0). I flo nseliatly fom hie doce ‘ubbnic thet 22 IX. iscoutiniewsilf On inemntinuas ton cote is) is topsogial pace, Yast, and f'N— Pa faction, thon Geral ntotuetion 9 ihn a finest topology ofr ¥ slative to which fi continuous. We may evr » explicitly by noting that VC 1 ie an element of open Y) i FAV) is in v. This topology, whieh depends on J: ¥—> Yrand ye «all the Kdentification topology on ¥ with respect tj and (7) Now if isan equivalence relation on X, fp: X— X/R isthe tual projection ‘uetion which maps each € 2 to ite equivalence elas (ein 71a if i the dentfeation topology on X/2 with respect to p then (X70) fs alld the quotient space of (X.) by the relation A An important spevil cas arses whenever | isa subspace of X- One may then define an ssuivalenee elation Aon X by declaring 2~ y if = y ort and y are uth An this case X/2is usally writen X/- and is called the gua tet of 1 CX) and (Ye) ste tw tapalogieal paces, the topological sum (ap) of ane Ys deine by taking forthe st the dsjont dion ofthe sets X and T, that i the union of and ¥ where X and Y aze dvread tw have a eumnon elanents, The topology » is defined as the topology” feneted by the union of + aad ¢ ehurateried by being the fuse fopology on Z in which the inelusion funetions fram (Xp) and (ye) are catia, Promens A filter on a vet X is. collection F of subsets of X with the following properties Tas very subset of X which contains ate of P belongs oP. _ Rvery nite intersection of sets of F bongs to Fi: The empty ati olin ‘The set with the iter? scaled ase tered by For just a tered set IF isa nonempty set of sulnats of X which does not eontain 2, then the election af all subset of which contain sume mentber of dhs & ‘ie if nd only ifthe tergetion af nto etn contain sein Sucha set @ ical x base ofthe filter and P incall the fer generat by th. Equivalently, a subset of tee # i @ base of Fil and only every at of F contains a tof @. Te filter bases ae sald tobe equivalent if dey geerate the ame iter. Coalitions Fy nd Fpl tthe fly of sot wtinsis the finite intersection property, thats thatthe inter section fan tite mamber of sets he family i ont, Converse any Til sets stitng the Tite intemetion property ot ubbase far filter sine the fails together with the faite Intersections oft rmanbers filter ase FP ae vite othe sana et 3, Pb st be ine than10 Basic Definitions, (or Pin comrser than F') i F CA". I aan PF, than fs sad to be strictly finer than , or F strictly coarser thaa P,"Two fle are said to ‘be comparable if one is finer than the other. A fier P” with base ‘ner than a ter F with x base and only if every set of eontaing ebot a If filer F on X has the proporty that there is no filter on X which ie stecty finer than P,P is aled an ulerater on X. Equivalently F og ‘lteter if and ony if for evry two disjoint wubvctet aod Bey X cach that AUB EF, then either AEF of B CP. Thos if Fis an uray and B C X then either/or X— Bis in, Furthermore fF and eke, tinct, there exits a st A such that AE P and A Py but then Ken EF owe have A EP and XA 1 point zn al the cso filter we elit a cluster pont; ceasly ‘an ltraiter can have at mest one cluster poi. An utrafter with lusts oint piajust the st ofall sta containing that point and called fined or principal ultaflter;an ulteaiter with no caster point i alld free, ‘or nonprineipal 1 X isa topological spice, the set of al neighborhoods ofan arbitrary nonempty subset A of X sealed the neighborhood Slter of 4 Lat F ‘bey filter on X. A point x © Xie eaid to bes limit pote af Fi Sine than the neighborhood filtar WV of 2; Fis alg aid to converge tos ‘The print is aid tobe a Hit ofa filter base @ on X. al @ ead to ‘converte to, ithe ter whose bac ie converte to =, Equivalents Siler base on topological space ¥ is wad to converge to and oul it ‘every neighborhood of x contains ast of SECTION 2 Separation Axioms Its often desirable for «topalogat to be able ta asin to stot objects ‘topology about which he knows great dal advance. This ean be done by stipulating that the topology mist easly sions in adlton to thse ‘generally required of topological paces One sch colton of conditions k given by means of axioms elle 7, lor epacaton axioms. The stipulate te degree to which distinct points ot closed sets may be separated by open sets. Lat (Xr) be «topological Traviom: Ifa € X, ther existe an open set 0 € y such thet either 2€Oandb 4 0,08 © Oand « dO. ‘Trasiom: Th ab © X, there exist pan sets Oy 0, © + containing a and brespoetively, such Ut bd Oc and « ¢ On ‘Teaxiam: If ab € X, there east disjoint open sets 0, and O, cone taining aad espectively "Tyaom: TEA isa closed set and bs & point not in A, there et isjoint open sets0, ard containing 4 and b respectively. ‘Teasiom: If a and B are dseint closad set in X, there est di joint open sets Oy snd On containing 4 and B respectively. ‘Teaxiom: IFA and areseparated seta, there exist dsjin ope sets 04 and Os containing A and respectively. 1 (Xp) sates 2, axiom, X ised &T space. ATs space ia sone= times called 4 Kolmogorov space and, space, Fréchet space, We il conform to common practice aud eal ay space a Hausdorf! space, Itfollows fom the“ asioms tht spaces are charmeterzed by the fact ‘hat no to punts ean be init points ofeach other. inlay, T, ypaces are characterized by points being loa, ate Ts spaces by poiats ing the a[erection of thes closed neighborhoeds spss may be characteriza Sither by the fact thatch open se contains a eed eghborhonl aera ‘achof ite pots, or by the property tha each clared et the nese, of ta elosedneighborhouds. A space is Ts iff every open set O canes Sls eighborbucd ofeach clad ge contained in 0 es Trill ery ‘Rparation aslom (Example 82) and Ty spaces which do not ately Separation axiom but the, axiom (Ean 1); similarly thee ore rice, which alto be oT, xan 75) Further, neta ee ‘Ti,gziom nor the T, axon implies any of the other separation reve (Gxamples 004 ane 218) in compact spacos Ts implis T, but nat Ts (Example 86) The Tenet tls however imply T. though itis independent of the ater sears Rectan aw Noweat Seaces More insportant than the separation axons themselves is tho fact dat they can be employed to define succexively stronger propertce Ta wat iis Ts, while a space that is path Ts and 7; must be Ts. The former spaces are ealal raul aa he Tater soem Specialy «space X is sid to be regula if and only if tis both ats nla Ts sce tobe normal fan only itis bath yaad as pec ‘ane Completely normal if and only if is both aT and a Ts ee ‘Thus, we have the following sequence of inpltations: Completely normal = Normal =» Regular => Hauler =, =, Examples 86, 9,75, 8, aol show that the implications are not revere {be A Tespace (or Ts space) must be Ty seein onder ta muarates ee Kia 1s space for thero are Te guces (and T, space) wiih ave Ty ot Yel fall to be 7, (Example 55). ‘Tho ws of the tems “regula” and “normal” is wot wifm throughout {he Ierature, While some authors use thes terme latrchangesi vig "space" and pctively, thers refer tn air Te apse “rezlae” space and vice vena, aud sinilsely pernate "Ty spece” nay Separation Axioms 13 orm.” Thisaliows the suecenively stronger properties to corespond to ineeasing Ts axioms, We prefer, however, to allne tT, spac to ee pane satbfyng the corespondngT; asin, and conten ourselves wth Ieaog "successively stronger properties with unique tem logy Couruerayy Havsvour” Sevces Wo will no introduse two variations ofthe separation properties: The fant involves the use of led neighboebouds in pace of open ses In acianes ‘Ty and Ty Since in worma! paces every open set 0 contains alsa aighborhood of cach else set contained in OX ba normal space aed fA tnd nee isin clas oubsets, there exis open sete Oa and Ox containing t and By sespetivaly, uch that 0.) On = 3, So the use of los neighborbce, in pace of open sets in the definition ofa normal space sills the save ‘as of pact, Similarly, if X ism regula space, A isa closed subeot, ad b ie point ‘oti the there ae open sels Oy and Oy containing tad especie ach thot 04. Oy = £5, However, there are Hausa spaces wich hare two points which do not have disjoint clos neighborhoods (Exaunple 7), "Thus, we present the following pew asioms Ty asi 1 a and b ae two pints of topologies! space X, there ‘exist open 30, and Ox containing o and by respectively, such that 0,0 0, = ful wo be regular (Example 78), the completely Hauadort property is Intermediate in strength between the properties Tlausdor and regal Coupurrevy Reowian Sraces ‘The tecond variation of the separation asians concerns the exstonce of «tain continuous, rx-valud fuetine, A Urysohin function for and 4B, dvvine subwetsof apace, ia continuous fanetion f- X-eof0i seek that fle = Osnd fir = 1 ‘Crouhn' feoos emna eserts that fA end are dijiutelosod ube ets ofa Ts spe, thee ext a Ushi function fo A and, Comvarci if there iva Unga fetion for any to daft elo ats Aaa B 8aysce X, Oe X i, space, Dut te existence of such funtion doe ‘ej Eusanic that X is Ty space and thus «normal space (Seer fier, the statement fr repunespces analogous us Unga ae, 5s fle (Example), so we give the flowing new separation vo ‘Tw axiom: 164 is load subset ofa space X and bisa point rot in A, there is 8 Uryeohn funtion for A sad Ay, Tye is 4 Ts spe, though vt seer & Ty apace CRasrile 3) unless aloo Ts space, Such a pace, which w Cote, a lb salad completely regular, ce Tychonal "Thea ey Peely Teulr spaces are regula, Hauslo, and thesiow Tr See Peto flowed in normal spaces, i follows from Uryuohas kone icy wire pte sre completely regis. Thre ae, however, regan ge sic alt be completely regular (Example 9) and carpal ee paces which fail to be normal (Example $2) ai pauth normal spaces are Ty, Ts spaces nex not be (Esaunple £6) rer ati Ts abaee i also Ty, even though pourbly not norsal noe spans ile Ta fr ithe point p isda rom the cand st A inn ‘Rave thon there is an open neighborhood of aust tne te neten, regularSECTION 3 Compactness cuanen atenscertin eparton ain ony if the opclogycontiag Cimento provide dinint neihbrhnads or cestac ati Gronat Couracrans Proteases ine ace is compact if every open ant contin fe cramyisalvalnty, 2 capt if stats De Bate cee camenattats every fans af eed niecte owe nie empty. ‘any of eae lant whos etesection ir ennty For bid Se coer gal Si tah at Ae mtn fy eh hile subcover {X — dale , thee iy an pot V such that A CVC CU. Alm, dhe, cmpsot sett in Haas. ont space ar closed. "Thus a compact HausdoeT space is T ince closad ‘lets ofacompactspacearecompac,Infateertain conditions weaker than ‘empactness are ufcient for is, while her compactness proper rest innly weaker eonliiont The preise nature ofthe impliations following from the assumption of the Te or Ty eparation axioms ie patare) in gure 7. Furthernoro, arta combinations of the compactness properties ‘aul separation axis force «space to be of te second eatery in ital. ‘This type of Beir category theorem applies both to leally compact Haosorf spaces und wo countably compact regular paces, Compact Hansdor topologies are expecially interesting since any such ‘wpulogy + on a space X is both minimal Hausdox aswell a6 maximal compact. minimal Hausdorff topology wine if" C the identity map F-bp) > (Xy") sould be continuous. Thus i ig loved in (7), ie fampact (ance (Xz) i compact) and thus U4) is compact. 17" were Hustoef, (4) would be eleed, and hence would be a closed mapping which would mean that ¢ C. Thus no topology sretly smaller than r an be Hausdoe Sinilarty as muasinal eumpact topology for if", rats | rom] | we] EP" |the identity map fs (5°) + (3) sa continuous ijetion of Hausdort MS ecompat Hate apace. If als compact, J mint bee Iheae «* Cr. This no top 1 can be compact TwvaRanee Proenens sufat be culy seen tha label and local compactuen properties ae ‘eakly hereditary, tht i, they are preserved in ena selpeces het Panestet they ate not preserved in pen subsp, wo arent haraiee jargmpactnens and metacompactos, similarly, are only weakly heck, 1A Path frst and second countably are, however, hereitasy thee GERRY aot Inte, separability is proserved ony nopen sat, ‘Example 106). jot eompactoes properties fal a be preserved by abitazy putts ‘Tie most famous exception is compactnen itl, fon by Token, ‘Tablet PROPERTIES PRESERVED RY PRODUCTS ‘Tree or Pronoee Proveeryo wwe Pea Seacas| Tere ‘Couname—— Uneoowrame Compact Tre ‘Tre Trae compact Tre Fale (100) Pale Seuwetilly compart True Tre Fae (105) Comtaby compact — Pale (12) pate Fale Lexa compact Tne Fate (00) ae ndele File 64) Fae Fate First countable Tne Tee Fate (109) Second countable “Tae Toe ale (105) Syarbie Tre Tre Fae (108) Parson Fake (60) ake Pate etaeopast Fale (84) Pale Fale Sn Compacteer 27 a}. ‘Then S, is conectad whenever Sy since S x homeomorphieto Xgl aise limit ordinal, S, = US, 20if ech connectl.Idead we have proved more since the proof uss only the act hat im the product topology the subsets X, CX, where X,— Vii) © Xp = 35, 8 a}. are homeomorphie to the 3's, ‘Thus this proof spplcs tothe Cartesian product ofthe X. with any topology in which tho sets X, are copes ofthe corepoing Xs TCX is Connected ana fs continuous fuetion om X, then JCC) must ‘ue connected, fori A and B separate (OD), JCA) and JB) separte X. ‘Though the continuous image of a leeally conaetad space need nat be locally comectd, itis tue that local connects ie preserved under ontinuous maps J from a compact space XX onto a Hasdort space V. For suppose i component of a open subset U of Y.‘Then each com: ponent of 1) ie a component of ("(U) snes i€ & a component of ACD), then J(0) is connected aed thus either contained in Hor disjoint from it. But if X is locally connected, the componente of the open set SAU) are open, 90 (8) mast be open, [tz complemen i elas, this compact, so f(X ~ [(B)) = ¥ — Bb compact, hence clea (sinet ¥ i Hausdort). Thus Bs open, and therfore Y must belay connected, A space is totally pathwise disconnected i the only continuous mays ftom the unit interval into X are constant, or, equivalently, i ie path somponents are single pints. A epace with sng point component sat to be totally disconnected; sine the pts will then be cloed, each ‘sich space willbe, Clearly no connected set can be totally dsconnested,42 Basic Definitions Lough thee is conta et whichis oly paths dann (Esanole 8). Furthermore oly edness beet eat Sonnet aod aly coum, h ack coe eh ea (at each pint) mos ope iframe opts ed inn pce X ere eis pation U,V sch tha © Vand b CV, wecllmy thats ll ae tate A nsary ead fen itn tat ke ia ey ‘that qumponente len cl evelyn snes i cnpely Hur ard Urpin. & Hacgt a the dire of evry open oon ald extemal dicen uals « Hate oe eral deca ca en st evay nl sis cad on dent open cea a ‘hr. let every ex domed space Chale yee Urs Be [| zene a wee | Figure 9 CConnetedoess 33 space is zero dimensional it it hss bats consisting of set which sreboth ype and load. Clearly every oro dimensional paces though swt necesaily T, (ample 5). Every zero dimensional Ty space i otlly arated. A space sealed seattered it eontane no nonempty dense ‘nisl oubsets; although seattral spscee need not be T, every ssttred T; space must be totally discamnertd since in; spaces, every nontrivial ected st ie densein itll. However, a seattred space whichis not ‘Tymuy be connected (Hxample 7) Thus we may summarize the various Ainconnectinon properties in igre 9 Bieowssecrennss ax ConsINos A connor sti sid to be blcomnected if isnot the wn of two joint nondegenerate connected subsets. A point pof a connect set X iscalld a ent point if X ~ {p i isconneetd, and dispersion polnt i X— |p} ie toually diconnect; any set having a dieperon point is hicunnested, since the dispersion paint cam bein at mst one of the 0 disjoint subets. Ther is, however, a bizonneetal sat without a diapeson pane (Example 181), ‘Sete which are both compact and connected are called continua; a continuum is indecomposable if itis mot the union of bo diferent andegenerate proper subscontinus, A subeot C of a contingum K in 8 ccomposant if for sone p © K, C contains sl points x each that x snd p srs contained in some proper sulscontinus of KA et sd tobe puneti- form if it contains no nondegenerate contisus. Cealy, each totally dix nmosted space is ponetform, although 1 re some connected spaces (Example 128),SECTION 5 Metric Spaces staat for set Xis mapping dof X x X nto the nonnegative rel ‘monbers sting the flowing condition for al nye 69 Mir dea) = 0 Mis dGe2) < alsa) + alga) Me: den) = diy) Me its y, dig) > 0, Gi hy lntamceDetvcen andy 1 ais oly My ile if satisfies M,. Ny Pac netle 1s ome to wea mtr a deine statis Spek 8 Bas al open balls Born) = y 2 ne rice tonether witha metric giving is topology ca single meri will yield a unique topology on Sime onsets Posse to ind mare than one metic which Sareea wry ae thera alvaysn iabite numberof seus hee will ied the same metre space (Feample tay oe et wee Is Hawsbr sce Bl) les) = 2, if « < mei aod alo Ts For suppow Aan Be eps eco irom a ean AN Pint E asa aighorined oe ani qo pat ch pointy € B hs a cghbocn Bor teens ae pi a= Mead) aud Up Biya adage ea Durbwodeof A sod B, respectively. Ths metric sparen are completely: none st ee arent, prety mena Teen fay 5D, Bi sePraton property. Further, enay mene ee Tae ete of catty and smpalne le snp ig Bmeits specs Since LBL/nyin = 1, 2, 3, sh a cintable he es Melee Spaces lass ach mete scsi costal. If fe nun dene sult of X, the al s/n) fora conte bu forte aan So fr mete eparbilty inn nds heetaresaele ce eon ota "esc fe cee Und ern, sons for ach integer th open over (Bl1/0)|z € T] have seanetiena cover The nin ofall uch subsoven countable ba fe, Linda metric paces ho ond costae "Sie ch nei spe co entero cauivlnt a coutaeconpactaon, which sine Ti Ty eget ‘ak countable compartes: Mor important, comttle cachet inte en icant to empartaey ne evry come nay mete apace separbl: for each mw eoutay amar mea ees an be covered by finely many balla Crs), art et eoenea dcgeatat Tn cchomnhy nrc sd every chntblycompoct send unable ace eran “hac gnenee ade iee eer stag ll inp areosalet, Sonate mace ee a ‘inpliiod implication chart (Pigre10); that tae eee oe, revere is chown by th counterexamples ita a Ps ‘ome | [ or |= [ae = = ; as 4 = 1 v come a i va = ae Figure 10. Although in general the metric strctar ofa space doesnot appreciably fy it connectedness properties, we ean shore that every mitre prs which & extremaly disconnected is diseret. For in aty mute pce ray eine pcan be written as the interaction the cloned meine fantFigure 14 Bone) — Byansoisan open set whieh has p as a einen it ein provided not open 8 i Xs ot dere i ‘cant be extremally dsconneta Couruere Mermie Seaces op Showers; laser an aah Sit LE Chul yay bn wt ee Samet nok ath way toned asinine Sheet pol ce ote Fey cnmact te ces uly nena yey by “a lar aE nea ee say Sse Sinise hin oer iy ue ater ee oseonet the asn hal ly andl wena ea ent ecm te convergent suc Ane Hoe ae space (Xl) is called i fy seauience if for every « > 0 ther eats Metric Spaces 37 that the intersction of every nested sequeace of closed balls with radi {cing to trois wonempty. (A sequence (Rel of sets nested if Bc ‘for ll n) 16 the radi do wot tan to zero, this condition neo to 5 inpladby completenes (Example 135). Now every compact meri pare 5 complete, and more important, every complete and totally bowled ere space is compact ‘We wil all «topdogial space (Xr) ‘complete if there «sit a moti d ving the topology + such that (2) ea completa nears nace. Topological completenc sa tipoligieal property whichis weakle Sereitary, hough not hereditary (Example $0). Clearly every compact metic space is complete; though the converse snot true (Exaiople Sh it ‘steve that a metec space compact iff is complete in every equivalent ttre, The famous Bare eategiry theorem sates hat every topology ‘complete metic space ie second category, ‘A completion of & metre space X is any complete metie space which onlains a dense subst to which Wis lsometrte, that fy to miech ero _abjetin which isastance preserving. All imei spaces have completions si even more surprising, all of the completions of piven space ae er ‘lec, Furthermore completeness is prerved by isometries but live ‘opoloical completeness not by homeomorphisms (Exarle 2.0), Maswzasiney , ane db = gs, 5. Any function from a set X with the disrete topology is Tho topology ona discrete space may be obtained frm the ds- ste metric: d(zy) = Viz my, nod dey) = Oi = y. Thos very discrete space sti al separation propertion 7. Each discrete space it strongly locally compact since each point ‘sa neighborhood of itll. Such spaces are clearly fst count “fits since the wen cove by dcreto pints is aaly nian han lotr open ven dere spaces ane paronpaay ince he cmpty sts nowhere dens, every dice spare fe sco exer. (net, adres parc ins coats ‘tie pare.) Furthermore, wn discrete spat doce ee 10 IC fais of mor han oe pit, it eal nt conser cr as mth path nor are connected. Mutt seal a ‘conte, nd bel eon 4 Indiscrete Topology For any set X, the iniseete topology is the topology whos oy eee pring tH Ompty st Band X el (Westme Xba ey point) 1 TRS tology is the coarsest one for X. 1s comparable with ‘0 other topology for 2 Nowubeet 4 X ur 8 is open, chad fa or ‘very subst is compact and sequentially compact, “ce Fo i in pint fr evry suet of Xd evry Seer CONTE to every out of X10 i aonb CPE sequene as uncountably many tnt pints 5 FRET uct consi ore tan oe ont ie densa tt, ceil sowbere dene mabe is to Tine acy category © We AAS Am dem done and oe deg, AOR Ae NIA Ror gat te oS 1 Xie pale sce any wiht dense. Furthrmors, ¥ i eond eta fonction ws space with the continuous. indierete topology i 8 1. u. Deleted Integer Topology 49 ‘The indierto space i path connected and thus connectad, but is are connected ony if ii unsountatle. Tes bth hypeoons ected and ultsconpectd, Since th only open set containing any given pint is X ite, the indiserste space fails to be Te. Bub itis Ty Ty and ‘ueuly. (leary X is pseudometsiable,slthough not metcizable. S. Partition Topotogy 6 Odd-Even Topology 7. Deleted Integer Topology ach partion of any set X into dxjoitsubat,together with Be show fos topology on known asa partition pany: A ede ot 's then open i and any itis the union of ects belong to P 1 ‘The partition topology is characte by the fact tht every ‘penset is alo clo ech set inthe partition Pisacompenent the space X. Thus X/P is digerete, ‘The tevial partitions yield the discrete or indiscrete topologies 1m any other case X with w partition topology isnot Ta since ene lement of the partion contain two or mee polnts metho which eun be separated from the other, Thus ¥ianot Ine te rT, However a bse of X is open if itis union of wemenigt the partition and dhs its complement is tho open thas nt ‘pen if iis ened. Henoe Xi, Ty, Ty and Te An inortatt empleo prion tly i th ee.oen leoloy on ht of vedntegns aed ae 2H Cy hs ac ser oa thant conta, eae, nd Medd Sit se opty sub of X hasan ncn hears eee onntbly comic Tat ie ot ey na i 8 countile epn coven of Pach fas ne -aubsover. a 1 Xi the at of pastive integer with the edd-oven topoogy, and if 2" the mane st ith the discrete topology, then he Iaoring J: X > Z* defined by {2K) = b (2k— 1) — kvcone ‘vous. But X ie weakly eoustably compact whereas Z* ca‘4 Counterexamples . 0. ‘So weak countable compactness ot preserved unde eontingo mapa ‘A common variation ofthe odd-oven topology i the deleted inte {er topology: in ths ease X ie the union of the open interes (= tn) for m= 1,2, 3, - «and the topology on X ts yon erated by the partition P= ((n'— 1). This extmpe has har of the properties ofthe odi-even topelogy. 8. Bvery partition space is paoudometrzabe since the pcudometse fined by letting diy) = Oi = and y belong tothe sue st af tho partition, and leting dy) = 1 ctherwise yeh the pos tition topology, 7. If we double the ints of the real numbers with the dherete topology, we obtain a partition topology with uncountable m) such tht dame) > f= 24+ 2 Of coun those seauenees which are Cauchy cunverge to ieatioral, oe R= Qis tpologically competo, ‘The complete metric space 8 — Q is of the second catagory, hile @, the countable union of ont-pnt ubeet of the hk eatery.fet Gounterexaaples 7 Q is clearly separable and ft ~ Q is separable since the ine Hons of the form x 9, ¢ © @ are deter in RQ. This and B ~ @ are second eons ‘Shs in ther @ or ~ Qh nly comptes roe erm ital that wider @ oor = Garay ck ell compat lonne ingame eet 4 Bath and R— Qarualy pastl tse Qa — 4 src othdoncinthenetves ater ate are zero dimensional. semen 10. 1.111 @ is totaly bounded, but wt eompact 32. Special Subsets of the Real Line 1 Ris the real line with the Bucldean topology, we conser the fol lowing subeetee 1, Tat be the sot ofall points 1/n, for n @ draue i. ?) 0 is limit point aod an esccumalation point but not ‘ondensation point of the uncountable set A W [2,3 (©) The set. A contains « Cauchy sequence (1, 3...) wl thas no limit point in A 2 Tat A = 10) [1/njn = 1, 2,3.) (2) A is not locally connected, for no neighborhood of 0 ie 23, h O rem » By cmt doc nt aa te el ee ad a Hcaeomrte eng he i hc emi co ora Ao poeta cnn so Sy arr eta ca Siew TA en te a sa arate dm Tinetetma tet ee in asec aonsce 3 ata eames yt ty by Seal ne ee sel ttt tt Sie 4 Let A= (1 1/1 W/n) for n= 1,23, d= Dae = Le = a tained in A 5. Lat = @HU GD, @ ands ans ‘ou (0) A® = (0,1), 9 AP ew propor subset of Ae (©) (03) and G1) are both reguae open, Dut thee union, A, 5s not regular open (B08) aod Bs = Ga), GEIB ~ 0 bo Bu n= Uh 6 PA,= [Oj}and As » (1, (8) is the intersection of the rg Taree sat Ay and Ay, buts ot itself regular closed. Ay nd vars abo an example of eta for which A8U Av 9 (AU AS, fines Ast As = (03) U (1), but (AsV 4s)*= Os). 7. et A = (0,1) and B = (0,1) is homeomorphi to the subset (6,1) of (1, ix Bomeomarphie to the cubsot(1/5,8/4] of, bat 4 and B are wot homeomorpie. 8 Let A= (0) U (121 U [3} ond let B = (0, [2] U 13). A ‘and Barehoncomorphics subspaces, ba ther isto hmeomor- his of onto taking A onto B 9. Considertheset A = [H/aln = 1,2,8) . JU @HU GAO WAT U G01 {ale ie rational and 7-2 <8]. There are 14 istinet eats at ean be formed from A Ginchaling Atl) by ‘icceaive applitatios of the eoeure and complement operi- tons; hse ste are depicted graphially in Figure 12 10, Let 2+ be the set of pstiveintgors. If zg) = fx — ys the tual mati fr 2", we define a now metre on Z* by Bln) = le ~ sf/2y. The mezie wpologies for (2%) and (28) are bath liserete and thus are homesmoephic. Clealy, every Cauehy fequencein (22) mist eventually be constant ad 20 2) is tomplete. The sequence 1 2,3, .» » isa Cauchy sequence in (Zh) since for «> Oi we chicas an integer Nie) > Ife then farina > N(o) wehave Bont) Bl fora © A and fan upper bound ‘of A cover X but they contsin no finite subeorer. To prove it ‘lcent we need only consider, for any given open cover" af X, the set of those elements y & 2 for which lay) (where = scl, X) can be eoverad by fitelyaiany members of It Lub, Sandifa € U © 4, thea U'C S. There then ext, nls = LabX, an interval (ey) CU such that @ € (5). Then (ay) = 2 since a = Lu. 8. But thie would mean that y ©, ‘hich is impose, Thas § =X. Whonever X contains two consecutive points (that i whenever some interval (4) is empty), ean he separated by [ie ph ' $0. Open Ordinal Space (0,2) (¢ < 2) 41. Closed Ordinal Space (01) (P< 9) 2 Open Ordinal Space (9,2) 8. Closed Ordinal Space 0,0) Giese ordinal spac consists ofthe set of al oral numbers les ha eats 1 some limit oneal together withthe ones tape (Qaen ona spac isthe subspace 0,1) ousting ofl ordeals er, les than. Seta ofthe form ord form baa for this topaogy, We 1 0, the fist uneoutable edna, 1 In ordinal space (0, (8 is a else set that is not a Gra {21 is lose since its complement) ivan open wee Tee rot a Geese, since for any countable collection Gof open se nn ‘sing 8, we can find collection uf bas ease ef te nn Cloed Oriol Spee 00 (eof CG, for cach 4, The last upper bound of thea isan ordinal les than 2, since each oor equiva, each [) ‘eeountable and th countable union of eountable sts cownt- able Therefore ME, > (rf # 10 “Thus ordinal space [0] enol fin countable, sie the pint & es not have ecuntable local basin fact ea Lt pint ‘ofthe st (a0) but itis not the limit point of any sequence of Pointe in (oi). Similar essoning shows Ut (0,2) snot separable, forthe lest ‘upper bound of any countable subset of (0,2) countable, snd wil be strictly lea thas 0. Therefore, there will always be an ‘open interval (a) inthe complement of « countabin subse, ‘Thus both [0,) and [0 alto be separable. Bat uni [, (0.2) is frst countable, since the only pont of [0,0] which does ‘ot have countable Toa! base Since ll onder topological all tha separation axioms, each tial gpace ix completely normal. But (0) bs nol percctly ‘onma, snes the cone wet (9) isnot Although nether 1) or (2) are second countable, both (0,0) snd (0, are (or F<) sine ench point has countable local basis, and thee are only countahly many point, Ths, since ‘ordinal spaces are regular, both 0, and (0,7) are metiable, very subset ofeach ordinal space has greatest lower bound (sft element) and every eubeet of [00] has & last upper ‘bound. Therefor, (0, i a complete onder topology, and thas compact. Similarly, the closure of each basis neighborhood compact, every onlnal space ie strongly locally compact, “The open subset [0 of, fis to be compact since the oul lection {Oia sand > 4] alo ville the discrete opal: my. However U; door nit have a countable base since every coutable subset of X has a lest upper bound fess than @, Thus (X02) i nonoe ‘wiable uniform space whase tpg is metrisable 48. The Long Line 46, ‘The Fxtended Long Line ‘The long line Z is constructe from the ondinal space 0,0) (where ie {he lest uncountable ondinal) by placing between each ndinal ead is succor a+ 1 copy af the unit interval I< (ON). biog REN 2rlred, aod we give i the onder tpg. The xen ley line is eonstructl sinilesy rom (Ol), 1. Li wot compact, sinc the open covering by sets of the form {aly < al, « € (02) has no frie subeoves To fact t hooey {untablesubcover, sinew the least per bound of any enue «alton of ordinals € (0) must be countable, nie there fssuet equal 8. ‘Thus Lis not Lindel, and’ theron ant compact 2 Fora similar reso, is not reparable. 1D is «countable subnet fan if the lst upper bound oD test ly © Ly > oh 2 nonempty open subset of L which i diene tom 30h ‘ennat be dens in Le~ Counteroxumples Lesicoraphie Oloing on th Usit Suave 73 8+ inf countable sine each points € isthe out upper bound ‘ut singe i eit cannot be compact, Yet, LU {phy lke the (9f 8 cutable collection {24} of points in b which proce aa extended long lite, is countably compact, conneets, and not {coz + 1/=) i countable local bass forthe topology oe separable. Buti isnot Lindel, for the cover coving of he Point. ‘els (28 + 2) wget with Ui) has no countable subover, ‘Sine Land erry the ores topology, thay ae bath completly normal. Furthormero, although 1” fs to be parece since QL L is perfectly normal. Por ach point Se that fountably many predowasors and may this he wittn at, Lexleographic Ordering on the Unit Square “outa imental ntact ona ae Labo th it squrn the plane: = (ey) <2 < ,0S¥< 1. ‘loci ts untbis nenconet mata pe ee Weer cnt tae GN S25 LOSYS point in the cosploment of a clocl st A i contained rsa 4 <) and pac the onder tapotogy on X. pe intl wish dite tm a i ere , Ajit the mesa open nent ct OTe 1. See ears the ane opel, is completly normal 8. 17 compat since each pe 2 vey nomenpty ut 4a has lest upper bound Alto Senter scan tard ot 2a np Gite noobvim bat lan carat eer ee ‘4e= (0), every sequence in Za ey seunlaton pe ates of pots of 4, being subset ofthe closed nit interval, bas ‘sein Chay ist compact adn at Wek 2 kas upper bond; ets~ Ln {0 og) © eros ah sly copac, eer etacompect a The AA eld Sv < ih = (a0) the oat appr ound for A. Otherwise Laub. A = Lh. (oa) € AID <9 & 1), ‘Thus X iss complete ordered spac, aid hence eonpas 3. The set Z= (Ceu)ly = 4) is an uncountable Grae (tivially) Which contains 0 perfoct set. That i, Li un uncountable da rete subspace, which means that X eantot be separable since it 7 Sines both Zand L" are contably onic. and rept, they ane oatans an uncountable ealletion af disjent open staan tht ofthe second eatogory. fas to satisfy th countable chain condition OFZ, is thus connected, but i «can join any point wo 44 Sinee Xs compact but not separable it is not mettle, How 47. An Altered Long Line ver, itis fat countable Tet sie Le a point, Open es of LU pate the pen 5 esol L topeber wth thse genera by th falling vegeta ‘ oH 04) = WLS, Cah and ry ls toil punts. We consider pb the greta ince in thefnear onder on X there ae a consecutive points, and very (bounded) subset of X hts a least upper bouts ix Gea 11 Gwhero 1 < 2 < 2}, Ug) then connect ButX isnot path connested sine any path in joi ‘og, say, (0) aod (1) must be connected and therefore mst sa Se on) i Seta mat senentof LY fal set containing two given points must contain the entire een © BEE LU wr 4, nee «so Sime Sas mine eae SEES E Rm tte Sore Cotes ecm ert coat Bouse ses ant a ar Aisjint open ses in (0,1). But tie impale since each such 2 So Uo) contains UG} or any as Honee LU Ip is suk Ty ‘pen at would have to contain rational,9. Right Order Topotegy 59. Right Onder Topology on HEX ie nay odor the th tpg nett og, Bal Mea he gh rg to rete deta wg a Fe 1 Foran witha € Xe < ve S00 « a [ob not union ‘any collection of elements of 8 4. However X is int countable, for at a point, the eoletion of ss of the form te), where a, is a rational umber, fom ‘countable Joel basis, Furthermore, Xie separable since the rational numbers are dense in X. Thus since X is not second countab,t eannot be metrizble, {Bry compact subset of (X,) is nowhere dense inthe Euclidean Lopolony om X; we will denote this spice wy usual, by f For suppove A isu aubwet of 18 which i not nowbere dens; then ‘contains some subset which i deme in an interval fb] © B 1 I} an iereasing sequence in BV fab) conversing ob, then {= 5) lad), tba) and [,s) ia (countable) open ‘covering of whieh ca have no fait subeaver, since foreach & BabA (Xp) camot be e-compac, for iE = UA, for compte Ay thencron ithe ech Ais nowhere de. But sine 2 i ‘second calegory, thi is inp eC Lindt (04 300 peng pg Ue th cde ae tO ter a a Bint IC sw coma ssn dt Oana ofthese F /2n 1/2 ~ 0) is at open fag oe nl and wep, paracompact tne fully comma 52. Nested Interval Topotogy On the open interval ¥ = (0, all seta of the form U, = (0 with gr and'x, wre deine a topology + by declaring open Vm fon = 2, 8,4) the 1 Sits ee SOL en stan beth fad Ty thus wot Ty, Tr, oF Ty, lee % fim sic cory ee epen cnn every Dero fhe da tt) met te Ths (ee 8 TT BG ltt of any st fc alpine oy reat tha ere ove Du of teen brea ee {hs Gh) 8 Ts vacoouly and thus Fab vac ” © ER Cleat hyperomnectland lrconectal au hay Ba Sones, onnesed, ealy conn, and peadoen © Me Aine i cond outa and ths ine os bl, separable, sad Linder, ° SER AL Amel open ets ar ofthe fom = (9) — vn, eh open et eept ie coat. Pardo noe Inelcting Tater Topology 77 STE Si compact, nace {Us is an open covering of any pis lit pint of A. lenot omen ‘bly metacompact sine dhe open cover [Us| has no fate vee, ‘ment and 1/4 fin every set in the cover, ‘8. Overlapping Interval Topology. the et 1] we generate a topology fan ste of the frm {= 1) for b> Oand (a1 for <0, Then all et ofthe fom fh) ele oe open 1. XT but not, sive the point Os not close. Also Xie not T, Shoe =H) aud {1} are closed subsets with ‘no dajeint aeighborhoads. 2 X is compact, since in any open covering, the two eet which Include 1 and 1 wil cover 3. Every nonempty open st contin 0, andthe closure of aay non {BPAY open sets the whole wet X. So X is donae ies na Dyperconnected and thus connected snd leally connected ‘Sino this topology i coarser than the Buctdean topology 2 i sre connect. ‘5X Fe second countable sine the intervals (~14), (4) and (4 For rational 64 such that « < 0 < ¢ form a countable bas, © The tequevee0, 4,0, 40,4, . «tas 0 as an accumulation point bt not init point but any pint greater than ties Emit ioe ofthis sequence, ‘4. Interlocking Interval Topology at X = > 2 the postive real numbers excluding the positive intogen The opaigy vom X ie goerted by the wes 8 = Wan CS (sont), wharen € 2Connterexamples, 1. Xie not since 24 and 2f cant he seperated X i ab wt T.snge 22) and (4) ate disjvint chad sets, but Khas ooo iotut open sete Sint hypenactl scoala aly cna ‘Pseudocompact, 7 ‘iat 3 [8s att apen soveig of X wih wo ite tee 50 (ty) onlay cnc ie 4 Abi rv cit the te utr thor (1/0) tr 2S xh ne cane tm (rally cng! sal ase 5 She) ste, sand ete nc separable and Lindelaf, ™ {open over 8 hen emo: Bt, « (04) U ines very or wn scorer So esis eet rescmpact 7. Bat the cover 18] point ite ie exch pint > 1 {real one nie of cv, and sch yt ¢ 1 te, ely many ember a ihe one ee Se ee i ‘Sul. 80 sy 58. Hjalmar Ekdal Topotogy ‘ie Minna Bal wpe s dete on the st X of tvs ingen by lacudng inv pracy theses of ¥ chante eet eel tein th That cna in (aoa SE Boal pin AyD TEA, fori 1 a eal ee seat PT day it wot bean add 1 Gtr jo the aun of countably may ips ot Sk spe 2% Me sa of secs isi ach ofthe gues, se taps fate two setts neeaary aud sient a sprate hen es ck satan, othe sunmandsaretihege ed ct t XT Tu tnd, oy 1 thn cv thermal ae ee 1 fete (2m 12a 8X iso comput since the covering by tds isn open covering by summands i an open die ‘int infinite covering with no file subenner, But eee et iturin eat is the su ‘over hy sumnind isa vefnerct of X isparacompact, That tha sun in loally compact "The fact that the open cover implies that arnt pies that Divisor Topsogy. 7 4. Since the subspaces [20 — 1,2n} are Uh components of X, X is locally connect and Iealy path connected, but nether tally separated nor totaly dconumte. No subset is dense intel, so the space is seattred. I fet, since esch even integer is open td not closed, X is neither frst eatagory nor ger ditnensonal, 1K. Prime Meat Topology at X be the set of all prime ideale of integers; that is is the st of alt els P in Z whose complement is multiplicative eb We deine topology for X by taking asa basis ull sets Ve [P © Xie ¢ Pl, for alls €-2*. (Note that Yo = iB and ¥, =X) 1. Rach basis element ¥, contains all but finite mutiber of prime eal (those gerated by the prime factors af =), whe he ideal 1 is contained in every bait element Va. Thus & subset of Xt ‘pen if it contain On has a Bee eomplement. 2. A subwet U of X is open if thre inane ZC 2 such that Ua Pe XG PP =U Va intetielgmerned by 3, and conversely So set Cit lose if here san ideal in Era hat = FE SU CP) (hie ein nay be to deine a topology on the ae of prime ideale any ring; this ‘save is normally alld Spee A} 8. Xe but not T since Dian evry open at This X isnot yor ‘Since any nonzero prime ideal clewed X does fave disjlnt lowed sets and ene isnt Ty", nor soteaabe. Again since O isin every open wet X is hyperconneste snd thus connect nd Joely connected. 4+ X iscompactsince every apen set has a Sinit eomplesient. Also is second eountable since the base [Vsheezes eountale 5. The map (01) X defined by (0) = P,f(1) = Qand se) = 0 fort € (1 iscontiououe for any PQ © X.‘Thas Xi both path ‘eomicted” ani cally path connected ince 0 is in every neighborhood 57, Divisor Topotogy Let X = [x € Zele 2 2), gether with the tpologygenerted by sets ofthe form U, = (2 € Zifedivites mh, for w 22 X iso for ifs < y then y f Uy but every asghborhood of 6 until a es wot Teo Ty7 Counterexumples M2594 ot of then of cn ol eit map ‘ha of tne haw adj oth othe re fay ws cone ea et wa XW vac, ss ese To Tay sd a comes pa either of ory divides the othr the 8 othe they form separate set, ut ny gio acute ot 9 cain the rete cnonia sor of and y. Thus and § tty nt paee ot be separated by open sees 4 Reet itn rp etl Sit ahaa 9% Sic ich pit ha afte neigh, sal Butiisnter countably compact dee theses Oe {el ml for an ope covering of X with wo Gite flor, Sine Xs countable a al bass lements re it ities ountable ad his parable snd Lindl 2. Xisbaly some inestr ee @ th in rca © ht Usa oe nang an hn cane 3. Bach tas seer Uae is atacomctl inthe in ool sce every cl mn ents te a 58. Bvenly Spacod Integer Topology ot be te tof ites withthe poy ec fim a4 KZ nt ADC 2), whee 2'6 bere eee iMtegers TMP basis sets are sitply the costs of subgrane et ake 1X io aa, or tf © X and dosnt SF 12 od 412 rej ae A then 2 Every bait lement is clo since a given eoet of geo i The pe Topoy on 81 ‘he complement ofthe union ofthe rensning cosets of that ube romp. Thus X is ao dinensional and regular. 8. Xin totally parted, sinco it is Hauador aad zero dimensional I Sis the set of od intgers, the sats 28, n= 0,12, vate lisjcint, for if a2 = 12%, cn =~ which linplice ether m= 0 one of and i ven. The sts A = U,25 aad 1B ~ O28 are then pen, disjoint, aad contin al the in- get except 0. IF € A thew 2b € Band vee vere, thus Os ‘lit point ofboth A snd 0 X isnot entranaly disconnected, 4, X is clearly second countable and thu, since it fs regular, it is ‘netrzable which n tur implies Unt X sats al the seperation axioms and is paracompact. Since poate sre closed aed ot open, and since X is countable, X is fsb category, and thus not complete ‘5. The set of primes is an infinite set without limit point ao Xie ‘ot countably compact and thus nt eampast. However, since X 's countable and second eountabl, itis e-campact and Lindel, 6. The function a+ 1) + defines «homeomorphism betwen any ‘asi clement snd tho entire space. But since X i Htasador anc ach basi element is lowed, this inpline that no neighborhood of ‘ay point is compact. For Being compact it would be eased and thus contain the clsire of « bia clement which would then be ‘compact even though iis honeomorphie to X which i not em pact The isnot ltl eompect ‘The D-adie Topology on Z TeX = Z be the stuf ntogors, and let p bes Fixed prime. We dative topology + on X by taking as a basis a sets of the form U0) = Int agen € 21 1, The topology es generntd by the metre dm) = 2-* where is the largest power af p wcleh divides fv my ifn =m ‘donm) = 0."The equivalence of thee topologies flows frome the relation Bs) = Vaal). 2 Since Cala) = fle divides fm — nl) = (mien) <2), ‘uth basset Cn) it cle, Thu X fs ere dimensional, Since$2 Counteresampicy 0 Boint is open, X has tad points; th tel, ane thorefore wot seater 5 ach incon and not open, thus tae dens X; the sine X is countable it ofthe Sint category, mee it ane ther topologically compete, nor lolly compar, X is down 0. Relatively Prime Integer Topology ‘1, Prime Integer Topology PurthesetX = of pativeinterers we genet topology + rs the Pe Oe Iie EX, (04) = 1} where U0) Ieee ae Perce ant subtoolo «tim the subbecy @ = sthip X Reine. he tovsony + wlll cated the relatively prime ates teat 4 and» simpy the prime integer top 1+ That @ isa bass fora topolog fellows dest fom the abner: tion that the intersection of any to ofthe arithmetic mre ons in sill a arithmetic prgreson ofthe mane oro GRME, I fat i 9 & Ute) VU, then Lau) edn Uae) whore jae} isthe leat early, 9+ nlc] © Us) Ui) forall appropriate Cok, Jone Mt bt na = dt we, then since yeh pee Ad wwe haven 9 = (n= n= (wn femet ie nd thus = = Kav + 9 for some hy ww 2 € Unetgh ect Indes a bi, 2 LAD NUM #2 if bed modiae) for if 6d = ae) shen ser exists nteges and such that raz) = nen 4 ch yt a = 6+ ar). Thus tar satiionty lace, aot a + gai © Us) A Usa). Convery it for none aeaad im we have 6+ mat = dt me, then bed = ten a Nae) for some two bad modloe) 3 InQip), orp x 4,U) abwaysineraets Uninc fg) = | Bathe calletion a =" 10.6) € dle nsuanetee| fone oats for (lo) (whore ao integer sell syuaretie ft ae a ested prime actors), 4 Mad € X: an if iw prime gree tha a +b, then bx tal» a0 Us) Wald) = £3. Tham (Xe) (a terre goes (Xo) bs Ty, and (oP is not Ty since the closure of any open nsighborhod Prine Integer Toplogy 53 Usd) contains al multiples of a, and thas the closures of any ‘60 open neighborhoods U0), Usd) contain in common al ultiples of fay. To se this we observe for any tat if) = H then a) = 1,20 Uke) A Us) tor heb mo a), similar argument may be applied to (Xe) with similar eit, Sornether space can be regular or Urysokin ‘Since both spaces are Haus but not regular, they are neither ‘eclly compact, paracompact, oF compact Since seumtale, ar) (and therefore also CX) i ston countable ths Bee cuntable and Lindelif Sic in ses uma spaces eon [mts is evant tn countable compactness, neler pace an be countably compact, Sinco in both spaces the clases of any to disjoint open sete intersect, every real-valued. continu function on (Xs) oF (Xe) is'coustant. This buth spacer une panudocompack sel connect ‘Suppose N isan open r-neighborhuod of 1 contained in Us); let 1+ 21 € N for some m > 0."Then U ~ Vaal) st ope subst of U1) whose relative complement ¥ i open and contains 1 2 Gee -V = Ul) = Vaal) = UES Una(l 23), ‘Thus UAW and VN separate N, so Us) anno contaie any open connected neighborhood of 1. This (Xi) isnot lacally conneeted Suppose U.() fs a basis element of (Xie) with the fadueed topology. A and 2 ate open set in (je) which separ 0), then each contains sone nde bass neighbor oe sue N = Call) CA 0) and AY = Unde) C BIA Caddy, here (ee) ~ (at) = 1. Then some anit of a belongs 40) since (a) = 1, and 0 way assume ak r Ct Bat fon there isan induor as eighborl U7) CAA Ut) where (ead) = 1; thus (eal) = 1. Bit Val) A Date) 2B, aU yn = smi (aed for (ed) = 1 ime Dies (aad) =a 0 AV 385, a otraiton, Mh thers ‘an he separation of U0), whic meas that (acl ‘connected since ach oft bss neighbmrhoods x connected eturing uo the space (Vr), we ae thi pis a prime U5) is just Unt) tagether with all nonzero multiples of pT see this write bas tp +9 where O 0.80 Uhe mallet eased (in) set which contains (Ons be lee in 5 thst must be 0. ‘So the only sete nr which are regular open are hse whieh ware regular open in, since FO = UA i the interior ofits cours 0, Omnst be U, and U must equal “The rgular open seta in» donot fort basis for this topos, for thezet of irrational isopen ny yot i ot te Union of regi ‘open sts, Thus X is not semireula 1. As an expansion of the Bucidean topology, this space is Ty Ty, 1 Tay and Urysabn, Since is Ts but ot seniregula, it ennsot be Ty, Ty oF Te. This als he proved directly by eberving that — Qthe open et ff retinals, does nt eontain the chose of any ofits ope sib sets, sno sch elnute mst be adential to the aul Bacideas osu. Thus X ~ Q cannot euntaia elved neighborhood coud fac of its pins, A sibot of Xs camps it te 0 X is alter compact fur ecompact. But itis Linde, for if (Us — Aq} is am open sewer of X (Ws E ny Aa countable) then U, covers aad Bae ‘uuntablesubcover {U;]. Then (U, ~ a ever all but counts+ Countorenamples bly many points of X, oa of ean be voverel by some count able subeollection of [UA 2X it not fist countable, for if JO," = {Us — Ader were « countable collection of epen neighborhoods of zanditp ¢ O Ay hea = [pl ise nighborhoad fx which does not canta ay G4 Since every countable st is lod, X is not sepaable ether X is connected for it X = O1\W Oy where Oy und Os are ising, oetapty and open, then they are alka eh, a they gee lesa nu which is inponsibe site (1) iscomnacted. Bute be cootinuoas image in X of tho Facile cnt terval lhe impact it must be finite and thereto just singleton Tha 'stoally paths connected, for two punts af me be connected by path, 4. Smimov's Deleted Sequence Topology Let X be the tof real nutes and et A = (1/nja Define a topology on X by letting O E 2380 = UB, where B Ch sd ian ope ack inthe clea topology on The sec ‘mnnetimes called the Smimov tapology on X- = Choosing B = 6 CA, iixetne that the dona topology on. Therefore, Ty TT, and Ty poy ier than X ipoot however, aT, space sine every open set containing the close se intrgts every pen st whith contane the ane -€ 4 OF ese ala fils then tobe'Ty Tee te Xiscteasly not compact (since the eos substi com pact, but tis compact sine the intervals [if ll fe foe cad [UG Dl cover X. Since 0 doer nit have u conn rele born, is mot hell compact. A i mit countably paracompact, ines the enantaleenen cover bn by the sets Q. = N= (U'~ {1/n]} haa men bees ety ‘ment, since in every itinement every nen al severing 0 ust intersect infitly nny ather staf the soln te ‘auld nots thatun open st about Deontane sl tu open itn val about O excot the pints Un + however, metaconpact. Suppose X is covered by upen sete Ratios! Sequence Topology 0. = Us ~ Ba shere B.C A). Then {Ua forms open cover: ing f the Bucstean spate, and thus hasan open pt Rte refinement {Val. Then the collection [Vy] len eigenen of Us but iteovers only X — a. Buc ench pint of is entateed Insaite Oy so we ean cover enh pont 1/ by sone ceaterel open interval of length les thaw 1/2n(n + 1) whichis contained in ‘an Oy, These intervals will be dint, s0 the refinement of O, consnting of {Va~ AY [q} covers X an is cleanly pint finite. Thus X i metscompaet 65. Rational Sequence Topology Jet X be the set of rea number nd for eich ination x We hose & equenee ir uf ratinals converging ta itn the Euclidean taylogy, ‘The rational sequence topology + is then fina by deearing each be onal pen, aad weleeting the sets (2) the ieratsnal ladder U Lo net basi or Since overy Bucidesn open interval contains xneghborhons of ‘ch of its points (Xr) ian expansion of the Bueigean topology tnd thus Ty 7, ane Te, Furthermore, each rational point and exch basis et UG) mist be eased, x0 (is tero dimensional, tnd thus regular 0 sabe of which oman ratimal cant be dens ie ie tnd ny et sng an nana cid he dee ita nt it nts we rational So nly he ety devin nd thon heated Bot owt ete connected fri a ide at wee aca ih {heaton pit th fu} al vg oe die ‘hom curr oth con 2X ~ Qs an unconntable dserete subpare, wo is nt Lindl ‘nd thus not second countable, ugh let ie first enna Since isdense, Xi wepenbl. Clay th, ft eta 1X st entails compat sie the et of ates as no Pin snd dhs no accunlation pein, Shae each bass neighbor ‘hod in comaet and is Ty 3 strongly aly compact Sines +X coins open pints it Send entepory. Further comput se can contain only italy many frail, for the latonal in a compact set form load ana thus compat, dsrete subnet. ‘Thus ¥ is not compact,ES Painted Iratinal Extension of R59 (6, Indiserete Rational Extension of R (X = 8)8 sy open; sinilay, 0 iy opea, hich i impase sible inc Sis cometed. |. Since both "and "are expansons ofr, these spaces are‘T, ons ‘Ty, Ta, and Urysohn, But in cach ese if O ian open sc con (8. Pointed Rational Extension of R ‘ining X~ D, then O equals X, the rclsure of the dense et X ~ D. Sono print of Dean bo soparatad—in ether top from X'— D by means of ope’ sts. Thus gether topology i 7 Indiserete Irrational Extension of R © Polnted rational Fatension of R 1X he eof walnut wih de Feu poy ad itd is cee 1 dense complement, we define +, the indie. set ei of te te opin ne a ea alts a orm DA whe Ee ta ee of se the eg rr by fey ah ASU Ge. I ah ete te fry aoa the st of mens r= T= 4, oct a aes 1 iad an epson fiefs © U © hem a] U (O10) cntnd nV ad yen ens el ‘a one = aU DA Te Bee sono which inlay aeons Has ee TT oT [No subst of ("which euntain a nondogmnerate interval ean ‘be eampact, For any sich set S must contain elo terval ‘pal where pig © D. Then the sts (—srp), (ge), Dy ad Haale > pis € X — D| form an open covering of $ with no Ate subeavering. Clearly then no abet of whieh com tains an interval ean be compact ‘Weeun prove mich more: in both spaces, set which contains an ‘pen set cannot be compact. Por the compact st C contains an ‘pen set 0, it must contain the elere of O, since © is eon ‘But O must contain an interval ao cannot be cmp 2% The set Dis dense in + sine every mghtorunl of eve 8. Sappose J (,1—>(X,") is continu; then 01) both pant otX~ Dra cntina pant aD Mean be tonect a sss eth mata sf Ky are a mee hot) nay eral an hn rv ‘het van be eompact ie the deserts ones contig of one © ALTA he Me de cy J Dan 8s cant vad he Gan he leas cls in». For supine every righberheal Gf Gp) & totaly pathwine dsconnecial. Yet bath space ae Polat p intersects 0; then UV be a moncngiy ope a Sd ‘conte, sno (9) No nontrivial bt of D is connected heh mast intense the dense set D. Sif ipl UID ENT in (lp) nce ~"D ie dene in (9); thas eany nether 3 ckehbarool ofp it must interet 0, See 1 oat (nor) can be ally cama therore every rin point uf O fa nt po. Ma ° Shee of Os contsind in and thos cual te the chee i 8. Taye € @, the eto he frm (p49 and (4) OD comprise x Er then W € ¢ andthe Biers comuilat of (7) cay camer () sine 1 Cx The ener ns tre Sine sees set of nian iterate ner cl ge Tha i sles to show tnt ms open nial fe inne: Fri ah an tra Swen deemed fe Sr wou bo cn nonempty sete WS kh S= NUM Then they! dean of ky heel a ‘cuntable Base for; thus (Xr) ealwaysaecond countable and therefore ft eountable, indeaf and separable. But (XP) 5 cond eountable itt X'~ D iscountable (as when D = XQ), for then sets of the fora (4b) VD and. U2] U (a) 9D where a2 € X — D compass a countable basis for r'-On the other bid, if — D is uncountable (ae when D = Q)y (Ka) Jn nt even Tide forthe open covering of by ots ofthe fom {x} UD, 2 €.X'~ D, has no countable subeover. 80 in ‘his ease (iv mot cond countable But efit cotta sine the ses 21 O (eb) AD) for gb € @ fort a countable Toca base at |EES 10 TA supe in), Stat be mpc in (9) ne he ‘Bently fenton fram Xr) to (Xr conn, Tae te Rb cumpeet stein (Xn) which donot contains deport {ierzal are nonbere dene in (Xp). So every renee ee Cr, and thus every compact sib of a Ee) Sine (Xn) sof end ater, tigers oe nether (ir) nor (Xi) ean be evomuct 7. Discrete Rational Extension of R Discrete Irrational Extension of R sae ee eee name adi Dis dee sds the Kuda, CEU EE Eih a dene coupiement, we dfn thedaree et sninen eat OPHCRY general rom r by adding each ane can a Then any mie ofD will beopen nt Aa pa ‘rics intrest in the aes whee Dp 4 ince (i expan of the uch tps i T, Ty, and Urysohn. alin) 2% No it Dis re nts ofa tin, win spans = Disp eee, Testa tod Rovesparta abet Cy) hae ate snd AD aes seen rag OP) an nse vay Ta sete Diep NU AA Bye fs Dhiba Aw a (Ry) Ta ae nt "nro a ey 4M Digcomable rte if B= 0 (end way sos haa mabe ae Tn an me rile Wee ta ec rmeey e e 2 Ulett snag wetve spud ingyen Se Wh whenever 2% re, si Br.) = Ira} whenever ¢-< 1/t; thus in Me enh ig of he me havea) sr) wowh nce nee pussbly degenerate, Carsten vey mat eee inom a aca a (Ry a el onan (fs te). Th Oa ona ye Te genera (Xi ot loa compact, for every neighbor Since every subspace of (7) Retioal Estoion in the Pace ot 1 ota pint p € X ~ D contann an ifite quae witout 2 find pin” singly lt» pant r © HAD an coon inst t/nizy For the mame reason, (Xs) no tounably compact 11D aneounable er example, D = X ~ Q), (Xeno be separable or any dee sito area sna D Furth tore if X'—D is eomtabl, we een cover each pint oh 3th an ope tral J a gh 3c ue eu my neo ome oe cn ‘onmtng of thn intervals J together with cach lap D has toni shone oi tts ls) won Lae at leu tain cota Fest tn ori Um an open covering ofp the Ue ness uaa tw Ore sme et of ar se Toy i eae 0 which rover ao ep pags Sein pints of. ut thn se pay be et tp it padace ral ie raeement of U ich coves ll ax 12, Rational Extenson inthe Plane 11 (a) ithe cen pla, wed toplgy or X bydcaring tiovantytntn thea © pele € Oy ethane oe tion I} U DAU wher CVE r 1 ent (Xs) an xpi of) ieee ope star coma waged a nh sn ee 9 Tn Fy and Uyein nt fry Dy thn A = (X ~ D)~ fp oa ‘ht tne pW Dlspen tee ior PS (AE) a pitercts vty motored se Ut Siti ap € Xb, ane hho a a Set NC) Th 7 ato hr Teer rhe pe covering by a LU D whee x € X~ D has tmete ter er Gy ee Esa cuvette sD nana and dons ‘Since D is dherete, any densednitelf subset must be contained in X ~ D; butevery point p © X — D hana neghborbood conIrrational Spe Topolgy 98 {sined in fp} UD, [91 my wat ane eng 1. Xda ead out nye ad donne pent? Real ei cn Ajit cnn eghberhns any to magbenoas nee & Da ental tl rian stron ‘contain great ofthe raisin the itereton of hes rnd Brighton rin 2 X lamer cg pancnyact wy costo nat mcate eetat Sete a a a me rt ay eile €4) then my ed basa ent sper oan, ‘countable. PGR eit a spore (6 H01 U DVT wnat ae coon © XS somata othr maybe Sot by an ton ah Pe Clty aa ‘itr tt ncn are a Colgeide Scet ar se ad Sty in ein see X is hertro ut totaly Dalé-plane 1% tonal lope Toplty elise od by alg Bed = a9) 20,29 0 nd Lame eked cash Min TX > a2. 6 Est oeal basis. irrational slope topology + on a "tone nia an \ * Seaeiea ats a 8 wg ap) steghCiee ay Ba Mae gmat eat fora) = Mean) Unie t Ir & dlr ~ tl <, Qt theratinason them Bach M4) sont af (ca pis two interval onthe al rac eo {he tw atonal pits 4/6 thie ing ths pnts vse 1.9) a aud sine 8 rational, fr no to pata can 8 Since (0,1) and 10,1) 415 Sie 01) and 0,9 U | ‘aire eon line wth lope and one pain of ¥ Ines te wih ts siya ie But slope ae othce point of X canbe onthe line of lope pai metabo th 1 intravtathe italic annie aoe is Ths ‘ny wo ditt pints in Xo pet one ns ee * B08 OUI ae compte sa EP ono dnt ai of rata pane ee ae Intention Sieh ano iw dept mpc 2 The lore of eth has igbored Ney) contin the tnion oth for pa slope emanating fe Be and Fie ~'s/, snceerey at ncaa ese he ination he sai ch es Waa of Ger eae NN Af ree Of #8 ~ 05 a tat of na ' snd 0", we take Y.f0ye MO Sas 9 01 fol ned Ci” Fel ea caJ Coumteresumples, 2 80s 8 comets the dna evry to pn ft mt inne Th} fa w bey a ne ‘is neither Ty, Ty, Ts, nor Tp, 7 mene! 3. Since the closure of exch bas ih ents open ge Soriuosansn each pit in thedanond sped age by the inno fr, every rns Sa gu danon. Ths the mgr ope ete eas Sa or the opel w Cs) Ste 4. Sice he cau of say wo open sts ma hve nom inert, (Xp) i comet ts omega Naud ic That net te pa ones [011-2 eatin teary 2g) JACM lin st ha at ih a Every real-valued contin fusion fon (Oy) i emt Ay wernt ert) mn niin dp et with dit cate The vere inert ye Sa ts ih ct ere, why oes a 8 Sine Xi counted ire eh pit of hy ; eb Pin of ha sent ‘eal is (Xp) isco ont sad ha a finite base. But itis not Ts, su itis mnt: votvinuble. " 7X is mt even wey coutbly compact sce the ay Integers on the x axis has no limit point, a 74. Deleted Diameter Tepotogy 71, Deleted Radius Topotony Je Ge he Bidens rae, we den the ceed deer upg VB king 6 unde tools wal apse ee wena deters ther tan the ener ella Tse {DK the Reon ma othe igh ofthe seta ead eet hoi ra todos wich weal dele sas ec "+ Se oth and ar xpi f the Rutan tpt ath (E0) and Gio) ave Tid, camel Tet ah 2% Since no delete ris or dune) din any nelhbortod of its ceter ete ont tho claire of ) me (Xb gar ‘or semirgular. Thus other space i eelly compact. In fat, singe po sob with a nonempty intaror is compact either (ee) tor (Xp) are e-eompact save the Baie eatagory theorem for hows that cannot be countable union of compact (which impli wowhere dense) seta oth (Xa) an (Xp) are connoctd sine the clase of any open set in either case is its hua! Bueliean clase, ae thus any ‘open and closed eet mst be open and clo in the Butea ‘oplogy and thus i or X. Neither (Xe) nar (Xn) i eountably camps since both are ex ‘ansions ofthe Busidean upology which i not countably eon ‘et. Cael neither spare i eqbently compact ‘That (Xo) iether Lindl nor metacompact may be shown by ‘cosiderng the eover costing of th basis eighborhood at (00) ‘trains 1 the complement of Ue else die of rain 7/8 about (0.0), together with oe base neighbortued foreach point not yet covered onthe hovinnatal dieter. Since this cover has sub cover and is uncountable (Xe) i not Lindel. Hie fxd refnernent of ths cover and 2 € (7/8, 7/8 let 3, bo the radius ‘of xdse about (0) contained in some element of By the Bate category theorem for same +> 0 the eet of x1 ch that 43, > « not nowhere dense, 0 its closure entains some cle terval "Then the point (ry) where» © 1 y < «is entained in initaly many open sets of the eefinenent, Similarly, (Xe) ia not countably paracompact: to show tis we construct w cover by taking the basi neighborhood of radi shout (00) together with the complement ofthe closed dis of radis7/8 bout the origin 2s baore. Now partition the remaining portion of the Inriomtal axis (nding (0) nt countable number of disjoint dense subets (a in the wal construction of ‘ noumoasarable subset off) and take fr each ofthe resiaing ets uf the cover «union of bass neighborhoods ofthe ements af ‘ne elas, where (0,0) is deleted rom the ease that conti i Any aeighbortod of the origin must intersect infinitely many members of any refinement of thi cover al lest one for each of the countably many’ done ales, We can also show that (Xx) is wot ountaly paracompact by sing the same fst tx» open atu efore hs ean st ‘one interval to be covered. Consier the pint (1/0) which areeS inert int (1/40) he dled Shaiies x64 +0) sith ener at sed) tes ee ng att cmtining (8) intercctsth pee ee !Y many of the peal 7a) . 78, Hall-Disc Topology it P= Ueallew © R, y > 0} is the rr Tae g LUE ig tal eva the ats et and U'is 4 Kuctidean neighborhuod of ¢ in the plane, , "Sev ncmsnnmaats seca Pe ener es ron cb & Batis clement containing is aah Sicronoreeehe creases eee ca aan Eg OE * Gin) a0 eanion of (Xp) since every set inv com eighbor 1 aieiberhod ofeach of is point Thr Gey Pustidean top ws bing gow eighborhood of y. That econ ti every neighborhood of tha cloud sok feo vey or tna of hs mex that Oty ot 4+ The interior of the laure of hl = cosa vein CF) by aise oe “ete pt fat rencnnt Forcontie nares regular Latte Topology st ‘covers lt, denate the set of pints y € 1 for whic the ele= rent of the renement containing» contains a bai element of radsgrester than 1/a By'theBaireeatogry theoret for smi, hus 8 uoweapty interior, Lt J be an open interval contained. in Sand let2 € 1. Then if 0 < y < 1/n the print (2) cone {sine in infinitely many elements ofthe refinement. Ths Xr) not metacmpat, 7. Mowever X is countably metacompaet. For let A.) = {V1 U Ud bea countable cover whore each VC Py and each Us iter eels I let = ULL. The vets Us — Sy together withthe V, fran a Bueldean open cover ofthe upper half-plane which may be rel to xpi ft cover (Wal. Now oT. = SUS, at he Tae i tong 0b Dan = Gn Dasani ln ol thr 1/k. Since Uy does not extend more than 1/ ubove F no point thr seri ern Soe OWT Fudwpa ale I(r owe asin ain dot de ah seul sat GS ndgteSod ye een Sirti ft he mony ome se ‘cma nop Irregular Lattice Topology {et X be the subst ofthe integral late point ofthe plane consisting sf all (A) where > 0, together withthe points (£0) for # > 0. The Iatice topology on ¥ is determined y its bass elements each pont of ‘he form (is itself open, each paint of the form (0) # #0, has 2 local basset ofthe form Us(60)) = (Gib) = 0 or kD w}, while the seta Vz ~ (GA) = k= O or ik > w) formn a bass for the point Oo). 1, Cleary cach open set (| is closed, ai each basis lament Us(60)) But the clsuze of V. inelids the paints (60) where 3 ny since every neighborhood of thew potas intersets V (Giote that exch Fis onen, though (P.} dows not farm a lel ‘ass for the point (00).) 2X lomcumpletaly Har space, since itmay be shown that ‘och pir f points 2 © 2, there correspood open neighborhoods ‘Os nl 0, with disjoint clue, Since il beso elena except ‘ose arvind (00) are closed, the constrution of Os and Oy80. oral hast of elatively open sete 97 15 is the set of pints in the inte Fino thounit stare bth hase ‘petite nl ede {te be SU 100.0)1 0 (hoy {er vBir € Q0 0, the point (00) and the set X ~ V. do ant have dsj open neighburinde ‘Thus alo filet Be om is, Tht completely rogue, ort aind completly None ofthe ste Ya tan agua pen (00 forthe cure fa nich neha aed ea Print of CoTws st see Sel atone hina esate oth opn td dst tana ato ek i op; sages i gana ‘closed neighborhout af a disjoint from b, ‘Then the cl vate tito nies oan SE Una 9. Sie €or ch tain Foal omnaie Pankeosy ae ‘ntti cng oem ne a Sie eth pi of Xs he noe sas seni m of the sete contsning it ‘and clone, each uf these pints isa imponent of X, 0 Xi wtlly separa. at i ot ae ‘enol und etext dicomowed sine U (hye = 1,2 8). lis open, yet 0 = UU TU1,0)1 not open. Jove, seated since any subset which was dens’ oul contain no stated pats ed thus mast be us 18 = [60 = 01,3, ‘topology, 0 team have no nonempty dense Ts ht iat the sop Arens Square - ranting teach point the rans Squate 96 nich inherit from the Buetiean topology on the unit square and Prt ther points of Xe following bea bass: 110 = (OO 20 =U foreach basis neighbuthood U. {5 Since X is countable sn since euch point has countable eal Tnsis,X is second eotintae. But i is uither weakly countably ‘onus ela compact. 6. ‘The components of are eae tingle pint, and 0 ace the quai- ‘eampncnts eset for the set {(00), (1,0 which i two point “quuseomponent Thus X ie totally dcconnecta but not totally Separated 1. ¥ int scattered since cach basset is demaeiniel, wor tea81. Stmptied Aren Square 1F 8 is the set of points theinte. vero etary vest’ | Cats Y(00,0.0)).Pointsins | ihe ge te unig | nee yb © The teatity map frm the fom th wt ith the By to the given space X is contin Xin both a aa wie ne wows 0 ibaa and eh Nlemytak's Tangent Die Topology 11 = elev R, 9 > 0 i te oben wy per half-plane with, the Euclid oO ean topology », td If Lis the real axis, ad We generate & topology s* on ‘Niomytkin Tangent Dise Topology 101 1°U deb adding tal sts ofthe form [21 UD, whece x € Zand D ‘sam open dein hich i tangent vo Lat the po 1, (Xsan eum tho Baldean subepacetopogy on Fork Ce openin the Butea sbeace ope a et z€ U. Thenifs€ Phere 4 an open nial of = contin sie or sch, the vo topolages have the ‘anaes then there exists die 4, centered KD 07, ad open in he ene pla, sick tub aK U. Cay the hers A ACP ithran hal that af 2; hie is tangent tots, and whichis om in al eae in Us Thaw Gs" cy Ty Tyan Te 2% Toshow that (1) iscompletely regular, we mle ta loved set A anda point) ¢ 4.116 € P, chen there iw neighborhoad U of which is contained in X~ 4, and ie open in both + and he uclidean topology. So ita eomplenient, XU, is lowed tn the ucidean topology, and snes that topology ie completely regu lar, there isa Uryaohn funetion foe X= U and be But thie futtion fs eontinauus relative to, and is & Ueysokn Fanetion for A CX Vand b. ‘So we consider the case where Z. Tre must then exit dive D, tangent to Lat b, which doesnot Intersect; let Ke radius be 8. Wedefine a finetin J: X—» 0,1) by requiting that J)= Viz ¢ DU 18, $6) = 0, and atthe point (29) © D, Sea) = We — 2+ yy. Fis continuous, snes -"(O.e)) is the open set {01 U Day where Dy isthe open dive of radius tangent to L stb and f(t) ithe open vt X~ Ds tence f ‘5a Urysobn function fr A ab, so (Xs) i emnpletly regular Since ene bs neighbor of ech © Jet a nt one point of every suet uf Lis eos. In partials, the rationals QC i and the irationals 1 CL are disjoint ened ete which do nat have disjunt open ueihborhoeds, 2 (Xr) ie ot normal. Por suppose U > @ and V1 ave open sete (Xr). Then to each paint 2 € ¥ there corresponds a dine D.C ¥ot radius, tangoat tol at let Sy fe © Tpa> Val ‘Then the collection Su} together wih the point of @ fara &‘Sorgenfey’s Hall-Oyea Square Topology 10 Edclideas tspale ae (Lit), worthy 9% Wocan constrvet from X a space ¥ which is normal yet not com- nest de yn wee ay at sty a ice ¥en X wa mop Hae hes seni in which 12 ci, Tn HE ine werd ad pint p to X, with neighborhoods [p] UE whore ee inal ino) a ea ey {open in Xp, dU ont al but Baitely aay pote ‘cannot be diane Ym Cat of Then Y= XU Ip i ura 4% Xb seporabe snes sya € 1. Hee double the points of the reslting pace is only Ty and ite ronal es 0! Keune and deg a Incl tg et cee“ ris . 5X must 2ot be secon 8. Mo«rizable Tangent Dise Topology Livin eth coutining mother pint af ae tt She the cheer tengent dsetopalo consisting of PU, Ameountably many points, any fmeaaa aes ine Ltsg lure Fis the upen upper half-pl |. Since eontabl sine the rational ative punts of Pare dense : rt pe ssi a iceman at Wht cou BU Iti shie‘Tho es tu cabgnestaeg ince eae ic iachcema erates mi Kembeiaad cithieiutnd 3 twamranienen shavers oor euboet hich is not cof points om the edge of & which approach p yields countable: oe ae “ ; cama om eet at ge SA pea rac a countably compact. Xt pon sree i me Fo Meerkat pra Sak. en a Ope sare Topogy Joint dense subsets each of into congruent, dis. Lat § = (Rr) be the real line with the right [pgPee covering of ¥ hhalf-open interval topology: the product IVa} be ‘space X = SX S then carries the half-open Shar unity notion eae i oe at tay a ecen tro) nce Shemaaw ioe Seal th nes ef Sa > we ee by Stra. a 1. X'S completly regula since $i compotly regula. (a fac, $ trae element of the ree is eampletly numa) in ta “se 2 Although is orp mma, Xs mot even norm. This may lly ite rence, mew TVG. Heese de proved by the secon eatery argument wal provinaly Peat et ae stow that the tangent die pny wt ara ee snealile topoy, 5 i county Hine 4 = tically = —z} i elma in X and iw dncete the a BY metscompset but induced topology since Sip) ~ {pl whenever p © 2). oe both K = ((a,—e)ia is irtiona) at i complement 2ichu's Profuet Topology 105 : cK be Syste X Then Oia sghbornd othe Au ro a (9.8) whe» © — Thabo applying annie mat TT wh i mah recat in 6 ht Kh ey Pek ae gel mel it neve tology ne tan arate the xn thit Sioa) © Uh . cae of Sr eri cold be writen sa 1 Dap an interval 1G A ach Chat the Boeidens cesar tae se tovhondein thine oe iee Rly se} emtain oily © EAL Sa ~ 10.01 et have w neighbor Ii be disjoint from all Nie) for @ at ths ceniary untbie set D = saheyc Sryatls joey Suh eed tray Michael Prot Topology mat ed, ea. Ti ine with the Kriefidean topology art iD oa. ee eer es dal pete fonts on 1, but, xine Xn 1 we deine Oe) aan ‘and + js the induced Euclidean topol- yeni a and ani fem fy hed st {al fasion nthe ee pee oe : — ree te generally, that any space with a detise set D und, ‘mal parseompact spaee, yet the product spuece (Xyr) is not faa cna a NS tay ag hae tial Cine hedge A= OX D= alec, Beton ae . 1 Dl aad = Wonk € DI. A sol ace @ dnd i te *), while B is closed since both (Rr) and (D,r") are lo Tmlth fb te 8) tnd = 5.9 Ge Metre senor af Be vere eres 5 a pee while neighborhoods of A are rectangles, a category argument 3% X is not metscompuct ‘ines (X— KU ISPD © KY is ow ‘similar to that wed in the tan- aay ceteing of with no point Suite cetagn at For, as above, ent disetopolgy will show that, (2.7) : reid remcteds Sealy eurncan tn no ae monic ciceng ie eth noe aes ‘show that X is not countabl a> 0 Binaact, tral be 8 retinenent of tne ante Shan china it wate, ENG Bip ee mana es coat a Sy Seay oan Sa eh Se ~ - Gyan eae a he ince X is nut normal, it is clearly not paracompact. But it is So te oe © eS a the eet fac 9 © K would have a ‘neigh. interiors U,* form an open covering of UU which has a Euelid- nyo at ‘ean (and hence +r) open point finite refinement, |,|. Now the finitely many of the Uy, and thus ‘complement K = X — UUs is metacompact on each vertices) Ben a eos tinea wea fod on ach ine point fa efiementconsting watt Ra ieserecatnygce Me ect iate an ¢ > 050 that S(9,4,) is together with {0,| is» point finite refinement of {Ue}.1 Coates 86, ‘Tychonoff Plank 87. Deleted Tychonoff Plank 120 the fret uncountable ordinal and fw heft in te oni, thew tho Tyebunolf plank 1 x defined tbe [O81 XTOa), where la ‘oie sprees 00] snd (sare sven he interval top. The ab 5 ce T= TF ~ {(Ge)) will be ale the deleted Tyclona pak, Sines erdnal spue (0,7) is eompset and Haar, so i te ‘Tychonalf plank 7. Sine every eospet Heal opr i we a thus rial (Note tht even Wh [alta 08] a rma, we cannot conde divetly that 7 ie nor sie normality ned wit be prowrvedl under prides) tis however, tobe roupletely worm sine the delta plank Aeandrof Pisk 107 sncacelm asa Bs unset foomsataimtn tee fa eae 2 Here neta he FT —eR given by f{(ayy) = 4, will be continuous since sup nce : ce ey dimen ssn, bt ot rac a tar Tan Ta freely Wen LH ve double the pints of the"Pyshonoff plan the resting pace iil, Ty a Teonly. ‘Alexandroff Plank Te ok gum For Be A = (0)0 Sw Tf are sine pen te resportivels. sili senna ede Conse tu wer nus ns-val faction fom X: Sine the Hewitt Conduosod Corkscow 111 restrition of f to cach quadrant of each /* may be etonded ‘Sntinomnly So the missing center point (Qs), and sine fs ‘voutualyeonatant on each psi and negative Ag ai we woe by indutin that fmt be constant on sore et whieh aces flac level adeetad open interval around (a) on the ysis eon which fis constant, where jars Sine fs continuo, fullogs at fla") = fla}, 20 X cannot be either Urysohn or smpltaly rol. neo X is wot Ueyeun, itennat be either totally separatid of or dvd fat 1 inthe quasieomponentof X Containing more Uhan one point. But X is totally diconnected Sine {aor} is dierete fa the induced topology. 5, If we double the points of the erkserew 3 the resulting space will be Ty uly. "The deleted corkacrowr Yi regular since it fs w subspace of X, bat it it also Urysnin since every point of X except a~ etn be nparatd from a by a continuo fusetion. However Yai thot completely regula, for, ae above, the point a? may not be parted by a contin anetion fom the loved et in Y eons ‘Sting ofthe complement a «bass neighborhood of 7. in totallysepamtal nce wo wore than une pont of any given (quisicomponent of les in V.Purther ¥ isnot zero dimensions tinea Rad bres of open and closed neighborhoods in ¥ these Inieborhnss wal al form a bass af cpen and else neigh Tne of ain in cotaction Uo he fact tht a and ogre forma somone ks whorls ‘a hve moog ogo is ete inetd Sic the yeh pak Saal th aban ant ‘2, ewitt's Condensed Corkscrew IE = SU Jet] U fer} is tho Tyelunot corkscrew and i 0, isthe set of entable alias, we let A= 7% (00) aad deine X to be the fubset of eonsiting of 8% [02 We think of san uncountable uence of earkweree dy where \ (OQ), and of Xa the sane Sequence of evkaerens ional ideal (o sity) pints IF: X= (00) isu me-trane eorrespondence, al ifr. (= 12) are the ‘norte projection fom 5% to X, we define afanetion frooS Searteroxsanples. i | A Sr Az Xue XB Mat) = nt) aa yor) = ni, Phen Mayer nt towel gM Thame Pn such that both of the Sets #2) and $0) interveet Ay, ie tng 4 deem! acy ae either thay ye ree nea ey wien inl, we lt Nba ghee oo im = Gi Cea AB CH MUHA 1X iT the intl tpl sie exch pi 2 irene ta sone at EX he 2% Ms 6 X cubs neihorhood Nosh on, amass C4, 0% We in tat 8 ante eet Sy Fomine ater dente theca ee $0448 the hear of in: Suppose en he a UDB dN every nihtorhad of shh ea ft sitbrhnd MW aty ws a ht ret CAV, a holy th {ul intrtet W wo efor each M AW tocar het some crkere Penny ‘Thomas’ Comnrew 112 ‘Clots won, sn eh is gular, each ope bai aighbon- ‘naa contains a bss neighborhood Moc that 17 CTs sow that al i ep 4 "The fanetony: A ~ XX permite natural extension of any funtion fom to a faction fon Ay dining ft) = Je) EX and fo) = fy) a © A ~ X. Uy contin on f sinc for any open sat UFO) = FW) Ufo gy-U0) = FAO) U APO) wha F(0) 6 on ape seat of X, Phas 1°) = X(N) whee each N, 8 ener inh fn U3, open in Ts PAU) = A CONATU eH GUND)) Sern NoO ex ND rUN since VN AN) C Nay and NC LON) UEKI, Hence (0) i open in 4,30 eons on 4 Every evalu ontnuonnfaetion fon X is constant fo zy EX and T= Teg), then Ver) Bt fy continuous 4 and hee on Jie) wow for) = fi(0%) = fe) and fora) ~ fle) = SO). ‘Thus fc) = Jo) for any two points fy © X 5%. Thomas Plank 9 ‘Thomas’ Corkscrew tat X= OL, be the union of ines ia fh plane where fy = {Giz € (14, and for > 1, (Gave e 0,01. Mr> ‘ich pint of exept for (0.1/5) is open; bes eighborhonds of (O,1/) ace abot of Ln with fi ,1/m) > 3 for Basis for the points in Ty 1. very bait neighborhood of oie a wel as open, so X is ‘50 dimensional and therefore regula nce it clearly ine if Cis w clown and p ¢ 2X ie a completely regu1H Counterexamples: Mere mist te mn ai niger ‘Then the funetion J taking ev are ents WoO tana OE disjoint fan Fery point oN to Tan all ate 2 an mah iene eae ee contains uncauntably many pints uf Cay pints of C1, 4 EL is 9 continuous rea-vatied fae a Ely ae i= "UL I9N), “Hi = FA tatty = ible interseotion of open sets in X, ‘Thaw. FMWD) La has SURD complerent mf is cnstanteaept fore ca fet. Sine fi continuous on rfiy me er Stes cont fhe must also be eastant exc aa 1 sn i of Fama pk to il «ace Prchon crac) wean attain armungne e aee Laein nce continu nn ahh et ‘erste tn comie merad en eee ee ren Thu a we tnt lear 95. Weak Parallel Line Topology 9%. Strong Parallel Line Topology 104 A be the subst of the wiset 112,00 << iy Pat erate 5 tte I= Mele $a <4) and U = te {he Mat lt hale intra Ban vag gl <2 < ‘meter with ht othe tan me een Strong Parl Line Topaogy 115 toll line tops + consist ofthe sats U together wi sets W = atila <2 <0} U (ase se <0). Since each W may be wrtton as VU UUs where ¥ = WB tnd the union is taken over all U, CW, we see that free topology tha 1 we define (3) < (ys) (ij = 0) whenever x pl areboth open snd closed in both cand, Than f2X —> Aetined by f) ~ Oi» € C and f(p) = Vip © Discontinuous. ‘Ths both spares ae totally sparute, Urysohn, Hausdo, and ot Locally connected X is wot sequentially compact vith the upology + snee a mono- ‘one increasing sequence uf pointe of B which e bounded shove ‘euntains no convergent subsoyuence. Thus (Xe) by also not sexquentally compact Considerations entirely analogous to those given for the right halfopen interval topology show that neither (2) nor (Xe locally compact, ecempact, or second countable Cleaely both topolagin are fst countable, and ain the right halen interval apology, ae Leland separate Since mo set V contains sy loser (4) is regula, sd thus iv wt ae dimensional sei Heed But the closures ofthe vets (or I for that matter) ae just the Union ofthe et andl wet of the frm I a this re laa open. ‘Ths ste ora bse fr foreach €or I the Union ofall sich ets contained ini Thus (¥) i gre dimension - Since in ether topology all the bass ements are densedn- thenselvesnuther space it cxttrel Neither (Xe) mor (Xp) i etrmally dieunnectod for in the right halFopen interval topology, a certain ifiaite unin of die joint basi cloments he clase which wo spe,1 That x ig Alona eae, MY bese by astern coy hie dit ‘hoods Us and Us in €,. Ni fae AAC ene se ibothaad, od Uanad Uninc, Nowita C4 on Eel Gin fo ih ya Taco Ye ny or Br oc nat Wh = & aod UG, Cv, rae ma ANT S00 aa bre neler of dd 8 pectin. Gieny Points of Cs. Thus any cov itely Sent ei (Pui many ett cer a Oe ny 4X is sequentially com, tin - ect ati tac gen conveys ia te cose Ts inser tat ple ek He Buen ifthe ean yn ote csi yoo he mana at ‘de seer et een ont a pact, idea limit point). Thus (Xe) ‘Appert Space 17 Gy nested sequences of intervals tether with their deletad m 6 Xs sparabl since no countable subset is dense in Cx Since ‘Xs compact itis Lindelat and thus not metraae 7. The components of X are Cy and exch of the poiats of C. M. Appert Space let Xe the st of positive intagrs Lat (5) denote the number of logs inset B'CX which are feos thas ol ton. We demrioe Apes topology on X by decking open any set which excludes the ‘nto 1 o any aet# containing for which im NB)/n = 1 | Appert space is an expansion of countable Fort space: «act © fe closed in Appert space if TEC, on We T'g C aod lim NiasC}/n = 0. 2 Appert space is larly Hansdox, and i fact, completely normal, WA ond ave separated ots, andi ed UB then A and see open 1F1€ A, then Tim 1V(n,B)/n'~ 0 (otherwise 4 would boa limit point of 8) and sb und X ~ B acedisjint open neigh- burhouts of and A respetivly. 11 € 2 the argument fe sina. 8. X isnot countably compact, forthe infinite set (24, >, as 10 limit point: no > T can hea Hint pont sine each such pst ‘is open, and 1 cannot bea init point of (24 since X24) ie open, 4 Since X is eountsble, itis eserpac, Lino, and separable, 5. X iv ot frst countable, since the point 1 does not have a count ile lel basis Suppose |.) wore a countable local basis oT ‘Then eich B, must be init, we cnt welt a2, € Beach thats > 10%; thon 17 =X — faa} dose ot contain any of the Sete Ba yet it isan open neghborho of 1, for (0,0) > "= loge nd thus tim Nu U)/n = 1. (6. X isnot locally compact, sacs the pont 1 doesnot have compact ‘eihborhood, for any hihboroed of 1 is ifnitey and may he ‘svered by (male) neighborhood of 1, ogether with a disjeint intinite eoletion of open pointe,118 Counteresanptas 7. Apert space iv seatierel sinc iT; spaces every densein tel fubset st contain an innit nunber of pointe, But ty femposble in X sino every punt other than 1 open 8. Since any set containing 1 i clase, 1 as x oe bass of seta hich are both open und eloed, Sine all ether polnte area crete, X is ere dimensional 9. X isnot entremally disconnected since the st of ovon ‘san open st whaseelowure HU |1} ta not open, 9% Maximal Compact Topology ot Xe thes fal ftv pints) of pve integers tet ith ovo ideal punts andy. The toplugs ron Xisdeinal by dogg ach lattice point to be open, and by taking as open neighbors of sets af tho form X — A where dis any se of lattice points with spa Snitely many points on each rove, and as open acighbtds of pal staf tho form X ~ B where Wi any set of ltice pints rected has st moat fiitely many roms. 1 (Xs) is not Hausdort, fr there ate no dijiot open neighbor hoods of and y. But its, since each pint i the intenseton ofits neighbor, 2 (Xs) i compact since it X — A uel X — Baro open neighbor hood of «and g, respectively, then X [0X — A} U(X Bi 47 Bis tit, 3. Every compect subset of is low, for suppose that BCX ig ot closed, Sine ech lative pint (6) open, ean fal to be led only ifs or y isa lint punt af, yet nek i, B Stppoce 4 B~ F; thon B svt contain punts fn an infinite nub of rows 1 (Gi) a collection of pont in E one i ae of infinitely many rows X ~ 4 together with te disrte pont (Gnd) forms an open covering of # but his no lita sbeoven Siniludy if € B= b then # wt contain an info mans of points frum some one rw 0 we let be that ro ad eover E by 2 ~ Hand wingletuns. Thus set whichis wt elon eos De compact + Suppose +” Diss compact topology fr X. Ifthe containment Svtostrit, there wok be a sibat which wae clave nde 7 but not under . But thew A wood be eampaet under +" ba ot under , whichis leary impossible. Hence mo toys X which ie steietty larger than ream be emp that hy ns nate al compact, an Hata poly en Minimal Hawdor Tepoogy 110 ‘esos int ft nn sd te To 5 lint etnt cue we ave tht a pi the ten Noaly repent eto ne mrt Sounabe yo th ter bah hata oe a bay, ‘Mowtscntting fT wh Fea fe cat oft “The dosbet fy) umonenn X wich ot Tht aly cone, ttl ped Enh bento eee tno Ep oy ots ‘sine nie bora omc ran op. 100, Minimal Hausdorff Topology the ine odor 1,23, «yoy 8) 2, =I) wih theinterl png and 2 th sk ie eg ith The eer ily, we ne X to be A grr th to [upc Su Tony Xedtre ye ro ettapigy on 3 tog ih bate epurnds Mt) = lel U Wide et sesigutrettconiterton of xs shoe that (9) i "sti ia soleil eral ge ad nM) ASCE) Meh > asl 2 Crt at a iether a ce (Soy seer Dt Se ty act : Inds gr fr aan cove of X with no oe alate etna ah we cna! ly a 2 Seas Ths ot cmp nant opel sce my calton o pn e Uehara roe Cart120, Couneresomples ‘over X. This follows from the fact that the closures ofan sie ‘orhoods of and ~acantain lf but tntly aay’ ofthe pas aj). A siniphtforvard consideration of eases shows sly hat the complement of suy basis neighburtd is alsp lat sampact. 5. Now suppose »° Cr, ppm N is a basis neighborhood of ad suppose (04) is w7"opon covering of X ~ WV [t is then roqen ‘covering, 0 there exis finitely many see 0}, Os the wim ‘of whose relosurs covers XN, Hu Ue clase of Om tains the rlasure, 0 X~ N is covers by tho union ofthe dlosures of 0, On - . Ow. Tw other words, XN Ban host compact subset of (, 6. Suppose is proper subtopology of r.‘Then Uhre would be ‘some bass neighborhood” @ fr which X'— N would not be loved in and so there would be m point 2 € ouch that = Thos tothe + elosure of X— N. Let {Ca} be the fay af ‘low meghborhonds of x, and suppice [3 — Cul over Xx W. Then for some C.-C, XN CUR = Cy, but UX Crs closed 30 nus contains. Sine the Care neigh hoods of 3, this i imposible, wo | — Cy) could not hare ‘covered X ~. Thus Cz contains more Unum just the points, 0 7 cannot te Hatdorf. ‘This means that is a minima raster topology for X- 101, Atetandroff Square TEX sh lsd unit ona 10 we defae » tplogy 7 by thing 8 ‘iho fal po of the diagonal &'= lee Wall the er serton of X~ 2 wih an pe vera in eer eed Ne) = Log) Xo ali cal.” Neghteton of ‘ints (52) © a the itt ith FF of open horse nw 2 ate humber oferta ine Gs Usa) tn ueeaa te sa A X ie Haundon as ray be sen by diet axnination of eases Cocaider two points (ar), (anya) © X. Iya ps then we may ‘ind disjoint horizontal ssp aa thus dsiint upen neighbor mim hoods containing (rn) and (rs) respectively. If y= ys, then thee 2, yon 25 yy 2, Then any open Bo ont strip containing (gs) Iss the vertial line though (say and any’ basis neighborhood of (zy) te disjoint gh Trhoods of (cn) and Gea) 2 Supp A and re ert aca of. Then each oat aye) EA bass tind M.) MG) which ‘iit im Be we my me Oy ga Cys) hat 360) 8 (ele al Methet that ‘A beuneountable 1. Xs feeleury Hausdort and completa regular sine these prope rts are preserved by arbitrary prot 12, Nis iter fit nor secon countable, Asoume |B) i count able loeal base atthe point p © Xs. For each, x(8,) = 2* for fl bot finitely many’; sic there are uncouniably many ey tre ean sles say a, such that 4B) = 2" forall, The Fa (pa) = |y © Kilt Polis a open eighborhood of p ‘which Contains no By (2,7 fs no a ee tse at 8. HAI Nv ie sepnable, Far in this ase dhew exits bijoee tion 6 otal onto & proper suvet of the nit interval Z. Let J, Ju Ja be any faite pairwise disjoint collection of eesed tubinterval of F with ational endpoints and my ma.» snaben finite subsotof 28. Lo pli gd "be ibe point 2) Xi where pe = nif ga) € Jy and pe = O otherwise ‘The set ofall sich points BJ 8 Sym 2 sm) incleany countable it alo dense, forgiven any opm set in Xa, of the orm A. ro(U) where Uy ieany opens (Ua, any set) in 2%, we ea find a pairwise disjoint collection Jesuch tha te) € Jal foreach an nya htt ny Then PU, ydeimy << ym) A aPMU since when ever (or) € Jy pa my E Uy(BA Counterexamples: 4 Conversely, ih > 2%, 2 eno separable. For supp countable dase sbactof then foreach gd ae 20 n2*() and D\a5(t) arent ses tach acre borhood #."() aad 9") i both open and ceed Thee map¢: AP) given by a) = Bae Ui noes R= can A < card POD) = 2% Jin asthe compact, compact, nor lly compact sage 2 ix none of thew and they aro al preserved by apen sntinac, ‘nape. Alan ike 2, Xs zero dimensicnal—sinee cach eas se rep.) is both open and cloged but rot eating, © Hori = Oand 1, lot CX; be the ellen of al pnt wih the broperty dat ech neg except i appear stunt eae coordinate, Then singe A is uncountable Py) Pe oF ag flate Xi — Prem U tean) een), Pain loud, We ott she that any to neighborhoods U and of yan Pines, =» X, cannot be normal Each Gite subset P'C A determines & basis neighborhood FG) of any point 2 € Ki by Bis) = Arete), Wee Inductively nest increasing seavonceF. = {of of te Salts of A together with an aamciated sequenss of pon Po Yat a= 0 forall ©, and sappae tht oad Fog di ten lect Fs Ds by seising that Fae nd then slack + € Pw tat 2598" = j when Se ght = Otherwise. Now let» © Pb dein by 9 Bhenever oy € UF and ys = | otheewine, Then thong’ 2 Sate st @ CA such that Gi) CV Thon for some inte me GOLF GPa 20 we may deine & pint # € Xy by Sat Then os € Pa ty = O whenever as © Fase — Pe, ads, = 1 otherwise. Then 22 = ysifa © GA Py, ole Bele € Ge y= ti those © Gy) CP Funhenoree LTE Ph i Che and ay 0m agen Fone Bei thaw £1 Totes = Payee CU by = © UNV, which waa to be proved. 101, aire Metric on me 1X ~ Beis the wot HI Ry whore each His copy of the dean eal line, we define the Bare metric on X by 4(Ge0,04)) = 1/8 where § 's the fst coordinate where andy difer a soonest comet ‘ncontaine inthe Tycho bainet > 479) where 2, € U, forall < & Thus the Baie tpology ia etsetly finer than the ‘Tychonaff topology on iz. ie the th verde 2 If an) ina Cauchy sequence in X and if fem thn oe th ees Sn Ey is eventually constant, say 2" Then cleary [zu] converges (9. Thus he eompete 2 end bg hl ef tse) =e, hg tl 1 rst topsogy air tc precy the Tychoof pod heh ars assed re Bot Say 3 ok aoe 4+ Sethe poo leery comm ale of oto irl fut pea conpc ad rl ft co satetol abet os anal But Xl ounce ‘spit eannot be ecompact. Similarly, since avery bassin is uncountable, eansot be lealy compact, Since the discrete topology on each factor space Ry ie nome separable, X cannot be separable, sv sten (rth ine image under con hour map af as hs bh penn nel Gy a therefr the cormeponding bw roth open tnd clad. hs Xn edema Sc Ft or, dee inl and therfore not catered sce Xt tot dct ino etremaly dso 105, 08 {Ut 7" be the uncountable Cartasan product ofthe cloned uni interval T= (0) = 07, ne ie snd Har 1 iconic an aad ne compact and Ha ‘Ths 1 is nora. Skulaly singe Tie connected, soiBW A= UNE We 21, 1 cataing = HA, the ay (BLP since thes is homesmorphic to the dscete ‘which i not orm so fe cyte open wburbood of y 4 io Te Tg 4 int fe aston ution rm Ff, fe comerge in toe if the incon 1 gat bi french ee fe This equivalence follows dircetly fi a local basis at «pointy © 7 106. 10.0) x 17 lathe ptt al fe 8 8 etl a 1 Xie tt fe ao aed comely rear te Ith ctr pe Sie 0) i county capac an ably compact. However rei - someet sine thaw ne jaar ‘euenty Remon wei ge m. ely Space 127 Since (0.9) is nether separable, Lindt, nor ecompact,X alr ‘anno satisfy these conditions. Silty since Tis not fist ountabl, neither is X. But see both and [0,0 are Weal ‘compact, ss X, Healy Space ‘Theslspace X of 7 consisting ofall andeereasing function i called ally spaeo; it eames the induced topology, MSE HX, iba not ndoereasing. Thus there are points ru € Fel that. < y bat fQ) > J). We < He) — Fd, and if Ue= BAe) and U, = Byfty), then. ve eNO.) ew neighbonhoad off disjint from X. hus Xs hosed subspace of Use eampact set J, ao Xf compact Tats. Aor spe, Bach function / € X has at most countably meny points of Aiseontinuty. Let A, be Usse pointe of dicuatinity together ‘vith the rationals in ‘he uit interval 7; then sa countable set. We claim’ thit the ast of all ‘ite intersections of reMBAfo})) for a © Ay and j = 1, 2,3, ew countable Ire bass for To erty thi we need only check that every ub hss neighbor y"(0h(f()) contains an element of our ‘countable faniy. 1's 3 point of dsvontinlty off we merely salet js that 1) <« ad take wy" fl). Hf any then f 's continuous at yy ao there is such Ut fa) © BSN) whenever |r — 9 <8. So if @ is a rational in the interval (yy + 8 and joo lary that Bula) C Bye), ad snarly bes rational in (y ~ 42) abd Bya(fD) C-B,Ui), then every function of X in xe", J(@)) Axe "Ba fON) Us ‘be in 2-4.) Ths X is rst eountable Let A, be the set of dine rations in with denominator 2; then (4) isan inereasing nested sequence of finite subate of whine unions dense in J Preach let, be theo of evnkin= ous piecewise linea fupetions in X which take on rational vas teach point of and which are near botween these pol, Bach ¥, 6 countable, 90 Y= UY, ix ala. Purtbormore, Y is lense in X, 20 Xn separable, ‘The evlection of functios fy defined by. fu) = 0 if <2, Lia) = 4, and JQ) = Tif > 2 is an uncountable eabeat of Xhich s dere in the induced toolgy. Tas ths mage ‘x sot second ountable and telore nits i X,lstns tore, since Xi separ anne be metab 108. €,1) fn C1. wformly convergent sequence af wontinuns fam tions, which must havea continanusfanetion ans Hit 10,11 is separable since the polynomials with rational cue tient form a countable dense set, Bary open ball 24) consis « saquase {f) s Uh) ~ elon ix) and ich throes no contrat tutseueace Tos i'w doe #.€ Co oe ~v/2en 04/2 Pan 2 on 1/94 il a Tne in teween Then ff $ BO) todas dt) 2 ‘has Gf. ha copa igh Toros ss ter ely es clot aoe a seand catgry, compet fore has no convergent 101s both are connect and Lely are connected since each ball By(f) is convex. That i, the function 10.11 C10 1) de, Fined by (0 = i+ (L~ 4 Sem path jeiing to hy ry and ein B,(), 0 does exch #0) . 108. Boolean Product Topology on Re TEX = Reis the set ii Ry where ch R, is the B We gmnerte the Boolean product topology form 1, Uc where exch Us open in cide rel ne, fram basis wta of the 4 Clearly cach bass wet of the Tyehonaff topology: ix open i the Stone-Oach Computer 129 Boolean topology, 27 is tilly fer than the Tycbonof prod ‘wet topology on X. Thus (Xp) i Hasdrt 2. Cy) is aio Ty, formappote A and Bare separated subsets of X. “Then cacha = (e) € A i contained in some basis neighborhood [WU (2), disjoint from B, whore each O,(e) san interval in By ‘entered atthe coordinate ay Lat Usa) be the idle half of the interval Usa), and let U"(e) = HO Z(a). 18 V°Q) la do- fined imilry foreach b € B, then U =U) UM) and ¥ = U,V") ate dsisint open sts containing d wad B respectively 3. Sinee in the induced topology each of the transates 2 Iu & Xs, ~ 2u, i 3) i homeomonphi to the connected net FX is connect 4. Singe (Xp) fan expansion of the Tychonof topology on I, Ihc ie horbemnorphic o Hilbert space, any compact subst of X must be compact in Hilbert space. Thus, since Hilbert space Js not e-eompacly neither is (Xx). But (Xe) is loelly compact since the product of compact intervals is compact 5. Suppose (1. is «countable lea bai a the point = € 2; lt Us = Fh Uy, Then for each 4, let Vibe a proper subst of Use ‘containing 2,; then il V. is neighborhood of = ¢2,) which docs not contain any of the sla {U,).Taus [U,| eannot be a bese tz, 0 X is at it countable 6, Neither is X separable, fr if for ech , Uy the open interval Gs-+ 0 im Re then the eallestion ofall sets Ags = JU, ‘whore [i i annfite subset of the intogors, forms an tneount- ‘ble dsjoitcoleston of open ste in X. Whi shows in fact that 1X doesnot satify the eoutable chain condition. 10, Stone-Lech Compactification Let (X) bea completly regula space le be the closed unit intarval (0,1), and lt CCK.) be Ue collection of ll continuo functions From 40 7, Lat FH ALD, where J ew copy of T dened by € C(X1) We denote By (i) the clement of 1 whose Nth cor dae te "Than if Ax: X > FEE i defined by Aa(a) = (zh), theON Sounteresaunples tage of hy Re, use th cnet Had space 12, {0 ts enue AX ~ BX) isa comput Hauer aps ec ‘Stone-Cech compuctiicntion of (X1), = " 1. a honeomorhiass enh), dee aot of (ade sane tp Steen Ohe = foreach © CU fohen wie Sonat, ots I einen eas ice SUE Xe 4 thee acon enctea ee e Dat i} = Oand XG) =I Thashet) @ gh fees inlet if X's Unt. Kimya ah a oe pen mapping by selecting any open set UCN, ale 4.5 U Since (Xx) invicta rege thse i ARMING) = O woh en te hand ete I) noob) oan open vba af he) ach ‘taing Ax(z). 80 hx(U) is open, eeaesnenel 2 Bory continuous function f fram x” ° om X to a compact Had trac Y has unigue cottons extenion ts BY: that en Feb coatinuous JX Y there exbts a eontuuoas fancier fo) ee PMO) = Msc that is the FO fh euenn (os kcal ey aie sci bP a et a ‘coordinate: (FO Ar(z)), = ele eee Gainer eo = YON Thus Fs) Cy — ‘y(Y) 0 by the continuity of | ; F Fax) C FUG) car. Tha Frets tog Ss BP echitatay he = ho Now see Fis emer 9 YAY" a homens wi he! ogra dennl jen elm Ot =r! OFF Oky “hy © hy Of =f Sige Fists dort, fie unique, for a map from any “ance toa Haitsdortt space Yi deterinad by te vas ot dee at ‘The properties that 8X is compet, (X) is dense in BX, and Stone-Cueh Canpetigeton 131 {hat every ap ons om Diet Haudort pace Yay be {tend uniquely 6X chara teri pX. For let have thse Propet. The there exist an Tecison fof X Sato T with iq exes 7a 1 nique estenon K to 7 of {be lneison of X into. Sine both ho fand the identity 6X BX are extensions tA of X +X, f 0 fmat be the identity on 8%; hos be 70 fe the enya Monee {8X and ar homeamorphic. ‘A send dasecption of 8X may be give a falls, We el 4A CX a rer et if for some conto real-valued funtion J on A'= [2 © XG) = O. Chay fora completly rege ‘aco X, the elleton of nareats frm ass forthe et of hd et of X, that every cle set a interven of terosets of X. We noo that the pote of X are ina natura erepondnce with th prineipal lteter of rest and te shall identity a punt withthe cormapondinglrafer; further, we all este or attention to laf of eres whic ae the ntonetons of ordinary efter with 2, the talletion of aeroate. Wo sun take 8 new dition of XE Sheet fal laters of zeae of ¥ ‘With these convents we define» tpslogy on AX by taking as ass of lve el all seta af the frm Ca = WP € BX|A € Pl, whew A i any tna; leary Cu\Cy = Cara, Than the hnetion AYA which asa to the Principal lzafiter ofl eroets contining +a omer. ‘hin nto BX and ie age is dens in with the gen {opalgy To se this we note ha one sne det penne give suet dnint peincpal ultrdlery aad ten Zeros in X that KA) inj MX) VCash hf each ned ‘etic and ho each open ns open. Stee Xi the ony ‘et onttined in all principal ulate, Cy = 3X te the only ‘led et eontnng A(X) Thus KX) = aX AX icumnart sine satin th fie ntration axon. Sop- pene (Calaes illo of clad bt of BX with nan- enn fie intrsetions "Thon each the interseton of eed Das sets Cg (at Ch = A.Caan) the fail‘132 Counterexamples {Cea} also has nonempty finite intrscetions. Henee 9 doe the family [40], which means that some ultaflier Psp {Pufains all of the serosets AQye)- Clary forall andy PE Crow = (GE AXA) EG), 5 FEA Casey NG. “ © The two spaces BX arw hmteomarphic snc they both satay the thee characterizing propertie enumerated above. To coe nique continuous extension to (the tow) AX Since ¥ dee in BX any extension me ean produce will be unig; ur ane EXY, and bet PERK. Let B= BYP) olor 4 C YIM) E FI; then Bisa fiterin ¥ which nha ee 4 the property that whenever ad Bare tert for wie, AUB S Bethe A oi lo longs tol Sine Tncompact QA i sonempty sappee p andg ae both in ech ot ot 754. Then sine ¥ i comply rua, bi ing compact aa Mus, there es din pen neghtonons Ua ye 2 fod 9 repetinly show cotpenent tn mpc Tt since YU 1) Pe Bethany ey The io als be bt nodercan tain Biuth pod gary £10 tet in B. Ths contradiction dona tht dae fee are at mast one nd hence presly one pst Ts ca ieeint we call {UF}, und thereby define f: BX — Ys the ese enim if Tosh hat sents erica, show tht the inverse ing of any cna erect ns {Bs fons tom the act thal for kee seer ea BA) = Cray , Stone-Cach Compactification ofthe Integers Tei) be the Stone ech compactifenion of 2+, the space of posi tive integers with the darete topology. 1. Tho nt Xi hata 8 hh he awe of ho ine he 2 1 cher ei ans BOD0 ord Ci Sie Bade ae Ae Sco tons en 2 tb as a ‘ese of nen = a Sc ha oa stfu fm us Rt poe at Pee ‘he driv ue tae ua eB a Stone-Owch Compactetion of the Integers 188 cipal ultraiters correspond exactly wo the ponte of Z¢ we may cemsider X to be ZU 1 where AF is the ellection of al non ‘principal ultrafirs of 2%. Tn this ease we have as a basis for ‘our topology’ the collstion of all sete ofthe form Us UE Kid EP) for AC 2%, since X— Us = (FE Xick — A) € P) is by definition bass eee set. If'z © A, an if Pe ‘a the principal ulteaiter containing {z], A € Fy; 9, happily, F.C Us, which can be iterpretad to'inean that AC Us Cleay each U, is lst swell open; furthermore, Ua \ Us = Cane and ACB implies Us C Un ‘The cardinality of C(2%) is the cardinality of all countable subsets of F which i the eandinalty of the yal, "Thus cad (1Oe.P) = oo card (X) Se = > Analogously, the ae of Ulrafers isa subset of PCP) and ao has eardinality lee than or eal to Since the Cartan product of ¢ ~ 2* separable spaces is sop rable, must have «countable dense subst D. So there i 1 surjection 6:24 — D which i eontinuoussinee Zs discrete, Thus 6 can be extended continuously to: X +, Since ¥ i compact, so ix CX; 504 (X) le lad et containing D, which an only be D = 192.0, ‘hus eard (X) > cand (4.0) = 2, So therefore X has arialty 2 When 2X is considered as st of ultrafiters the above cardi ality argument tales the following form. We mst consul, soto ape, 2 ultaiters on the psitive integers. We i fact construct 2° uleaiters on any infinite wot wih eadinal a. Let F be the set ofall inte subset of X and lt @ denote the et otal finite subota¢ of F. Note that % # has the tame ear ality a+ soit is ulicent to construct the desired ultafiters on FX 4. For any abet CX we define by = (Ud) © FX S1A. OF € oh; lt by’ denote (F X 4) ~ ba. Now foreach Sin POO) etBe = UislA © 8]U ford 8) CPE X ‘Von fh has the Finite ntercction property, and hi the base fora 6ter on FX. 1fS and 7 ae diferent subwets of POO, there is some set AE 8 — 7 thas by © By and by © By 0 ny ultrafiters containing By and By ave distinct. Thus thre reat least as many ulrafer ax submets of P(X) that ly 2 many. We note that of the 2 ultrafiters ab moet « sre Prinepal, so we have 2" nonprincpalultrflers8 MRE My eset Uslr ald © Ft na igh bata Soi Olaah open stand = or geet cept in Uy tit Pe OAM, tne i at eh int FE Uy C0. bat hen Be ge ete Oi en in ad fF © Uo geitibortond Uso Fmt sine gs Xi tn dient. In ae 202 Ae then UaU Uy = X and Ua Uy ~ go. * 1 Bray ari srr it € Moti anyon a MB dei oa SX spun ite 2 dn in Xa te. ta heute vt ot drt int nce Seema ‘asi eat fe and a estion of 2, ve will eoatauet by trac rt ‘of 8. Lat be the Yani a wanking ube of, wel der hy the neta se a ein OM Lat € F ten cette PAIS Sd P<: PoP hour Die knee eS wae Etre 1 the wine cern to = pe sa ite even 2 2 which permite each at inne Crean mens st) = ne Cis Then eee wt Stet S Flat en dese Novae apace by X's ee Oe 1 fe calletion (Pld € #1 can be defined inductively as ft Ore EEG ster Pa haw ben dnd fr alt Sp al Then cad(Q) UR ga fomponent of X. But Ly ia eamponent of X, since ie connect fod no larger asbnetof X i connected 117. Closed Topotogist's Sine Curve HIS. Extended Topologist’s Sine Curve SEATS TU oy sak wea os(198 Countereximpes |S isnot leap compact, since the Point (0.0) has no comuct neigh, othowd. or any sighonal N of (00) contains a se ACS, where ais a dine centered at the rnin of rai ‘Then ay horizons tal line passing thn, say (Q/) Intorscets 4 S* inn sequones of oints which has no accumulation int in N. So.W ean oe count, y compat nl thie wt npr ho na £110 8" de. fined oy A—1) = (00), fe) = Fe or € (0.15 continous the ena nae of stealycapct sce ned noth oly ca Pe Ghee! telat sive cure 8, wbich i SU Hy) ¢ 25 Abie compact, being closed and bounded, xo ot ‘3 com na tg ee os of the contin inate tt ae (att) Since = J(0,1) nconaecta, sot Ses eee 8 CHS, $B Pah spouts 8 wa = [091-1

O}, B= (uO) € R23

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