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    71 views4 pages

    3918 001

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    / Rae Dwyer n and Intermolecular Attractions Lab #11 COMMUNFTY Wen SCHOOL Background Tn today's lab we will examine the attractive forces that hold molecules together and the tive forces that break them apar seth and are comprised of London dispersion forces (I.DF), dipolar forces, andl hydrogen bonding (H-bonding). The forces that brealemolecules apart are-related-to the temperature ofthe object. You will explore the effect of polarity on the strength of IMF and how the IME is related to physical properties suc} int, bailing paint, state of matter, and viscosity of liquids. All'materiabis held together-by attractive forcestbutthere is-always somedistuptive force present that eam breakitapart. When an object is a solid ata given temperature it means t attractive forces must be greater than thé disruptive forces. When something/s 4 gas at any temperature it means that the disruptive forces much be much greater than the attractive forces. Finally, when the forces of disruption andattr OM aTEaT Out the sae Tove, The SUBSTANCE wii as aliquid. Tyeseaceelpiuesiays di Gohesive forces are.attractive forces betweemparticles. They are what he They are weak in gases and get progressively stronger as We go from liquid to solid, Recall that the force of attraction decreases with increasing distance of separation or with decreasing charge. There are forces that result from particle motion that work in opposition to the cohesive forces. They are known as the _ issaptiundanscedocaeaehausendageeparaesinaleose). The two main of disruptive forces are the fuationofatoms.or molecules oF the esnulsion of ike charges. ‘All atoms are always in motion. Externally Tanslatdonalmotion} anditcan spin (called h is called vibrationakmotion). The bonds are like little springs thaLcan move slow or fast but are always in motion, There is awenergy associated-with each of the three types of ‘This means that fastervelocity,andlarger. objects must e faster an object is movin; obi yfro he slower tis moving the easier it is to bel ‘trapped by the forces, Solids, since they are not moving or rotating, the only motion leftis vibrational. As stated above, disr: re associated with kinetic energy, which is a measure of the movement of the oie ‘and i is associated with the temperature of the sample. We all know that at the same temperature, heavier molecules move slower. When the disruptive forces are greater than the cohesive forces, we can havea. change of state (egeliquid—-gas)alt.takes energy to. make this transition, ~and.since the energy. is used.to evaporate the molecules, the remaining liquid gets Cooler. This is calle evaporative cooling, Materials: Water Lab Quest Temperature Probes Hexane Small Rubber bands Ethanol Masking tape Acetone Square pieces of filter paper (~2,5em x2.5em) LabQuest PreLab Questions: Predicting Polarity Compounds to be studied: Water H20 Hexane CoHis Ethanol CHsCH20H . Acetone CHsCOCHs For each of the compounds above draw the Lewis dot structure and use the dot structure to answer the Questions. Fill your answers in the table below. Substance Lewis Dot Polar Bonds Polar or Structure (yes or no) Nonpolar Molecule Water oe ho fy 7200 Nes Polo Hexane Ethanol Xr \ ( ‘Acetone C ' VOD Experimental Overview: In this experiment, ‘Temperature Probes are placed in various liquids. Evaporation occurs when the probe is removed from the liquid’ container. This evaporation is an endothermic process that results in a temperature decrease, The magnitude ofa temperature decrease is, like viscosity and boiling temperature, related to the strength of intermolecular forces of attraction. In this experiment, you will study temperature changes eaused by the evaporation of several liquids and relate the temperature changes to the strength of intermolecular forees of attraction. You will use the results to prediet, and then measure, the temperature change for several other liquids. You will examine the molecular structure of different substance for the presence and relative strength of two intermolecular forces—hydrogen bonding and dispersion forces, Safety Precaution: The compounds used in this experiment are flammable and poisonous. Avoid inhaling their vapors. Avoid contacting them with your skin or clothing. Be sure there are no open flames in the lab during this experiment. Notify your teacher immediately if'an accident occurs Procedure: Part 1: Evaporation Rate “his experiment may be conducted as a group of four - one person per substance (hexane, water, ethanol, acetone), 3 Obtain 4 pieces offilter paper and five rubber bands to attach the paper to your thermometer, 2. Connect the Temperature Probes to LabQuest. . 3. Choose New from the File menu, On the Meter screen, tap Length. Change the datacollection length to 500seconds. Select OK. Data collection will last ~Bminutes, ‘4. Wrap Probe 1 and Probe 2 with square pieces of filter paper secured by small rubber bands as Shown in the figure, Roll the filter paper around the probe tip in the shape of a cylinder. Hints First slip the rubber band on the probe, wrap the paper around the probe, and then finaly slip the rubber band over the paper. The paper should be even with the probe end, 5. Stand Probe 1 in the ethanol container and Probe 2 in the acetone container. Make sure the containers do not tip ove & frepare 2 pieces of masking tape, each about 10 cm long, to be used to tape the probes in position during Step 7. 7. After the probes have been in the liquids for at least 30 seconds, start data collection. A live graph of temperature vs. time for both Probe 1 and Probe 2 is being plotted on the screen, Live readings are displayed to the right of the graph. Monitor the temperature for 15 seconds to establish the initial temperature of each liquid. Then simultaneously remove the probes from the liquids and tape them so the probe tips extend 5 cm over the edge of the table top as shown in Figure 1. 8. Data collection will stop after 8 minutes (or stop data collection before 8 minutes has elapsed) fake @ picture of the temperature vs. time graphs and insert them into your Google Document. 9. Examine the graph of temperature vs. time. Based on your data, determine the maximum semperature, t, and minimum temperature, fo for both probes. Record t1 and ts for each probe. 10. For each liquid, subtract the minimum temperature from the maximum temperature to determine At, the temperature change during evaporation. 11. Based on the At values you have obtained for all four substances, plus information in the Pre-Lab exercise, predict the A¢ values for methanol and n-hexane. Compare the hydrogen-bonding capability and molecular weight of water and n-hexane to those ofthe previous two liquids Record your predicted At, then explain how you arrived at this answer in the space provided, your prediction by repeating the above steps, using water with Probe 1 and n-hexane with Probe 2. Data Table 1: Substance} b at (t= ) (Co) eo) ee) Water Hexane Ethanol ‘Acetone Post Lab Questions: 1. Doesa substance that evaporates more quickly have a higher or lower force of attraction to other molecules in the liquid compared to a substance that evaporates more slowly? Explain, 2. Determine which intermolecular forces are present in each of the solutions. Explain your answer using a picture. 3, Based on the At values you obtained for your substances, plus information in the Pre-Lab exercise, predict the size of the At value for 1-butanol, C

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