.

1424

7
7
10
11
11
12

) (12 1

) (12 1

14
41
42
68
83
10
5
11
4

)
(

14
16
18
20
22
24
27
29
32
34
38
40

)
(

8
9
10

11

12

15
17
19
21
23
26
28
31
33
36
39
41

)
(

8
9
10

11

12

44
45
46
47
49
53
58
58
59
61
63
66

)
(

7
8
9
10

70
71
72
73
74
76
77
78
79
80

11

12

81
82

- 1






..
) (

.










.

-





.
2

-
:

:
. .
.
.
)
(:

.1

.
.2
)(5 - 3
.
.3
) (

.
.4

)
(



.
-5

.
9

-6 /


.
-7

.
-8 .
-9


.
-10
.
-11 / )
(

.
-12
) (

.
-13


.
-14


.
-15

4





.
)
(Paradigm


.



.

11

.



.




.



)
1995 (2000


...

.

5

-



:

.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
.5
.
.6 .
.7 .
.8 .
.9

.
6


.
7

) ( 15
.

13

8
:

) (

) ( 1

55

) ( 2

35

.
) ( 3
40

.
) ( 4

35

.
) ( 5

120

.
) ( 6
85
.
) ( 7

110

.
) ( 8

110

.

10

11

12

==
==

) ( 9
55

.
) ( 10
50

.
) ( 11

90

.
) ( 12
55

.
=================
840
========

) (1

.1 .
.2 .
) (20 (35) +

15

:
) ) ( 1 (
:
.

) (1

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

17

) ( 2

) (15 (20) +



:

:
) ( 2 ) (.

19

)(2

) (3

.1
.
.2 .
) (10 (30) +

:


:

.
.
:
) ( 3 ) (.

21

) ( 3

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

) 4
(

) (20 (15) +

) (
:
.1 ) (
.
.2
.3 ).
(
.4 .

:
) ( 4 ) (.

23

) ( 4

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

) (5

.1 .
.2
.
.3 .
) (60 (60) +

) ( 5

) ( ...

...
. :
.1 ) (
.
25

.5
).
.6
(

.
.7

) ( 5

27

) ( 6

.
(25 ) : (65) +

: ) : ( 8

.
:
) ( 6
) ( )
(25 -20
.




.
:- -
:

29

31

) ( 7

.1

.2
.
.3
.
) (55 (55) +


) ( 7
)


.

) (7

33

) (8

) (

) (45 (65) +

) (

.1 ) (

.
.2 .

.

) ( 8

35

) ( 8

) (

) (9

) (20 (35) +

) ( 12 ) ( 12

...
.
-
(.
)
:

.

37

) ( /

- --

- -

- --

(01
)

25 35 +

) (


.

:
) ( 10 ) (.

39

25 35 +

) (.
.1 .
.2
.
.3
.
.4
.
.5
.

41

) (

(11

40 50 +

) ) ( 11 ( :

) (


.
) ) ( 11 (
.

43

) ( 11

(21
)

) (25 (35) +





.

:
) ( 10 ) (.

45

) ( 12

--- ---

... .

47

:
:

49

) (1

detceleS
(
)

yrosneS

retsigeR
((.





..




.

) (2
.

semehT






seitilibapaC
(
)
engaG

..




.




:
erutcurtS

evitingoC
(
)
.

.



.

.

.

51

.









.

) ( 3

...





) ( Themes




.Capabilities
.

.







.

)( Arrangements






40
.

) (4

:





.
:










.
:








.
:





53

).( Bruce:1996:373

) (4

.



.


.


.
.



.
)
(Bolte 1999

) (Novak & Gowin

.

) (5

.
.

.

.
.

.

.


) (

.

.

) ( .

55

) ( 5

.

.

.


.

.
.
.
.


:

:(5

.
.
.
.
.

.
:



.

57

) ( 5

.
-
:
.
.
.

.


.

.

.

.

) (6

: " "
" " " "
.

:

"
".

: "
".

59

) ( 6

:
.

.
.
: ...
.
.
.

.
.
.

.

...

.

) (6


.

.


.

.

.

.
.

.
-

.

61

) ( 7

:
.
.
.


:
:

.

) (.
:



)
(
:
.

) (7

:


)
()
(.
:

.
:




.

63

) ( 8

) (

:


.




.


.

) (Jane Healy


.




) (Novak & Gowin ; 1984;P16

.

) (1980Hagen

.




.

) (9

.



.


....



4

"

melttiP dna

hcilmieH
(
" )



":
".

...
"
"
.



.

65

) ( 9

:
.

.



.


.



.

.

.
.
.

.

.

01
(

.







)

& kavoN

(oiloftroP
)

(dradnatS

)


scirbuR
(
)

.

1991 ; niwoG
(.

67

11
(

.



:



.




.

.


.
69

.
)( 11

.


.
.




)
(
.

:


.

11
(

) (



.....





.

71

) ( 12

.

Bos, Anders, Filip, and Jaffe 1985; Beck, Omanson, and McKeown
( (1982 ) ((Hagen 1980 ) (Toms-Bronowski 1983

)Enright and McCloskey 1988; Margosein, Pascarella, and Pflaum cited in
.((Flood, Jensen, Lapp and Squire, 1991
:


.

.
.
.

.

.



.
.

(21

.


.


.



... .
-
.

.. .. ..
.. .




.

ecneicS fO noisreV nwO siH.

73

) (12

. 34



.

.
)(misconceptions

.




.


.


.

:
:

75

) (1

.



.

.

.


.

) ( 2

:


.


.




.



.
77

) (3

04

.

.

.
.

) ( 4

79

) (5

) ( 5

.

.

.

.



.

.


.


.

81

) (6

.

) (
.

.

.

.

.

.

01
8-
.

)( 7

:

.
:

.
:
.
::


.
:

.
:

83

) (8

) (

.

.

.

.

) ( 9

.
.
.

.

.
:
.
.

.
.


.

.

85

01
(

.

.

.

.

) ( 11

.
:
.
.
.
.

.

87

21
(

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

:
:

89

)(123

) )(567

- - --

-
- -

91

- - --

-
- -

93

95

97

99

- - -
- -
- - -

101

103

105

107

co2

co2

109

/
111

.1
.2
.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

.10

/

.

.


.


.


.



.


.


.



.

.11

.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
.20
.21
.22

.23

/


.


.

.

.


.

.

.

.


.

.

.


.


.

113

.24
.25
.26
.27
.28
.29
.30
.31
.32
.33
.34

.35

/


.

.

.

.


.

.

.

.
.

.


.


.

(

1
.

2
.

3
.

4
.

5
.

6
.
(
.
7

8

.


9
.
10
.
11

.

.

13

14

12

115

15

16

17

18
19
20

) (
.
.

21
.
22
.
23
.
24
.
25
.

26
.
27
.
28
.
29

.
(
30 .

31

.


.

34

) (
.


.

36

37

38

32
33

35

) (
:

( :

117

39

40

( :



4

5

6

( :
.9
10
11

12

13

( :
14

15
16

17
18
19

20
.
21
22

.
( :
23

24

25
.
( :

26
.

27

28
29

.
119

30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
(
38
39
40
41
42
43

.

.














.

:

.

.


.

44

45

.

.

121

:
.1 .(2001) .


.
.2. (1997 )

44/ .
.3 1999 )( :
"" .
.4 1995) (
"" .
.5 .(2001). " "

.

Cliburn J ;& Joseph W(1990); Concept

Maps TO Promote Meaningful

6.

Learning ;Journal Of College science

Teaching; Vol (xix ); No(4) :1990

; PP212-217

.
Burggraf,f,(1998),Thinking Connections,

7.

Critical Thinking Books and Software

company ,us.

123