M u

Maple 6 l phn mm ton din gii quyt cc bi ton cao cp. Bao gm nhng cng
c x l, tnh ton trong cc lnh vc ton hc nh :
1. i s tuyn tnh: Ma trn, nh thc, H phng trnh tuyn tnh, Khng gian vct

2. Gii tch: Hm s, gii hn, Lin tc , o hm, Tch phn, Phng trnh vi phn,
Chui
3. ha, Ton ri rc, Thng K, v nhiu lnh vc khc ca ton hc.
Vi trn 3000 hm s Maple l mt tr l ton hc tuyt vi gip gii quyt phn tnh ton
trong hc tp v nghin cu.
Maple lm vic theo cu lnh nhp t bn phm v c th lu thnh tp tin s dng li
khi cn.
Mt s iu qui nh khi nhp lnh:
1. Kt thc cu lnh : Mi cu lnh c kt thc bi du

; ( th in kt qu ra mn hnh)

hoc du : (khng in kt qu)

2. Thi hnh cu lnh : Sau khi kt thc lnh th n phm Enter thc hin lnh.
3. Cc cu lnh c th c nh du, sao chp theo cch thc nh trong h iu hnh
Windows
Mt s iu cn ch :
1. C phn bit ch hoa v ch thng.
V d: Int v int l hai lnh khc nhau
2. to mt ch thch cho cu lnh, ta dng du # trc on vn ghi ch.
V d: # Tnh tch phn
3. Dng lnh restart khi to mi cc bin, hm s dng trc .
4. Cn tra cu c php cu lnh ta dng mc Help trn thanh thc n ca Maple. Mun
tra cu nhanh th dng du ? v tn mc cn tra cu.
V d: ?plot
?ifactor

Maple V6

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

D liu trong Maple

1. Cc php ton:
a. S hc : +, - , * , / , ^ hay ** , !
Trong Ton
a+b
a-b
a.b
a/b
An
An
A!
V d : Tnh biu thc A=

Trong Maple
a+b
a-b
a*b
a/b
A^n
A**n
A!

22 + 5

2( 2 + 1)
> A=(2^2+5)/(2*(2^(1/2)+1));

b. So snh: < , <= , > , >= , = , <>

Trong Ton
x=2
x4
1x
3<x
x>a
t3

Trong Maple
x=2
x<>4
1<=x
3<x
x>a
t>=3

c. Logic : and , or , not

V d :
Trong Ton
Trong Maple
0x3
(0<=x)and(x<=3)
x<1 ; 2x
(x<1) or (2<=x)
not ((0<=x)and(x<=3))
x[0,1]
V d :
> evalb(5>4 and 7<1);

Maple V6

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

2. Kiu d liu:
Trong Maple ta c cc kiu d liu sau y :
D liu
Tn Kiu
integer
S nguyn
fraction
Phn s
float
S thc
complex
S phc
string
Xu k t
exprseq
Dy
set
Tp hp
list
Danh sch
range
Min

V d
123
12/3
12.3456
a+bI
(I ch hoa)
ab cd12
a,b,c
{a,b,c}
[a,b,c]
1..3 hay a..f

3. Hng: l cc gi tr ci sn ca Maple c gi tr khng i. Mt s hng ca Maple c lit k di

y:
Hng
Tn hng
Gi tr
Pi
3.141592654
p
e
E
2.718282828
Catalan

(-1) n
C=
Catalan
0.915955942
2
n =1 ( 2 n + 1)

g= lim
n

k =1

1
- ln n
k

gamma

0.5772156649

infinity

ng , sai
true , false
a) xem danh sch tn cc hng dng lnh : constants;
b) Thm tn hng vo danh sch hng :
constants:=constants, tn_hng_mi ;
c) Gn gi tr cho hng mi: macro(tn_hng_mi = gitr ) ;
V d : Thm hng K=9.109558. 10-31
constants:= constants K;
macro(K=9.109558*10^(-31));
4. Bin l vng nh lu gi tr v c truy xut qua tn ca bin.
Tn bin: l tn gn ca bin gm cc ch ci (a..z , A..Z) , cc ch s (0..9) v du gch ni _
. Tn bin phi bt du ch ci hoc du _ v c phn bit theo ch in v ch thng.
Tn bin khng c trng vi cc t kha dnh ring ca Maple gm:
and break by catch description do done elif else end error export fi finally for from global
if in
intersect local minus mod module next not od option options or proc quit read return save stop then
to try union use while

Kiu bin: l mt trong cc kiu d liu phn 2)

5. Biu thc: thc hin mt s hu hn cc php ton trn cc bin, hng v hm s ph hp kiu d
liu.
3 tgx + 1
V d : A =
sin 2 x + 1
A:=(tan(x)^(1/3)+1)/(sin(x)^2+1);

Maple V6

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

2 sin x + ln(2 x - 3)
p
cos - 3 x
x
B:=(2^sin(x)+ln(2*x-3))/(cos(Pi/x)-x^(1/3));

V d: B =

6. Php gn : a gi tr vo vng nh ta dng php gn (:=) nh sau :

Tn_bin := biu _thc_gi_tr ;
V d
a:= 12 ;
b:= 2^3+1/2 ;
c:=(2+Pi) /( E + Catalan);

I S
I. BIU THC I S
1) S nguyn
a) S nguyn t :
Cc hm s lin quan n s nguyn t
Tn hm s
ngha
isprime(n)
kim tra s n c l s nguyn t
khng.
nextprime(n)
s nguyn t nh nht v n
prevprime(n)
s nguyn t ln nht v n
ithprime(n)
s nguyn t th n
ifactor(n)
tha s nguyn t ca n
V d:
isprime(113);
-> true
nextprime(90);
-> 97
prevprime(90);
-> 89
ithprime(7);
-> 17 s nguyn t th 7
V d: Phn tch 2004 thnh cc tha s nguyn t.
ifactor(2004); -> (2)2 (3) (167)
b) c s chung Bi s chung:
igcd(n1,n2,)
c s chung ln nht ca n1,n2,
ilcm(n1,n2,)
bi s chung nh nht ca n1,n2,
V d:
igcd(24,16,112);
ilcm(8,12,9);

-> 8
-> 72

2) Khai trin:
Lnh expand(Bthc) s khai trin biu thc i s theo cc qui tc ly tha,hm m, hm
logarit, lng gic.
V d:
a
expand((x^2+1)*(x+a)/x);
-> x2 + x a + 1 +
x
6
4
2
expand((x^2+1)^3);
-> x + 3 x + 3 x + 1
expand(sin(x+y)); -> sin( x ) cos ( y ) + cos ( x ) sin( y )

Maple V6

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

expand(exp(x-y)); ->

ex
ey

3) Rt gn biu thc s:
Lnh combine(Bthc, name) vi name : power,exp, trig
Kt hp cc s hng ca biu thc i s theo cc cng thc ly tha, hm m, hm logarit, lng
gic ngc li lnh expand.
V d :
(2 x + y)
combine(exp(x)^2*exp(y),exp); -> e
-> x

combine((x^a)^2,power);

(2 a)

combine(2*sin(x)*cos(x),trig); -> sin( 2 x )

Lnh simplify(Bthc) n gin rt gn biu thc i s theo cc qui tc ly tha, m, logarit,
lng gic.
V d: simplify(4^(1/2)+3);
-> 5
V d: Rt gn 2 cos 3 x + sin x sin(2 x)
simplify(2*cos(x)^3+sin(x)*sin(2*x));
-> 2 cos ( x )
Ta c th dng simplify(bthuc,dk) tnh gi tr biu thc vi h iu kin rng buc ca
cc bin trong bthuc .
V d : Gi a, b l hai nghim ca phng trnh:
x2 x 3 = 0
Tnh gi tr biu thc B= a2 + b2
Theo nh l vit a v b c rng buc : a+b =1 , ab = -3 nn :
B=simplify(a^2+b^2,{a+b=1,a*b=-3});
-> B = 7
V d: Cho a, b, c l s thc tha :
a+b+c = 3 , a2+b2+c2 = 9 , a3+b3+c3 = 24.
Tnh A = a4+ b4 +c4
dk:={a+b+c=3,a^2+b^2+c^2=9,a^3+b^3+c^3=24};
dk := { a + b + c = 3, a 2 + b 2 + c2 = 9, a 3 + b 3 + c3 = 24 }
A=simplify(a^4+b^4+c^4,dk); A = 69
Lnh collect nhm cc s hng theo cc bin hoc hm.
V d: nhm x(x+1) + y(x+1) theo x
2
collect(x*(x+1)+y*(x+1),x); -> x + ( 1 + y ) x + y
V d: nhm alnx-xlnx-x theo hm lnx
collect(a*ln(x)-ln(x)*x-x,ln(x));
( a - x ) ln( x ) - x
V d: Cho f= a3x x +a3 + a
3
3
f := a^3*x-x+a^3+a; -> f := a x - x + a + a
3
3
nhm theo x : collect(f,x); -> ( a - 1 ) x + a + a
nhm theo x v tha s h s ca x:
collect(f,x,factor);
2
2
-> ( a - 1 ) ( a + a + 1 ) x + a ( a + 1 )
Maple V6

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

V d: Cho g = xy + axy + yx2 ayx2 + x + ax

g :=x*y+a*x*y+y*x^2-a*y*x^2+x+a*x;
2
2
-> g := x y + a x y + y x - a y x + x + a x
Nhm g theo x: collect(g,x);
2
-> ( y - a y ) x + ( y + a y + 1 + a ) x
Nhm g theo x v h s theo y : > collect(g,[x,y]);
2
-> y ( 1 - a ) x + ( ( 1 + a ) y + 1 + a ) x
4) Tnh gi tr: dng lnh evalf(Bthc, n) , n s ch s
V d: cos(1) + sin(1); -> cos ( 1 ) + sin( 1 )
evalf(cos(1) + sin(1)); -> 1.381773291
evalf(cos(1) + sin(1),7);-> 1.381773
5) i dng s : Lnh convert(bthc , kiu)
vi kiu l : int, float, binary, hex, fraction
convert(1215,'hex'); -> 4BF
convert(1215,'binary'); -> 10010111111
3858
convert( 1.23456, fraction ); ->
3125
II. A THC
1) Php ton a thc : +, -, *, /, ^
V d :
2
f:=(x-2)*(x+1)^2; -> f := ( x - 2 ) ( x + 1 )
g:=x-1;
-> g := x - 1
( x - 2 ) ( x + 1 )2
f/g;
->
x-1
Thng s trong php chia a thc f/g bin x l : quo(f,g,x);
2
quo(f,g,x);
-> x + x - 2
D s trong php chia a thc f/g bin x l : rem(f,g,x);
rem(f,g,x);
-> -4
rem((x-2)*(x+1)^2,x-1,x);
-> -4
H s a thc :
coeffs(2*x^3-3*x+1,x); -> 1,-3,2
Bc a thc
degree((2*x^3+1)*(1-x^2),x); -> 5
c s chung ln nht: gcd(f,g);
gcd(x^2-3*x+2,x^2-4);
-> x-2
2) Nghim a thc:
Lnh roots(f) cho ra nghim hu t dng:
[ [x1,n1] [xk, nk]]
vi k hiu [x1,n1] ngha l nghim x1, bi n1 : ( x - x1 ) n1
V d :
roots(x^3-3*x^2+4); -> [ [ 2, 2 ], [ -1, 1 ] ]
roots(x^4-4); -> []
( khng c nghim hu t)
Lnh solve(f , x) cho ra nghim thc hoc nghim phc:
solve(x^4-4,x);
-> I 2 , -I 2 , 2 , - 2

Maple V6

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

3) Phn tch a thc thnh tch s:

Lnh factor(f);
2
2
factor(x^4-4); -> ( x - 2 ) ( x + 2 )
Lnh factor(f,real); hoc factor(f,complex);
factor(x^4-4,real);
2
-> ( x + 1.414213562) ( x - 1.414213562) ( x + 1.999999999)
factor(x^4-4,sqrt(2));
2
-> ( x + 2 ) ( x - 2 ) ( x + 2 )
III. HM HU T
1. Php tnh :
Tn lnh
numer(f)
denom(f)
normal(f)

ngha
T s ca biu thc hu t f
Mu s ca biu thc hu t f
Ti gin biu thc hu t f

V d : f:=(((x-2)^3)/(x^2-4))+x/(x-1);
( x - 2 )3
x
f := 2
+
x-1
x -4
numer(f);
x4 - 6 x3 + 18 x2 - 24 x + 8

denom(f);
( x2 - 4 ) ( x - 1 )

normal(f);
x3 - 4 x2 + 10 x - 4
(x - 1) (x + 2)

2. Khai trin phn thc thnh tng phn thc n gin:

Lnh: convert(f ,parfrac , x);
(parfrac = partial fraction form)
V d:
f:=(((x-2)^3)/(x^2-4))+x/(x-1);
( x - 2 )3
x
f := 2
+
x-1
x -4
convert(f,parfrac,x);
16
1
x-5+
+
x+2 x-1

Maple V6

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

IV. GII PHNG TRNH H PHNG TRNH

1) Gii phng trnh, bt phng trnh:
Dng lnh: solve(eqn, var)
trong eqn l phng trnh hoc bt phng trnh n x
V du 1 : Gii phng trnh : x4-5x2 + 6x = 2
solve(x^4-5*x^2+6*x=2,x);
-> 1, 1, -1 + 3 , -1 - 3
V d 2: Gii phng trnh x2 -2ax =1
2
epn:=x^2-2*a*x=1; -> epn := x - 2 a x = 1
2
2
solve(epn,x); -> a + a + 1 , a - a + 1
V d 3: Gii bt phng trnh : x2 + 2x -4 > 0
solve( x^2+2*x-4 >0, x );
RealRange( -, Open( -1 - 5 ) ), RealRange( Open( -1 + 5 ), )

V d 4: Gii bt phng trnh : x - 2 + 4 - x 2

eqn:=sqrt(x-2)+sqrt(4-x)<=2:
solve(eqn,x); -> RealRange( 2, 4 )
Ch : Ta c th gn nghim vo bin, nh gi gn ng cc nghim nh sau :
V d 5: Gii phng trnh: x4 - 5x2 + 6x = 2
sols := [solve(x^4-5*x^2+6*x=2,x)];
sols := [ 1, 1, -1 + 3 , -1 - 3 ]
evalf(sols);-> [ 1., 1., .732050808, -2.732050808]
V d 6: Gii phng trnh: x4 + x + 1 = 0
solve(x^4+x+1,x);
RootOf( _Z4 + _Z + 1, index= 1 ), RootOf( _Z4 + _Z + 1, index= 2 ),
RootOf( _Z4 + _Z + 1, index= 3 ), RootOf( _Z4 + _Z + 1, index= 4 )

c nghim phc tnh gn ng bi lnh :

evalf({%});
{ { -.7271360845 + .4300142883 I, -.7271360845 - .4300142883 I,
.7271360845 - .9340992895 I, .7271360845 + .9340992895 I } }
gii phng trnh qui ta dng lnh rsolve nh v d sau :
V d: Cho dy s Fibonacci f(0) = 0, f(1) = 1 , f(n+1) = f(n+1) + f(n).
Tm f(n)
rsolve({f(n+2)=f(n+1)+f(n),f(0)=0,f(1)=1},f(n));
n
n
1
1
1 - 1 5 2

- 1 5 - 1 -2

5
1 + 5

-1 + 5
5

+
-1 + 5
1+ 5
2) Gii h phng trnh, h bt phng trnh:
x 2 + y 2 = 25
V d 1: Gii h phng trnh:
x - y = 7
solve({x^2+y^2=25, x-y=7});
{ x = 3, y = -4 }, { x = 4, y = -3 }

Maple V6

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

 mx + y + z = 1

V d 2: Gii v bin lun h phng trnh : x + my + z = 1

x + y + mz = 1

hpt:={m*x+y+z=1,x+m*y+z=1,x+y+m*z=1};
hpt := { m x + y + z = 1, x + m y + z = 1, x + y + m z = 1 }
solve(hpt);
{m =1, z = z, x =-z +1 - y, y = y}, {y = z, m = -

-1 + 2z
, z = z, x =z}
z

u + v + w =1

V d 3: Gii h phng trnh : 3u + v

=3
u - 2v - w = 0

hpt := {u+v+w=1, 3*u+v=3, u-2*v-w=0};

hpt := { u - 2 v - w = 0, 3 u + v = 3, u + v + w = 1 }
solve(hpt);

-> { w =

-2
3
4
,v= ,u= }
5
5
5

x 2 - 3 x + 2 0
V d 4: Gii h bt phng trnh :
4 - x 2 0
bpt:={x^2-3*x+2>=0,4-x^2>=0};
bpt := { 0 4 - x2, 0 x2 - 3 x + 2 }

solve(bpt); ->

{ -2 x, x 1 }, { x = 2 }

3) Gii gn ng : phng trnh hoc bt phng trnh ta dng lnh: fsolve( eqns, vars, options );
eqns l phng trnh hoc h phng trnh.
vars l tp hp n.
options l tham s iu khin li gii nh: complex, a..b,

V d 1: Gii phng trnh : tg(sinx)=1

1
arcsin p
4
.9033391108
fsolve( tan(sin(x))=1, x ); ->

solve(tan(sin(x))=1,x);

->

V d 2: Tm nghim phng trnh : 23x5 +105x4 -10x2 +17x = 0 tha x[-1,1]

poly := 23*x^5 + 105*x^4 - 10*x^2 + 17*x:
fsolve( poly, x, -1..1 );
-.6371813185, 0.
V d 3: Gii h phng trnh :
sin( x + y ) - e x y = 0
tha x[-1,1] , y[-2,0]
2
x - y = 2
f := sin(x+y) - exp(x)*y = 0:
g := x^2 - y = 2:
fsolve({f,g},{x,y},{x=-1..1,y=-2..0});
{ x = -.6687012050, y = -1.552838698}

Maple V6

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

Thc hnh
1. Tm c s chung ln nht ca 1242 v 1024
2. Phn tch tha s nguyn t ca N v suy ra s c s ca N
N= 9876543210123456789
3. Tnh gi tr biu thc vi chn s l
2 19549 + 286 + 3 28 - ep

4. Chng minh rng :

bang

2 19549 + 286

113 + 173

5. Rt gn cc biu thc :
a)
b)

13 + 30 2 + 9 + 4 2

2+ 3
2 + 2+ 3

2- 3
2 - 2- 3

6. Cho biu thc : A=(x2+xy+x+y)(x+y) . Hy bin i biu thc A v dng:

a) x3+2x2y +xy2+x2+2xy+y2
b) (x+1)(x+y)2
c) y2+(2y+y2)x +(1+2y)x2+x3
d) x3+x2 +(2x2+2x)y +(x+1)y2
x 4 + x3 - 4x 2 - 4x
7. Cho phn thc f =
, bin i f v dng :
x4 + x3 - x2 - x
x2 - 4
a)
x2 -1
( x - 2)( x + 2)
b)
x2 -1
8. Tm min xc nh ca hm s :
a) f(x) = lg( x - 4 + 6 - x )

x2 - x

b) g(x) = arcsin 2
x -1
9. Tm a thc bc 2 i qua 3 im: (-2;36) , (1;120) , (-3;48)
10. Tm F(n) tha : F(n) = F(n -1) + n2 , F(1) = 0
11. Tm p , q , r , s , t phn ng sau cn bng.

pCO + qCO2 + rH 2 sCH 4 + tH 2 O

12. Gii phng trnh :
48x5 + 8x4 - 6x3 + 114x2 -37x + 18 = 0

Maple V6

10

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

HM S & TH
1. HM S C BN
Maple nh ngha cc hm s dng cho tng kiu d liu nh :
a) Cc hm s cho s nguyn (Integer)
Tn hm s
abs(x)
min(x1, x2, )
max(x1, x2, )
irem(m,n)
iquo(m,n)
igcd(n1,n2,)
ilcm(n1,n2,)
isprime(n)
nextprime(n)
prevprime(n)
ithprime(n)
ifactor(n)

V d:

ngha
tr tuyt i ca x
gi tr nh nht ca x1, x2,
gi tr ln nht ca x1, x2,
d s trong php chia m/n
thng s trong php chia m/n
c s chung ln nht ca n1,n2,
Bi s chung nh nht ca n1,n2,
kim tra xem s n c l s nguyn t khng.
s nguyn t nh nht v n
s nguyn t ln nht v n
s nguyn t th n trong dy cc s nguyn t
tha s nguyn t ca n

irem(23,4) ;
igcd(24,16,112);

-> 3
-> 8

iquo(23,4);
ilcm(8,12,9);

-> 5
-> 72

b) Cc hm s cho s thc (Float)

Tn hm s
exp(x)
ln(x) hay log(x)
log10(x) , log[b](x)
sqrt(x)

ngha
ex
logarit npe (c s e) ca x
logarit thp phn lgx, logarit c s b

sin(x) , cos(x) , tan(x), cot(x)

sec(x) , csc(x)
arcsin(x) , arccos(x), arctan(x), arccot(x)

hm cn bc hai : x
sinx , cosx, tgx, cotgx
1/cosx , 1/sinx
arcsinx , arccosx, arctgx , arccotgx

e x - e-x e x + e-x
,
2
2
x
-x
e -e
tanh(x) = sinh(x) / cosh(x)
e x + e -x
e x + e-x
coth(x) = cosh(x) / sinh(x)
e x - e -x
lg x + 2 x
V d: Biu din biu thc : A= 3 sin x +
theo Maple
tgx
A:=sin(x)^(1/3)+(log10(x)+2^x)/tan(x);
V d: Biu din thnh ly tha hm sinh(x) v hm sec(x) theo sinx, cosx
convert(sinh(x),exp) ;
convert(sec(x),sincos) ;
sinh(x) , cosh(x)

c) Cc hm s cho s phc (complex)

Tn hm s
ngha
Re(z)
Phn thc ca s phc z
Im(z)
Phn o ca s phc z
argument(z)
Argument ca s phc z
abs(z)
|z| mun ca s phc z

Maple V6

11

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

V d:

Im(exp(I));
-> sin(1)
argument(-1);
-> p
argument(3+4*I); -> arctg(4/3)
5
abs(3+4*I);
->
V d: Mt s hm s thc cng dng c cho s phc
sqrt(-4);
-> 2I
sqrt(3+4*I);
-> 2+I
sqrt(2.0);
-> 1.414213562
sqrt(2)
-> 2
2. NH NGHA HM S MI
Ngoi cc hm s c nh ngha sn, Maple cung cp cho ngi s dng cng c to thm
cc hm s mi theo c php sau:
TnHmS := (DanhSchBin) -> CngThcHmS ;
x2 +1
V d 1: Hy nh ngha hm s f(x) =
x +1
f:= x-> (x^2+1)/(sqrt(x)+1);
1
Tnh gi tr hm s ti x=2 dng lnh : f(2);-> 5
2 +1

V d 2: nh ngha hm hai bin s g(x,y)= 3 x 2 + y 2 + xy

g:=(x,y)->(x^2+y^2+x*y)^(1/3);
g := ( x, y ) ( x2 + y2 + x y )
(13
/ )

g(1,2),g(-1,2);

( 1/3 )

(13
/ )

,3

Trng hp hm xc nh bi nhiu cng thc, ta dng lnh :

piecewise(cond_1 , f_1 , cond_2 , f_2, . . . , cond_n, f_n , f_otherwise) ;

V d 3: nh ngha hm s f(x) =

f:=x->piecewise(x<1, x,
f := x

f(2);

x khi x < 1

0 khi x = 1
e x khi x > 1
x=1 , 0, exp(x));
piecewise( x < 1, x, x = 1, 0, e x )

2
-> e

Hm qui :
* If iuKin then Cngthc1 else CngThc2 fi;
hoc
* If iuKin1 then Cngthc1
elif iuKin2 then CngThc2
else CngThc3 fi;

trong cc t in m l t kha bt buc phi c.

V d 4 : nh ngha dy s Lucas Ln bi cng thc :
Maple V6

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L1=1, L2=3 v Ln = Ln-1 + Ln-2

Nhp lnh nh di y v dng Shift+Enter xung dng:
L:=n->
if not type(n,'nonnegint')
then ERROR("n la so nguyen duong ")
elif n=1 then 1
elif n=2 then 3
else L(n-1)+L(n-2)
fi;
L(3);
L(4);

-> 4
-> 7

3. CC PHP TON TRN HM S

Php Ton
f+g
f-g
f*g
f/g
f@g
f@@n

ngha
Php cng
Php tr
Php nhn
Php chia
Php hp
Php hp fn

V d :
* f:=x->(x^2-1)/(x-1);
g:=f+ln;
g(x);
*

h:=g@f;
h(x);

x2 - 1
f
:=
x

->
x-1
-> g := f + ln
x2 - 1
-> x - 1 + ln( x )
-> h := ( f + ln )@f
2

( x2 - 1 )
-1
2
( x - 1 )2
x -1
+
ln

x - 1
x2 - 1

-1
x-1

* F:=f@@2;
->
F(x);

F := f

(2)

( x2 - 1 )
-1
( x - 1 )2
x2 - 1
-1
x-1

Maple V6

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4. V TH HM S
a. Hm 1 bin : dng lnh flot(f, h, v, option1, option2,);
trong :
f : hm s thc hoc biu thc cha x
h : min ngang (horizontal range) dng a..b hoc x=a..b
v : min dc ( vertical range) ty chn
option gm :
o tilte = Tiu th
o titlefont= [family, style, size]
o color=n
o style = point , line, patch
o numpoints : s im v ( mn)
o axes = none, normal, boxed, framed
o legend=[danh sch ch thch]
x
V d : V th hm s y= 2
x +1
plot(x/(x^2+1),x=-10..10,title="Do thi ham so");

V d 2 : V th hm s y=sinx (mu , tng im) v y= x -

x3
( mu xanh, kiu line)
6

plot([sin(x), x-x^3/6], x=-2..2,

color=[red,blue],
style=[point,line]);

Maple V6

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 x 2 + 1 khi x < 1
V d 3 : V th hm s y=
3 - x
khi x 1

Khi vit lnh plot khng dng x = -3..3 m dng -3..3

f:=x-> if x<1 then x^2+1 else 3-x fi;
plot(f,-3..3);

b) Hm dng tham s:
H ta Descartes:

plot([x(t), y(t),t=a..b], option);

x = 2 cos 3 t
V d 1 : V th ng astroid
y = 2 sin 3 t
plot([2*cos(t)^3,2*sin(t)^3,t=0..2*Pi]);

x = 2 cos 3 t
x = t
V d 2: V th hai hm s
trn cng mt h trc ta .
;
2
3
y = 2 sin t
y = t

plot({[2*cos(t)^3,2*sin(t)^3,t=0..2*Pi],
[t,t^2,t=-2..2]});

Maple V6

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 H ta cc:
plot([r(t) , j(t), t=t0 .. t1], coords=polar,option);
sin(j )
j
plot([sin(t)/t,t,t=-Pi..Pi],
coords=polar,title="cochleoid");

V d 1: V th : r=

V d 2 : V th hm s r= 2sin3j
plot([2*sin(3*t),t,t=-2*Pi/3..2*Pi/3]
,coords=polar);

Maple V6

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c) Hm s n: F(x,y) = 0
Trc khi ra lnh v phi gi th tc v th hm n bi lnh:
with(plots,implicitplot);
v v bng lnh :
implicitplot(F(x,y),x=a..b,y=c..d);
V d1: V th hm n : x3 +y3 -3xy = 0
with(plots,implicitplot);
implicitplot(x^3+y^3-3*x*y,x=-2..2,
y=-2..2);

V d 2: V th x2 y2 =1 v x2+y2 =4
with(plots):
k:=implicitplot(x^2 - y^2 = 1,x=-2..2,
y=-2..2,color=red):
g:=implicitplot(x^2+y^2=4,x=-2..2,
y=-2..2,color=blue):
display(k,g);

Maple V6

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d) Hm nhiu bin:
Dng lnh :
plot3d(expr1, x=a..b, y=c..d,options)
plot3d(f, a..b, c..d, options)
plot3d([exprf,exprg,exprh], x=a..b, y=c..d, options)
plot3d([f,g,h], a..b, c..d, options)
trong :
expr1, exprf,exprg,exprh l biu thc cha x,y
f, g, h l cc hm hai bin.
options bao gm cc la chn sau:
coords=c : chn h ta Descartes, cylindrical(tr), spherica (cu)
orientation=[theta,phi]:xoay th theo cc gc theta,phi l cp tham s (q,j) trong ta
cu, gi tr ngm nh [45,45].
projection=r : chn chiu phi cnh vi r[0,s1], r=0 ('FISHEYE') , r=0.5 ('NORMAL') , gi
tr ngm nh (default) l r=1 ('ORTHOGONAL')
style=s : chn mt kiu v mt trong cc loi sau : POINT, HIDDEN, PATCH (mnh ghpdefault style), WIREFRAME (khung dy), CONTOUR (ng ng mc), PATCHNOGRID,
PATCHCONTOUR, LINE.
V d 1: V th z = x2+y2 trong min D : -10 x 10 v -10 y 10
plot3d(x^2+y^2,x=-10..10,y=-10..10,
orientation=[30,90],axes=normal);

plot3d(x^2+y^2,x=-10..10,y=- 10..10,
orientation=[30,90],style=wireframe,axes=normal);

plot3d(x^2+y^2,x=-10..10,y=- 10..10,
orientation=[30,90],style=patchnogrid);

Ch : * xoay th , ta click chut vo th, n gi v di chuyn chut.

* thay i cc la chn, ta a chut vo th , n nt phi chut.

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e) Mt dng tham s : plot3d([(s,t),g(s,t),h(s,t)],s=a..b,t=c..d);

V d :
plot3d([r*cos(phi),r*sin(phi),r],r=0..1,
phi=0..2*Pi);

f) Mt cong dng hm n:
implicitplot3d(z=x*y,x=-2..2,y=-2..2,
z=-3..3);

g) V a din (polyhedra):
Dng lnh :
polyhedraplot(L,options);
Trong :
L l tp hp, danh sch cc im [[x1,y1,z1], [x2,y2,z2], ...]
options l polyscale = <constant> v polytype = <set> trong polyscale iu khin kch thc a
din (ngm nh l 1) , cn polytype l kiu ca a din nhn gi tr (tetrahedron:t din-gi tr ngm
nh, octahedron: bt din, hexahedron , dodecahedron )

V d2: V t din
with(plots):
polyhedraplot([0,0,0],polytype=tetrahedron,
orientation=[70,60]);

V d2: V hai t din bng nhau v bt u t [0,0,0], [1,1,1]

with(plots):
polyhedraplot([[0,0,0],[1,1,1]],
polytype=tetrahedron,
polyscale=0.5,orientation=[70,60]);

Maple V6

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V d 3: V hnh hp
polyhedraplot([0,0,0],polytype=hexahedron,
style=PATCH,scaling=CONSTRAINED);

h) V hnh tr (cylinder) :

cylinderplot(L,r1,r2,options);

L l biu thc c 2 bin r, q hoc danh sch c 3 biu thc [r,q,z]

r1, r2 l min ca bin c dng : bin=a..b
Nu L l biu thc c 2 bin r, q ,z th r1 , r2 l min ca q v z

with(plots):
cylinderplot(1,theta=0..2*Pi,z=-1..1);

Nu L l danh sch 3 bin [r,q,z] th r1, r2 l min ca mt chiu

cylinderplot([z*theta,theta,cos(z^2)],
theta=0..Pi,z=-2..2);

i) V mt cu (sphere) :
sphereplot(L,r1,r2,options);
with(plots):
sphereplot(1,theta=0..2*Pi,phi=0..Pi);

sphereplot((5*cos(y)^2 -1)/2,x=0..Pi,
y=-Pi..Pi,style=PATCH);

Maple V6

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5. V MT CT
xc nh mt ct ca cc mt cong, ta dng lnh display3d v nhiu mt cong trn cng h
trc ta , nh v d sau:
V d: V hnh khi xc nh bi hai hnh tr :
x 2 + y 2 = 1 va z 2 + y 2 = 1
u tin ta v hai mt tr trong mt h trc :
with(plots):
J:=cylinderplot(1,theta=0..2*Pi,z=-1..1,color=yellow):
K:=plot3d({sqrt(1-y^2),-sqrt(1-y^2)},y=-1..1,
x=-2..2,color=gold ):
display3d({J,K});

Phn hnh tr ngang cha trong hnh tr ng v bng lnh:

plot3d({sqrt(1-y^2),-sqrt(1-y^2)},
y=-sqrt(1-x^2)..sqrt(1-x^2),x=-1..1,
orientation=[45,45],axes=NORMAL);

Phn hnh tr ng cha trong hnh tr ngang :

plot3d({[x,sqrt(1-x^2),z],[x,-sqrt(1-x^2),z]},
x=-1..1,z=-sqrt(1-x^2)..sqrt(1-x^2),color=gold);

Ghp hai phn giao ny ta c vt th gii hn bi hai hnh tr trn.

K:= plot3d({sqrt(1-y^2),-sqrt(1-y^2)},
y=-sqrt(1-x^2)..sqrt(1-x^2),x=-1..1,
orientation=[45,45],axes=NORMAL,color=gold):
J:=plot3d({[x,sqrt(1-x^2),z],[x,-sqrt(1-x^2),z]},
x=-1..1,z=-sqrt(1-x^2)..sqrt(1-x^2),
color=yellow):
display({K,J});

Maple V6

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V d : Dng vt th gii hn bi cc mt :
y = x ;y = 2 x ;z = 0 ;x +z = 4
with(plots):
k:=plot3d([x,sqrt(x),z],x=0..4,z=0..4,
axes='NORMAL',color=red):
g:=plot3d([x,2*sqrt(x),z],x=0..4,z=0..4,
orientation=[-47,71],color=green):
h:=plot3d(4-x,x=0..4,y=0..4,style=hidden,
light=[50,25,1,1,0]):
display({k,g,h});

k:=plot3d([x,sqrt(x),z],x=0..4,z=0..4-x,axes='NORMAL',
color=red):
g:=plot3d([x,2*sqrt(x),z],x=0..4,z=0..4-x,color=green,
orientation=[1,60]):
h:=plot3d(4-x,x=0..4,y=sqrt(x)..2*sqrt(x),color=yellow):
n:=plot3d(0,x=0..4,y=sqrt(x)..2*sqrt(x),color=white):
display({k,g,h,n});

Maple V6

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Thc hnh

1
xsin khi x 0
1. Cho hm s f(x)=
x
1
khi x = 0

a. Tnh gi tr f(1), f(2) , f(3)

b. V th hm s f(x)
2. V th hai hm s sau y trn cng h trc ta v tm ta giao im :
x
f ( x) =
; g(x) = x 2 - x - 2
1 + x2
3. V th cc hm so:
x
a. z = 2
x + y2
b. z = x(x2 3y2)

4. V th cc hm s:
cos t
cost.sint
a. x =
, y=
, -p t p
2
1 + sin t
1 + sin 2 t
b. r2 = cos2j
c. (x2+y2)2 = x2 y2
t 2 -1
2t
d. t a 2
, t(- , +)
, 2
t + 1 t + 1

5. Hy vit th thc trong Maple tnh a thc Legrendre Ln(x) c nh ngha bi : L0(x)=1
, L1(x) = x
n -1
v Ln(x) =
( x.L n-1 ( x) - L n-2 ( x) ) + L n-1 ( x) khi n>1
n
a) Tnh L7(x)
b) V th L2(x) , L3(x) trn cng mt h trc ta .
x
6. Cho f(x) = 2
. Tnh f2(x) , f3(x) v v th ca chng.
x +1
V vt th gii hn bi cc mt:
7. y= x2 , z = y , z +y =2
8. x2 + y2 = 4 , z = -2 , y + z = 2
9. x2 + y2 + z2 = 4 , x2 + y2 = 1
10. x2 + y2 - 4z2 + 4 =0 , z = 2

Maple V6

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GII HN LIN TC
I. GII HN
1) Gii hn hm mt bin
Cu lnh : limit(f, x=a); limit(f, x=a, dir);
f - mt biu thc i s (an algebraic expression )
x - mt tn (a name)
a - mt biu thc i s ( im gii hn , c th infinity, -infinity)
dir (ty chn) hng ly gii hn l : left, right, real, complex

V d 1: Tnh

1
lim cos( x) x
x 0

limit(cos(x)^(1/x),x=0); 1
V Maple phn bit ch hoa v ch thng, nn lnh :
Limit(f(x) , x=a) cho k hiu : lim f ( x)
xa

Do lnh :
Limit(cos(x)^(1/x),x=0)=
limit(cos(x)^(1/x),x=0);
lim cos ( x )

1
x

x0

=1

Trong trng hp gii hn hai pha khng xc nh, ta xt gii hn bn phi, bn tri :
V d 2: Tnh

1
lim e x
x 0

Limit(exp(1/x),x=0): %= value(%);
lim e

1
x

x0

= undefined

Limit(exp(1/x),x=0,right): %= value(%);
lim e

1
x

x 0+

Limit(exp(1/x),x=0,left): %= value(%);
lim e

x 0-

1
x

=0

Trong trng hp c tham s, ta cn xc nh tham s mi tnh c gii hn :

limit(exp(a*x)*cos(b*x),x=-infinity);
( a x)
lim e
cos ( b x )
x ( - )

assume(a>0):
limit(exp(a*x)*cos(b*x),x=-infinity);

Maple V6

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2) Gii hn hm nhiu bin

Cu lnh : limit(f, points)

limit(f, points, dir)

trong :

mt biu thc i s cha x , y

points tp hp cc ng thc dng { x=a , y=b }

dir

(ty chn) hng ly gii hn

V d 1: Tnh lim

x 0
y 0

x2 - y2
x2 + y2

limit((x^2-y^2)/(x^2+y^2), {x=0,y=0});
undefined
limit((x^2-y^2)/(x^2+y^2), {x=t,y=2*t});
-3
5
V d 2: lim

x 0
y 0

xy
3 - xy + 9

limit((x*y)/(3-sqrt(x*y+9)), {x=0,y=0});

i bin t=xy ta c :
limit((t)/(3-sqrt(t+9)), {t=0});

-> -6

II. HM S LIN TC
1) Kim tra hm lin tc trn khong s thc (a,b)
iscont(expr, x = a .. b)
iscont(expr, x = a .. b, 'closed')
iscont(expr, x = a .. b, 'open')
Trong :
expr - mt biu thc i s cha bin x
x
- tn bin
a..b - khong s thc vi a,b l hng s hay infinity, -infinity
'closed' ty chn kim tra trong on [a,b]
'open' - ty chn ngm nh (default) l khong (a,b)

V d :
iscont( 1/x, x=-1..1 );
false

iscont( 1/x, x=0..1 );

true

iscont( 1/x, x=0..1, 'closed' );

false

Maple V6

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2) im gin on
tm im gin on thc ta dng lnh : discont(f, x )
trong : f mt biu thc i s cha bin x
discont cho ra tp hp cc gi tr thc m ti c th hm gin on, k c .
Khi kt qu cho bi :
_Zn~ : mi s nguyn thuc Z, cn n s th t.
_NNn~ : mi s nguyn khng m thuc N
_Bn~ : tp hp nh phn {0,1}

V d : Tm im gin on ca f(x)=

x -x-6
2

{ -2, 3 }

discont(x/(x^2-x-6),x);
V d : Tm im gin on ca f(x)=
discont(1/sin(x),x);

1
sin x

{ p _Z1~ } ngha l kp , kZ

1
sin x - 12
discont(1/(sin(x)-1/2),x);
1
2
{ p + p _B1~ + 2 p _Z3~ }
6
3

V d : Tm im gin on ca f(x)=

1
2
p + p .{0,1} + 2pk , k Z
6
3
khi x 3

ngha la :

x2
V d : Cho hm s f(x) =
ax + 1 khi x > 3
a) xc nh a hm s lin tc trn R.
b) V th hm s f(x) vi gi tr ca a va tm c.
Gii:
# a)
restart: f:=x->piecewise(x<=3,x^2,a*x+3);
f := x piecewise( x 3, x2, a x + 3 )
pt:=limit(f(x),x=3,left)-limit(f(x),x=3,right);
pt := 6 - 3 a
a=solve(pt,a);
a=2
# b)
g:=x->piecewise(x<=3,x^2,2*x+3);
g := x piecewise( x 3, x2, 2 x + 3 )
plot(g(x),x=-6..6);

Maple V6

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Thc hnh
1) Tnh cac gii han sau :
sin 3x
a) lim
x 0
x

b) lim (sin
x 0

1
x) x

1 - cos 2 x
c) lim

x0
3x 2

p
d) lim 1 +
e) lim x sin x
x
x 0
x
2) Tnh cac gii han sau :
lnx
x x

a) lim
d) lim

x0

b) lim

1+ e

- 1x

lnx

f) lim (2

c) lim

ex

1
x x
+3 )

x 2 + sin x
2x 2 + cos 4 x

e) lim sh(th( x)) - th( sh( x))

x

3. Tm tham so A e ham lien tuc tai x = 1

p x
khi x 1

(1 - x)tg
a) f(x) =
2
A
khi x = 1

khi x 1
x +1
b) g(x) =
2
khi x > 1
3 - Ax
1

4. Chng minh rang ham so y =

1
x

gian oan loai 1 tai x = 0.

1+ 2
Ve o th ham so y tai lan can x = 0
5. Tm iem gian oan cua ham so :
a) f(x) =

tg(p x)
x -2

b) g(x) =

6. Chng to phng trnh :

co nghiem

1-e
x.2 = 1

1
x -1

c) h(x) =

1 - cosx
sin 2 x

bang cach dng o th.

Giai gan ung nghiem cua phng trnh tren.

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O HM
I. O HM
1. o hm cp 1
Cu lnh :
diff( f(x) ,x); tnh o hm cp 1 ca hm s f(x)

Diff(f(x),x); In k hiu o hm f(x) l

f (x)
x
x
V d1 : Tnh o hm ca y= ln 2

x +1
Diff(log(x/(x^2+1)),x)=
normal(diff(log(x/(x^2+1)),x));
x
x2 - 1
ln
= x x 2 + 1
x ( x2 + 1 )
V d2: Tnh o hm ca y =

x x

diff(sqrt(x*sqrt(x)),x);

3
4

x
x

( 3/2 )

x 2 + 1
khi x < 1
V d 3: Tnh o hm ca f(x) =
3 - x
khi x 1
f:=x->piecewise(x<1,x^2+1,3-x);
f := x piecewise( x < 1, x2 + 1, 3 - x )

diff(f(x),x);

2x

undefined

-1

x<1
x=1
1<x

2. o hm cp n
o hm cp 2 : diff(f(x) , x, x); hay diff( f(x) ,x$2)
o hm cp n : diff( f(x) , x$n) ;
vi n s nguyn dng xc nh.
x
V d 1: Tnh o hm cp 2 ca y =
x +1
1
2x
diff(x/(x+1),x,x); -2
+
2
(x + 1)
( x + 1 )3
1
Rt gn bi lnh : normal(%); -2
( x + 1 )3
x 2 + 1
khi x < 1
V d 2 : Tnh o hm cp 2 ca f(x)=
3 - x
khi x 1
f:=x->piecewise(x<1,x^2+1,3-x):
2
x<1

diff(f(x),x$2); undefined
x=1

0
1<x

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V d 3: Tm cng thc qui np cho o hm cp n ca hm s

y=

1
x -1
2

. Suy ra y(n)

nh ngha hm s o hm
f:=n->diff((x^2-1)*y(x)=1,x$n);
f := n diff( ( x2 - 1 ) y( x ) = 1, x $ n )
Hin dy o hm, tm cng thc qui np
f(2);f(3); f(4);
2

2 y( x ) + 4 x y( x ) + ( x 2 - 1 ) 2 y( x ) = 0

2
3

6 y( x ) + 6 x 2 y( x ) + ( x 2 - 1 ) 3 y( x ) = 0

2
3
4

12 2 y( x ) + 8 x 3 y( x ) + ( x 2 - 1 ) 4 y( x ) = 0
x

Cng thc qui np :

n*(n-1)*y(n-2)+2*n*x*y(n-1)+(x^2-1)*y(n)
Gii phng trnh qui ta c o hm cp n :
rsolve({n*(n-1)*y(n-2)
+2*n*x*y(n-1)+(x^2-1)*y(n),
y(0)=1/(x^2-1),
y(1)=-2*x/(x^2-1)^2},y);
n
n
- 1 G( n + 1 )
- 1 G( n + 1 )

1 x - 1
1 x + 1
2
x-1
2
x+1
trong G(n + 1) = n!
V d 4 : Tnh o hm cp n ca hm s y = xex

nh ngha hm s o hm cp n:
dh:=n->diff(x*exp(x),x$n);
dh := n diff( x e x, x $ n )

Lit k cc o hm cp 1, cp 2 :
factor(dh(1));factor(dh(2));
ex ( 1 + x )

ex ( 2 + x )

Gi s y(n) = ex ( n + x ) , ta o hm hai v c :

y^(n+1)=factor(diff((n+x)*exp(x),x));
Vy y(n) = ex ( n + x )

Maple V6

29

(n + 1)

= ex ( 1 + n + x )

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

3. o hm ring
Cu lnh : diff( f(x,y) , x$n, y$m);
3 x + y
xy 2 x 2 + y 2
diff((x+y)/(x^2+y^2),x,y$2);

V d : Tnh o hm ring cp ba :

y2
( x 2 + y2 )

normal(%);

2
( x2 + y2 )

16 x y
( x2 + y2 )

48 ( x + y ) x y 2
( x2 + y2 )

8 (x + y) x
( x2 + y2 )

-6 y2 x2 + y4 + x4 + 4 x3 y - 4 x y3
( x2 + y2 )

4. Ton t o hm
D(f)
: Hm s o hm ca hm mt bin f .
Ngha l D(f)(x) = diff(f(x), x)
D[i](f) : Hm s o hm ring theo bin th i.
Tng t : D[i, j](f) = D[i](D[j](f))
V d 1: Cho f(x) = x.arcsin(x) . Tnh f(x) , f(1/2).
f := x x arcsin( x )
f:=x->x*arcsin(x);
x
D(f)(x);
arcsin ( x ) +
1 - x2

1
1
p+
3
6
6

D(f)(1/2);

V d 2: Tnh o hm ring cp 2 ca z = xsiny

g:=(x,y)-> x*sin(y);
Diff([g(x,y)],x,x)=D[1,1](g)(x,y);
2
[ x sin( y ) ] = 0
x2
Diff([g(x,y)],x,y)=D[1,2](g)(x,y);
2
[ x sin( y ) ] = cos ( y )
y x
Diff([g(x,y)],y,x)=D[2,1](g)(x,y);
2
[ x sin( y ) ] = cos ( y )
x y
Diff([g(x,y)],y,y)=D[2,2](g)(x,y);
2
[ x sin( y ) ] = -x sin( y )
y2
V d 3:

Cho h(x,y,z) =

1
x2 + y2 + z 2

2h 2h 2h
+
+
=0
x 2 y 2 z 2
h:=(x,y,z)->1/(x^2+y^2+z^2)^(1/2);

Chng minh rang :

h := ( x, y, z )

1
x + y2 + z2
2

normal((D[1,1]+D[2,2]+D[3,3])(h)(x,y,z));
0

Maple V6

30

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

5. o hm hm s n
implicitdiff(f, y, x)
implicitdiff(f, y, x1,...,xk)
trong :
f
y
x, x1, ..., xk

- biu thc i s hoc nhng phng trnh hm n.

- tn bin hoc tn hm ca bin c lp.
- tn ca bin o hm.

Lnh implicitdiff(f,y,x) tnh dy/dx, o hm ring ca hm y i vi x. Tham s f phi l phng

trnh ca x, y hoc mt biu thc i s bng 0.
V d 1: Tnh o hm ca hm n y i vi x tha : x2y + y2 =1
dy/dx=implicitdiff(x^2*y+y^2=1,y,x);
dy
xy
= -2 2
dx
x +2y
Gii bng cch khc :
alias(y=y(x)):
diff(x^2*y+y^2=1,x);

2 x y + x 2 y + 2 y y = 0
x
x
xy
solve(%,diff(y,x));
-2 2
x +2y
Lnh implicitdiff(f, y, x1,...,xk) tnh o hm ring ca y theo cc bin x1, x2, ...
V d 2: Cho phng trnh x2 + y2 +z2 =1 . Tnh

z 2 z
,
x x 2

x
z
2
z + x2
implitdiff(x^2 + y^2 +z^2=1,z,x,x); z3
Lnh implicitdiff(F, Y, U, X) trong :
F : danh sch phng trnh n dng { f1, f2, fk }
Y : danh sch hm s dng {y1, y2 ,,yn}
U : danh sch cc hm cn tnh o hm {u1,u2}
X: danh sch bin tnh o hm.
V d 3: Cho phng trnh x2 + y = z v x+y+z = 1 .
z y
Tnh
,
x x
implicitdiff({x^2+y=z,x+y+z=1},{y,z},{y,z},x);
1
1
{ D( z ) = x - , D( y ) = - - x }
2
2

implicitdiff(x^2 + y^2 +z^2=1,z,x);

V d 4: Cho hm s dng tham s : x= asint , y=bcos2t .

Tnh yx
pt:={x=a*sin(t),y=b*cos(t)^2}:
implicitdiff(pt,{y,t},y,x)
-2

Maple V6

31

b sin( t )
a

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

II. CC TR
Lnh extrema(expr,constraints,vars,s);
cho kt qu gi tr cc tr ca expr

expr : biu thc tnh cc tr.

constraints : tp hp cc phng trnh rng buc.
vars : tp hp cc bin.
s : danh sch chi tit cc im cc tr.

1) Cc tr t do : c iu kin rng buc constraints l {}

Lnh : extrema(expr,{},vars,s);
V d 1 : Tnh cc tr ca hm s y = 3x - x3
extrema(3*x-x^3,{},x,s); -> { -2, 2 }
s; -> { { x = -1 }, { x = 1 } }
Hm s y t cc tr ti x= -1 l -2 v ti x= 1 l 2
V d 2: Tm cc tr hm s z = x2 + y2 xy x -y
restart:
z:=(x,y)->x^2+y^2-x*y-x-y:
extrema(z(x,y),{},{x,y},s); -> { -1 }
s;
-> { { y = 1, x = 1 } }
Hm s z t cc tr -1 ti (1,1) .
2) Cc tr rng buc
Lnh : extrema(expr,constraints,vars,s);
V d 3: Tnh cc tr hm z = 3x + 4y vi iu kin x2 + y2 =1
restart:
extrema(3*x+4*y,x^2+y^2-1,{x,y},s); { -5, 5 }
3
4
-3
-4
s; { { x = , y = }, { x = , y = } }
5
5
5
5
2
V d 4: Tnh cc tr hm u = x + y2 + z2 vi iu kin:
x2 + y2 =1 v x+y+z =1
restart:
dk:={x^2+y^2=1,x+y+z=1}:
extrema(x^2+y^2+z^2,dk,{x,y,z},s);
s;
3) Max , Min
Lnh: maximize(expr,option1,location);
minimize(expr,option1,location);
expr
: biu thc cn tm Min, Max
option1 : dng a..b ; c..d
location: cho im t Min, Max

V d 1: Tm gi tr ln nht , nh nht ca hm s :
y= x4 x2 trn on [-3 , 3]
minimize(x^4 - x^2, x=-3..3, location);
-1
1
-1
1
-1
, { { x = 2 }, , { x =
2 }, }
4
2
4
2
4
maximize(x^4 - x^2, x=-3..3, location);
72, { [ { x = -3 }, 72 ], [ { x = 3 }, 72 ] }
Maple V6

32

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

V d 2: Tm gi tr ln nht , nh nht ca hm s :
z = x2- 3x + y2 + 3y + 3 trong min 2x4 v -4y-2
minimize(x^2-3*x+y^2+3*y+3, x=2..4,
y=-4..-2, location);
-1, { [ { y = -2, x = 2 }, -1 ] }
maximize(x^2-3*x+y^2+3*y+3, x=2..4,
y=-4..-2, location);
11, { [ { x = 4, y = -4 }, 11 ] }
V d 3: Tm gi tr ln nht ca hm s u = -x + y + 2z
tha cc iu kin :
3 x + 4 y - 3 z 23
5 x - 4 y - 3 z 10

7 x + 4 y + 11z 30
x 0; y 0; z 0
restart:with(simplex):
u:= -x + y + 2*z:
dk:= {3*x+4*y-3*z <= 23, 5*x-4*y-3*z <= 10,
7*x+4*y+11*z <= 30}:
49
1
maximize(u,dk,NONNEGATIVE); -> { x = 0, y = , z = }
8
2
57
Max=subs(%,u);
-> Max =
8

Maple V6

33

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

Thc hnh
1) Tnh o hm :
khi x < 0
x
1
1
1
a) y = +
+3
b) y =
x
x
x
ln(1 + x) khi x 0
2) Tnh o hm cp cao tng ng:
x2
sinx
a) y = e .cos(sinx). Tnh y b) y =
. Tnh y(8)
1- x
3) Tnh o hm cp n ca cc hm s :
1
a) y = 2
x + 4x + 3
b) y= x2ex
dy
4) Tnh o hm
bit :
dx
x = a (t - sin t )
y
a)
b) arctg = ln x 2 + y 2
x
y = b(1 - cos t )
5) Cho hm s thc g xc nh bi :
1
g(x,y, z) =
2
(x - a) + ( y - b) 2 + ( z - c) 2
Chng t g l nghim ca phng trnh :
2g 2 g 2g
+
+
=0
x 2 y 2 z 2
6) Tnh y, y ca hm s n nh ngha bi x + y = 1 .
7) Tm cc tr ca hm s :
3x 2 + 4 x + 1
a) y = 2
b) z = x3 + 3xy2 -15x -12y
x + x +1
c) u = xyz tha iu kin : x + y + z = 5 v xy + yz + zx = 8
8) Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm s :
a) y = 3 ( x 2 - 2 x) 2 trn [0,3]
b) z= x2 + y2 xy +x +y trong min x 0 ; y0 v x+y + 3 0
9) Tm khong cch ngn nht t mt x2 + y2 z2 = 1 n gc O.
10) Tm trn ellip x2 + 9y2 = 9 cc im gn nht v xa nht i vi ng thng 4x + 9y = 16.

Maple V6

34

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

TCH PHN
I. TCH PHN
Cu lnh :
int(expr, x) : Tch phn bt nh
int(expr, x=a..b, ...) : Tch phn xc nh
Int(expr, x) : K hiu tch phn bt nh
Int(expr, x=a..b, ...) : K hiu tch phn xc nh
Trong :
expr mt biu thc i s
x
tn bin tch phn
a, b cn tch phn
...
ty chn.
V d 1:

Tnh tch phn bt nh

Int( x/(x^3+1), x );

x
x +1
3

dx

dx
3

x + 1

int( x/(x^3+1), x );
1
1
1
1
- ln( x + 1 ) + ln( x2 - x + 1 ) +
3 arctan ( 2 x - 1 ) 3
3
6
3
3

Int( x/(x^3+1), x ): %=value(%);

x
1
1
1
1

dx = - ln( x + 1 ) + ln( x2 - x + 1 ) +
3 arctan ( 2 x - 1 ) 3
3

3
6
3
3

x + 1

V d 2: Tnh tch phn xc nh

x
x +1

dx

Int(x/(sqrt(x)+1),x=0..1): % =value(%);
1

x
x + 1

dx =

5
- 2 ln( 2 )
3

V d 3: Tnh tch phn suy rng

dx
x + 2x + 1
2

Int(1/(x^2+2*x+1),x=1..+infinity):
% = value(%);

1
1

dx =
2

2
x +2x+1
1

Maple V6

35

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

 Trong trng hp tch phn khng biu din c di dng hm s cp th kt qu tch phn c
biu din qua cc hm :
erf(x) = 2/sqrt(Pi) * int(exp(-t^2), t=0..x)
FresnelC(x) = int(cos(Pi/2*t^2), t=0..x);
FresnelS(x) = int(sin(Pi/2*t^2), t=0..x);
EllipticF(z,k)=int(1/sqrt(1-t^2)/sqrt(1-k^2*t^2),t=0..z)
EllipticE(z,k) = int(sqrt(1-k^2*t^2)/sqrt(1-t^2),t=0..z)
EllipticPi(z,nu,k)=int(1/(1-nu*t^2)/sqrt(1-t^2)/
sqrt(1-k^2*t^2),t=0..z)
Si(x)
= int(sin(t)/t, t=0..x)
Ci(x)
= gamma + ln(x) + int((cos(t)-1)/t, t=0..x)
Ssi(x) = Si(x) - Pi/2
Shi(x) = int(sinh(t)/t, t=0..x)
Chi(x) = gamma + ln(x) + int((cosh(t)-1)/t, t=0..x)

Ch : Dng lnh evalf tnh gn ng cc gi tr tch phn xc nh c biu din qua cc hm

c bit trn.
V d 4: Tnh

e - x dx
2

1
p erf( x )
2

int(exp(-x^2),x);
1

V d 5: Tnh tch phn suy rng :

1
x2

dx

-1

Int(1/x^2,x=-1..1):
%=value(%);
1

2 dx =

x
-1

V d 6: Tnh

sin( x 2 )dx

Int(sin(x^2),x):
%=value(%);
sin( x2 ) d x = 1 2

2 x

p FresnelS

V d 7: Tnh gn ng

cos( x 2 )dx

1
2
2
FresnelC

2
p
.9045242380

int(cos(x^2),x=0..1);
evalf(%);

Maple V6

36

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

II. TCH PHN BI

1. TCH PHN KP
tnh tch phn kp, trc tin ta dng lnh : with(student) m tin ch student
cho php dng cc lnh sau :
Doubleint(g, x, y);
Doubleint(g, x=a..b, y=c..d);
Doubleint(g, x, y, Domain);
Trong :
o g : biu thc cn tch phn
o x, y : bin tch phn v ch n th t bin ly tch phn.
o Domain : tn min tch phn

tnh gi tr ca tch phn kp ta dng lnh %=value(%); sau lnh tch phn kp.
1

V d 1: Tnh
x + y dy d x
0 x

with(student):
Doubleint(x+y,y=x..1,x=0..1):
%=value(%);
1

x + y dy dx = 1

2
0 x
1

V d 2: Tnh
x + y dx d y
x 0

Doubleint(x+y,x=0..1,y=x..1):
%=value(%);
1

x + y dx dy = 1 - 1 x - 1 x2

2
2
x 0

2. TCH PHN BI BA
Tng t tch phn kp ch khc dng lnh :
Tripleint(g, x, y, z)
Tripleint(g, x = a..b, z = e..f, y = c..d )
Tripleint(g, x, y, z, Domain)
V d 1:
Tnh

x 3 y 2 zdxdydz vi V : 0 x 1 , 0 y x , 0 z xy

with(student):
Tripleint(x^3*y^2*z,z=0..x*y,y=0..x,x=0..1);
1

xy

x3 y2 z d z d y d x

0 0 0
1

xy

1
3 2
%=value(%);
x y z d z d y d x = 110
0 0 0

Maple V6

37

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

V d 2: Tnh

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 dxdydz vi V l hnh cu tm 0 , bn knh R

Ta dng ta cu :
Tripleint(r^3*cos(theta),r=0..R,
theta=-Pi/2..Pi/2,phi=0..2*Pi);
2p

1/2 p

r3 cos ( q ) d r d q d f

0 - 1/2 p0

%=value(%);

2p

1/2 p

r 3 cos ( q ) d r d q d f = R 4 p

0 - 1/2 p0

3. TCH PHN NG
Lineint(f(x,y), x=x(t), y=y(t))
Lineint(f(x,y), x, y =a..b)
Lineint(f(x,y,z), x, y, z)
Trong :
f(x,y) mt biu thc cha x v y v bin .
a, b (tu chn ) cn di v cn trn
V d 1: Tnh tch phn ng loi 1:

z 2 dl vi AB xc nh bi: x= acost , y= asint, z= bt v 0

AB

t3
with(student):
Lineint(z^2,x=a*cos(t),y=a*sin(t),z=b*t,t=0..3);
3

2 2
b t

a cos ( t ) + a sin( t ) + b

t
t
t

t d t

%=value(%);
3

b 2 t2 a 2 sin( t )2 + a 2 cos ( t )2 + b 2 d t = 9 b 2 a 2 + b 2

V d 2: Tnh tch phn ng :

xydl vi AB l cung ellip x 2 +

y2
= 1, x 0 , y 0
4

AB

with(student):
Lineint(x*y,x=cos(t),y=2*sin(t),t=0..Pi/2);
1/2 p

2 cos ( t ) sin( t )

( 2 sin( t ) ) + cos ( t ) d t

t
t

%=value(%);
1/2 p

Maple V6

2 cos ( t ) sin( t ) 4 cos ( t )2 + sin( t )2 d t =

38

14
9

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

V d 3: Tch phn ng loi 2 : I =

( x 2 - 2 xy )dx + ( y 2 - 2 xy )dy

vi C l ng parabol y = x2 , -1 x 1.
b

Dng cng thc : I=

( x 2 - 2 xy ) + ( y 2 - 2 xy ) y ' dx

restart:with(student):
int((x^2-2*x^3)+(x^4-2*x^3)*diff(x^2,x),x=-1..1);

-14
15

III. PHNG PHP I BIN

changevar(s , f)
changevar(s , f , u)
changevar(t , g , v)
Trong :
s mt biu thc dng h(x) = g(u), vi x l hm ca bin u
f mt biu thc tch phn dng: Int(F(x), x = a...b)
u bin tch phn mi.
t Tp hp cc phng trnh i bin.
g l tch phn kp, tch phn bi ba ...
v Danh sch bin mi.
a

V d 1: Tnh bng phng php i bin :

a 2 - x 2 dx

with(student):
changevar(x=a*sin(t),Int(sqrt(a^2-x^2),x=0..a),t);
1/2 p

a 2 - a 2 sin( t )2 a cos ( t ) d t

1/2 p

%=value(%);
0

a 2 - a 2 sin( t )2 a cos ( t ) d t =

1
a2 a p
4

V d 2: Tnh

x
x+1

dx

changevar(t=sqrt(x+1),Int(x/sqrt(x+1),x=0..1),t);
2

-2 + 2 t 2 d t

1
Int(x/sqrt(x+1),x=0..1)=value(%);
1

Maple V6

x
x+1

39

dx = -

2
4
2+
3
3

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

V d 3 : i sang ta cc tch phn :

1
4- x - y
2

dxdy

changevar({x=r*cos(phi),y=r*sin(phi)},
Doubleint(1/sqrt(4-x^2-y^2),x,y),[r,phi]);

dr df

4 - r 2

V d 4 : i sang ta cu tch phn

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 dxdydz

changevar({x=p*sin(theta)*cos(phi),
y=p*sin(theta)*sin(phi),
z=p*cos(theta)},
Tripleint(sqrt(x^2+y^2+z^2),x,y,z),
[p,theta,phi]);

sin( q ) d p d q d f

IV. PHNG PHP TCH PHN TNG PHN

intparts(f, u)
trong :
f : mt biu thc ca dng Int(u*dv, x)
u : tha s c vi phn.
p
2

V d 1: Tnh tch phn

x cos xdx

with(student):
intparts(Int(x*cos(x),x=0..Pi/2),x);
1/2 p
1

p - sin( x ) d x
2
0
Int(x*cos(x),x=0..Pi/2)=value(%);
1/2 p
x cos ( x ) d x = 1 p - 1

2
0
1

V d 2: Tm cng thc truy chng ca Fn =

x n e x dx

Fn:= Int( x^n*exp(x), x=0..1 );

1

n x
Fn :=
x e dx
0

simplify( intparts( Fn,x^n ) );

1

(n - 1) x
e-n
x
e dx

Maple V6

40

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

Ta c cng thc truy chng : Fn = e n Fn-1

Gii phng trnh qui ny ta c cng thc tnh Fn
F(n)= exp(1)-n*F(n-1):
rsolve({%,F(0)=int(exp(x),x=0..1)},{F});
( -n )
( -n )
{ F ( n ) = -( -1 )
G( n + 1 ) + ( -1 )
G( n + 1, -1 ) }

Thc hnh
1. Tnh cc tch phn bt nh sau y:

a)
c)
e)

e x - 1dx

b)

x 2 - a 2 dx

d)

sec 2 xdx

f)

x
1

dx

x 1 + x2

1
dx
1 + sinx + cosx

x- y
dy

dx va
3
( x + y)

2. Tnh

dx

(2ax - x 2 ) 3

x- y
dx

dy .
3
( x + y)

So snh hai kt qu.

3. Tnh cc tch phn sau :
10

a)

p /2
4

4x + 4 x - 2 x - 10x + 6
dx
x 5 + 7 x 4 + 16x 3 + 10x 2
3

b)

1/ 5

c)

1
x 5x2 - 6 x + 1

d)

dx

1/ 7

1
1 - x2

dx

e)

x 4 sin x cos xdx

e -ax cos 2 (bx)dx , a > 0

f)

sinx
dx
x

4. Cho C l min {(x,y) |R2 / 1/2 xy 2 , 1 x 3 }.

Hy tnh

1
xy

y ( x + 1) 2
2

dxdy

Maple V6

41

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

5. Tnh cc tch phn sau:

a)

b)

lnx
dx
(x + a)(x - 1)

d)

x
arcsin 2 dx
a

f)

c)

e)

ln(x 2 + 1)
dx
x2 +1

x2
x6 +1

dx

tg arctgx dx
3

1
a x +b

dx

6. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi :

a) y2 = 2x+1 v x y 1 = 0
b) ng cong kn y2 = x2 y2
c) y = x3 5x2 + 2x + 7 v y = 2x - 1
7. Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay to t hnh phng gii hn bi y2 = x3 v x=1 quay quanh ox.
8. Tnh th tch vt th gii hn bi cc mt c phng trnh :
a) y = x2 ; z = y ; z + y = 2
b) x2 + y2 ; z = -2 ; y + z = 2
c) x2 + y2 + z2 = 4 ; x2 + y2 = 1
x2 + y2
; z = 0 ; x2 + y 2 = 2
4
9. Tm cc cng thc truy chng ca :

d) z =

p
2

a) Fn =

cos n x.dx

p
4

b) Tn =

tg n xdx

Maple V6

42

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

CHUI S CHUI HM
1. TNG RING CHUI S
sum(f,k); Tnh tng ca f(k) theo cng thc g(k) tha: g(k+1)-g(k)=f(k) mi k.
sum(f,k=m..n); Tnh tng: f(m) + f(m+1) + ... + f(n)
sum(f,k=alpha); Tnh tng biu thc f(k) vi k = alpha l nghim ca a thc, thng dng lnh
RootOf
n -1

V d1: Tnh

k =0

sum(k^2,k=0..n-1);
factor(%);

1 3 1 2 1
n - n + n
3
2
6
1
n (2 n - 1) (n - 1)
6

V d 2: Tnh

k1

k =1

1 2
p
6

sum(1/(k^2),k=1..infinity);

k
vi k l cc nghim phng trnh : x3 2 = 0
k +1
sum(k/(k+1), k=RootOf(x^3-2));
2

V d 3: Tnh tng

Trong mt s trng hp, tng c biu din qua hm:

n
Y ( x) = (ln(G( x)) ) hay Y (n, x) = n (ln(G( x)) ) vi G( x) =
x
x

e -t t x -1dt

nh v d sau y:
Sum(k/(k+1),k=0..n) = sum(k/(k+1), k=0..n);
n
k
k + 1 = n + 1 - Y( n + 2 ) - g
k=0
2. CHUI TAYLOR
series(expr, eqn)
series(expr, eqn, n)
trong :
expr mt biu thc hay hm theo x cn khai trin thnh chui.
eqn tn bin x hoc phng trnh dng x=a khai trin ti 0 hay a
n (ty chn) l s nguyn khng m n, khai trin n cp n, gi tr ngm nh n=6.

V d 1: Khai trin Taylor ca hm s f(x) =

1
ti x=1.
x

series(1/x,x=1);
1 - ( x - 1 ) + ( x - 1 )2 - ( x - 1 )3 + ( x - 1 )4 - ( x - 1 )5 + O( ( x - 1 )6 )
V d 2: Khai trin Mac-Laurin ca hm s f(x) = cosx n cp 10.
series(cos(x),x,10);
1
1 4
1 6
1
1 - x2 +
x x +
x 8 + O ( x 10 )
2
24
720
40320

Maple V6

43

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

V d 3 : Tnh gn ng

e ti s hng th 6.

series(exp(x),x,6);
1
1
1 4
1 5
1 + x + x2 + x3 +
x +
x + O( x6 )
2
6
24
120
1.648697917
eval(%,x=0.5);

Thc hnh
1. Tnh tng ca cc chui s :

a ).

n =3

1
n -4

c).

n =1

2 + (-1)n

d).

3n

n =0

b).

n =0

1
2

n + 3n + 2

arctg 2

n + n + 1

2. Xt s hi t ca cc chui s :

a ).

n =1

c).

n =1

e).

g). 1 +

b).

n +2

1
n(n 2 + 1)

n =1

2n + 3

n n + n + 1

n =1

n +1

d ).

n =1

e -1
n

f).

n =2

1 1 1
+ + + ....
3 5 7

h).

2n -1
n 2 n +1 + 2

ln n
n
1
2
3
4
+
+
+
+ ...
1.3 3.5 5.7 7.9

1
ti ln cn x = a
1- x
4. Vit khai trin Taylor ca hm f(x) = 3 x ti ln cn x=1
5. Vit khai trin Mac-Laurin ca cc hm s sau :
1
x
a). f(x) =
b). f(x) = cos2x c). f(x) =
2
(x - 1)
1 + x2

3. Vit khai trin Taylor ca hm f(x) =

6. Vit khai trin Mac-Laurin ca hm s f(x) =

sin t
dt ,
t

1
2

tnh gn ng tch phn

sin t
dt vi sai s khng vt qu 10-3
t

Maple V6

44

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

PHNG TRNH VI PHN - H PHNG TRNH VI PHN

I. PHNG TRNH VI PHN
Cu lnh : dsolve(ODE);
dsolve({ODE, ICs}, y(x), Options);
trong :
ODE
- phng trnh vi phn thng (an ordinary differential equation)
y(x)
- hm 1 bin c lp
Options - ty chn bao gm: implicit ( dng n) , explicit (dng hin ngm nh) , useInt
(Dng tch phn ) , series (chui) , numeric (dng s)...
ICs
- iu kin ban u ( tm nghim ring)
dng: y(a) = b , D(y)(a) = c , D(D(y))(a) = d...
V d 1: Gii phng trnh vi phn : y= y.tgx
ode:=diff(y(x),x)=y(x)*tan(x);

ode := y( x ) = y( x ) tan( x )
x
_C1
dsolve(ode,y(x)); y( x ) =
cos ( x )
trong _C1 l hng s ty
gin tin khi nhp phng trnh vi phn, ta c th dng lnh alias nh v d sau:
V d 2 : Gii phng trnh vi phn : y =

2 xy
x2 - y2

alias(y=y(x)):
ptvf:=diff(y,x)=(2*x*y)/(x^2-y^2);

xy
ptvf := y = 2 2
x
x - y2
dsolve(ptvf,y);
1 1 - 1 - 4 _C1 2 x2
1 1 + 1 - 4 _C1 2 x2
y=
,y=
2
_C1
2
_C1
y
V d 3 : Gii phng trnh vi phn : y =
x + y3
ode:=diff(y(x),x)=y(x)/(x+y(x)^3);

y( x )
ode := y( x ) =
x
x + y( x ) 3
dsolve(ode,useInt);

x -

value(%);

Maple V6

y( x)

y ( x )

d_a

_a

1
-
_b d_b

_b e
d _b + _C1 e

1
x - y( x ) 2 + _C1 y( x ) = 0
2

45

=0

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

y'
V d 4 : Gii phng trnh vi phn : xy= y ln( )
x
ode:=x*diff(y(x),x,x)=diff(y(x),x)*ln(diff(y(x),x)/x);

y( x )

ode := x 2 y( x ) = y( x ) ln

x
x

( _C1 x )

dsolve(ode);

ee
y( x ) = _C1 2

( _C1 x )

ee
x
+
+ _C2
_C1

V d 5 : Gii phng trnh vi phn : y -

y'
= x(x-1)
x -1

tha iu kin : y(2)=1, y(2)= -1

ode:=diff(y(x),x$2)-diff(y(x),x)/(x-1) =x*(x-1);

y( x )

x
ode := 2 y( x ) = x (x - 1)
x-1
x

dsolve({ode,y(2)=1,D(y)(2)=-1},y(x));

y( x ) =

1 4 1 3 3 2
1
x - x - x +3x+
8
6
2
3

V d 6: Tm nghim ring ca phng trnh vi phn : yy- y2 = 0 tha : y(0) = 1, y(0) = 2

ode:=y(x)*diff(y(x),x$2)-diff(y(x),x)^2=0;
2
2

ode := y( x ) 2 y( x ) - y( x ) = 0

x
x
dsolve({ode,y(0)=1,D(y)(0)=2});

y( x ) = e

( 2 x)

V d 7: Gii phng trnh vi phn : xy+y+4x2y = 0

alias(y=y(x)):
ode:=x*diff(y,x$2)+diff(y,x)+4*x^2*y=0;
2

ode := x 2 y + y + 4 x2 y = 0
x x
dsolve(ode,y);
4 ( 3/2 )
4 ( 3/2 )
y = _C1 BesselJ 0, x
+ _C2 BesselY 0, x

dsolve(ode,y,series);
4
4
8
y = _C1 1 - x3 + O( x6 ) + _C2 ln( x ) 1 - x3 + O( x6 ) + x3 + O( x6 )
9

9
27

Maple V6

46

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

 gii gn ng phng trnh vi phn, ta dng lnh:

dsolve({ode, init} , vars, numeric)
dsolve({ode, init}, vars, numeric, options)
trong :
{ode, init} - tp hp cc phng trnh vi phn v iu kin ban u.
vars
- cc hm cn tm.
options
- cc la chn dng: keyword=value nh

method=rkf45 (Fehlberg fourth-fifth order Runge-Kutta method),

method=dverk78, method=classical, method=gear, method=mgear,
method=lsode, method=taylorseries. Ngm nh l method=rkf45
value = xarray dng : value=array([x1,x2,...,xk])
V d 8 : Gii gn ng phng trnh vi phn : y = -x +y
tha y(0) = 1,5
alias(y=y(x),y0=y(0)):

ode := y = y - x
ode:=diff(y,x)=y-x;
x
Tnh gn ng vi cc gi tr y(x) vi x= 0 ; 0.25 ; 0.5 ; 0.75 ; 1
F:=dsolve({ode,y0=1.5},y,'numeric',
value=array([0,0.25,0.5,0.75,1]));

.25

F :=
.5

.75

[ x, y ]

1.5

1.892012706

2.324360630

2.808499999

3.359140899

V d 9: Gii gn ng phng trnh vi phn : y- (1-y2) y+ y = 0 tha y(0) = 0 ,y(0) = -0,1

alias(y=y(t),y0=y(0),yp0=D(y)(0)):
ode:=diff(y,t$2)-(1-y^2)*diff(y,t)+y=0;
2

ode := 2 y - ( 1 - y2 ) y + y = 0
t
t
init:=y0=0,yp0=-0.1:
F:=dsolve({ode,init},y,'numeric');
F := proc (rkf45_x ) ... end proc
Ta c th v th ca hm y theo t bng cc nh ngha hm Y(t) nh sau :
Y:=t->rhs(op(1,select(hastype,F(t),'function')));

Y := t rhs( op ( 1, select( hastype , F ( t ), ' function ' ) ) )

plot(Y,0..14);

Maple V6

47

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

II. H PHNG TRNH VI PHN

Cu lnh : dsolve({sysODE}, {funcs})
dsolve({sysODE}, {funcs}, 'explicit')
trong :
{sysODE} - tp hp cc phng trnh vi phn c ngn cch bi du phy
{funcs}
- tp hp cc hm s cn xc nh hoc tn hm.
'explicit'
- ty chn yu cu sp xp s xut hin tp cc nghim trong trng hp h phng trnh vi phn phi
tuyn
dy
= z

V d 1: Gii h phng trnh vi phn : dx

dz = y
dx

sys1:={diff(y(x),x)=z(x),diff(z(x),x)=y(x)};

sys1 := { y( x ) = z( x ),
z( x ) = y( x ) }
x
x
dsolve(sys1,{y,z});
( -x )
( -x )
{ y( x ) = _C1 e x - _C2 e , z( x ) = _C1 e x + _C2 e }
dx

= x 2 + xy
V d 2 : Gii h phng trnh vi phn dt

dy = xy + y 2
dt

sys2:={diff(x(t),t)=x(t)^2+x(t)*y(t),
diff(y(t),t)=x(t)*y(t)+y(t)^2}:
dsolve(sys2,{x,y});
1
{ y( t ) = 0 }, { x( t ) =

- t + _C1

1
{ y( t ) = },

_C1 t + _C2

} ,

-
y ( t ) + y ( t ) 2

x( t ) =
y( t )

dsolve(sys2,{x,y},explicit);
1
}, {
- t + _C1
_C1
1
x ( t ) = +
2
( _C1 t + _C2 ) 2
( _C1 t + _C2 )

{ y( t ) = 0, x( t ) =

y( t ) = -

Maple V6

( _C1 t + _C2 ) ,

1
}
_C1 t + _C2

48

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

Thc hnh
1. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn bng Maple. Th gii bng nhiu phng php, tm li gii dng
n gin nht v th kim tra li :
y
a ). 3y 2 y '+16 x = 12 xy 3
b). xy'-y = xtg
x
2. Gii cc phng vi phn sau:

a) y' + 2xy = xe -x

c) (x + y - 1)2 dy = 2(y + 2 )2 dx

b) 1 + x 2 y' = 2xy + 1 + x 2
y - 2x y + 2
d) y' - tg
=
x +1 x +1

3. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn

a) y' ' + y' tgx = sin2x

c) y' ' + 4y =

1
sin 2 x

y'
b) xy' ' - y' - xsin = 0
x
1
e) y' ' + 3y' + 2y = x
e +1
x

4. Chng minh rng hm s y = x e t dt l mt nghim ca phng trnh xy' - y = x 2 e x .

1

Tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh

5. Gii cc h phng trnh sau
dx
dt = y - z

dt dx dy
dy
a) = z - x
b)
=
=
xy ty tx
dt
dz
dt = x - y

Maple V6

49

y' = 5y + 4z
c)
z' = 4y + 5z

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

I S TUYN TNH - MA TRN

Maple 6.0 cung cp trn 100 cu lnh gii quyt cc vn ca i s tuyn tnh c ng gi
trong linalg package v cn phi np bi lnh with(linalg): trc khi thc hin tnh ton. Linalg package
bao gm mt s lnh sau:
GramSchmidt JordanBlock LUdecomp QRdecomp addcol
addrow
augment
backsub
band
basis
bezout
blockmatrix charmat
charpoly
cholesky
col
coldim
colspace
colspan
companion cond
copyinto
crossprod
curl
definite
delcols
delrows
det
diag
diverge
dotprod
eigenvalues eigenvectors
entermatrix equal
exponential extend
ffgausselim
fibonacci
forwardsub frobenius
gausselim gaussjord
geneqns
genmatrix
grad
hadamard hermite
hessian
hilbert
htranspose
ihermite
indexfunc
innerprod
intbasis
inverse
ismith
issimilar
iszero
jacobian
jordan
kernel
laplacian
leastsqrs
linsolve
matadd
matrix
minor
minpoly
mulcol
multiply
norm
normalize
orthog
permanent
pivot
potential
randmatrix
randvector
rank
references
row
rowdim
rowspace
rowspan
scalarmul
singularvals smith
stackmatrix
submatrix
subvector
sumbasis
swapcol
swaprow
sylvester
toeplitz
trace
transpose
vandermonde vecpotent
vectdim
vector
wronskian

adjoint

angle

I. MA TRN-NH THC
1. TO MA TRN
Cu lnh :

matrix(L)
matrix(m, n)
matrix(m, n, L)
matrix(m, n, f)

trong :
m,n - s nguyn dng ch s hng v s ct.
L - Danh sch hoc vect.
f
- mt hm s dng to cc phn t ca ma trn.
V d 1:
with(linalg):
1
A :=
3
a
B :=
c

A:=matrix(2,2,[1,2,3,4]);
B:=matrix([[a,b],[c,d]]);

C:=matrix(3,2,(i,j)->i+j-1);

M:=matrix(2,2,0);
N:=matrix(2,2,3);

Maple V6

4
b

d
1 2

C := 2 3
3 4

0 0
M :=

0 0
3 3
N :=

3 3

50

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

 MA TRN CHUYN V : transpose(M);

V d :

M:=matrix([[1,2,3],[x,y,z]]);

1
M :=
x

2
y

1 x

M^t=transpose(M); M t = 2 y
3 z

MA TRN N V , MA TRN NG CHO:

Cu lnh : diag(B1, B2, .., Bn) trong :
B1, B2, ..., Bn - l cc ma trn vung.

V d 2: Ma trn n v , ma trn ng cho

1 0
I2 =
I2=diag(1,1);

0 1
1 0 0

I3=diag(1,1,1); I3 = 0 1 0
0 0 1

l1 0
m :=

0 l2
l1 0 0 0

0 l2 0 0

N :=

0
0
1
0

0
0
1

m:=diag(lambda1, lambda2);

N:=diag(m,diag(1,1));

MA TRN CON :

minor(A, r, c)

trong : Ama trn v r, c b i hng r v ct c ca A

V d:
A := matrix( [[1,-6,1],[-6,1,1],[-1,6,1]] );

A := -6
-1

-6 1

1 1
6 1
1 1
A11 :=
A11:=minor(A,1,1);

6 1
-6 1
A21 :=
A21:=minor(A,2,1);

6 1
MA TRN KHI: blockmatrix(m,n,L);
trong : m,n : s hng , s ct ca ma trn khi m cc phn t l ma trn trong danh sch L
L - danh sch gm m*n cc ma trn.
0 1
A := matrix(2,2,(i,j) -> abs(i-j)); A :=

1 0
x x
B:=matrix(2,2,[x,x,x,x]); B :=

x x
0 1 x x
blockmatrix(1,2,[A,B]);

1 0 x x
0 1 x x

1 0 x x

blockmatrix(2,2,[A,B,B,A]);

x x 0 1

x x 1 0

Maple V6

51

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

2. PHP TNH MA TRN

Cc php ton cng, tr hai ma trn cng cp, nhn mt s vi ma trn, nhn hai ma trn, ly tha
mt ma trn ta dng cc k hiu : + , - , * , &*, ^ v lnh evalm(M); nh gi kt qu ca ma trn
M.
1 - 2
a b
V d: Cho ma trn A=
v B=

.
3 4
g d
Tnh 2A-B ; AB , A3 , A-1.
with(linalg):
A:=matrix(2,2,[1,-2,3,4]);
1 -2
A :=

3 4
B:=matrix([[alpha,beta],[gamma,delta]]);
a b
B :=

g d
2*A-B=evalm(2*A-B);
2 - a -4 - b
2 A - B =

8 - d
6 - g
A*B=evalm(A&*B);
a-2g
b-2d
A B =

3 a + 4 g 3 b + 4 d
A^3=evalm(A^3);
-35 -30
A3 =

45 10
1/A=evalm(1/A);
1
2

5
1 5

=
A -3
1

10
10
i vi php cng, tr th A n l cc phn t Aii bi s n.
b
a - 3
evalm(B-3);

d - 3
g
Trong trng hp thc hin cc th tc (procedure) trn tt c cc phn t ca ma trn, ta
thng dng cu lnh:
map(fcn, expr, arg2, ..., argn)
trong :
fcn th tc cn thc hin trn cc s hng ca biu thc expr
expr biu thc , ma trn ...

Tha s cc s hng ca ma trn M : map( factor,M);

V d :
A:=toeplitz([alpha,beta]);
a b
A :=

b a
evalm(A^3);
2
2
2
( a 2 + b2 ) b + 2 a 2 b
( a + b ) a + 2 a b
2

( a + b 2 ) b + 2 a 2 b ( a 2 + b 2 ) a + 2 a b 2

Maple V6

52

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

map(factor,%);
2
2
a ( a + 3 b )

b ( 3 a 2 + b 2 )

b ( 3 a 2 + b 2 )

a ( a 2 + 3 b 2 )

nh gi y (full evaluation) :
R:=matrix(2,2,[cos(alpha),
-sin(alpha),sin(alpha),cos(alpha)]);
cos ( a ) -sin( a )
R :=

sin( a ) cos ( a )
ta gn gi tr alpha=1
alpha:=1:
lnh evalm khng nh gi y gi tr ma trn R
evalm(R);
cos ( a ) -sin( a )

sin( a ) cos ( a )
nhng lnh map nh gi y theo cc php gn
map(eval,R);
cos ( 1 ) -sin( 1 )

sin( 1 ) cos ( 1 )
o hm cc phn t ma trn:
R:=matrix(2,2,[cos(x^2),-sin(x),sin(x),cos(x^2)]);
2
cos ( x )
R :=
sin( x )

-sin( x )

cos ( x 2 )

map(diff,R,x);
2
-2 sin( x ) x

cos ( x )

-cos ( x )

-2 sin( x 2 ) x

3. RT GN MA TRN
Cu lnh:
gaussjord(A)
gaussjord(A, 'r')
gaussjord(A, 'r', 'd')
A - ma trn ch nht.
'r' - (ty chn) cho ra hng ma trn A gn vo r.
'd' - (ty chn) cho ra nh thc A gn vo d, nu A vung.

V d:
A:=array([[4,-6,1,0],[-6,12,0,1],[-2,6,1,1]]);

A := -6
-2

gaussjord(A,'r');

'rank'(A)=r;

Maple V6

-6
12
6

1
0
1

1
1

1
0

0
1

0
0
rank( A ) = 2

53

1
1
2
0

1
2
1
3
0

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

4. NH THC
Cu lnh: det(M);
V d:
A := array( [[4,-6,m],[-6,m,1],[-m,6,1]] );
4 -6 m

A := -6 m 1
-m 6 1

3
26
m
60
+
m
det(A);
5. HNG MA TRN
Cu lnh: rank(M);
V d:
A := matrix(3,3, [x,1,0,0,0,1,x*y,y,1]);
rank(A);

gaussjord(A);

1
x
0
0

6. MA TRN NGHCH O
Tnh bng php tnh A-1:
Dng lnh inverse(A); hoc evalm(1/A);
A := matrix( [[1,-6,1],[-6,1,1],[-1,6,1]] );

inverse(A);

evalm(1/A);

A := -6
-1

14

-1

14

14

-1

14

-6
1
6
-6
35
-1
35

1
1
1
10
1
10
1
2

0
-6
35
-1
35

1
10
1
10
1
2

Tnh bng php rt gn ma trn: ni ma trn A v I bi lnh blockmatrix hoc augment(A,I)

A := matrix( [[1,-6,1],[-6,1,1],[-1,6,1]] );
1

A := -6
-1

-6
1
6

1
1

AI:=blockmatrix(1,2,[A,diag(1,1,1)]);
1

AI := -6
-1

Maple V6

-6
1
6

1
1
1

54

1
0
0

0
1
0

0
1

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

gaussjord(AI);

1
14
-1
14
1
2

-6
35
-1
35
0

1
10
1
10
1
2

1
PA , Tnh PA bi lnh adjoint(A); hoc adj(A);
det( A)
[[1,-6,1],[-6,1,1],[-1,6,1]] );
-6 1

1 1
6 1
-7
-5 12

PA := 5
2
-7
-35
0 -35

Tnh bng cng thc: A-1=

A := matrix(
1

A := -6
-1

PA:=adj(A);

evalm(PA/det(A));

1
14
-1
14
1
2

-6
35
-1
35
0

1
10
1
10
1
2

II. H PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH

Cu lnh: linsolve(A, B, 'r', v)
trong :
A l ma trn h s
B l ma trn hoc vct v phi
r (ty chn) l hng ca A
v (ty chn) tn bin t do, ngm nh l _t1 , _t2 , ...
x + 2 y = 1
V d 1: Gii h phng trnh :
x + 3 y = - 2
A:= matrix( [[1,2],[1,3]] );
1 2
A :=

1 3
B:=vector([1,-2]);
B := [ 1, -2 ]
X:=linsolve(A, B);
7
X :=
-3
H c nghim duy nht : x= 7 , y=-3

x 1 - x 2 + x 3 - x 4 = 1
x - 2x + x + 3x = 2
1
2
3
4
V d2: Gii h phng trnh :
2x1 + x 2 - x 3 - 2x 4 = 5
2x1 + 2x 2 - x 3 - 6x 4 = 4
A:= matrix([[1,-1,1,-1],[1,-2,1,3],
[2,1,-1,-2],[2,2,-1,-6]]):
B:= vector([1,2,5,4]):
Maple V6

55

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

X:=linsolve(A,B);

X := [ 2 + _t 1, -1 + 4 _t1, -2 + 4 _t1, _t1 ]

H c v s nghim :
x1= 2 + t , x2= -1+4t , x3= -2 +4t , x4= t , ( vi t ty )

2x - y + z = -2

V d 3: Gii h phng trnh x + 2y + 3z = -1

x - 3y - 2z = 3

A := matrix( [[2,-1,1],[1,2,3],[1,-3,-2]] ):
B:= vector([-2,-1,3]);
X:=linsolve(A,B); X :=
H v nghim

B := [ -2, -1, 3 ]

mx + y + z = 1

V d 4: Gii v bin lun theo m h phng trnh : x + my + z = m

2
x + y + mz = m

A:= matrix( [[m,1,1],[1,m,1],[1,1,m]] ):

B:= vector([1,m,m^2]):
m ( -2, 1, 1 )
m<>solve(det(A)=0,m);
1
( m + 1 )2
m+1
X:=linsolve(A,B); X := - m + 2 , m + 2 , m + 2

m:=1:
A1:=map(eval,A):B1:=map(eval,B):
X:=linsolve(A1,B1); X := [ 1 - _t 1 - _t2, _t1, _t2 ]
m:=-2:
A2:=map(eval,A):B2:=map(eval,B):
X:=linsolve(A2,B2); X :=
III. KHNG GIAN VCT
1. To mt vct
Dng mt trong cc lnh :
vector([x1, ..., xn])
vector(n)
vector(n, f)
trong :
x1, ..., xn - thnh phn ca vector c kiu s.
n
- s chiu ca vector.
f
- hm s f c dng to cc thnh phn ca vector.
Do vector(n,f) tng ng vi vector(1..n , [f(1),f(2) , , f(n)])

V d :
vector( [5,4,6,3] );
vector(4);
vector(4, 0);

Maple V6

[ 5, 4, 6, 3 ]

[ ? 1, ? 2, ? 3, ? 4 ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

56

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

V d: To vector c chiu 4 bi hm s f(x) = x2

f := x -> x^2:
v := [ 1, 4, 9, 16 ]

v := vector(4, f);

* To vect ct c cc thnh phn theo cng thc x j-1

V d :
f:= (j) -> x^(j-1):
Vector(3,f)
Mt s cu lnh lin quan n vector

1

x

2
x

Tn lnh
norm(v,2)
normalize(v)
scalarmul(v,k)
dotprod(u,v)
crossprod(u,v)
GramSchmidt([v1,v2,,vn])
GramSchmidt([v1,v2,,vn],normalized)
basis({v1,v2,,vn})
intbasis(V1,V2,,Vn)
sumbasis(V1,V2,,Vn)
rowspace(A)
colspace(A)
kernel(A) , nullspace(A)

ngha
Mun ca v
Chun ha v
Nhn vector v vi s k
Tch v hng uv
Tch c hng u^v
Trc giao ha GramSchmidt cc vector c lp tuyn tnh
v1,v2,,vn
Trc chun ha GramSchmidt cc vector c lp tuyn tnh
v1,v2,,vn
xc nh c s ca khng gian sinh bi v1,v2,,vn
xc nh c s khng gian giao ca cc khng gian sinh bi h
vector V1, V2,,Vn
xc nh c s khng gian tng ca cc khng gian sinh bi h
vector V1, V2,,Vn
xc nh c s khng gian sinh bi cc hng ca ma trn A
xc nh c s khng gian sinh bi cc ct ca ma trn A
xc nh c s khng gian nghim h phng trnh thun nht
AX=0

2. Cc v d
Tnh mun v chun ha vector v =(2,2,-1)
with(linalg):
v:=vector([2,2,-1]); v := [ 2, 2, -1 ]
norm(v,2); 3
2 2 -1
normalize(v); , ,
3 3 3
Tnh tch v hng v tch hu hng ca u=(2,2,-1), v=(1,2,3)
v:=vector([2,2,-1]):
u:=vector([1,2,3]):
3
dotprod(u,v);
crossprod(u,v); [ -8, 7, -2 ]
Xt tnh c lp tuyn tnh ca h vector
v1:=vector([1,2,-1,0]):
v2:=vector([2,1,2,3]) :
v3:=vector([-1,4,-7,-6]):
basis({v1,v2,v3}); { v2, v1 }
H ph thuc tuyn tnh.

Maple V6

57

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

u1 := vector([2,2,2]):
u2 := vector([0,2,2]):
u3 := vector([0,0,2]):
basis({u1,u2,u3}); { u1 , u2 , u3 }
H c lp tuyn tnh.
Trc giao ha v trc chun ha h vector
u1 := vector([2,2,2]):
u2 := vector([0,2,2]):
u3 := vector([0,0,2]):
GramSchmidt([u1,u2,u3]);
[ 2, 2, 2 ], -4, 2, 2 , [ 0, -1, 1 ]

3 3 3

GramSchmidt([u1,u2,u3],normalized);
1 3, 1 3, 1 3 , - 1 8 3, 1 8 3, 1 8 3 , 0, - 1 2, 1 2

3
3 6
12
12
2
2
3

Cho khng gian sinh bi : U = < (1,2,1) ; (1,0,2) > v W=<(2,-1,2) ; (2,1,1)>
Tm c s ca U, W, UW v U+W
U:={vector([1,2,1]),vector([1,0,2])};
U := { [ 1, 2, 1 ], [ 1, 0, 2 ] }
W:={vector([2,-1,2]),vector([2,1,1])};
W := { [ 2, -1, 2 ], [ 2, 1, 1 ] }
{ [ 1, 2, 1 ], [ 1, 0, 2 ] }
basis(U);
basis(W); { [ 2, -1, 2 ], [ 2, 1, 1 ] }
intbasis(U,W); { [ 0, 2, -1 ] }
sumbasis(U,W); { [ 2, -1, 2 ], [ 1, 0, 2 ], [ 1, 2, 1 ] }
Tm c s ca khng gian con
U={(x1,x2,x3) / x1+x2+x3= 0 , x1+2x2 x3= 0}
A l ma trn h s ca h phng trnh :
x1+x2+x3=0 , x1+2x2 x3= 0
A:=matrix([[1,1,1],[1,2,-1]]);
1 1 1
A :=

1 2 -1
-3
1
kernel(A); { , 1, }
2
2
3. Ta vect Chuyn c s :
Ta vect :
tnh ta vect v trong c s B={e1,e2,,en} ta gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh :
v
vi BT ma trn chuyn v ca ma trn B m cc hng l cc vect c s e1,e2,,en

BTX=

V d 1: Tm ta ca v=(6,9,14) trong c s
B={(1,1,1) , (1,1,2) , (1,2,3)}
with(linalg):
Bt:=transpose(matrix([[1,1,1],[1,1,2],[1,2,3]]));

Maple V6

58

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

Bt := 1
1

1
1
2

2
3

v := [ 6, 9, 14 ]
[ 1, 2, 3 ]
2
V d 2: Hy biu din p= x trong c s
B={1, (x-1) , (x-1)2 } ca P2[x]
Ta tm ta ca p trong B: bng cch biu din theo c s chnh tc { 1, x , x2 }
v:=vector([6,9,14]);
linsolve(Bt,v);

B:=transpose(matrix([[1,0,0],[-1,1,0],[1,-2,1]]));

B := 0
0

-1
1
0

-2
1

v:=vector([0,0,1]); v := [ 0, 0, 1 ]
linsolve(B,v); [ 1, 2, 1 ]

Suy ra : p = x2 = 1 + 2(x-1) + 1(x-1)2

* Trng hp, ta tm ta ca nhiu vect v1, v2 , , vn trong cng c s B, ta gii h
BTX= V trong V l ma trn ct cc vect v1, v2 , , vn v kt qu X l ma trn ct:
V d : Tm ta ca v1=(6,9,14) , v2=(1,2,3) trong c s
B={(1,1,1) , (1,1,2) , (1,2,3)}
Bt:=transpose(matrix([[1,1,1],[1,1,2],[1,2,3]]));

Bt := 1
1

2
3

1
1
2

V:=transpose(matrix([[6,9,14],[1,2,3]]));

V := 9
14

2
3

linsolve(Bt,V);

0
1

Ma trn chuyn c s :
Ma trn chuyn c s t B -> B1 l ma trn S l nghim : BTS = B1T
V d : B={(1,1,0 ) , (0,1,1) , (1,0,1) } v
B1={(0,0,1) , (1,-1,0) , (1,1,1) }
B:=transpose(matrix([[1,1,0],[0,1,1],[1,0,1]]));

B := 1
0

0
1
1

0
1

B1:=transpose(matrix([[0,0,1],[1,-1,0],[1,1,1]]));

B1 := 0
1

Maple V6

59

1
-1
0

1
1
( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

S=linsolve(B,B1);

S1=linsolve(B1,B);

S=

S1 =

-1
2
1
2
1
2

0
-1
1
-1
0
1

1
2
-1
2
1
2

1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2

IV. NH X TUYN TNH

1. NHN , NH CA NH X TUYN TNH
i vi cc nh x tuyn tnh f trn Rn, ta tm nh (Imf) , nhn (kerf) bng cch dng ma trn
biu din Af trong c s chnh tc :
Tm ma trn h s A v Af = AT
Tm nh f bng lnh: rowspace( Af )
Tm nhn f bng lnh: kernel( A )
V d : Cho nh x tuyn tnh f :|R3 |R3 xc nh bi :
f(x,y,z) = (x+2y-z , y+z , x+y-2z)
Tm nhn v nh ca f.
with(linalg):
A:=matrix([[1,2,-1],[0,1,1],[1,1,-2]]);
1 2 -1

A := 0 1 1
1 1 -2

Nhn ca f l nghim ca AX= 0 , nn:

{ [ -3, 1, -1 ] }
kernel(A);
Anh ca f l khng gian con sinh bi cc hng ca Af, nn :
1 0 1

Af:=transpose(A); Af := 2 1 1
-1 1 -2

rowspace(Af); { [ 0, 1, -1 ], [ 1, 0, 1 ] }
2. TM CNG THC CA NH X TUYN TNH KHI BIT NH CA C S
V d : Cho nh x tuyn tnh f: |R2 |R2 tha: f(3,1)=(2,-4) ; f(1,1) = (0,2). Xc nh f(x,y)
with(linalg):
Ma trn chuyn v cc vect c s { (3,1) , (1,1) }
B:=transpose(matrix([[3,1],[1,1]]));
3 1
B :=

1 1
Ma trn chuyn v ca nh B
ImB:=transpose(matrix([[2,-4],[0,2]]));
2 0
ImB :=

-4 2
Ma trn ct ca vect bt k v=(x,y)
Maple V6

60

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

x
v:=matrix(2,1,[x,y]); v :=
y
Ma trn ta ca v trong B
1x-1y

2
2

X:=linsolve(B,v); X :=
3
1
- x + y
2
2

x-y
f(x,y)=multiply(ImB,X); f( x, y ) =

-3 x + 5 y
f(x,y) = (x-y , -3x+5y )

3. TM MA TRN BIU DIN CA NH X TUYN TNH

V d :
Cho nh x tuyn tnh f: |R3 |R2 xc nh bi :
f(x,y,z) = (3x+2y-4z , x-5y+3z )
Tm ma trn ca f trong c s B={(1,1,1) , (1,1,0) , (1,0,0) } i vi B={(1,3) , (2,5) }
with(linalg):
Ma trn h s ca f : f = AX
A:=matrix([[3,2,-4],[1,-5,3]]);
3 2 -4
A :=

1 -5 3
Ma trn ct cc vect c s B
B:=transpose(matrix([[1,1,1],[1,1,0],[1,0,0]]));

1 1

B := 1 1
1 0

Ma trn nh ca cc vect

0
0
trong c s B l fB = AB
1 5 3
fB:=multiply(A,B); fB :=

-1 -4 1
Ma trn ct cc vect c s B
BB:=transpose(matrix([[1,3],[2,5]]));
1 2
BB :=

3 5
Ma trn ca f trong B,B, gii h : (BB)Af = fB
-7 -33 -13
f(B,BB)=linsolve(BB,fB); f( B , BB ) =

8
4 19
V d : Cho nh x tuyn tnh f: |R3 |R3 xc nh bi :
f(x,y,z) = (2y+z , x-4y , 3x )
Tm ma trn ca f trong :
a) c s chnh tc ca |R3
b) c s E={(1,1,1) , (1,1,0) , (1,0,0) }
c) Chng t hai ma trn ca f trong hai c s trn ng dng.
A:=matrix([[0,2,1],[1,-4,0],[3,0,0]]):
Ma trn hai c s :
Eo:=transpose(matrix([[1,0,0],[0,1,0],[0,0,1]]));
E:=transpose(matrix([[1,1,1],[1,1,0],[1,0,0]]));

Maple V6

61

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

Eo := 0
0

0
1
0

0
1

0 E := 1
1
1

1
1
0

0
0

Ma trn nh ca hai c s :
fEo:=multiply(A,Eo);
fE:=multiply(A,E);
0

fEo := 1
3

2
-4
0

Ma trn ca f trong hai c s:

f(Eo)=linsolve(Eo,fEo);
f(E)=linsolve(E,fE);
0 2 1
3

f( Eo ) = 1 -4 0 f( E ) = -6
3 0 0
6

1
3

0 fE := -3
3
0

3
-6
5

2
-3
3

1
3

-2
-1

c) Ma trn chuyn c s S t Eo E
1 1 1

S:=linsolve(Eo,E); S := 1 1 0
1 0 0

Tnh S-1(fEo)S
3 3 3

multiply(1/S,fEo,S); -6 -6 -2
6 5 -1

fE = S-1(fEo)S , nn hai ma trn ny ng dng.

V. CHO HA MA TRN
1. TR RING,VCT RING
a thc c trng ca ma trn vung A : f(x) = det(x*I -A) , I l ma trn n v
Tr ring : nghim ca a thc c trng f(x)=det(x*I-A) = 0
Vect ring ng vi tr ring l : mt nghim XO ca h thun nht [lI-A]X= O
Khng gian ring ng vi tr ring l : Khng gian nghim ca h [lI-A]X= O
Tn lnh
charpoly(A,x)
eigenvalues(A)
eigenvectors(A)
charmat(A,l)
issimilar(A,B,P)

Maple V6

ngha
a thc c trng ca A
Tr ring ca A
Tr ring v Vect ring ca A c cho dng danh sch: [l, m, {v[1,i],...
v[ni,i]}]
tr ring l , bi m , vect ring c s.
Ma trn c trng ng vi tr l : lI A
Kim tra xem A B ng dng hay khng? v A=P-1 BP

62

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

V d :
A := matrix(3,3, [1,-3,3,3,-5,3,6,-6,4]):
3
charpoly(A,x); x - 12 x - 16
eigenvalues(A); 4, -2, -2
3 3 -3

charmat(A,4); -3 9 -3
-6 6 0

lst:=eigenvectors(A);
lst := [ 4, 1, { [ 1, 1, 2 ] } ], [ -2, 2, { [ 0, 1, 1 ], [ 1, 1, 0 ] } ]
[ 4, 1, { [ 1, 1, 2 ] } ] : tr ring l1= 4 (bi 1) , vect c s ca
khng ring (1,1,2)
[ -2, 2, { [ 0, 1, 1 ], [ 1, 0, -1 ] } ] : tr ring l2= -2 (bi 2), vect c
s ca khng ring (0,1,1) (1,0,-1)
Ly danh sch vect ring t lst:
vr:=[lst[1,3,1],lst[2,3,1],lst[2,3,2]];
vr := [ [ 1, 1, 2 ], [ 1, 1, 0 ], [ 0, 1, 1 ] ]
P:=transpose(matrix(vr));
1 1 0

P := 1 1 1
2 0 1

multiply(1/P,A,P);
4 0 0

0 -2 0

0 0 -2

V d:
A:=matrix(3,3, [1,-3,3,3,-5,3,6,-6,4]):

B:=diag(eigenvalues(A));
4 0 0

B := 0 -2 0
0 0 -2

issimilar(B,A,'P'); true
1 -1 2

print(P); 1 -3 7
2 -2 5

2. CHO HA MA TRN VUNG

Dng Jordan
jordan(A)
jordan(A, 'P')
trong : A l ma trn vung , P l ma trn chuyn i :
P-1AP = J ( ma tn cho)
V d:
with(linalg):
A:=matrix(3,3,[3,-2,0,-2,3,0,0,0,5]);
3 -2 0

A := -2 3 0
0 0 5

Maple V6

63

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

0
jordan(A,P);

1
print(P);

0
Cho ha trc giao

0
5

0
5
0

1
2
-1
2
1

with(linalg):
A:=matrix(3,3, [4,2,2,2,4,2,2,2,4]);
4 2 2

A := 2 4 2
2 2 4

lst:=eigenvectors(A);
lst := [ 8, 1, { [ 1, 1, 1 ] } ], [ 2, 2, { [ 1, 0, -1 ], [ 0, 1, -1 ] } ]
v:=[lst[1,3,1],lst[2,3,1],lst[2,3,2]];
v := [ [ 1, 1, 1 ], [ 1, 0, -1 ], [ 0, 1, -1 ] ]
V:=GramSchmidt(v);
-1
-1
V := [ 1, 1, 1 ], [ 1, 0, -1 ], , 1,
2

2
vt:=[normalize(V[1]),normalize(V[2]),
normalize(V[3])];
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
vt := 3, 3, 3 , 2, 0, - 2 , - 3 2, 3 2, - 3 2
3
3 2
2 6
3
6
3

P:=transpose(matrix(vt));
1
1
1 3
2
3 2

2
6

P := 3
0
3 2
3

1
1
1

3 2 3 2
3
2
6

orthog(P); true
8 0 0

multiply(transpose(P),A,P); 0 2 0
0 0 2

VI. DNG TON PHNG

kim tra mt ma trn A xc nh dng hoc m, ta dng lnh : definite(A, kind)
trong :
A l mt ma trn vung i xng.
kind l 'positive_def', 'positive_semidef', 'negative_def', 'negative_semidef'
Nu cc phn t A l s th cho kt qu true, false
Nu cc phn t A khng l s th cho kt qu l cc iu kin true

Maple V6

64

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

V d 1:
A := matrix(2,2, [2,1,1,3]);
2 1
A :=

1 3
definite(A, 'positive_def');

true

V d 2:
A := matrix(2,2, [a,b,b,d]);
a b
A :=

b d
definite(A, 'positive_def');
-a < 0 and -a d + b 2 < 0

Thc hnh
1 0 2
- 3 2

1. Cho A= 2 - 1 3 , B= 0 1 . Tnh
4 1 8
7 4
-1
T
T
A ; AA ; B AB ; (2A+BBT)AT
2. Tnh: 3A2 - 2A + 5I vi
1 - 2 3
1 0 0

A = 2 - 4 1 , I = 0 1 0
3 - 5 2
0 0 1

3. Bng phng php bin i s cp, tm ma trn nghch o ca cc ma trn sau:

1 1 1 1
2
2
7 3 2
1
1 1 - 1 - 1

a) 9 4 3 b) 2 - 2 1 c)
1 - 1 1 - 1
5 3 1
2 1 - 2

1 - 1 - 1 1
4. Tnh nh thc ca ma trn :
x 2 + 1
x
0
0

2
x
x +1
x
0
a) A=
0
x
x2 +1
x

0
x
x 2 + 1
0

x 2 + 1
x
0
0
0

x2 +1
x
0
0
x
b) 0
x
x2 +1
x
0

0
x
x2 +1
x
0
0
0
0
x
x 2 + 1

c) Qui np nh thc cp n.

Maple V6

65

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

5. Gii cc phng trnh

x
a)

x +1

x+2

x +1 x + 3 x + 5 = 0
x + 4 x + 9 x + 14

b)

1 x x2

x3

1 2

1 3

27

1 4 16

64

=0

6. Gii cc h phng trnh sau :

2x 1 + 7x 2 + 3x 3 + x 4 = 6
2x 1 + x 2 + x 3 - x 4 = 0

a) 3x 1 + 5x 2 + 2x 3 + 2x 4 = 4 b) 3x 1 - x 2 + 4x 3 + 3x 4 = 5
9x + 4x + x + 7x = 2
7x + x + 6x + x = 4
2
3
4
2
3
4
1
1
7. Tm ma trn X sao cho :

1 2
3 6 9
a)
X=

1 3
4 8 12

0 1
-3
1
9

b) 2 - 3 4 X = 47 - 20
1 - 3 4
455 - 21

8. Gii v bin lun cc h sau:

x1 + 2x 2 + 3x 3 + mx 4 = m + 2
x + x + x + mx = m + 1
2
3
4
1
a)
2x1 + 3x 2 + 4x 3 + 2mx 4 = 2m + 3
x + x + 2x + 2mx = m 2 + m + 2
1
2
3
4

mx + y + z = m

b) 2x + (m + 1)y + (m + 1)z = m - 1
x + y + mz = 1

9. Tm c s v s chiu ca khng gian con sinh bi M trong mi trng hp sau :

a) M={(1,2,3) , (1,0,1) , (2,2,4) , (2,4,6) } trong khng gian |R3
b) M={v1, v2, v3, v4 , v5} vi v1=(1,0,0,0), v2=(1,1,1,1), v3=(1,1,0,0) , v4=(3,2,1,1), v5=(3,3,2,2).

x1 + 2 x 2 + 3 x3 = 0
10. Cho U l khng gian nghim ca h phng trnh :
v W l khng gian
2 x1 + 3x 2 + 5 x3 = 0
nghim ca phng trnh x1+x2+x3 = 0. Tm c s ca cc khng gian con U, W, UW, U+W
trong khng gian |R3.
11. Cho U=< (1,2,1) , (2,3,0) > , W=<(2,0,1) , (1,2,3)>
Tm c s v s chiu ca cc khng gian con UW v U+W trong khng gian |R3.
12. Tm nhn v nh ca nh x tuyn tnh :
a). f :|R2 |R2 xc nh f(x,y) = (2x-y,x-2y)
b). f :|R3 |R3 xc nh f(x,y,z)=(x+2y+2z ,2x-y-z ,-4x-3y-3z)
13. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f :|R2 |R2 xc nh bi :
f(x,y) = (2x-3y,x+4y).
Tm ma trn ca f trong c s B={(1,0) , (0,1)} i vi
B={(1,3) , (2,5) }

Maple V6

66

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

14. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f :|R3 |R3 xc nh bi :

f(1,0,0)=(1,1,1) ; f(-1,1,0)=(-2,-1,0) ; f(0,-1,-1)=(2,1,0)
a) Xc nh f(x,y,z)
b) Tm c s , s chiu ca Imf v kerf
c) Cho W={(x,y,z) | x+y+z=0}. Tm c s, s chiu ca f(W)
15. Ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh f trong c s

1 - 18 15
{(8,-6,7) , (-16,7,-13) , (9,-3,7)} l - 1 - 22 20 .
1 - 25 22
Tm ma trn f trong c s {(1,-2,1) , (3,-1,2) , (2,1,2)}
16. Tm a thc c trng, tr ring, vect ring ca ma trn:
2
a ) A = 1
1
1
2
b) B =
-1

-1

2 1
3 1
2 2
- 4 -1 - 4
0 5 - 4
1 -2 3

4 -1 6

0 khi i = j
17. Cho ma trn Anxn nh ngha : aij =
1 khi i j

a) Tnh det(A)
b) Tnh a thc c trng ca A
c) Xc nh mi tr ring v vect c s ca khng gian ring tng ng.
18. Cho ha cc ma trn sau (nu c)

1 0 0
a) 2 2 0
3 3 3

1 - 3 3
b) 3 - 5 3
6 - 6 4

19. Cho ha trc giao cc ma trn (nu c)

6 - 2 2
1 -3 1

a) - 2 5 0 b) - 3 1 - 1
2 0 7
1 - 1 5
20. Dng php bin i trc giao a dng ton phng v dng chnh tc :
a) f(x,y) = 2x2 +8xy +8y2
b) f(x,y,z) = 3x2 +2y2 +z2 +4xy +4yz
21. Phn loi ng cong bc hai :
a) 3x2 +10xy +3y2 -2x -14y -13 = 0
b) 25x2 -14xy +25y2 + 64x -64y -224 = 0

Maple V6

67

( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )