l/il

'

~ILL IN Tl1t I:IUIN""

'-' +3}.
3
2
. + qA + rJ ~sA+ t~ ). +I
Let p!.'

'_,

,_' ,.,
-n"
t. + 4

). -4

"

(IITI981 ;2M)

..
be an identity in)<> wherep,q,r,., and I ar< ~onstonts. Hen, the value Ml is

' "5

~ois

-2

The solution set of the cqualiol l

om

z_

(liT 1981; 2M)

3.

Oiventhatx~-9tsamotof

7'
~ I~ 0, the other two roots are .. and __

.c

X 3

b 2 -ca is ...

c' -ah

'

For positive number x, y ll!ld . the numerical value oflhe determinant log, x
log, x log, y

IJ TRUE/FALSE
"I
" "'
,,
ca' and
'' ,'
' .wl

I: "'

I'
The determinants

II OBJECTIVE QuESTIONS

w
w

Conside r the oet A of all determi nants of order 3 with

entries 0 or I only_ Let B be the subset of A consisting of
all determi nants with value L Let C he the subset of A
consi.ti ng of all detenn\rumh with value -L Then :
(Ill 1981; 2M)
(a)C\se mpty
(b) B has as many element s as C

(c)A= BvC
(d) B has twice ""many elment s as C

xp+y
The determinant _Vp+:

"' ," I is ..
log 1

'

lilT 1993; 2M)

(ItT 1983; 1M)

(8)r,yz areinA .P.

(c)x, y, are i~ H.P.

'

(b):.:, v,:tarei nO.P.

{d) ;cy, yz, zx are in A.P.

The parameter, on which the value of the decermimml

'

'

coo(p -d)x cospx <=(p+ d)x

sin(p- d).t sinpx sin(p+ d)x
does not depend upor; is :

y
=0, if:

xp+ y

are not identically equal.

.e

011ly 011~ optio11 Is correct:

1.

'

IliT 1988; 2M)

xa

'

log, y

ra

5.

The value of the determi nant

4.

ce

a' -be

(ItT 1983; 2M)

yp+z
(IJT 1997C: 2Ml

(a) a
(c) d

(h) I'

(d)x

/Jetermmams

i'

-cal~ll

" c' -abl

'

11

.,

lo g, y

'i

!og y

log~

log~

tog~

log.<

lo gy
Jog~
I log z

TRUE/ FA~SE

lo~,

'

,\= llo g, ,x
Ilogo x

_I

'

:zl
I

z
~g
lo gy

'

lo gy

log z

'

I,' "

, abel'
a
l
be
' ca ~~'~I; b' "'"I
I ahcl
o~l
1

"

'

Applying/1: 1 -> aR 1 ,

,_I
abc

!'

'

Ic

ab

Hence. (fJ lse )

R, ->- hR 2, R, -> cR ,
a' ]
1, a' 1l l1 a

"""lib

cc

\11=1

b'lI

_,

w
2.

as C.

'I

' I

Th

3.

Let

lJ. = co s (p - d)

"

'I

"-'

cos px oo s( p+ <f \x r

n( r+ <f \x !
ls in (p -d )x sin px Sl

,
Ap rly in gC 1 _,.c, +C

" '

xp+ y

"

'' "' ' ''

1+ a'
oo s( p d) x
os (p +d ) x <;<>Sp;<
lJ. = Ieos (p - d) x +c
sin !" ' si n( p- rd )x l
d) x
si n( p- d) x+ Si n( p+

He re, yp + z

-( xp '+ yp + yp + :)

b" I

'" =hI'

:xp+ y

"

1
or y' = ""
either xp + 2y p + " = 0
x, y, z are in G.p_
=:>
cr .
erefore (b ) is the =v

.e

w
w

determinant<.
of A co ns i.t ing of all
wh ere B is the subset
with value L
or columns
anging any tw o wws
(W e know by int<:rch
changes}
among them se lfs ign
nt wi th vJ!tte
bs .ts having determina
given that, C is the su

nts
:. B !)as as ma ny eleme

I' "

=l l
-( xp ' +2 yp +: z) (u - r'l

=>

en tri e' 0 or
nant of order 3 with
Since, A is the determi
I only.

a2

II 08JEC:TIV (ONLY ONE OPTION)

1

llloc

xa

b'

ra

'

'

Let, & =

.o

lo g, y lo g, :z i

'I

,.

"I

log z

om

I'

b.

"

11

.c

'

"

a1

I I " "0
b-1-11
" c' I 1,1 "' , I

ce

I,

0 0'
a:-bcl 1 "

og .h
ing R 1, R ,. R, I>~ log x.l
Dividing and mu lti ply
respectively
lo gx lo gy lo g' '
lo gy ,~,
~
-log :x log y log o lo gx lo gy log z

I+ QJ

,
xp +y yp +z

=:>

tJ. =/2C<Jspxcosdx
2sin p;< cosd:<
1

C 1 --->C, -2 co sd xc ,

C< X' (p +d )x

sin ( r d) x

'

o'

"

E.~panding

ws px cos (p+ d)_ 1

sinpx sin (p+ d)x l

'
1

alon gC1, we get

~ A ~ (I + a 2 - 2a cos d>o)[sin {P +d)
rcos

x+l

r(x -1)

(x+ l)r

l~(x-1)

x(x -l)( x-2 )

(x+ l)x( x-! )

=>
~

.f

(x) ~o=:- f (100) = 0_ Tileretore, (a) is

the answer.
As the given system has non -zer o soJ utio
n

_,

sin

x
c~sr

cos xl

S1n r
sinr +2C OS% cosx
1

c<>Srl

sinx +2c osr

cos r
sin r-c osr

sin x

cos r cos r
sin_~
con =0
cosx sin r

R, -+ R, - R1, R3 -+R1 - R
1

" 1-o

sin~-cosrl

(2co sx 1Sin x)(. 'iin. <-co sr) 1 =0

2co sx+ sinr =O ,oro inx -co sr= 0

2co <r= -sin x.o rsin r=c osx

" "

sin~=cosr

tlillx=l~r=1!/4

'

WH

-0

=> cot r=- J/2 gives no '"lut ion in --s r:S :-a
nd

The refo re (c) is the answer.

_,

7.

_,
'' ,_,
_, _,

xa

"" 0 ~

_,
_, _,

.e

"'0 " _,
applyc, _.c, -c, .c, -.c ,
-1"'''' _, +

Give n equations (x+ ay= O,a .+y =O,

<l1 :+z= O) has
infinim solu tion s.

:.

usi~

cram er's Rule, its determinant =0

"

+C,

"

=(k + IX2 -k -1) ~ (k + 1){- k +I)

k -!
Therefore, (d); , the answer_

Imp. Note: There is a golden rul~ in dete

rmin ant that n
one 's => (n-1 ) zero 's orn(constllllt
) ~
(n-1 ) zero 's for all consrant shou ld
l>c in a
single ro"' or a sing le column.

0
" =O~l+a' =0

ora =-!

l) -(k + J)'

w
w

--{k + l) 1=2(.1:

5.

""'

o ~o

x(x -l)( x-2 )

cos.~

ra

l~(x-1)

W'<

"

'

sin x

11

appl yR 1 ->R ,, -(R +R )

1
1

r(x -1)

cus r

=(2 cos r+s inx )

Imp. Not e: Observe in R that a + a

1
11
12 =a , Che ck
this trend 1n R, and R;

"'

cos X I

~ l'l~(l+u 2 -2ac<>.sdl:J[sindl:]
which is inde pend em of p. Therefore, (b)
is the ao.<wer.
f(x )=

cos r

p:<

-sin p:<COS {p I d)~]

1
=:> A ~ (l + a - 2a co> dl:) [sin{(P
+ d)x - px}]

sin x

om

~~~

.c

'='>

ce

J+a 2 -2a wsa l-

s.

Since no solution, A =0 and ony

one amo ngst

A,, A ,- A, is non-Lcto.

_,

and

,. ' _, '
' '
_, '
' _, '
' -

b.z~

J, =1

~8

;<0

OBJECTIVE !MORE THAN ONE OPTION)

I.

2
-(au 2 +2ba +c) (ac- b ) =0

(b), (e)

=-' +2ba +c=Oor h' = '"'

Applying,C 3 -->C 3 -(uC1 +C 2)in

aa+b
b
a
ba+c -O,weget
b

'

11 isroot of m: 2 + 2/rr + cor a, b, can: in G.P.

aalb/>u+c

om

q SuBJECTIVE QuESnoNs
'I 4C1 +C2 +CJ,weget
' ai;CI
If A= b
L

,. _,' "' ,_,"

'
'"" ,., '_,
x-2

.,

.c

' '

' '

2x -1

a+b+c b

'

b
=(a+h+<)

=(a+b+C)

'I'

' b
,_,
'" ,_,
"

R2 -->R 2 -R1 and

R, __.R, -R,..,.get

'
' '
'
,_,
b-e

w
w

Which is alv.ays negative.

'

I "
lfil=l2r 2 +3x-l
x' +2x +3

,.,
,, ,._,
0<-

-' -2
3x-3

x+l

"

-4

i'I=Ax+B.

_,
3

0
-2
0
-4
0 0 andB=
; -3 3
-3 3 I

"

The given system of equations has atleast one solution if

""
.: ...

3x-y+4z=3
x+2y-3z=-2
6x+5y+/..z=-3
3 -1 4
2 -3 ... 0
1'1=
6

R, --> R2 - (R 1 + R,), we get

2
X +x

where, A=

J.

xa

.e
2

2
I
=-(a+b+c){(a -b) +(b-e) +(c-a))

= -.!_{a + b +<') {2<1 2 + 2b 2 + 2c 2 - 2ab- Urc- 2ca}

-3

o;

"(a +b+ c){- (c-h) 2 -(a- b) (a- c)}

=-(a +h +c) {a 2 + b2 +c 2 - ab- he- ca)

'
'

_,
""
" "
_,
'_, ' ' _,
"

" -3 3
-3 3
_,
_,'
" _,'
-3

ce

a-b+c

'
' 'b

ra

a,b+c

;o

ApplyingR, -->Rl -2R1

'i

).,

1'1 =3 (2:1. + 15) +I (A+ 18) + 4 (5 -12)

.>:-2

=7A+35=7(A+5)
applying

>R,

' R2,wegct
+'4

for unique solution 1'1 0

}. * -5

A=-5

_,

_,' '
_, '; -s!
!
_,
'
'
'
A,=
' _, -3

Then,

,\, =

,I c, c,.,

-3 =0

y-'c r-2

-3 ~=0

'C,.

' _,

'C,
'" ' 'C,

"} =

_, oC

'

.\ 1 =i'l 2 =LI, =0

' "C,

'

Smcea is repeated root of f(.x)-0_

C(x)

B(u)

C(a)

ra

B(x)

A'ta) B'(a) C'(a)

{T 0 >.how ,j>(x) is d'tv\siblc by (r-aJ', it is sufficient to

show that oj>(a) and 4> '{a) = 0].

B(cr)

C(rr);

A(o:)

B(a)

C(a)

6.

xa

:. Ha)-

A(a)

c,_,

c, x.'c, ' "'r ,.,

'C, "'c,,
-c,. ,
c, "'c, ' '. 'c
)' +

r '

The syslem of "'1uations hos non-trivial soltLtion if, 6.

!sm38

=0,

coslfl

A'{a) B'(a) C'(nl

aga1n,

j A' (x)

B' (x)

C'(x)

A<a>

B(a)

c (Cl)

w
w

oj>'(r)=l

'

A'(a) B' (a) C'(a)

j A '(a)

ojl'(a)=r A(o.)

C(a)

-0,

B'(a) C'(a)

{neglectmg "" H= - 3/ 2}

O-n11;mt+(-l)' 7</U,nEZ.

Thus. a " a repeated r<M>l oro)> (x) = 0.

Hence. > (x) is divisible by f(x ).

l.eL\ =

'C >+l

'C ,,,

) c, rc,. 1 "c,.,
C, 'C,.,
c, +l

Applyingc, ->C 3 +C,

r'

sin9(2sin9-1)(2;in fl 13)=0
sm!l=O,sin0-112

=>

as R 1 and R, arc identicaL

"c,

'

~It

sht9(4>in 2 fl-4sine-3)~0

=>
=>

IA'(a)

B'(u} C'(o:)
B(a)

_,

expanding along C1 , we get

co>
sinJEI (28 -21)-coslfl (-1 -7) + 2 (-3- 4)=0
---"'
7sin3EI ti4cos:!G-14=0
=>
sin3!l+2cos20-2= 0
= 3sin!l 4sin'1 () r2(l-2sin 2 9)-2~0

.e

"-' R 1 and R 2 are identical

'C,.,

'c, , c,+, 'c,.,

_. _f(x) =a (x - a)". a Eooffilant (,o 0)

A(x)

Co

.c

]Jk-9

lctHxl= A(o:)

>C,

,_,c,.,

"

'. 'c ' +,

,, ' ,c-' +' ,!
y(",
- C,
"' c,., '''c,., ''
'
'C, ., 'c,.,
' 'C,

_v=--,z-k_

'

''c,

ce

4_

'-2
'"'
', 'c, -''c,. ,
"'

J''c '"'

on solving, we~
4-5k

"'r

' - L ('

'
I 'C, ,.;c

h-y=3-4k
x+2y=3k-2

Jo--,

c,

applyiTig

"" lnlinitly many solutions.

let z = - k then equmions become

"C ,T "C r-1~ ''' 1C)

c

om

" _,

(OS,

7.

Let

a,=

(a-1)'
(a-1)

2n'

4n-2

Jn 1 3n 2 -3n

"_,~ (a-1)

").; (a -1) 3

'
'

'l

J'

'
n'(n-1)

'

Go

'

'"'

(Jn-' -3n)'

'

'
j I
-" (n-l):(2n-l)

I _(n -I)

"

C 3 -c>C, -6C

'"

,
I '
=.::._j_" .-21m -I
"
"

'
We know,

,_, '"
'"

(4n-2)

On' - Jn)

'

<m-o

=>

o ~o
0,

),

'

h "i

q-b

r-"1

q-h:l+(r-c)'l

'

a-p q-b

xa

-b(r-c)(a-r)d-0

-<(a-p)(q-b)+p(r-ci(q-b)
-h(a-p}(rc)~O

b
_ , __ . _
c"

r-c

p-a

~o

q-b

{Ou Jividing both sides by (a- p}(q- b)(r- c))

p
b
,.

-----.-1+---+1~2

r-c

q-h

-'--"--'-~2.
p-a q-b r-c

.e

w
w
w

I'

' .. (1)

10_

n!
D= (11+1)!

(rl+l)!
(n+2)'

(n+2J!j
(n-.-3)!

I (n+2)!

{n-t-3)!

(n+4)!1

(giv<"~)

J'akiTig n!, {n + 1)! and (n + 2)! common from R1, R 2 and

R 3 =pectively.

9 C

m, m,

,__,.(a- p) (q- b) -.-(r-c) {p(q -b)- b(a- p)j

~-c(a- p) (q- h)+ p(r- c) (q- h)

12n-6

~Km 1

a-p

IOOx 3 + 10 x B +9= m1K

l00x6 + 10 x2 +C =m1K

12

~c~a- p

IOOx A+ 10><2 + S= m 1K

' '

a-p

\, = C, (C = 0 i_ "- consran!)

LI.='S

Let, 1'1

p
t'l.= a-p

Since ; A211,3B9 and 62C are divisible by K, th..-efore

exi>< positive integers m1, m1 and m, <uth that,

Ih~re

'

'
'

m,K

Applying R1 --> R1 - R1 and R 3 --> R, - R1 we get

A28=Axl00+2x10< 8
389 =h 100 + B x 10+9
62C=6x100+2xlO+C

an.i

m1K

I' a

'

"='

8.

9.

3n'

"''

m1K

I'

lp h ,.]

'"'

n(n -1)

.l = mK, Hence dctcrrnimml is divisible byK.

(4n-2)

" '"

'

'

"

='~(n-1)(2n-l)

n 1 (n

3n 1 -3n

'"'

o= I

"'"

4fl -2

(using (I))

om

"

= A28 lEO 62C

ce

,., =

' '
' ' '

'

ra

"l.:
" =1

.c

"
'"'

"l.: (a-1)
a=l

lhn!{n+l)'(n+2)!

il

Applying K1 ---+ lOUR1 +lOR, + R,

'
A
3

(n+l)

(n+l)(n+2~

(n+l)

(n+l)(nd)

{n+3)

{n+3)(n+4)

ApplyingR 2 -;.R 2 -R1 andR 3 -;.R 3 -R,,weget

lj
(u+l) (n+l)(n+2J!
D=n!{n+l)l(n+2)! 0
l
2n+4

=>il= IO!lA+2dO Hl{lx3-rJOxB+9

'

'

100x6+~0x2+CI

2n+6

Expanding alongC 1, we get

D = {n!)(n+ l)!(n+2)![{2n ;.6)- (2n+ 4)]

]cosAco;f' cn>(A-Qj co.'(A-R)I

D = (n!)(ll-t-1)! (n -1 2)! [2]

=o!J.~~'ws/Jcosf'

Divide both<ide ~Y (11!) 3

D

--"
3

cosCcusl'

(n!)(n!)(11-t- ll(n' J(n + 1)(n + 2)2

~~2(n

D =2(n' +4n 1
+Sn+~)-Cn'

co'A cos(A-Q) co'(,f-R)

' +llln+4)

+~,,-

=tl=cosf' cosB cos(B-Q) cos(IJ

(n!Y

i 'in cl

+sin pi sin

(n!Y

'j sinC

4l: is rli' istbl~ by n

apply c,

~o

-1

sino:

=0

'

-~""''

). (-cos'a -sin'o:) -sin a( co< a _,in u)

+cos a (sin"- + """" ) = 0

- ~ +s.inu Coset +sin a cos -<in' a +en<' a =0

xa

'

).=cos2a -rslu2a

{we know,- yu' + 1/ :> usinO + bwoH <i

-~c,

sin A cosAct,.Q+smAsmQ -si11AinQ

+>in P >in B ""-' B """ Q < sin 8 sin Q -sin B sin 0 ,

sm C em Ccos Q +sin Csin \)->in Coin I

cos A cos//. T>in A oin R _,in fl ;in R

CO> Bco> R +om B _,in R _,in B<in R

/a' -r /J)

.e

ros2ct +sin 2n.

cOs C coo R +sin C's111 R

w
w

../?

<inJ cosAcosQ cosAcos/1!

+<in f' l sm /J cos II cos Q cos fl co R I

2o. - 1tl 4 ~2n1t.! ni 4

2a =2n7t-1tl 4 < 1t/ 4.2a ~2n:t + nl 4 + n/ 4

cos(A-P) cos(A-QJ ros{A

:cos(C -!') cos(C-Q) co;(C

js;nc cooCcooQ cosCcosRj

"'" .j

a = nn or "" + "/-1.

"in A sin A

LJ. =oos P sin Q sin R cu:>ll sin II sin B

R)!

12. .1- cos(ll-f') cos(B-Ql cos(lJ-1(> (gi,en)

=> !J.=

>mBsinQ sinBsin/1

jcosC sinCsinQ 'inC,inR'

cos(2o:-n/4)-cos~/4

=>

~2

-<Ill('"" R

lcn;A ;inAsmQ sinAsmR'I

=>Ll=cmP,co'/J

~cos2ct+{sin2a= I_
../2

=>

"I

1cn<C cosCcosQ 'sinCsinQ -cosCcosQ

cos A cos!?' sill A sill R -cos.< cosR
cos Bcos R +sin Bsin R -to< llcO< R
coo C cus R " sin C sin R COS C <OS /1

--.(1)

Again when).= 1,

cos((_' Q)

m'(TJ- I?) I
cos (C

ce

c'"" I
sino:

Q)

LJ. = co& P ens 11 cu_, lhn, Q +'in R ,;., Q- cos B coo Q

ra

.<in o:

(f)

cosA cosAcosQ+si11Asi11Q-cosAcosQ

< + (sin ct) y- (cos ct) z = 0 ha> non-trivial '"lution

Jr..

CO'<

CO'-(A-RJI

-c, cos Q, c, ->C",- c, co;R

in first determinant and c, ---;.C, -C 1 ,;n (!, nd
C, ---+ (', - C1 sin R in second.

II. Given, ).t +(sin(() y+ Ieos a); 70

-'+(cow_) y+ (_,inu) z

f)

"'"(A -Q)

.c

which '""""' that l-___!!_____ (n!J'

=-->

om

- - . -4=2n(n- +4n+5)

II)

co<C cos!C-QJ cns1C-Rj

~2n(n'+4n+5)+1

or

wo(C-R)j

+l,;nBsinl' cus(B-QI cos(E-RJI

~>JIIC>tnP wo(C-(J) cosiC-RJ'

r 1)(" r l)(n '2)

(nl)'

=>

~<J>(C'-Q)

jsin4sin/' cos(A-QJ cos(!f-R)j

(niJ'

(n!)

cos(B-(!) eo;(B-R)

-Ril

co>C sin (" 'inC,

j'iiiA W>A co>A,
~,inl'cosQcosllismB ru>B cosBI

'EosAcosP+sinA\inP
_-BcosP-rsmBsinf'

co>(-~ -Q)
cos(fl-QJ

oscc.,,f'+'lnCsmP

cos(C-~)

cm(A-R)
cos(B-R)
cos(C-R)

j'inC co>C co>C'(

_!_~A+(p-i)D-~

Le!a>O.d>O
and let

'

... (I l

-=A-r(q-I)U~

'

(a+d)(a+2dj

~d)

a(a

--A~v-I)D

'

'-1--

(a+d)(a+2d) (u+2d)(at3d)

(a+dl

,(a+2d) (a+2d)(a+3d)
t"kmg

'

Ll.=

(a+3d)(a+4dl

tommorl frotll

Ia

om

(a + d)( a + 2J){cr ... 3d)

'

14d)

A+(p-1\D A+(q-IJD

: (a+d)(a< 2d)

'

(a.2d)

" '
(a~d) I

(a+ 2d't(u >3d) (a+ 3d)

I (at3d)(a+4d) (a+4dl (a-,2dll

,.
'0---,,---:---,_--+
2Jj (" + Jd)" (a + 4d)

(a+2dl

(a+d)(a+2d)

Applying R 2 -> R 2 - R1, R 1 -> R, - R,

(a+d)(a+M) (a+2d)

=.l

: (a+3d)(2d)

Applying R, - > R3 - R,. we gel

(a+ 2d)2d

w
w

A'~

E?.p>~.~dm~

Jlt>ngR 3. ""gel

,\'2d'l":2d

"

:1

TherdOrc.

~It

pqr=O

"
" 2m-liJ2a.t

12':"'

-11

il

lb

"h--rl

(Using(', ->Co -C,)

j'(c)~2ax->

Integrating, w~ gel f (x)- uc' + bx + c

where c is "" arbilrar) constant Sin~ofhos mxim~m at

x~512.
~

Also.

""d

.I

't512)~0

j (0)=2

~
~

5a 'b=O
c=2

a+h+c-1
Solving for (I) and (2) fur a. b. l'e ge\
/(1)-1

a=ll~,o~-514

smcea,b,carop"',q'' andr'1 hmnsofHY

=;-

=abc p

I)

.'1' = (2d 2 )(d)( a - 2-d - a 1= 4d 4

14.

_,

(a+2d) a

.e

(a+dJ(a~2d)

ApplyingR, ---->-R, -R, 2R,,cegd

2= 2ax-l 2w:+btli
h
f'(x)~

xa

(a+2d)(2d)

(at2d)(a+Jdl (a+3d) (a+d)

(a.Jd){a~4d) (a+4d) (a+2d)j'

1 I I
a b e

-,-.-.arcmA.P.

A+(r-11/JI

Applying R 1 ---->- R 1 -(A-- D) R, -DR,, we gd

ra

a_( a + d)- (a

(uoing(l))

.c

2-d) 3 (a+3d)'("+4J)

ce

a(atdl'(a

from R,

(a+2d){a~3d)(a

~I
r

b
q

~ahclp

R,. -;--cccc_''ccc--c'

wher~Ll.'~

' I

,_

u(a+d)(a+2d)

from R,.

","I

be ca
p q

'I hus,

/(r)-_!_~c-~XI2

' '

.. (I)

... (2)

~2,in20.co;4n/J

-2sin::U.cl'>(;-r

>inW

'
-""l_
-

' 0

28

1
'3~~

--- C<irJ :'B.,os 1\/3 - -<i:> 211

4:r

<in~

' '"I'
sinl2e-

;in 2-Cl

->infJ

='

''

'

1 ;-rl_lJ

-cosO

-->in2H

l>inte-2"/l) cos (0 -21t/3) sin (lfl- +~ i

Apply iug R, ---. R, + 1? 3

3)1

O(,ino<" R, Jnd R, are pmpnnion~l)

(iiven
h<-ay

lvc -'-'_\'

om

bj"-''

-m+ by-e

ex + a

cy

a'x-uby-ac

.c

ce

'

ra

3 I

Jr.
;

xa

~2om

.e

w
w

l '

bv-~-=

a'~b'-c'

'

,h

cx~a

bl--e-w;

b+Cf'

b-ey

"

'

-ax - by I

<:)-

<IXJ'

"'

- c -ax

'"

cy

'

-~

.',
l

x'+_}'-1

~-~,-h
anu 'Ell 1~" 1- - ).,~~",
-sm (~"--

'

""+

-2sin -

4n

'

'..., 17: ,
+=-3

by

,,

>R 1 1y/(+R,

"
c -- ""

'
-(rx-hl

hpanding along R 1

- --[(_,-- y l-1)\(-c-w:)( -ar-hy) -b\c))!]

(20+4"-2!!+4 "''1
xcos~-- 3
_]

'

<'-ax-by

'

=2cosa.l-;:;
' I =-rose
'

b +C)

-~-c.l

'-~

-1cn; a -cos (21t 13)

'

cy

ov-1-h,-

'

J:
"

' .

ay+fn:

C 0 ---;.C 2 -M'1 and Co ---->CJ -cC 1

ro+ "-o+ -;'1

Z."+a-

C)"Tb

(:n-n'-c =IJ

H cos (::t- n,3)

~-2.-in e c~s "/3 ~-''"a

and ru> le + 21t I 3j +OO\ (6 . 2" / J)
2
2
_1' &1
"]
~:ros--0 J cos
3

1=0

"'b

-ax-be+e'

i\pplyingC, ---;.C1 ,,'>!' 2 >C,

' -~---'
Sill I""~",

cos-

I'"

ex+~

-a.<+by-c

UC,\"U'

.,

CJoh

-ux-hy-c

fn-la)'

'
Clbx-ay

sm 20

"'" B

'
)

'"

I r(x ' + y"

=~

l)(acx

+ 'lb.\y- bcyl
!J'!'+ a_c

, ,
"
,
I
- - [(r + y + l)acx' ax- +abxyJ

. M'.ll Afl-1.111 =0

"'

M:(IM'";-lJ-'J

luct-<' + _v' t-1)(<-+ux+by)]

"'

\ = 1~' + y 0

I :1.11 = l}oc I "'' 1 ' = I \ neg!ocitrl~ I HI- UI

IM~";-1

..o;.

+ ll(ox + ~y+ e)

. ( I j

;..u -II =1M- ljll.frl =I MM'.- M'

but .1 = 0 (~ivcn)

=11\f'l~-iM'

c;n'-::'<l)(u<r byooj=O

II

-- M-fl

wilich represems a ;traight line.

I.H-11~0

As.M-' Af-IandiMI-1

-,

IM 1 J,fi=III

(as lll=kiMIJ

w
w

.e

xa

ra

ce

.c

IMrAf]=:MI

om

18.

IM-fi<IMI>I l