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16

3) .
1978 - (Maritime Safety
CommitteeSC) 14, 8 .
28 .
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:
) (Navigation and Safety).
) (Radio-Communications).
) (Search and Rescue).
) (Standards
of Training and Watchkeeping).
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) (Containers and Cargoes).
) (Fire Protection).
) (Stability and Load Li-nes).
) (Fishing Vessels Safety).
) (Ship Design and Equipment).
) () (Bulk Chemicals).
) (Preventing Collisions at Sea).
MSC . 1961
- .
MSC 1978.
. . , MSC 1977 .

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) .
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(arine nvironment Protection
CommitteeEPC) ,
,
(MARPOL 1973/78).
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(1982),
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MARPOL 1973/78.
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SIMBASEIS-kef.2.qxd

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18

. (1958), , Ove Nielsen () 1958-1962, Jean Roullier () 1962-1967, Colin

Goad () 1967-1973, C. P. Srivastava () 1974-1989, 1990 William
O'Neil ().
9) .
(Conferences Sponsored by IMO)
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(Conventions), (Protocols)
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).
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, SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea) 1974
1980. SOLAS . MARPOL
. ( SOLAS . 45).
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1) .

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.
(1949) 1954. ,
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SIMBASEIS-kef.2.qxd

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Page 19

19

SOLAS (1960),
.
(Convention on the International
Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea), COLREG () 1972, 1977 1983. 1974
93/1974 94/1977. H COLREG
, , . COLREG :
) (Traffic Separation Schemes-TSS), , . 19 , , .
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SIMBASEIS-kef.2.qxd

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21

2) .

(TELSTAR 1962) . 1976 (Convention on the Establishment
of an International Maritime Satellite System), INMARSAT,
1979. (INMARSAT), 1981, .
1985, 1989 1994 ,
.
INMARSAT International Mobile Satellite
Organisation
(Global Maritime Distress and Safety
System-GMDSS). GMDSS
.
3) .
10 (Convention
on Maritime Search and Rescue) 1979 1985
SAR. -
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1998, 2000
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SIMBASEIS-kef.2.qxd

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22

. SAR
(IAMSAR), ICAO, MERSAR (1971) IMOSAR (1978).
4) .
, 1978 (Convention on Standards Training and
Certification and Watchkeeping of Seafarers) 1984 STCW.
. STCW STCW 1995. ( STCW 6 . 83).
2.3.3 .
1) .

(Convention for Safe Containers) 1972,
1977 CSC. (
), . 1991 MSC
.
2) .

(1929). , SOLAS (1948) . SOLAS (1960), VII,
, .
4
MSC (International
Maritime Dangerous Goods Code), IMDG code,
-. IMDG . ( IMDG
8 . 179).
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1) .
, -

SIMBASEIS-kef.2.qxd

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Page 23

23

,
1930. 30
36 , , ,
.
3
(Convention on Load Lines), LL,
1966 1968 ,
. LL 391/1968 1971, 1975, 1979, 1983 1988 (
2000). ,
. Plimsoll Line
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SOLAS
(1974), ..
.
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SIMBASEIS-kef.2.qxd

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Page 24

24

(Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships) 1969,

1982 TONNAGE. TONNAGE ,
24 . , TONNAGE - , ..
, , .

. tonnage
,
. , TONNAGE,
25 65% ,
1980. ,
(GT NT).
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.
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.).
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SIMBASEIS-kef.2.qxd

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25

Agreement) (1971), .. , 1974 17 -. , STP,

.
STP, (1973):

/ / 100

( .).
4) .
/ . , 35 - 5
,
.
(Carriage of Passengers and
Their Luggage by Sea) 1974, 1987 PAL.
PAL,
. 55.000 . . 300%. ,
, . PAL 80.000 ,
Herald of Free Enterprise (1987) Zeebrugge .
5) .

1960 SOLAS 1960,
. , 1966 FAO
ILO
, .. FAO ,
ILO ,
.
, MSC 7
8 (1971) :

, .
(Torremolinos International Convention for the Safety of Fishing Vessels) 1977, 1984,
24 SFV.

SOLAS LL, . ,
- SFV (1993) , .
SFV , , , -

SIMBASEIS-kef.2.qxd

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Page 26

26

, , ,
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.
SOLAS SFV,
.
, - 25 1983, , , , , . :
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) .
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)
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6) .

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ILO.
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,
, STCW-F/95 15
. STCW-F/95
(15) .
2.3.5 .
.

(ICS)
(MTC).
2 A.29 II (1961) .
(1963)
.
(Convention on Facilitation of Maritime Traffic) 1965, 1967
FAL. FAL

SIMBASEIS-kef.2.qxd

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27

. FAL :
) (, , ),

)

.
2.3.6 .

, ,
.
1)
.
(Convention relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil
Pollution Casualties) 1969, 1975
INTERVENTION. , ( ) ,
.
,
.
1973 INTERVENTION (
30.03.1983), .
(
) ( ).
2) .
1969 (International Convention on
Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage), 1975
CLC.
/
. . CLC
.
CLC
:
) .

SIMBASEIS-kef.2.qxd

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Page 28

28

) ,
) .
CLC ,
, 133 Special Drawing Rights (SDR)
14 SDR ( 1990, 1 SDR = 1,30 .),
.
3) .
CLC . 1971 (Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund
for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage), 1978,
FUND - CLC.
FUND CLC CLC
.
FUND :
)
CLC.
)
CLC
) CLC.
FUND
, ,
. FUND 60 . SDR,
CLC.
4) .
IAEA
,

(Convention Relating to Civil Liability in the Field of Maritime Carriage of Nuclear Material)
1971, 1975 NUCLEAR.
NUCLEAR ,

, .

SIMBASEIS-kef.2.qxd

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29

(1960)
(1963).
5) .

(1957) ,
1968. .
1960
,
.
.

1976, (Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims),
5 , 1986 LLMC
( 39 ). LLMC
, 300%,
, , .
6) .
1988

(Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety
of Maritime Navigation), 15 -, 1992
SUA ( 73 ).
. SUA ,
.
7) .
1980
no cure no pay,
, . Lloyds Open Form (LOF) 1980, , .
(International Convention on Salvage) 1989 LOF 1980

/. 1996
SALVAGE. ,
.
York-Antwerp (1974), .

SIMBASEIS-kef.2.qxd

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30

1892 Lloyd's
( 1980 1990)
LOF. (1995) (1992) -container Ocean Blessing
/ Nagasaki Spirit, 50 40.000
.
(. 14) SALVAGE,
LOF 1995 ,
,
13,
. ,
York-Antwerp (1994)
, .
2.3.7 .
1) .
(10 ) , , , ( 1959). (1954),
, OILPOL.
OILPOL
, 100 (parts per million-PPM)
50 , ..
, (. 3). 1962 , ..
100 50. (1963) , LOT

() .
1969 /

LOT, 60 1/15.000 /. , 1971 ( ) , .. /,
. OILPOL
MARPOL 1973/1978.
2)
.


(London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other
Matter) 1972, 1975 LDC. -

SIMBASEIS-kef.2.qxd

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31

dumping , . LDC :
) () , .. , , , , . ,
.
) () ,
.. , , , , .
(special permit) .
) ,
. (general permit).
3) .

(International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution from Ships) 1973 1978,
1983 MARPOL. . ( MARPOL . 63).
4) ,
.
/ Exxon Valdez (1989)
Khark-5 (1989) , 90 15 ,
,
(Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation) 1990, 1995 OPRC.
- /
( )
.
OPRC
, .. SOLAS,
MARPOL, CLC FUND
() . OPRC

( ) .
2.1
, -
(%) .

SIMBASEIS-kef.2.qxd

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32
2.1
(31/10/2002).

(%)

17/3/1958

162

98.52

IMO MENDMENTS 1991

72

82.34

IMO MENDMENTS 1993

91

83.18

SOLAS 1974

25/5/1980

146

98.49

SOLAS PROTOCOL 1978

1/5/1981

100

94.64

SOLAS PROTOCOL 1988

3/2/2000

59

63.18

SA 1996

1/4/1997

9.35

LL 1966

21/7/1968

149

98.45

LL PROTOCOL 1988

3/2/2000

60

63.17

TONNAGE 1969

18/7/1982

135

98.20

COLREG 1972

15/7/1977

141

97.30

CSC 1972

6/9/1977

72

59.75

CSC MENDMENTS 1993

3.89

SFV 1977

18

SFV PROTOCOL 1993

9.03

143

98.47

3.30

STCW 1978
STCW-F 1995

28/4/1984

SAR 1979

22/6/1985

75

51.83

STP 1971

2/1/1974

17

22.30

SPACE STP 1973

2/6/1977

16

21.25

INMARSAT C 1976

16/7/1979

88

92.30

INMARSAT OA 1976

16/7/1979

86

91.28

MARSAT MENDMENTS 1994

39

29.79

MARSAT MENDMENTS 1998

56

64.20

FAL 1965

5/3/1967

93

59.90

MARPOL 73/78 ANNEXS I/II

2/10/1983

123

96,92

MARPOL ANNEX III

1/7/1992

105

82.95

MARPOL ANNEX IV

27/9/2003

89

51.14

MARPOL ANNEX V

31/12/1988

110

89.26

24.97

MARPOL 1997 PROTOCOL (Annex VI)

LDC 1972

30/8/1975

78

69.17

LDC MENDMENTS 1978

20

19.18

LDC PROTOCOL 1996

16

10.63

INTERVENTION 1969

6/5/1975

77

71.09

INTERVENTION PROTOCOL 1973

30/3/1983

44

44.51

CLC 1969
CLC PROTOCOL 1976
CLC PROTOCOL 1992
FUND 1971

19/6/1975
8/4/1981
30/5/1996
16/10/1978

47
55
88
32

5.09
57.53
91.25
4.36

FUND PROTOCOL 1976

22/11/1994

33

46.85

FUND PROTOCOL 1992

30/5/1996

82

87.14

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33
FUND PROTOCOL 2000
NUCLEAR 1971
PAL 1974
PAL PROTOCOL 1976
PAL PROTOCOL 1990
LLMC 1976
LLMC PROTOCOL 1996
SUA 1988
SUA PROTOCOL 1988
SALVAGE 1989
OPRC 1990
HNS 1996
OPRC/HNS 2000

27/6/2001
15/7/1975
28/4/1987
30/4/1989

1/12/1986

1/3/1992
1/3/1992
14/7/1996
13/5/1995

16
29
23
3
39
8
73
66
42
67
2
2

20.26
34.64
34.33
0.74
43.76
9.71
75.42
75.09
33.42
53.67
1.79
1.25

: www.imo.org/conventions/summary.htm (2001).

.
SOLAS: International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (
).
S.A: Stockholm Agreement ( ).
L.L: International Convention Load Lines ( ).
TONNAGE: International Convention on the Tonnage Measurement of Ships (
).
COLREG: Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (
).
CSC: International Convention for Safe Containers ( ).
SFV: Torremolinos International Convention for the Safety of Fishing Vessels (
).
STCW: International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping of Seafar-ers
( ).
SAR: International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (
).
STP: Agreement Special Trade Passenger Ships (
).
INMARSAT: Convention on the Establishment of an International Maritime Satellite System (
).
FAL: International Convention on the Facilitation of Maritime Traffic ( ).
MARPOL: International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (
).
LDC: London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other
Matter (
).
INTERVENTION: International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil
Pollution Casualties ( ).
CLC: International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (
).
FUND: Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution
Damage ( ).
NUCLEAR: International Convention Relating to Civil Liability in the Field of Maritime Carriage of
Nuclear Material ( ).
PAL: International Convention on the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea (

SIMBASEIS-kef.2.qxd

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Page 34

34

).
LLMC: International Convention on the Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims (
).
SUA: International Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime
Navigation (
).
SALVAGE: International Convention on Salvage ( ).
OPRC: International Convention on Oil Preparedness, Response and Cooperation (
, ).
HNS: International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage
of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (
).
ANNEXES: .
AMENDMENTS: .
PROTOCOLS: .

2.4 /.
A. .
1. .. .., (1996), ,
. .
2. .., (2000), , . .
3. Power V., (1998), EC Shipping Law, LLP.
4. Farthing B., (1997), International Shipping, LLP.
5. Branch A., (1991), Elements of Shipping, Chapman & Hall.
6. Bekiashev . and Serebriakov V., (1981), International Maritime Organizations, Oceana Publications, Nijhoff.
7. Churchill R. and Lowe A., (1992), The Law of the Sea, Manchester University Press.
8. Branch A., (1988), Economics of Shipping Practice, Chapman & Hall.
B. .
International Maritime Organization
Institute of London Underwriters
International Association of Classification Societies
International Association of Independent Tanker Owners
International Chamber of Shipping
International Association of Ports and Harbours
Federation of National Associations of Shipbrokers and Agents

www.imo.org
www.ilu.org
www.iacs.org.uk
www.intertanko.com
www.british-shipping.org
www.iaph.or.jp
www.fonasba.com

. .
1. .
2.
.
3. , , / Torrey Canyon;
4.
;
5. , , .
(sic) , ;
6. LOF 1980 1995;
7.
(dumping);

Kef.3.qxd

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Page 35

.
3.1

3.2
3.3
3.4 , , ,
3.5
3.6
3.7 ,

3.8 ,
3.9
/

. , , . , , , .
.
,
, , , , ,
.
- .
, , ,
, , , , .
.

(1969).
-. ,
ILO. , 5, 6 7 (. 169, 176 177)
,
.

Kef.3.qxd

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Page 36

36

3.1 .
. , , , , .
1969.

(draft convention) ,
1969.
, .
402/1974
1980.
()
( , )
.
, , , , , ,
, .
.
,
. .
, , , , .
(1958) ,
.. SOLAS (1948), OILPOL (1954)
. ,
.
3.2 .
,
. - ,
, .
, (draft
document). , . ,
,
(adopting convention) .
- . ,
. ,
,

Kef.3.qxd

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Page 37

37

, , ,
.
, , .
, . , -. ,
- 12 .
3.3 .
. (entry into force) , , . ,
,
. , ,
SOLAS/74 25 -, 50% .
.
, , ,
, . 5 .
3.4 , , , .
, .
(signature) :
)
.
)
.
)
( . 12 . 1 , 1969).
, , .
[. 18 . ()
].

.
.
(acceptance) (approval) -

Kef.3.qxd

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Page 38

38

(ratification), , .
. (accession) ,
. , ( ) .
3.5 .
(enforcement) -. ,
, .. ISM.
.
3.6 .

. - , ..
SOLAS 1960 1965, 1966, 1967,
1968, 1969, 1971 1973. , , SOLAS (1974)
1978, 1981, 1983, 1988, 1990 1991.
(amendments) , 2/3, .
,
, - . ,
, .
, ,
tacit acceptance SOLAS (1974),
COLREG (1972) MARPOL (1973). , , -. ,
, .. 1981 SOLAS 1/9/1984.
3.7 , .
, , , .. (1969) OILPOL (1954) , MARPOL (1973)
TSPP (1978), , ,
. , , .

Kef.3.qxd

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39

, () ,

, .
(1976) 1978. , ,
OPA 1990 .
, , . (prima facie) , .
.
. ,
, ,
, , , CLC (1969), 15 ,
9 , FUND (1971).

-. .
, . MARPOL 120 ,
95% .

. ,

, .
, . TSPP (1978) MARPOL
(1973) SOLAS (1974) /.
MARPOL (1983). ,
,
ad hoc , ,
.
(light obligations) . , ,
..
(1969). , ,
, .. NNAGE (1969),
, 25 65% , (1982).

Kef.3.qxd

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Page 40

40

.
, . , , .. TSPP (1978) MARPOL .

. /
, , ..
- MARPOL, /
. (SBT) / 70.000 dwt, (COW) (IGS),
(DH/DB).
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
,
.
3.8 .
ILO , , ,
.
, 3.1
, , ( , , .),
' , , , ,
, , , ,
, ,
.

Kef.3.qxd

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Page 41

41
3.1
ILO .

15

16

22
23
53
54 (*2)
55

56 (*2)
57 (*2)
58

68
69

70 (*2)
71

,
- ( ).
Minimum Age (Sea) 1970
23.9.25
281/16-12-25 4211/29
Unemployment Indemnity Shipwreck 1920
23.9.25
277/16-12-25 4004/29
Placing of seamen 1920
23.9.25 291/16-12-25 4369/29
Minimum Age (Trimmers and Stokers) 1921
4505/30 102/7-4-30
Medical Examination of Young Persons 1921

4676/30 156/12-5-30
Seamen's Articles of Agreement 1926

Repatriation of Seamen 1926
1130/81 38/13-2-81
Officers' Competency Certificates 1936

Holidays with Pay (Sea) 1936

Shipowners' Liability (Sick and Injured Seamen) 1936
,
366/68 88/27-4-68
Sickness Insurance (Sea) 1936

Hours of work and manning (Sea) 1936

Minimum (Age) revised 1936
4318/63
87/1-6-63
Food and catering (Ship's Crews) 1946
1163/81 49/18-4-81
Certification of Ships' Cooks 1946
4317/63
87/1-6-63
Social security (Seafarers) 1946

Seafarers' Pensions 1946
1639/86 109/18-7-86

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42
72 (*2)
73
74
75 (*2)
76 (*2)
91 (*3)
92
93 (*2)
108
109 (*2)
133 (*1)
134
145
146
147
163
164
165
166
178 (*1)
179 (*1)
180

Paid Vacations (Seafarers) 1946

Medical Examinations (Seafarers) 1946
1131/81 39/13-2-81
Certification of Able Seamen 1946

Accommodation of Crews Convention 1946

Wages, Hours of Work and Manning (Sea) 1946
,
Paid Vacations (Seafarers) Revised 1949

Accomodation of Crews Revised 1949
1637/86 107/ 18-7-86
Wages, Hours of Work and Manning (Sea) Revised 1949
,
Seafarers' Identity Documents 1958
4316/83 87/1-6-83
Wages, Hours of Work and Manning (Sea) Revised 1958
,
Crew Accomodation on Board Ship (Supplementary Provisions 1970
1594/86 65/19-5-86
Prevention of Occupational Accidents to Seafarers 1970
486/76 321/3-12-76
Continuity of Employment (Seafarers) 1976

Seafarers annual leave with Pay 1976

Merchant Shipping - Minimum Standards 1976 and its Protocol 1996
948/79 167/25-7-79
Seafarer's Welfare at Sea and in Port 1987

Health Protection and Medical Care of Seafarers 1987

Social Security for Seafarers (Revised) 1987

Repatriation of Seafarers (Revised) 1987

Labour Inspection (Seafarers) 1996

Recruitment and Placement of Seafarers 1996

Seafarers' Hours of Work and the Manning of Ships 1996

87

Freedom of Association and Protection of the right to Organize 1948

4204/61 174/19-9-61

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43
98

130
138

Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining 1949

4205/61 174/19-6-61
Medical Care and sickness Benefits 1969

Minimum Age 1973
1182/81 193/ 24-7-81

: International Labour Office, Chart of ratifications of International Labour Conventions (Geneva

1993) .
.
(*) .
(**) .
(***) ,
.

3.9 /.
A. .
1. .., (1997), , ,
. . , , . 3-24.
2. .,. .. .. (1996),
, : 2000, , . 27-46.
3. Bates J.H. and Benson C., (1993), Marine Environment Law, Lloyd's of London Press.
4. Johnston D.M., (1981), The Environmental Law of the Sea, International Union for the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
5. Cooper A.D. (1983), The Times Atlas of the Oceans, Times Books, University of Cardiff.
6. Brubaker D. (1993), Marine Pollution and International Law, Belhaven Press.
7. Churchill R. (1976), Why do Marine Pollution Conventions take so long to enter into force?,
Maritime Policy and Management, No. 4, pp. 41-49.
. .
IMO conventions
IMO questions
Regional Oil Combating Centre for
the Mediterranean Sea
Marine Safety Council Proceedings The Coast Guard Journal
UN Treaty collection
UNEP collection of Treaties

www.imo.org/imo/convent/treaty.htm
www.imo.org/imo/faqs.htm
www.rempec.org
www.uscg.mil/hq/g-m
www.un.org/Depts/Treatv
gopher://unep.unep.no:70/00/unep/elipac

. .
1.

Kef.3.qxd

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44

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

;
- .
;

;
;

, ;

Kef.4.qxd

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Page 45

(SOLAS 1974/1978)
.
4.1
4.3 ,
SOLAS

SOLAS,
. /,
SOLAS.

4.4
/

4.2 SOLAS

, ,
SOLAS, .
- .
, , Y, ,
E, , , , , , , .
.
SOLAS . 12
SOLAS , , ,
- ,
, , , , , , ,
, ,
. 8 9 (. 179
186)
.

Kef.4.qxd

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Page 46

46

4.1 .
(Safety of Life at
SeaSOLAS), / . SOLAS
, . SOLAS (1914) 1929, 1933,
1948 ,
1952.
, SOLAS, 1960 1965, .
SOLAS 1960 1966, 1967, 1968, 1971 1973, . Colin
Goad SOLAS (raison d' etre) 1960.
SOLAS 1960
, ,
, , ,
.
1974.
SOLAS 1974 1978 (
1981) 1988 ( 2000) , ,
,
, .
,
, , 19 .
SOLAS 1960. SOLAS .
(COLREG),
, , .
, ,
, , , , . , . , : D-GPS, GMDSS, ARPA, NAVTEX, Sonar, Gyro-Compass, Echo-Sounder ..,
SOLAS 1960 ,
SOLAS 1974,
.
(ship design standards)
SOLAS '74 . , , , .

. , .

Kef.4.qxd

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Page 47

47

, . (steering gear) , , /
. SOLAS '74 ( 29)
/. , / 10.000
. /. /

.
Esso Petroleum v. Southport Corporation,
/ .
, 400 .
.
. ,
, ,
.
, / . . / ,
. / (Double Hull / Double BottomDH/DB). / , , .
, .

(Segregated Ballast Tanks Protectirely Located - SBT/PL), / DH/DB.
4.2 SOLAS.
SOLAS
/ , MARPOL,
LL STCW, / .
, , ,
,
. , SOLAS , .
SOLAS
:

Kef.4.qxd

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Page 48

48

) 1974
,
.
) 1978 (Tanker Safety and Pollution Prevention-TSPP), , :
(nert Gas SystemIGS) .
.
.
) 1983
(International Code for the
Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dange-rous Chemicals in Bulk, 1971) (International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying
Liquefied Gases in Bulk, 1975), SOLAS.
) 1988 SOLAS ( 2000)
1988, 1989 1990 Ro-Ro (Roll on-Roll off), -1 -2, , V, V VI,
100 , (Global Maritime Distress and Safety System-GMDSS),
1992.
) 1991 1992,
VI (International Code for the
Safe Carriage of Grain in Bulk).
) 1994 ()
SOLAS / , /, /, / 500
1/7/1998 / 1/7/2002. ( ) ,
1996.
) 1995 1996
V, / / ,
Ro-Ro Esthonia
(1994), , ,
.
) 1997 (vessel traffic services) SOLAS,
/ .
) , 1998 , .
, -

Kef.4.qxd

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Page 49

49

. ,
,
.

(..
, , .)
.
,

, .

o , , /
. ,
.

,
,
.
SOLAS 12 ,
(. 4.1).
4.1
, SOLAS.

.

.

.
1. .
2. .

II

1. ,
.

.

.
1. .
2. .

.
1. .
2. .

.
1. .
2. .

.

Kef.4.qxd

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Page 50

50
2. .

.
1. .
2. .

.

.

.

.

.
1. .

.
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2. .

.

IV

.

.
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.

.
.

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.

.
.

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.


.
.


.
.


.

VIII

.
.

.
.

.
.

Kef.4.qxd

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51

4.3 , SOLAS.
4.3.1 : .
SOLAS ,
, .
:
) SOLAS , -, .
) (/) 12 . (/)
(/) .
) SOLAS , ,
/ 500 , ,
.
)
.

/ / . :
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) / , :
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.
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/ , .
24 .
12 .
12 .
17 19
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.
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, 1 K SOLAS , . :
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, , , -

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52

.
, :
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) ,
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,
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,
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Kef.4.qxd

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53

, , , .
,
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:
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.

Kef.4.qxd

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54

) , .
) .
, , 1/7/1986.
, 1/10/1994.
, :
) () , -,
.
)
, 750C.
)
:

.
, .
.
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Kef.4.qxd

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55

, , ,
, , . , .
(sprinkler)
. ,
, , ,
.
/ ( /)

.
, /
. /
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,
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, .
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Kef.4.qxd

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56

200 ,
600 .

.

.

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Kef.4.qxd

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57

. :

.

(, , ,
).

( , , ).
IV
( , ).
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.
VI
.
VII (, ).
VII ( ,
.).
4.3.4 IV: .
1988 - SOLAS,
, ,
, GMDSS.
IV SOLAS ,
/ 300 ,
. 1/1/1999
1/2/1995. 1/2/1999, ,
. , , . -
SOLAS, .
, , , 1 , .
, , :
) (DSC) ,
, (Inter-national Radio Consultative CommitteeCCIR).
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) NAVTEX
518 khz,
.
) , .
) , , , .
) -

Kef.4.qxd

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Page 58

58

, EPIRB (Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon) .

)
, .
) 1, , VHF (Very High Frequency) , SOLAS.
) 2,
1, MF (edium Frequency)
,
SOLAS.
) 3, ,
1 2,
INMARSAT.
) 4, ,
1, 2 3.
:
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) -.
) -, , , ,
-.

, ,
. , ,
. :
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1, 2, 3, 4 .

, , , , .

, . .
.
, ,
( ).

Kef.4.qxd

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Page 59

59

4.3.5 V: .
V SOLAS ,
. .
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:
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.
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Kef.4.qxd

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Page 60

60

,
.

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,
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.
4.3.6 VI: .
VI SOLAS ,
1991, ,
.
,
,
,
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,
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1994 , , .
, 1998 -
.
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:
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4.3.8 VIII: .
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.

Kef.4.qxd

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Page 61

61

) .
) , , , .
) , A , 12 .
4.3.9 IX: .
SOLAS
(ISMCode) 500,
1/7/1998 , / 500, 1/7/2002. ISM (SMS)
,
(DOC) (SMC) .
( ISM . 97).
4.3.10 : .
SOLAS , .
.

1/1/1996 . , , , , , .
1/1/1996, .
4.3.11 : .
SOLAS, 1/1/1996 /
100 / 300.
, .
.
,

.
4.3.12 : .
SOLAS, 1999
,
150 .
, , (ICAS).

Kef.4.qxd

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62

4.4 /.
. .
1. .. ., (1998), , 12 , , . 185-200.
2. (1996), SOLAS ,
. HELMEPA.
3. ., (1996), , . .
4. Bureau Veritas, (1994), Ship Safety Handbook, Lloyd's of London Press.
5. ., (1987), , . .
6. Pamborides G., (1999), International Shipping Law: Legislation and Enforcement, Kluver
Publications.
. .
1. (International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships
Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk).
2. (International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships
Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk).
3. (International Code for the
Safe Carriage of Grain in Bulk).
4. (Code of Safe
Practice for Cargo Stowage and Securing).
6. A (Code
of Safe Practice for Ships Carrying Timber Deck Cargoes).
7. A (Code of Safe Practice for Solid
Bulk Cargoes).
8. (International Safety Management Code).
9. (International Maritime Dangerous
Goods Code).
. .
1. K SOLAS.
, -;
2. , SOLAS,
; ;
3. SOLAS ;
.
4. ;
5. SOLAS SOLAS
1974/1978.
6 /
SOLAS;

Kef.5.qxd

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Page 63

(MARPOL 1973/78)
.
5.1
5.2 MARPOL
5.3
MARPOL
5.4
/

MARPOL, . MARPOL
,
.
.


MARPOL, .
- .
, , ,
/ , , ,
, , .
.
. , MARPOL,

. 10, 11
12 (. 190, 193 196) Oil Pollution Act
(OPA) 1990,
MARPOL.
, .

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64

5.1 .

1968 23 .
(1973),
.
, (Stockholm AgreementSA) 1972
- , . SC.
, 1973 24
(1954)
OILPOL. ,
.. , /, / Torrey Canyon (1967) 119.000 .
(Load-on-TopLOT),
, OILPOL. ,
, .. Nixon ,
/.
. , /, OILPOL
.
' LOT,
OILPOL. 1960 . ,
(
),
(slop tanks)
. (oil
water separator) , .
LOT
(1970-1980), . MARPOL (1973) :
) (
50 ), .. , .
)
, 36 .
) ,
OILPOL, .. 1/15.000 -

Kef.5.qxd

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Page 65

65

(
),
.
) ,

, , .

8 2 1973. - 77
7 .
(International Convention for the Prevention of
Pollution from ShipsMARPOL) . MARPOL , OILPOL (1954) (
1962, 1969 1971)
. ( 1997) (. 5.1) . :
) (. 8
)
) (. 10 ).
MARPOL :
) .
) ,
. MARPOL , . , , , .. ,
, , .
MARPOL OILPOL (1954) 1962
1969 :
) (, , ,
) 10 (
, ).
5.1
MARPOL 1973/1978.

I
II

.
.
, , ,
.

2/10/1983
6/4/1987

III

1/7/1992

IV

27/9/2003.
31/12/1988

VI

: IMO News, (1999).

Kef.5.qxd

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Page 66

66

) /,
LOT. , (Segregated allast TanksS), (Crude il WashingCOW), (Oil Water Separator),
(Adequate Sludge Tanks) (Inert
Gas SystemIGS), SOLAS 1974.
) .
)
.
) / 150GRT 400GRT
(, , , )
(International Oil Pollution Prevention-IOPP).
) ( ) ().
MARPOL , , . , MARPOL
(dumping)
,
(.. , ).
1974 ,
, .. , CLC (1969), FUND (1971), LDC (1972),
(1972) (1972),
(1974)
(1974).
, ,
. , MARPOL

. MARPOL 1,
. , /237 (VII)
MARPOL (complete elimination)
(minimization) .
MARPOL , .. ,
( ) -. , MARPOL, OILPOL, 75% / .
5.2 MARPOL.
MARPOL .

Kef.5.qxd

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Page 67

67

-. , , .
1-8 MARPOL . :
) .
) , ,
,
,
.
) , .
) IOPP MARPOL.
) - .
) ,

.
MARPOL, :
) 41o 5o 36 .
) , 57o 44.8.
) 41o
.
) .
) , .
MARPOL .
5.2.1 : .
MARPOL , OILPOL 1969 /
1/15.000 1/30.000 .
CBT, SBT COW.
1) (C).
/
, (.. , ) (.. )
.
( ) . / ( )
. ,
, .
/ , -

Kef.5.qxd

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Page 68

68

, .

. / ,
.
, /,
CBT. , , '
. CBT

. , ,
, .
2) (SBT).
,
1983 SBT,
.
(, , )
,
. ,

(
, ).
SBT CBT , .
,
SBT, :
)
(.. , , ). ,
, /, .. , , ,
. '
, . , / / .
) , .
, ( SBT) ,
.

SBT,
,

Kef.5.qxd

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Page 69

69

( SBT 3-5%).
,
( ).
3) (COW).

. COW ,
. . :
) .
, COW

(
70-80% ).
) . COW .
) . /, , . COW
.
) . .
, COW , :
) . / . , SBT,
(1973).
) . COW ,
/.
,
.
) (GS).
9-10 ,
, , , ,
, -,
. ,
, .

Kef.5.qxd

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Page 70

70

12 - MARPOL
, ,
.
13 /
20.000DWT [( ) Dead Weight Tonnage] /
40.000DWT SBT COW. / 30.000DWT SBT
/ 40.000DWT SBT CBT.
13 SBT (protectively located), .
, 14
/ 150
4.000 . , .. , ,

9 16.
15 / 150
:
) N , .
) N
.
) H 0,8% 3%
COW SBT CBT. / 70.000DWT .
) N
(Oil Discharge Monitoring and Control SystemODMCS)
.
) (Oil/water interface detectors)
.
16 /
:
) .
) 100 . .
) 15 PPM.

, .. ,
(15 PPM)
.
ODMCS,
(). . , .
/ 150 400 ,

Kef.5.qxd

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Page 71

71

:
) , IOPP, 5 .
) , IOPP.
) .
) , 5 , IOPP .
20 / 150
/ 400 . . /
, .
3 .
21
, MARPOL, / .
22-25
/ . 5.2.
5.2.2 : .


,
.
,
, .

, . 250 .
,
. , 12
. .
:
) SOLAS (1974/1978), 1983 . , .. ,
.
) MARPOL (1973/1978)
.
5.2.3 : , , .
MARPOL.
- MARPOL , -

Kef.5.qxd

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Page 72

72
5.2
MARPOL.
/ : .

, 50 .

,
50 .

.

:
/ .

60 .
/
1/15.000 / 1/30.000 .
/

15.

/ 400GRT :
.

:
.
15 PPM.
15PPM .


.
:
12 .
.

100PPM.
,

16.


.

: HELMEPA, (1987).

. , III, V IV .
III
. IMDG.
2-3 -

Kef.5.qxd

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Page 73

73

, . ,
.
.
4 . , () , SOLAS
, . ,
, SOLAS MARPOL .
5 , .
6
, , ,
.
7 , . , , MARPOL,
.
5.2.4 IV: .
IV MARPOL
27/9/2003 89
50% (51,14%). (20-25 ) (sewage)
, .. , ,
, .
,
.
:
) 12
.
) 4
.
) ,
4 (/).
, -. 400/1996
.
200 ,
200, 10 , -

Kef.5.qxd

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Page 74

74

() , , 10
.
5.2.5 V: .
(garbage)
, .. , , , , .,
.

600.000 (1995).
, .
.
:
) :
A .
12
.
) :

, .
3 , , , .
12 , , .
, ,
25
.
12 .
500 . ,
, ,
.
- RPOL , , .
,
, ,
.
5.2.6 VI: .
15-27/9/1997
12 15 - -

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Page 75

75

50% .
.
VI , .. ,
1,5% m/m. ,
, .
5.3 MARPOL.
MARPOL
. , -, .
, .

MARPOL.
1976,
.
. ,
/ , / 1960.
, 15% /
. , .. , , .
1976 46 .

/, SBT
/. , , .
, . ,
, SBT / (1975).
, /
, , .
, /,
, SBT.
, ,
(
). (. 5.3).

/ (Tanker Safety Pollution PreventionTSPP) (1978)
MARPOL
.
( 1976 - 1977)
/, , -

Kef.5.qxd

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Page 76

76
5.3
-
(1973).

()

..

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
O
X
X
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

SBT
70.000DWT

70.000DWT

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X

O
O
O

X
O
O
X
X
X
X
X
O
O
O
O
O

O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

: R. M'Gonigle - M. Zacher, (1981), Pollution, Politics and International Law.

: () () .
23-19 30-7 9-22. 4 39 .

,
. / Argo Merchant (15/12/1976), Sansinena
(17/12/1976), Oswego Peace (24/12/1976), Olympic Games (27/12/1976), Grand Zenith (29/12/1976),
Barcola Mary, Mary Ann, Universe Leader ( 1-1977) Irenes
Challenge (18/1/1977).
5.3.1 MARPOL.
1978 TSPP, -

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Page 77

77

MARPOL ( ), , 50% .
/ Argo Merchant .
/ . ,
(collision avoidance aids), (Inert Gas SystemsIGS), (improved steering gears) (double bottoms)
/ 20.000DWT.
IGS.
1) (IGS).
IGS SOLAS (1978)
/ 1960-1970, . , 11%, (, ). , .
IGS
(. 12-14%,
2-4%, 0,2-0,3% 75-80%)
(, )
COW.
8% ( 6%), . IGS .
IGS
.
IGS
COW .
, .. , . . .
,
TSPP 1978
MARPOL SOLAS. MARPOL 1973/1978 SOLAS
1974/1978.
, SBT
, (PLSBT). , /. :
) , SBT GS /,
, 20.000 DWT ,
.
) ,

Kef.5.qxd

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Page 78

78

, COW / 70.000
DWT.
)
. / 20.000 DWT PL
SBT, COW IGS
1979,
. / 40.000 DWT COW SBT.
MARPOL (1978)
.
, (1983)
MARPOL.
/ , . : Energy Determination, , Atlantic Empress,
Aegean Captain , Atlas Titan
, Independenta, . Betelguese Chevron
Hawaii, Ioannis Angelicoussis .
5.3.2 1984 1985.
( 7 1986),
, .. .
below the waterline,
.
RPOL 6 1987. 1970

. ,
(IBC Code) , .
5.3.3 1987, 1989, 1990 1991.
.
, 1 1989, (
) . , 18
1991, V ( )
. 17 1992 , V.
4 1993
, V.
5.3.4 1992.
1989 /, Exxon Valdez Khark-5 , , -

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Page 79

79

. , (Oil Pollution ActOPA) 1990, , /.

, / , . Aegean Sea, 1992 72.000 Braer 1993
, 85.000
.
MEPC MARPOL
13F, /, 13G /. 1990 / .
13F / 600DWT :
) / (Double Bottom, Double Hull
DB/DH).
) / (Mid-DeckMD).
,
( )
1% /, 7-8%.
) , .
, ,
. MD / ,
.
13F / 600DWT
6/7/1993,
6/1/1994, 6/7/1996, / 5.000DWT
DH/DB , 600 DWT. , /
20.000DWT .
, (Steering Committee)
Intertanko, DH/DB
MD / .
(
DH) D ,
,
, DB/DH .
13G, / 30
(13F),
, , .. . / 1979
1982 PLSBT, (1978). -

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Page 80

80

30 . 13F.
13G , / :
) / DB/DH,
30%
30 , 13F.
D D 13G
.
) /,
. /
25 , . , 30
, . 13G SBT
.
, 13G , :
) .
) IOPCC
.
) /, .. 15 PPM ,
30 .
:
)
, , .
)
.
) .
) , .
)
.
) .
5.3.5 2001.
MARPOL 1 2002 / (single-hull tankers).
/ 2015 . / 1996
DH/DB. / (. 5.4).
) H / 20.000 DWT
, , 30.000 DWT

(PLSBT), Pre-MARPOL tankers.

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Page 81

81
5.4
/ 13G.

/
1

13F
A

1/1/2003 / 1973
1/1/2004 / 1974 1975
1/1/2005 / 1976 1977
1/1/2006 / 1978, 1979 1980
1/1/2007 / 1981
1/1/2003 / 1977
1/1/2004 / 1978
1/1/2005 / 1979
1/1/2006 / 1980
1/1/2007 / 1981
1/1/2008 / 1982
1/1/2009 / 1983
1/1/2010 / 1984
1/1/2011 / 1985
01/01/2012 /
1986 1987
01/01/2013 /
1988 1989
01/01/2014 /
1990 1991
01/01/2015 /
1992

01/01/2012 /
1986
01/01/2013 /
1987 1988
01/01/2014 /
1989 1990
01/01/2015 /
1991 1992
01/01/2016 /
1993 1994
01/012017 /
1995

1/1/2003 / 1974
1/1/2004 / 1975 1976
1/1/2005 / 1977 1978
1/1/2006 / 1979 1980
1/1/2007 / 1981
1/1/2008 / 1982
1/1/2009 / 1983
1/1/2010 / 1984
1/1/2011 / 1985
1/1/2012 / 1986
01/2013 /
1987 1988
01/2014 /
1989, 1990 1991
01/2015 /
1992

: IMO News, No4 (2000).

01/2013 /
1987
01/2014 /
1988
01/2015 /
1989 1990
01/2016 /
1991, 1992 1993
01/2017 /
1994

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82

) / 20.000 DWT
30.000 DWT
MARPOL.
) / 5.000 DWT ,
.
5.4 /.
A. .
1. .. .., (1995), -
,
.
2 imagenis G. and Pavlopoulos B., (1982), The Law and Practice Relating to Pollution Control
in Greece, Graham & Trotman.
3. M' Gonigle R.. and Zacher M., (1981), Pollution, Politics and International Law. Tankers
at Sea, University of California Press.
4. Curtis J., (1985), Vessel-Source Oil Pollution and MARPOL 73/78: An International Success
Story ?, Journal of Environmental Law, Vol. 15.
5. Wang C., (undated), A Review of the Enforcement Regime for Vessel-Source Oil Pollution
Control, Journal of Ocean Development and International Law, Vol. 16, No 4.
6. Hooke N., (1997), Maritime Casualties 1963-1996, Lloyd's of London Press.
7. .., (1999), , .
8. Mitchell R., (1994), Intentional Oil Pollution at Sea, The MIT Press.
9. Ayorinde A., (1994), Inconsistencies between OPA'90 and MARPOL 73/78: What is the Effect
on Legal Rights and Obligations of the United States and Other Parties to MARPOL 73/78?,
Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, Vol.25, No1.
10. Bredima Savopoulou A., (1990), The Common Shipping Policy of the E.C. North-England.
B. .
Hellenic Ministry of Merchant Marine
Vessel Operators Hazardous Materials Association
Full text of OPA 1990
Tanker Owners Pollution Federation
International Oil Spill Control Directory
Hellenic Marine Environmental
Protection Association
European Commission
Greenpeace International

www.yen.gr
www.vohma.gr
www.uscg.mil/hq/g-m/nmc
www.itopf.com
www.cutter.com
www.helmepa.gr
www.europa.euint/en/comm/dg07
index.htm
www.greenpeace.org

. .
1. 15 MARPOL;
2. MARPOL
;
3. 13F 13G MARPOL;
4. MARPOL;
5. MARPOL ;
6. COW SBT;
7. MARPOL
;

Kef.6.qxd

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Page 83

(STCW 1978/1995)
.
6.1 SCTW/
1978
6.2
SCTW/1995
6.3 SCTW/1995
6.4 STCW/1995

STCW

. , STCW/78
(STCW/95), .
.

6.5 :

STCW/95, , , ,
, .

6.6 STCW/1995
ISM

- .

6.7
/

, , , --, .
.
STCW/95, ,
/ . , 13 (. 203)
.

Kef.6.qxd

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Page 84

84

6.1 STCW/1978.

(Convention on the Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping f SeafarersSTCW) 7 1978 1984.

, ,
, ,
.
TSPP (1978)
MARPOL, , ,
STCW. SOLAS (1974/1978) V
.
(Law Of the Sea ConventionLOSC) 1982, 94

, , , ,
. , (Convention in the Conditions for Registration of Ships) 1986,
9 , , , .
/ Amoco Cadiz (1978),
,
. STCW/78, /, Betelguese Independenta,
Venoil Venpet, Atlantic Empress Aegean Captain
Energy Concentration.
. / 1979-1980,

.
4 .
STCW/78 ( ) ( ) , , .
,
, .
STCW/78 17 ,
. , , , , / ,
. STCW/78 .
( ) . -

Kef.6.qxd

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Page 85

85

.
.
(ILO),
-, , STCW/78 . ILO 1933
(substandard vessels),
,
. H STCW/78
. STCW/78 , (1982)
, (Memovandum of UnderstandingMOU), .
, ,
, .. , , ,
, .
STCW/78 1991 (GMDSS). 1994 STCW/78 (STCW-F/1995).
STCW/95 :
, .
6.2 STCW/1995.
STCW/78 (STCW/95), , , . STCW/78
1314/83 ( 2/83) 25/4/1984. 132/97 (
116 ) 1995. 2001
:
) 1997, 1/1/1999 , / /-/
(R-R) .
) 1998, 1/1/2003 .
STCW/95 ,
: -,
-

Kef.6.qxd

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Page 86

86

( STCW/95).
STCW/95, 1 1997,
, ,
(. , ) .
,
. ,
,
,
. ,
STCW/95
. STCW/95 :
) .
) .
) .
) .
) ( ) .
) ( )
.
) .
,
, . 5 /,
(flag state).
V/1 :
'[...] ...


()

() .
... ,
()
()
, , , [...]'.
, .
,
.

Kef.6.qxd

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Page 87

87

STCW/95
,
STCW/78.
, .
STCW/95 ,

,
. - .

,
.
. , STCW/95
,

.
.
1997. STCW/95,

U (1982). U
, , ,
.
, STCW/95 ,

. STCW/95
,

, .
, ,
, , , . (
. /4 . 2 . 1 STCW/78,
1995) :
)
.
) .
)

) ,
,
.

Kef.6.qxd

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Page 88

88

STCW/95 , .
STCW/95
.
STCW/95
6.1.
STCW/95
:
) .
) , ( ) .
) .
) , .
) .
STCW/95, , .
, STCW/95
. :
)
,
, , .
)
, .
, 1995 STCW/78
2002, 1998
.
STCW/95 , ,
6.1
STCW/95.
1 1997
STCW/95 .
1 1998
)
.
) - ,
.
1 2002

.
1 2002
.

Kef.6.qxd

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Page 89

89

-. -
,
.
STCW/78 , STCW/95 . , ,
.
6.3 STCW/1995.
STCW/95 STCW/78 1 2.
STCW/95 , 6.2.
M
STCW/95 :
) , 1
) , , 2.
, ,
, -
, STCW/95. , , STCW/95.
,
6.2
STCW/95.
: (15 )

: (4 )
,
: (4 )

IV: (2 )

V: (2 )


VI: (2 )
,

VII: (3 )

VIII: (2 )

Kef.6.qxd

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Page 90

90

, ,
STCW/78.
, STCW/95, - , .
STCW/95 , , , (. 6.3). , , .
STCW/95, 1 2, , , - (. 6.4).
6.4 STCW/1995.
, ,
.
STCW/95 ,
.
STCW/95, , , , ,
.
/2 1 STCW/95.
. .

(, , , ).
,
, , ,
( VI STCW). , () ()
, (. 6.5).
, , ( ) , - , / Ro-Ro /
.
, 31/12/1999, : , ,
(1) (3)

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Page 91

91
6.3
.
.
(-, ).
- ( ).
( ).
.
.
.
(-).
.
.
.
, .

6.4
.
3

7
8

9
10

11

- (MSC),
.
GMDSS, 1
1999
.
Ro-Ro /
, .
- , ,
V/2 (
, Ro-Ro
/) / . /,
.

VII .
- .
ILO, WHO
.

,
.
- , ,
STCW.

Kef.6.qxd

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Page 92

92
12

13

14

, (W.M.U.).

,
.
- .
6.5
.

VI/1-1: .
VI/1-2: .
VI/1-3: .
VI/1-4: .
VI/2-1: .
VI/2-2: .
VI/3-1: .
VI/4-1: .

- .
() , ( ) ( ). /6 /6 STCW/95
200 .
/, / ( . 4
243/98 )
.
Ro-Ro / , STCW/95, ,
1/8/1998. , V/2 , Ro-Ro / ,
, ,
( . 4 8 . V/2),
. , ().
(V/2) : ,

Kef.6.qxd

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Page 93

93

,
, ,
, .
' , ( 455/83 46/96)
( ) , (6) (. 1 . 1). . ,

. ( , )
. , (. 3 . 2).
6.5 : A .
, , STCW/95. ,

500 (. 6.6) 500 (. 6.7). STCW/95
500
. , ,
1314/1983
- /1 - /2 STCW/95.
6.6

500 .
: .
.
ARPA .
.
.

.
.
.

Kef.6.qxd

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Page 94

94
: .
, ,
.
.
.
, .
.
.
.
6.7

500 .
: .
.
.
.
.
.
, ARPA
.
.
.
.
- - .
, , .
.
.

.
, .
.
.
.

6.6 STCW/1995 ISM.

STCW/95
STCW/78 . , MARPOL SOLAS,
-

Kef.6.qxd

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Page 95

95

, . STCW/78.
STCW/95
.
,
STCW/95
.


. : ,
, , , , , , ..
, , .
STCW/95 , , . , , . STCW/95

1998. , MARPOL OILPOL.
-
STCW/78, , . ( 2002) STCW/78 143 -,
98,47% .
, ,
.
, ISM, , .
STCW/95
ISM. ,
ISM
, STCW/95

, .. ,
.

ISM STCW/95.

, .

Kef.6.qxd

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Page 96

96

ISM STCW/95
, ()


.
6.7 /.
. .
1. Alexopoulos A.B., Fournarakis N.G. and Katarelos E., (2001), Current Trents in the Greek
Marine Manpower Market: Qualitative and Quaantitative Approach, MSRD Journal, Issue
No3, pp 1-20.
2. .., ., . ., (2000),
, 13 .... ,

3. ., (1997), STCW 95:
, . J& J Hellas.
4. ., (1997), : .
5. , (1997), STCW , , . Helmepa.
6. (1999), ,
.
7. ., (1998), , . , . .
. .
1. 1314/83 ( 2 /11-1-1983) STCW 78 , .
2. 210/96 ( 165 /1996).
94/58//22-11-94 ..
3. 132/97 ( 116/) 1995 1978.
. .
1. , , ;
2. , STCW 78/95;
3. ( ) , ;
4. (Port State Control) , ,
, ;
5. o STCW/95 ;
6. STWC/95 ISM;

Kef.7.qxd

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Page 97

(ISM Code)
.
7.1 I
7.2 ,
ISM
7.3
(SMS)
7.4
/

,
, , .
.
,
(DPA) .
, .
- .
, , , , , .
.
ISM, , /. 14, 15, 16 17 (. 215, 217, 224 226)
,
SM. , FSA RA, ISM. , , (ISO 9001, 9002 14000).

Kef.7.qxd

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Page 98

98

7.1 .
, . ,
Ro-Ro
/ Herald of Free Enterprise (1987), Scandinavian Star (1991), Estonia (1994) /
Aegean Sea (1992) Braer (1993).
, , , , (Flags of ConvenienceFOC)
(offshore registries), . , ,

, .
, , ,
.
, ,
.
.
, , ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
,
.
, :
) .
) .
) .
) .
) .
) ,
) ,
.

Kef.7.qxd

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11:01

Page 99

99

, , 1993
,
(International Safety Management Co-deISM code). 1994
K 2 SOLAS,
1/7/1998.
ISM 500. :
) / , /, , / ,
/ / 1/7/1998
) / 1/7/2002.
ISM . ISM .
ISM, , :
)
.
)
.
)

.
ISM,
,
(ship-board management),
(shore-based management).
7.2 , ISM.
ISM .
.443[] ( 15 1989),
,

.
.680[17] ( 6 1991)

,
, .

, ISM . ISM , .
.
-

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Page 100

100

.
, , , .
ISM, :
(ISM) ,
,
.
,
,
ISM.
, .
(SMS)
, o , .
,
.

, , .
.
(-) (-) . . , , , .
ISM
, ,
.
:
) .
) .
) , , .
,
, , .
7.3 (SMS).
- ISM
:
1. (Definitions, Objectives, Application, Functional requirements of a Safety Mana-

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Page 101

101

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.
11.
12.
13.

gement System).
(Safety and Environmental Protection Policy).
(Company Responsibilities and Authority).
(-) (-) (Designated person (-s) Ashore DPA).
(Master's Responsibility and Autho-rity).
(Resources and Personnel).
(Development of Plans for Shipboard
Operations).
(Emergency Preparedness).
,
(Reports and Analysis of non-Conformities, Accidents and Hazardous
Occurrences).
(Maintenance of the Ship and Equipment).
(Documentation).
, (Company Verification, Review and
Evaluation).
, (Certification, Verification and Control).

1) . .
(Safety Management System-SMS)
S:
, (SMS), :
) .
)

.
) .
)
.
) .
) .
2) .
,
ISM :
.

.
. (SMS)
.
. -

Kef.7.qxd

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Page 102

102

.
,

.
,
,
.
3) .
, ISM :

,
.
, , a.
( )
.

. .
SMS , .
( ),
SMS.
,

.
,
.
4) (-a) (-a).
(-) (-) (Designated Person AshoreDPA)
S :
, ,

.
-

Kef.7.qxd

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Page 103

103

.
, :
) .
)
) .
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(-) . (-)
, .
5) .

SM :

:
) .
) .
) .
) .
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.
SMS
. SMS

.

, , , . SMS
, .
,
, , , .
6) .
() ISM
:

Kef.7.qxd

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Page 104

104

:
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) SMS .
) .
( ) ,
.

. , , .
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, , , .
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.
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,

, .

, .
,
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) .
)
.
) SMS
) , .

. , ( ). , , ,
(ISC), (OCIMF) -

Kef.7.qxd

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Page 105

105

(SIGTTO), .
,
, . , .

SMS.
SMS ,
. , ,

SMS.
, , . , /
SMS. , SMS, .

,
, ,
.

.
,
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.
, .
7) .
ISM :
-
. , .
,
.

Kef.7.qxd

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Page 106

106

, . . , SMS .

, .
, ,
.
, .
(check lists)
.

,
, :
)
) .


.
, .
. :
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) .
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. :
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)
.
) .
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) .
) , / / .
) .

Kef.7.qxd

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Page 107

107

8) .

ISM :
,
.

.

, .
,
.
:
) T .
) T
.
) T
.
) T
[ .648 (16):
].
) T ,
.
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.
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, .
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) T
.
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) T ,
.
, :
) .
) .
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) .
) .
) .

Kef.7.qxd

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Page 108

108

)
.

, , , , ,
.
:
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) .
) .
) .
) .
) .
) .
) .
) .
) .
) .
) .
) .
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) .
) .
) .
) .
) .

, , ,
.
, . ,
SOLAS, , . , , , . , .

.

.
7.1 .
9) , .
,
ISM :

Kef.7.qxd

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Page 109

109
7.1
.

2
3
1/7
2
2
2
2
1
4
2
1
1/7
2
2

SMS , , .
.
SMS , ,
SMS SMS (-) (-) (-) .
(-) (-)
( ) .
, , . SMS (
) SMS
.
To SMS ,
, .
, , o,
.
,
. . , ,
.

Kef.7.qxd

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Page 110

110

, ,
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10) .
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.
:
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.

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, ,
. ,
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) .

Kef.7.qxd

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Page 111

111

) .
) .
, . SMS . SMS ,
, .
, .
.
, , .
.
.
( ) , ,
. , .
.
.
.
. , . ().
11) .
SM :

SMS.

.
SMS
.
. .
SMS . -

Kef.7.qxd

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Page 112

112

SMS . .
, SMS.

. ,

. ,
, .

. , SMS
.
( )
, SMS.
. . SMS
.
,
.
.
.

.
.
(. , .)
SMS (DPA).
SMS ISM.
SMS ,
, , . SMS , . ,
SMS
, .
SMS .
12) , .
, S :

SMS.
SMS
.

Kef.7.qxd

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Page 113

113

.
.

.

.
SMS .
.
:
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)
) , .
,
SMS.
SMS.
:
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) .
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) SMS, .
) .
) , .
:
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) , ,
.
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.
13) , .
, ISM
:
, (Document of ComplianceDOC) ( ).

Kef.7.qxd

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Page 114

114

To DOC K
ISM ,
, . DOC
.
DOC , ,
.
(Safety Management CertificateSMC)
. SMS
SMS.
SMS .
7.4 /.
. .
1. Alexopoulos A.B., Katarelos E., Fournarakis N.G., Sakkas, K., Avjiyannis K., (2001), A Critical
Analysis of the IMO's Conventions and Codes from the Techno-Economic & Managerial
Perspectives, nternational Conference: Shipping Technology & Environment, University of
Piraeus.
2. Alexopoulos A.B. and Theotokas I.N., (1999), Shipping Management in the Post-ISM period.
The Case of Dry Bulk Shipping Companies, SRUP Journal, Issue No7, pp. 123-133.
3. Alexopoulos A.B and Theotokas I.N., (1998), Safety and Quality in the Shipping Industry. A
Legal Analysis of the ISM Code's Principles and Applications, European Research Studies
Journal, Volume 1, Issue No3, pp 81-98.
4. . ., (1997),
(ISM Code & ISO 9002), . .
5. ICS/ISF, (1996), Guidelines on the Application of the IMO International Safety Management
Code, 3rd Edition.
. .
1. ISM;
2. ( , ) ;
3. ;
;
4. ISM;
5. ,
.
6. SM
;

Kef.8.qxd

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Page 115

.
8.1
8.2

8.3 ,

8.4

8.5

.
.
.
,
, , , ,
.
.

8.6

- .

8.7

, ,
, , , , , .

8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13
/

.
,
, . . , , .
, ,
. 18 19 (. 228
232)

. 20 21 (. 233
237) , , ,
.

Kef.8.qxd

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Page 116

116

8.1 .
, , ,
, , () .
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8.2 .
.

Kef.8.qxd

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Page 117

117

, ,
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Kef.8.qxd

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Page 118

118

) , ,
.

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,
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.
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.
.
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.
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8.3 , .

, . ,

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. (genuine link)
,
. ,
, ,
.
, . (. 11 )
, (.. ) , , , , , (Cabotage)
2002 .
.
10. , .

Kef.8.qxd

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Page 119

119

()
, ,
. ,
. :
) 10.
) 1060.
) 60.
) 60.
) 500.
) .
) - .
) .
) .
) .
) .
) 500.
:
) .
) .
) .
) .
) .
) , , ,
.
) ( ) .
) ( ).
(certificate of registry) ,
.

, , , , , , , , , ,
(, , ), , , . ' , .
402/95
,
.
, ,
.
,
, (. 53 ).
-

Kef.8.qxd

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Page 120

120

(. 9 ).
, , :
) .
)
) ( ) .
, (. 13
).
8.4 .
542/68 ( 181/ 1968), 197/1969 ( 53/1969)
175/88,
500
[() Certificate of Seaworthiness].
,
() () . , SOLAS 1974/1978 .
.
8.5 .
V SOLAS ( . 2013/92 474/91)
1-2-99 GMDSS . . ,
GMDSS. , () ()
.
8.6 .
, , , ,
, .
(. , , ) (.. , , .) ( ) (..
/, /, /, .). , .
, -

Kef.8.qxd

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Page 121

121

. .
1) .
16 LL ( 399/80),

(nternational
Load Line Certificate). , . (International Load Line xemption Certificate).

( 150), ,
, .
2) .
7 TONNAGE 1969 ( . 1373/
1983), (International Tonnage Certificate) ,
, (Certificate of Measurement).
, ,
.
, GRT GT
NRT NT . ,
.
, .. , ,
.. .
3) .
SOLAS ( 1045/1980 1159/1981
175/88 94/96), (Cargo Ship
Safety Construction Certificate).
, .
4) .
SOLAS,
V SOLAS,
(Cargo
Ship Safety Equipment Certificate).
, .
5) .
V SOLAS,
-

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Page 122

122

(Cargo Ship Safety Radio Certificate). , . H GMDSS 1/2/1995 1/2/1999. / 300

/ , 12 .
6) A.
o I SOLAS,
(xemption Certificate).
7) .
/ (Passenger Ship Safety Certifi-cate),
, .
(12) . / .
8) .
MARPOL ,
SOLAS, /
. , .
9) .
SOLAS , 74/96 1218.112/1/98 (
726/98), .
.
10) .
4 ILO 134/1970 ( 486/76 131/81), /
100 / ,

. .
. ,
.
11) .
SOLAS ( 920/77), -

Kef.8.qxd

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Page 123

123

, ,
. (12) .
12) .
5 MARPOL ( . 1269/82), ,

-
(International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate
IOPPC), . , . MARPOL (IOPPC Compliance),
- MARPOL.
479/84
400 / 150, , 100-400 / 150,
,
.
IV I MARPOL, / 150 400 (Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency PlanSOPEP),
,
, .
13) .
(International Bulk Chemical
Code) , - MARPOL, (International Pollution
Prevention Certificate for the carriage of Noxius Liquid Substances in Bulk) ,
/ , (Certificate of Fitness). .
, II MARPOL ( .
1269/82 404/86 361/96), , , ( ) .
14) .
IV MARPOL (
27/9/2003),

Kef.8.qxd

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Page 124

124

. ,
400/96, , .
.
15) .
MARPOL, /
, (Certificate of
Insurance in Respect of Civil liability for Pollution Damage).
, ,
,
MARPOL.
16) .
A (Safe Manning Document).
, 481 ,
STCW/78 SOLAS 74/78 (. V, . 13), , . , , GMDSS /.
, , (), . , STCW :
) .
) () .
) /.
) /-/ .
) .
)
) .
, , STCW/95, , , , . :
) (Certificate of competency).
) (asic safety certificate).
)
(Survival craft and rescue boats certificate).
) (Deck/engine watchkeeping certificate).

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Page 125

125

)
(Maritime English for officers certificate).
) (Medical emergency first aid certificate).
) (Fast rescue boat
certificate).
) (Advanced
fire fighting certificate).
) RADAR,
RADAR,
RADAR (Radar simulator, radar observer, ARPA).
) GMDSS, (GMDSS, Global Operator, Ship restricted radiotelegraph operator).
) (Medical care aboard ship).
) (Deck/engine watchkeeping for ratings).
) (Maritime English for ratings).
) / (MARPOL Annexes I&II, General
Tanker Familiarisation certificate, IGS, COW, Advanced Oil Tanker Operations certificate).
) / (Advanced LPG Tanker Operations certificate).
) / (Advanced
Chemical Tanker Operations certificate).
) (Hazardous Material certificate).
17) .
,
, ( 292 /51) , , .
(6)
.
18) .
4 SOLAS,
, ,
ISM (DOC) , , ,
(SMC) . .
8.7 B H .
.. (MARPOL),
(MARPOL) (SOLAS) ..
(NAT),

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Page 126

126

:
1) .
( )
.
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Kef.8.qxd

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Page 127

127

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Page 128

128

, H, ,
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2) .
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,
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.
3) .
IV SOLAS, 1/2/1999 GMDSS, (), . , . ( ) . (
) ,
(, , ) , .
304/97
(Digital Selective Calling) (INMARSAT C, B, M) EPIRB (COSPASSAR-SAT, INMARSAT E/L-BAND EPIRB)
.

.
4) .
,
100. . ,
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Kef.8.qxd

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Page 129

129

. 971/82
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Kef.8.qxd

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Page 130

130

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Kef.8.qxd

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131

) .
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800, /
683/1960 ( 158) 500 ( /
, / / ,
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/ 150
. .
.
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Kef.8.qxd

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Page 132

132

. .
C. .
D.
.
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, .
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. .
( ), /
:
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D. (COW).
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. .
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Kef.8.qxd

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Page 133

133

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Page 134

134

) .
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.

Kef.8.qxd

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Page 135

135

. (, ),
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Kef.8.qxd

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Page 136

136

.
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. ,
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.
, .
,
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.
8.10 .
, , ,
, . . , .
, , , , .
(Vessel Traffic SystemsVTS)
'50, .
VTS, :

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.

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VTS
, , .
, ,
. VTS,
.
VTS
.
(Vessel Traffic Management and Information SystemVTMIS)
, . ,

Kef.8.qxd

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Page 137

137

(open architecture) ,
,
.
:
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.
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, , .
) YEN .
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,
.
VTS . , VTS.
VTS
, COLREG (1972),
.
To VTMIS ,
VTS , . VTMIS

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-
.
radar. :
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) VHFair band.
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) .
) .
VTS, . ,
VTS.
.

Kef.8.qxd

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Page 138

138

VTS ,
. ,
.
VTMIS, . VTMIS (4) VTS
, , . VTS
, , (10). (5) radar, , VTMIS .
:
) VTMIS.
) VTS (, , , ).
) -radar, (5
), (1 ), (2 ), (3 ).
VTS .
) .
) -
.
) VTMIS .
VTMIS :
) VTS.
) -radar.
) VTMIS .
8.11 T A.
,
. ,
,
.
, (.
1165/1918 73//6-4-1918). , , , .
,

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Kef.8.qxd

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Page 139

139

().
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.
71
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.
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Kef.8.qxd

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Page 140

140

8.12 .
, ,

. ,
.
, . ,
.
136 , ,
. , 1 444/1970
, , ,
.
, 187/1973 () , 136-140
444/1970 :
) . 230/1936
139
, . 6 (1982), 12.
) .
.
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.
8.12.1 .
, 141-157 . :
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Kef.8.qxd

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Page 141

141

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144

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150
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YlikoA.qxd

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151
. (1815)
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( 1841,
1889)
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, .. 1899 1907 . .
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(1922), (1945) (1946) , . , , (1958, 1960, 1982).

. Simon Bolivar , 1880
(1889)
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(1923) (1928) , .
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consensus, .
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YlikoA.qxd

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152
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, (UNIDO)
(UNCTAD), 1961. , . (INMARSAT),

YlikoA.qxd

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Page 153

153
() 1976.
, , , ,
.. - (OPEC).
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. (1856) . , (1648) (1815) .
.
, -
. , ad hoc .

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, , ..
. , (General Agreement on

YlikoA.qxd

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154
Tariffs and TradeGATT) . GATT (1948)
. ,
. GATT ( WTO) .
,
. .
(1948) Bernadotte, ,
Serot, H .
, .

-, .
(implied powers), , , .
() (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentDC).
1961 (Organisation for European Economic Co-operationDC),
1948 ( ).
(Maritime
Transport CommitteeMTC), , .
-
, ,
. , C 1980 (Shipping Policy
PrinciplesOECD). O
- ,
.
TC (1976). (Working Group of Maritime Transport Committee) ,
,
MTC.
(Special Group on International Organisations), -
, UNCTAD
, .
UNCTAD C .
, C,
, : )
( , ). )

YlikoA.qxd

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Page 155

155

, .
) , ,
.
.
(Commission), , .
, .. ILO, (IMF),
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Committee, Trade Union Advisory Committee) ,
.
o
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). ,
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, . 105
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. , (1975) (1964).
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) (responsibility).
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, ). , ..
.
2.1 .
(28/6/1919), (19/9/1919), (27/11/1919), (4/6/1920)
(10/8/1920) ().
, -

YlikoA.qxd

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156
. ,
, .. , ,
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, .
, 1930. ,
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. , (1923)
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, League to enforce Peace
W. Wilson E. Grey. 14
, .
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YlikoA.qxd

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157
- ,
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YlikoA.qxd

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158
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YlikoA.qxd

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159
. .
, Dumbarton Oaks (1944), .
(1945).

. (1941), (1941) , (1942) 26 ,
(1943), (1943), (1943)
(1943), (1945), (1945) (1945),
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3: .
1948 (Convention on IMCO) 4 , (UN), (specialized agencies), (intergovernmental organizations) (non - governmental organizations).

, , ,
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45 57 H , . ,
,
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46 .

(joint working committees).
:
1) (United Nations Environment ProgramUNEP).
H
1972. ,
UNEP
, , , .
, ,
UNEP , .
1976 , UNEP , , .
UNEP IMO ,
,
- .
UNEP 10 ,

YlikoA.qxd

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Page 160

160
, .. , , , ,
. , 17 , , UNEP, 1976,
5 . , (MEDPOL).
2) (United Nations Development Program UNDP).
H
(U.N. Special Fund) (Expanded
Program of Technical Assistance) 1965. UNDP 750
.
,
UNDP. 1976 IMO 1.7 ,
.
(1.6 ). , .
3) (United Nations Education and Scientific Organisation
UNESCO).
UNESCO (IOC), UNESCO
. . IOC
.
IOC, (Global Investigation of Pollution in
the Marine Environment),
(Integrated Global Ocean Station System), . , UNESCO Ramsar,
.
4) (Food and Agriculture OrganisationFAO).
FAO 1945 . . 1963 FAO ECOSOC .
FAO , . 1970 FAO, UNEP, IMO IOC.
. FAO ,
, .
5) (World Meteorological OrganisationWMO).
WMO (International Meteorologi-

YlikoA.qxd

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161
cal Organisation) 1878 .
WMO (1947). , ,
,
.
WMO .
UNEP (Executive
Committee Panel on Meteorological Aspects of Ocean Affairs).
WHO
, .
6) (International Labour OrganisationILO).
ILO 1919,
1946. - 174 ( 2002). ILO . ILO
(International Code for
Seafarers).
ILO (Joint Maritime Committee) . ,
, , , ,
, , .
ILO
IMO/ILO . ILO
:
(1983)
. 62
( 1976) :
) 147 (1976) (Convention concerning
Minimum Standards in Merchant Ships),
( ), .
) 109 (1958), ,
(Convention concerning Wages, Hours of Work on Board Ship and Manning).
) 92 (1949), 133 (1970) (Convention concerning Crew Accommodation on Board Ship).
) 145 (1976) (Convention concerning
Continuity of Employment of Seafarers).
) 108 (1958) (Recommendations on the
Social and Safety Conditions of Seafarers).
7) (Joint
Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine PollutionGESAMP).
1968 , . , FAO, UNESCO WMO. WHO, UNEP . GESAMP
.
. -

YlikoA.qxd

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162
, , .
8) (International Atomic Energy AgencyIAEA).
IAEA 1957
(1953).
.
, IAEA,
SOLAS 1960 1974.
IAEA , '
LDC 1972 (black and grey lists). , IAEA
(Convention Relating to the Liability of Operators of Nuclear Ships,
1962) (IMDG Code).
9) (International Civil Aviation OrganisationICAO).
ICAO 1947 .
, , . (1948)
(1952) .
ICAO .
ICAO
. , (SAR) 1979.
10) (Council of Europe).
1962 , 1967. , , ,

.
11) (General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs GATT).
GATT . 1994 (World Trade
OrganisationWTO). , .
,
.
, - ,
. ,
,
, . ,
, , .

YlikoA.qxd

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163
12) (United Nations Conference on the Law of the
SeaUNCLOS).
UNCLOS 1958 1960 1982 1994 [( . 2321/(1995)]. UNCLOS ,
. ,
,
( ).
13) (United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUNCTAD).
UNCTAD . 1964 . 4
-. ,
,
.
UNCTAD
,
, , ( ) (conferences) ,
(conferences).
UNCTAD ( 1964)
,
. (Law of Comparative
Advantage)
.

, (Liner Conferences)
.
O , UNCTAD 40-40-20,

(conference). ,
, , (40-4020) .
,
,

(barriers to entry). , /
.
, UNCTAD
( )
,
. , -

YlikoA.qxd

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164
, UNCTAD .
(Group of Experts) (
) -. , , .. , ,
(shippers councils).
4: .
,
, ( ) .
. , :
4.1 .
1) (International Chamber of ShippingICS).
ICS ,
. ICS . , ICS
,
.
, , -. , ,
/, , , ,
, .
:
) .
, /,
.
) . .
) . ,
Dover.
2) (Oil Companies International Marine
ForumOCIMF).
1960 ICS . 1970 , OCIMF. 1980, OCIMF 50 ,
80% .
7 (Seven Sisters),
Aramco Consortium Exxon, Texaco, Mobil, Standard of California, Chevron
Shell BP. OCIMF , /.
LNG Standarization of Manifolds for Refrigerated Liquefied
Natural Gas Carriers , Standards for Equipment Employed in the Mooring of Ships at Single Point Moorings.
3) (Protection and Indemnity ClubsP&C).
P&I

YlikoA.qxd

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165
Lloyd's .
(International Union of Marine InsurersIUMI).
IUMI 1874 , , . 1946 .
IUMI , , .
.
4) (International Maritime CommitteeCMI).
CMI 1898 .
, , ,
, .
CMI (
Torrey Canyon 1967).
CMI
.
, Hague-Visby 1971 (
Carriage of Goods by Sea Act) ,
, . 1924. ,
CMI (International Chamber of Commerce) Standing Committee on Maritime
Arbitration (1978), 12 3 .
5) (International Association of Classification Societies IACS).
IACS 1968 , Lloyd's Register of Shipping American Bureau of Shipping,
.
.

, IACS
. CS
(ISO 9001).
, , . MSC MEPC. TSPP 1978 /.
Lloyd's Register of Shipping, Det Norske Veritas, Germanischer Lloyd, Bureau Veritas, American Bureau of Shipping
Registro Italiano Navale.
6) (International Association of Independent
Tanker OwnersINTERTANKO).
INTERTANKO 300 /
, 170 . (DWT) -

YlikoA.qxd

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166
.
.
/ 1930,
'50.
20 / 10
. INTERTANKO
.
INTERTANKO UNCTAD , ,
MARPOL
, .
7) (nternational Organization
of Dry Cargo OwnersIntercago).
Intercargo 1980 .
, , 80 , bulk carriers s. Intercargo
UNCTAD, . , ICS/ISF,
ntertanko BIMCO.
8) (International Cargo Handling Co-ordination Association
ICHA).
ICHA
. ICHA 1951 . 8 .
1973 (TASC),
. , :
,
IUMI ,
,
, ISO containers,
/, , (ship operators, shippers, stevedores terminal managers).
9) .
, ,
. :
) Challenges of Modern Society , .
) (World Bank) (European Investment
Bank),
, .
) Greenpeace.
) (Friends of the Earth).
) (European Environmental Bureau)

YlikoA.qxd

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167
) (HELMEPA).
4.2 .
, , , .
, :
) (), , , , , , .
) (), ,
.
) (), 1936
. .
) , ,
1916 3.000
. 98% 92,5% .

.
) (Greek Shipping Cooperation Committee)
, (1937).
,
(Baltic), , .
) (),
( 1836), ,
, .
) (), 1927
. , ,
, .
) (), :
, ,
, , , .
) () , : , ,
, , , , , , , , , .
4.3 .
('
2.500), , .
:

YlikoA.qxd

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168
1) (Shipownes).
(. , ,
, .), , .
2) E (Shipmanagers).
. ( , , , ..).
.
, 1-150 , 4
, 20 - 7.000 , 4.1.
4.1
.

3) (Brokers).
: (chartering brokers), (cargo brokers), (insurance brokers), (sale and purchase brokers) (supplies & provisions). , . .
4) (Bunkering Companies).
.
. ,
.
5) (Suppliers).
, . , .
, -,
. . , .
6) (Crewing r anning Agencies).
( ) . ( )
. , / .
7) (Cargo Forwarders or Agents).
(.. ) /
(. , ..).
, , -

YlikoA.qxd

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169
, (..
, , , ,
, , ) , , , , .
, ( ) .
5: .
. , ,
, , .. .
, , .
, , , . , , , .
, . (London Dumping Connection LDC) (1972) (dumping)
, .
, , .. (1974), .

, , . , .
, , ,
.
, , ,
.
,
,
.. (1977), , , , , .
. 1992
-
(1972) . , , . -

YlikoA.qxd

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170
, .. (1976), (1974), .
5.1 (1972) (Oslo Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping
from Ships and AircraftsDC).

LDC.
LDC , - ( VIII).
DC
. , ( ) . DC
-. 1989 .
dumping ( ) ODC, LDC (1972),
,
, , , , ,
.
.
, :
) LDC, (black list) - , , , , / ,
(.. , , ). ODC
. , , . ,
.
) (gray list) LDC , , , , , , , , , , , (scrap) (bulky wastes).
, ODC , . ,
( 2.000 ) 150 .

(, ).
) (white list) , , (. 7) .
, . , , .
, (. 15). dumping.
LDC ,
. ODC
-.

. 1989 ODC

YlikoA.qxd

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171

, , 1995
1998. ()
.
, dumping (incineration) .
, , 1991 ODC. , LDC , ,
.
5.2 (1974) (Paris Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Landbased Sources).
.
, , . (1958) , ,

. .
. , (3 )
. , ,
.

.
ODC.
(. 4).
.
:
) (black list) : - , , , (.. ) ( , ).
) (gray list),
, . , ,
(, , , , , ).
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,
, .
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, . , -

YlikoA.qxd

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172
-
, , .
,
. - , ,
, .. 1989, , 50%.
5.3 (1974) (Helsinki Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of
the Baltic Sea Area).
( )
. ,
UNEP. ,
.

. ( IV) , , . MARPOL .
, - (. 7) , .
LDC (1972),
. R. Churchill (The
Law of the Sea, 1992) dumping . D. Johnston

.
, black listed,
(. 9) (dredged spoils),
, . , ,
, / .
LDC ODC.
(. 5 6), , (1974). ,
, . , -
DDT, PCB (.
),
, .

, -

YlikoA.qxd

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173
.

10 , - ,
,
.
5.4 (1976) (Barcelona Convention of the Mediter-ranean against Pollution).
5 . ,
, , .
,
, .. , ,
, . , .
, ,
LDC ,
ODC, .
, . : ... (in conformity) , ,

( 6). .
, , (contingency plans).

(anti-pollution equipment).
, 8 .
(1974) ,
,
. , ,
.
,
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'
/
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, UNEP,
.
, -

YlikoA.qxd

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174
, .
-
.
, , , , , , ( 3).
1994 , .
,
. ,
, . .

(0,04%-0,07%) , (1,2%-1,6%) . , ,
.

, ,
().
, () ( ).
.
,
,
, ( )
.
,
;

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. ,
.
5.5 (1977) (Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage from
Exploration and Exploitation of Seabed Mineral Resources).
(1977) . , , (1982) , .
,

,
.

YlikoA.qxd

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Page 175

175

CLC 1969, . , (..
) ,

5 .
40.000.000 SDR (Special Drawing Rights),
, (
). CLC
(1969), ..
35.000.000 SDR (. 8). I OPOL (Offshore Pollution Liability
Agreement, 1975)

, .
( ),
, ( )
.


, .. .
, ,
:
) (1978)
. 1979
.
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.
) (1981) ,
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.

YlikoA.qxd

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176
) (1986)
.
6: .
.
6.1 .
:
) (1969) (Bonn Agreement for Co-operation in Dealing with Pollution of the
North Sea by Oil)
(English Channel).
, . , -
,
.
, .
.
- -
(. 6). - (.. , ), ,

(. 7). .
, , ,
(1987), (1976) (1974)
(1982). 1983
. (1972) (1974).
1989 , , Piper Alpha (1988) , ,
Anna Broere 1.000 .
) - (1974) (Canada-USA Agreement relating to the Establishment of Joint
Contingency Plans for Spills of Oil and Other Noxious Substances) .
, / ,
1989 280 (supertankers) ,
50% 10 14% 15 .
-
Beaufort, ,
Dixon. . ,
.

YlikoA.qxd

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177
, : , ,
, .. 600 40
. /
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Exxon Valdez (1989) 1990 (Oil Pollution Act),
.
/
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. (Nordic Convention on the Protection of the Environment)
1974.
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.
) , (1976)
.
) (1980) .
) (1983) .
7: .
,
.
7.1 (TOVALOP).
VALOP (Tanker Owners Voluntary Agreement Concerning Liability for
Oil Pollution Damage) 1969
(CLC)
/ (90% ).
, .. , . 100 ,
10 . 1978
160 16,8 .
TOVALOP
CLC . 1986
(TOVALOP Supplement) 1987, :
/ 5.000GRT 3,5 , / 5.000GRT 493 140.000GRT / 140.000GRT
70 . / CRISTAL . (CLC, FUND) TOVALOP
.
TOVALOP .

YlikoA.qxd

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178
.
P&I Tovalop (1979) : , ,
, ,
,
. , .
, .
7.2 (CRISTAL).
, CRISTAL (Contract Regarding an In-terim Supplement to Tanker
Liability for Oil Pollution Damage) 1971 .
TOVALOP .
FUND (1971) . CLC (1969) ( roll back relief). CRISTAL 36 , 72
160 16,8 , . 1986 /
5.000GRT 36 , / 5.000 140.000GRT
733 , / 140.000GRT 135 .
(TOVALOPCRISTAL)
, . (CLC FUND) .
7.3 T A (OSLTF).
PA (1990) ,
OSLTF (Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund),
(USCG) /. :
) 5 , , .
) OPA 1990
.
) / ,
.
)
.
:
) .
) .
) .
) , ,
.
, USCG
(P&I clubs) .

YlikoA.qxd

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179

YlikoB.qxd

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Page 179

179
8: .
,
: , . 4 ,
:
) (bulk cargoes) .
) (break bulk cargoes)
, .
) , .
) (unitized cargoes), , .
8.1 .
, ,

bulk carriers.
1) .
:
) (grains). , , . , SOLAS (. VI) , , ,
, , , .
(stowage factor), (heavy
grain), .. , (light grain), .. , . , .
, . / /.
) (ores). , , .
:
(iron ore), 40%
: , , , , .
(chrome),
, . ,
, .
(manganese ore) . , ,
, , , .
, .
/ , , ,
, . .
, ,
. , , , , , , .. , -

YlikoB.qxd

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180
, , , , . , ,
, , , .
) (coal). , , , . ,
, .
/ Panamax , . , , , . , ,
.
) . ()
, .
, , , ,
.
, . , , . , , .
) . , (forest products) (hardwood), (softwood), (pulpwood), - (sawn lumber), (paper products), (wooden products), (logs). , .
(on deck)
SOLAS LL.
, ( ) .
.
2) .
(general cargoes)
,
, ,
. , , , (, , ).
3) .
, . :
) , .. , ., ,
.
)
, .
) . , (, ) .

YlikoB.qxd

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181
4) .
, .
( ) ( ) :
) ,
,
, , .
. .. 4.000 TEU 70%, 2.800 TEU,
15 42.000 [ TEU 20 ( 8x8x20 )].
)
, , , .
) (liners) .
,
. ,
,
:
) (, , , ).
) ( 1 - 20 ).
) ( 8x8x20 8x8x40 30 ).
) .
) .
, (unitisation)
(contairisation),
, .
1960 ,
, (turn
round),
(turn around).
, ( ),
( ) , , ( Container 25 . , 400 TEU 16 .
15 ,
6000 16 ).
, ,
, ,
, .. -

YlikoB.qxd

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182
.
, , . ,
7 .
, , :
) 600 1000 TEU ( ) 120 - 200 .
) 1100 1800 TEU, 200 - 250 .
) 1900 2800 TEU, 250 -290 .
) 2900 3800 TEU, 290 .
) 4500 TEU.
Panamax, . ,
, ,
:
) ( ).
) .
) .
) . 25 .
8.2 .
5 :
) (crude oil).
) (products).
) (liquid gases).
) (chemicals).
) .
8.3 ( ). ,
. , ,
.
,
(flashpoint) / .
. , . (. ) , , . , , ,
.
, .. ( )
/.
, .
8.3 .
,

YlikoB.qxd

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183
, . (, , , ).
9 DG .
, , :
) ( ).
) .
) ,
.
, .
IMDG :
1:
, .
2: . , ,
.
3: .
, , .. , , ,
610 C (1410 F) , 65.600
C , . : ) ( 3.1), ) ( 3.2) ) ( 3.3).
4: . , . : )
( 4.1), ) ( 4.2) )
( 4.3).
5: . / , . : )
( 5.1) ) ( 5.2).
6: .
: ) , ( 6.1) )
( 6.2).
7: . 0,002 micro-curie.
, (),
() ().
8: . ,

.
9: . ,
.
, .

, .. . :
) ADR (Accord Dangereux Routier) (
).

YlikoB.qxd

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184
) IATA (International Air Transport Association
).
) IMDG .
,
, , , .. . , .. , .
.
, -.
329/1983
, ,
: 1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6.
( : , ,
).
1650/1986 2 :
, , , , , , , ,
,
, .

99,9% : ( 5
IMDG ).
1) .
:
) (.. angas, turbo fuel, gasoline, white spirits, kerozene,
gas oil, marine diesel oil, fuel oil, vaporation oil, power formed feed virgin nartha .).
,
100 , 40 , .
140 , . API (American Petroleum Institute) 10,2
API GR ( BOSCAN ) 44,5 API
GR ( AGIP 100 ).
, . 1.415 . 1995
7.375 . .
, . .
: , . , , , , .

() ().
, ,
, . :
: , (spreading, evaporation, dispersion), , .
: (emulsification and tar lumps), (film) ,

YlikoB.qxd

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185
.
: , (chemical biodegradation and sedimentation), ,
,
.
( , ),
(
)
. / (.. 1927
177 . , 1968 2 . ).
)
(390 ). 173 MARPOL, 4 :
(12 ). , .. , .
(32 ). , , .. , .
(66 ). , , .. , .
(63 ). ,
, , .. , .
) , . , , , , ,
(, ), (, , ) .
2) .
, ,
, .

. , , ,
. : , , ,
. ,
, , , .. , , .
,
, , . 5 :
, , , , . , , .
, ,
. , ,
, , .
, , , . , , .
, . , .

YlikoB.qxd

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186
, ,
, , .
3) .

, .. , , ,
, .. , , RR, Lo-Lo, . :
) , .
,
.
) ( ).
) .
) .
) , , , , .
) , , .
) .
) .
) .
) .
9: , .
.
9.1 .
, , . .
, ,
.
, .
, (.
, ), .
. 80% , ,
.
. ,
, .
,
, ( , ,
.). ,
, , ..
, -

YlikoB.qxd

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187
. 2020.
:
) . /
(. ,
), . ,
, .
LORAN-C
, . ,
, DECCA OMEGA.
, , SOLAS
1974 .
, , . GPS

DGPS .
.
(radar),
, . ,
ARPA (nti-Collision Radar Plotting Aid), ,
.
, GPS ,
. ,
,
.
) .
(..

), ,
, , ,
.
,
,
,
. , ,

.
,
, .
, .. .

.
) .
(, ), , / , ,
, .
-

YlikoB.qxd

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188
, ,
,
, ,
.
,
(remote control), (alarm systems), (simulators).
, . ,
, ,
.
9.2 .
/ , ,
.
,
.. , , , , , .
,
( , ).

, , .
ISO 9001
, , .
/ . .
. / .
, ISM (1994)
STCW 1995
, , , ,
.
, , , (EDI, TDI),
(e-mail, e-voice) (video conferences)
(INTERNET), ,
.

, (.. , ,
), ,
, , .

YlikoC.qxd

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189

MARPOL 1993 SOLAS 1994 , .
, .. . , .

/ Braer (1993). , , .
, .
. e-mail, e-voice . /
, .
, , . ,
,
.
Australasian S.N. v. Morse, , 45 . , .
Lloyd's 23/12 ( ) 26/12 (
). 23 ,
900 .
, (, ), .
.
.
SOLAS ( 1988),
, . GMDSS 1/2/1999 /, .
, ,
, .. SOS,
(EPIRB), .
GMDSS INMARSAT-C
, .
INMARSAT-B, M, mini M , ,
, .
9.3 .
,

YlikoC.qxd

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190
, , , , ..
, , /
.
, ,
,

.
,
, , .
,
, .
10: 1990.
Exxon Valdez (1989) Bush
(1990) Oil Pollution ActPA , . OPA
/ (37.500 ) , / Amoco
Cadiz (220.000 ) (1978). OPA :
) / DH DB
) .
(TSPP) 1978
/ / , , .
.
.
OPA '90 ,
. / OPA MARPOL 13F
13G, /. ,
, OPA 1990.
15
, . OPA 1990 ,
.
,
,
, ( ) .
, OPA 1990 .
(title IV) (Vessel Traffic Services)

.

YlikoC.qxd

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191
(), ,
, ,
, .
Exxon Valdez OPA , .
1986-1990 17.000,
753 387.404
. 95% 100 , 9 (1,2%) 700 Mega Borg (12.500
, 1990) Exxon Valdez (37.500 ).
10.1 OPA 1990.
( MARPOL
1992, OPA
1990), , PA
/, DH / DB /
, .. . :
) ( 1/1/94) 5.000 GRT
/ .
1/1/2015.
) 5.000 GRT DH DB.
1/1/2015 Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP)
60 . , (USCG)
. , ..
LOOP, ,
, , .. , , .
) 5.000 GRT
DH/DB 1995, . 1995
28 2010 23 . DB/DH 5 .
DH/DB /,
. DH
DB , DH/DB , .
, ,
.
, , .
DH/DB (transfer system).

1980, , -

YlikoC.qxd

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192
, .
, (Germanischer Lloyd)
, 2-3
/ 4 /. 7,3 /, 6 . DH/DB,
MARPOL,
.
/ (low impact),
/. (strong impact),
, .. Amoco Cadiz (1978)
, . Braer (1993), Lloyd's
, , . , : /
. .
/ . :
) / , , 1.200
10.000 .
) .
,
.
)
.
) , , .
, (ABS), /
, ,
.
, .
, . .
10.2 MARPOL OPA 1990.
MARPOL
. , MARPOL .
, OPA 1990 .
/
DH/DB. , / ,
.

YlikoC.qxd

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193
OPA 1990 ,
MARPOL (1992), DH/DB. , TSPP (1978),
.
,
.
, ,
DH/DB , MARPOL
, DB . ,
/ DH/DB
. OPA '90
13F 13G MARPOL :
) / DH/DB , MARPOL
5.000DWT.
) MARPOL , .. mid-deck /, DH/DB ,
OPA .
, MARPOL OPA, .
16 MARPOL, .
- MARPOL;
, -
MARPOL, . ,
, 1/3 - 50% . , 13F 13G 1992 1/3 -
. , .
MARPOL ,
120 .
(1973), (1978). , , MEPC.
(1948)
- MARPOL.
- .
18 (1969),
, .
11: .
() :
) (1963),
.
) (1976), .
) (1976), .
) (1974),
.
) (1980),
.
) (1983),
.

YlikoC.qxd

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194
) (1983), .
) (1983),
.
) (8/10/90), , , ,
(23/2/93).
, ,
.
:
(76/464/) 4/5/1976
.
(86/280/) 12/6/1986

76/464.
(79/116/) , (79/1034/) 6/12/1979 / . 1 :
/ ,
.
(82/452/) 1/7/1982 ,
21/12/1978

6/12/1979, . ( (90) 452 31.10.90)
. (24/3/78) / Amoco Cadiz .
/ /
50
, .
/ 7
.
(80/686/) 25/6/1980
/ Amoco Cadiz
. (85/208/)
25/3/1985 (87/144/)
.
(81/420/)
(81/971/)
.
(86/85/)
(88/346/) 16/6/1988. :
-

.
/ Aegean Sea (1992) (72.000 )

YlikoC.qxd

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195
Braer (1993) (85.000 )
.
- E ,
/ . , / , .
.
, / , /
1990. ,
(450 ), / 70.000 ,
/.
1993, ,
. , /
, .
:
) / 10 (

).
) (substandard vessels).
.
) .
CLC FUND .
) .
/
10
( 10-15%
, ).
.

:
) / DH/DB ,
/.
)
.
) 4 ( ), (
), ( ) ( ).
) .
)
.
- STCW 1978

YlikoC.qxd

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196
, CLC 1969 FUND 1971
, SAR 1989 OPRC 1990.
,
(MOU 1928), ,

(VTS), (GMDSS) .
OPA 1990 DH/DB /. 1970 1980, / (single bottom),
.
/, .. Exxon Valdez, Nagasaki Spirit (1992).
o /
.
,
/. Financial Times ,
/ Khark-5 (1989)
, / .
, A 14/7/92
, ,
- ( ). , ( ) , .
, .
,

.
. :
- , , . , ,
- .
12: .
.
(). . , , , ,
( ). ,
,
.
,

YlikoC.qxd

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197
, . ,

. , , .
, ()
(),
:
) 4529/66 ( 154 27.7.66), OILPOL 1954 MARPOL 73/78.
) 314/76 ( 106 5.5.76), CLC 1969
. ,
666/82 494/89.
98/90
.
) 468/76 ( 302)
, . ,
, ,
, , .

.
) 786/1978. - ,

.
) 743/77 ( 319 17.10.77), 55/98 24 XI
OILPOL 1954. , ,
MARPOL 73/78.
1 2, , ,
, , . 11-14 , , , , , 18
.
181051/2079/14.12.78 181051/536/2.3.80 . /
, .
.
, , , 181051/559/31.3.80
181051/1985/10.10.80 .

YlikoC.qxd

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198
) 855/78 ( 235/23.12.78),
.
) 1147/81 ( 110/18.4.81), . 3221.2/2/91-12/3/91 .
) 1267/82 ( 85/5.7.82)
(1979) .
) 1269/82 ( 89/21.7.82), MARPOL 1973 1978.
404/ 7.11.86 ,
254/89 46/92 13 13
MARPOL.
A 181053 900/83/19.4.83
/ , 181053/201/84 (CBT) , 181053 /96/84
(COW), 205/183571/87
195/183570/87
, 3231.2/17/92 .
) 1634/86 ( 104/86),
(1980) (1982).
) 1638/86 ( 108/86), FUND
. 747/ 183507/87.
) 1650/86 ( 160/16.10.86), .

.
, , . ,
25.10.90 ( 678) .
, ( ), . :
,
( 4 ).
.
. 90
,
.
) 2252/94 ( 192/18.11.94), , (OPRC 1990),
.
) 2289/95 ( 27 /08.02.95) , .
12.1
, /.

267,801

1974

1979

1974

1971

1968

1959

N/A (*)

1973

1965

1978

N/A

ABT Summer

Castillo de Bellver

Amoco Cadiz

Odyssey

Sea Star

Torrey Canyon

Texaco Denmark

Urquiola

Hawaiian Patriot

Independenta

Julius Schindler

12,821
(GRT)

152,408

99,447

111,225

18.03.67

19.12.72

10.11.88

11.02.69

15.11.79

23.02.77

12.05.76

16.03.78

06.08.83

125,424
07.12.71
(GRT) (**)

118,285

122,230

138,392

237,439

N/A

N/A

94,000

95,000

95,000

100,000

104,000

119,000

121,000

132,000

221,000

252,000

260,000

287,000

()

/ Evrialy.
(42) . /
.

1 .

/. . .

. / /.

,
( OILPOL
CLC, FUND INTERVENTION).

/ Horta Barbosa, 12 .

27 (15
12 ).

SBT, COW, IGS / 20,000

DWT ( MARPOL SOLAS).

/ 3 .

/, 5 .

/ Aegean Captain.
( )
.

10:57

28.05.91 .

19.07.79

29/9/2008

271,540

297,361

1974

Atlantic Empress

DWT

12.1
.

YlikoC.qxd
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199

1966

1975

1965

1975

1973

1993

1966

1975

1965

1955

1964

1966

1968

Jakob Maersk

Braer

Irenes Serenade

Khark 5

Aegean Sea

Sea Empress

Katina P.

Nova

Epic Colocotronis

Sinclair Petrolore

Assimi

Yuyo Maru No.10

Metula

210,719

53,684

59,032

56,089

65,673

239,435

69,992

147,273

114,036

284,632

09.08.74

09.11.74

07.01.83

06.12.60

13.05.75

06.12.85

17.04.92

15.02.96

03.12.92

19.12.89

23.02.80

51,000

52,000

53,000

56,000

58,000

69,000

70,000

72,000

73,000

80,000

82,000

85,000

88,000

.

/ 80,000 DWT 50 .

/ Pacific Ares. 5
/
.

/
.

. /.

.
scrap .

. /.

. .

( ).

/ DH/DB / MD-
( MARPOL, 13F 13G).

. Exxon Valdez .

. 2
.

/ DH/DB / MD-
(
MARPOL, 13F 13G).

6
.

10:57

105,460

05.01.93

29.01.75

29/9/2008

89,730

89,412

YlikoC.qxd
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200

1973

1970

1959

1958

1967

1958

1969

N/A

1963

1956

1972

1975

1957

1957

1976

Haven

Andros Patria

World Glory

Br. Ambassador

Pericles G.C.

Mandoil II

Gino

Ennerdale

Burmah Agate

Wafra

Tadotsu

J. A. Lavalleja

Napier

Saint Peter

Thanassis A

38,877

20,678
(GRT)

39,180

131,663

132,000

50,560

62,663

N/A

50,000

25,313
GRT

60,044

45,650

28.12.80

21.10.94

11.06.72

09.06.73

Brittany coast

.
/

07.12.1978

27.02.71

01.11.79

01.06.70

28.04.79

29.02.68

09.12.83

10.01.75

14.06.68

N/A

N/A

37,000

38,000

38,000

39,000

40,000

40,000

41,000

41,000

42,000

42,000

44,000

45,000

46,000

48,000

50,000

Teresa. 16
.

. /.
.

. .

. /.

. /.

. .

/ Mimosa . 32 .

/ . . .

/ Team Castor .

/ Suwaharu Maru. 11 .

. .

. /.

25 .
.

28 2 .

/. 6 . /

.
- 1980-88.

10:57

47,179

31.12.78

11.04.91

29/9/2008

222,173

232,164

YlikoC.qxd
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201

1963

1975

1976

1956

1957

1953

1964

Corinthos

Athenian Venture

Brazilian Marina

Irenes Challenge

Trader

Chryssi

I. Angelicoussis

67,000

19,183
GRT

34,545

33,253

319,226

31,000

54,988

214,861

16.08.79

26.12.70

11.06.72

18.01.77

10.01.78

21.04.88

31.01.75

24.03.89

(*) / = not available ( ).

(**) GRT, .

31,000

33,000

34,000

34,000

35,000

35,000

36,000

37,000

3 1
. ,
1984, 1985 MARPOL.

21 . /
.

. 100 .. .

/
(TSPP) 1978 MARPOL SOLAS.

(25) . /
.

26 / / Edgar M. Queeny
.

/ DH/DB ,. ( OPA 1990).

10:57

: Hooke N. (1997), REMPEC (2000), ITOPF (1999), Atlas of the Oceans (1983).
: A.B. (2002)

1986

29/9/2008

Exxon Valdez

YlikoC.qxd
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202

YlikoC.qxd

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203
13: STCW/95.
- , , . ,
,
, ,
2.
( 3) ( 4).
1

VHF, ,
. , , ,

, -11/1 .

, ,
, ,
. .
,
2 -/2 3.000GT 500GT 3000GT.
, ,

, 2 , .
13.1
500GT .
() , . , :
1) , .
2) , : , ,
, , , , .
3) , , , , -

YlikoC.qxd

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204
. (ECDIS)
.
4) .
5)
.
6) , ,
.
7) . .
8) ,
. , .

: 1) ,
2) , 3) , , 4) . , , ,
, , , , , .
:
1) , .
.
2)
.
3) .
4)
.
5) .
6) -
.
7) .
8) .
9)
, , .
10)
. .
, .
, :
1) : , .
2) .
3) .
4) .

YlikoC.qxd

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205
,
.
ARPA . ARPA . .
, ,
, :
, ,
, , ., (racons)
.
,
:
1) , ,
, .
2) , , , .
3) .
4) .
5) .
ARPA,

ARPA. :
1) ,
.
2) .
3) .
4) ,
.
5) , , .
:
1) , . .
2) , .
3) .
4)
.
5) , .
6)
.
7) /
.
8)
.
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10) .

YlikoC.qxd

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206
, :
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.

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YlikoC.qxd

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207
, ,
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.
,
.
, o .
. MARPOL.
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,
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.
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, .


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,

, , .

STCW/95.
.
, :
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2) , , ,
, EPIRBS SARTS, .
3) .

STCW/95.
:

YlikoC.qxd

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208
1) ,
2) ,
.
,
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STCW/95 ( -VI/4 1 3). , .
, ,
MARPOL SOLAS .
.
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YlikoC.qxd

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209
:
1) .
2) , , .
3) ,
, , , ,
.
:
, , : 1) , ALMANAC,
, , , 2) , ( , , , , ) 3) , DECCA, LORAN,
.
:
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:
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YlikoC.qxd

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210
2) .
3) , , ,
, ,
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5) .
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:
1)
.
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.
3) .

, .
,
.

, ARPA ARPA
ARPA.
. ,
:
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.
4) .

ARPA.
: 1) O
ARPA 2) .

:
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YlikoC.qxd

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211
navtex.
2) , , .
3) .
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5) .

.
:
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, , (crash stop).
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4)
, ,
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212
5) (
).
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(VTS).

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213
, , :
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YlikoC.qxd

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214
3) .

: , ,
.
:
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2) .
, . :
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2) LL.
3) SOLAS.
4) MARPOL.
5) .
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.
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.

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YlikoC.qxd

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215

:
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.

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.

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:
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4) .

.
, .
14: ISM.
ISM (SOLAS, MARPOL STCW)
.
, , . ISM
(MOU) DOC SMC .
, ISM
, ,
.
1. ISM, ,
SMS, ,
, ( ), (. 1.4).

YlikoC.qxd

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216
, , .
2. (. 2).

,

. , ,
SMS.
3. (DPA) SMS
(. 3), (. 4).
DPA

.
4. ,
(. 5)
(. 6.1.3). , SMS (.
6.1.2)
(. 6.3).
5 6
.
5. SMS (. 6.5) (. 6.6).
SMS

.
6. ,
(. 8).
,
.
7. SMS ,
,
(. 9).
, , ..
, ,
. ,
.
(near-miss situations).
8. .
SMS (. 10).
.
9.
(.
12) (. 12.4).

.

YlikoC.qxd

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217
10. DOC
,
(. 13.2).

. 4.1 IX SOLAS. acting on behalf of
SOLAS at the request of.
Supplemental Guidelines to Administrations on Auditing
and Certification of Companies Operating Multi-Flagged Fleets.
, ..
.
11. DOC (. 13.1).
, .
12. SMC
SMS (. 13.4).
certifying authorities. .
.
15: ISM.
1) .
, ,
. - (1971/1992),

.
, ,
.
:
) .
)
.
)
, .
, ,
, ..
.

, ..
. ,
.
:
) Hong Kong v. Kawasaki (1962), .

YlikoC.qxd

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218
) McIver v. Tate (1903),
.
) Kish v. Taylor (1912),
.
,
(1924) - (1971/1992). :
III . 1: The carrier shall be bound before and at the beginning of the voyage, to exercise due
diligence to- (a) make the ship seaworthy (b) properly man, equip, and supply the ship (c) make the holds,
refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their
reception, carriage and preservation.

( ), . ,
,
, ,
.
IV . 1: Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be liable for loss or damage arising or resulting
from unseaworthiness unless caused by want of due diligence on the part of the carrier to make the ship seaworthy .... whenever loss or damage has resulted from unseaworthiness, the burden of proving the exercise of
due diligence shall be on the carrier or other person claiming exception under this article.
,
.
IV . 2: Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be responsible for loss or damage arising from ....
any other cause arising without the actual fault or privity of the carrier, or without the fault or neglect of the
agents of the carrier, but the burden of proof shall be on the person claiming the benefit of this exception to
show that neither the actual fault or privity of the carrier nor the fault or neglect of the agents of the carrier
contributed to the loss or damage.
without the fault or neglect

.
, .
(1974) II, ,
:
5 ( ): The carrier is liable for loss resulting from loss or damage to the goods, as well
as from delay in delivery, if the occurrence which caused the loss, damage or delay took place while the goods
were in his charge as defined in article 4, unless the carrier proves that he or his agents took all measures that
could reasonably be required to avoid the occurrence and its consequences.
,
. , ,

.
,

. , ,
,
, , .
ISM .
. , , , .

YlikoC.qxd

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219
, :
SMS; ; ; SMS .
, . 1
, , want of due diligence IV . 1.1. SMS
, .. The Toledo (1995) ,
.
. .
, The Muncaster Castle (1961)
, ,
. , , .
ISM. Alfred Toepfer v. Tossa Marine (1984)
ITF.
SMS .
.
McFadden v. Blue Star Line (1905)
, . .

, .
2) .
/ . , , ,
.

ISM :
) (1957) .
) LLMC (1976) .
) PAL (1974) .
) (1924) - (1971/1992).
) CLC (1969) .
) FUND (1971)
.
) OPA (1990).
( , , ,
), actual fault or
privity of the owner .

YlikoC.qxd

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220
owner
,
alter ego , .. . , , .. DPA port
captain superintendent,
'
.
The Marion (1984)
. .


.
The Eurysthenes (1976) privity
.
.
, LLMC.
,
(. 4). actual fault
personal act or omission. , personal, -.

DOC. ,
, .. DPA.
, ,
, , .
, .. negligent superintendent
4,
DPA .
.
(. 9, 10 11), ,
,
, .
, ISM 1957
1976, .
,
, .
, SMS,
.

.
.
183 : the liability of the

YlikoC.qxd

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221
shipowner, whether american or foreigner . without the privity or knowledge.

, (bareboat charterer) . , DPA
actual or constructive knowledge or privity.
, /.
CLC (1969), ( 1984 1992).
V.1 V.2 : the shipowner will be entitled to limit his liability in respect of
any incident to an aggregate amount as follows (a) 3 million units of account for a ship not exceeding 5000 units
of tonnage, (b) for ships with excess tonnage thereof, for each additional unit, 420 units of account in addition
to the amount mentioned before, (c) provided that this aggregate amount should not exceed in any event 59.7
million units of account. It then goes on to follow the wording of the 1976 convention about the break of limitation due to personal act or omission ... with intent to cause ... or recklessly would probably result.
CLC

, ,
, . ,
LLMC (1976).
OPA (1990), 1004 (c) : the limits of liability do not apply where the incident
of oil pollution was approximately caused by the gross negligence or wilful misconduct of, or violation of
an applicable federal safety construction or operating regulation by the responsible party. The latter phrase
has not been determined yet by the courts.

,
, . ,
(gross
negligence) (wilful misconduct) ,
.
/ Brightfield,
. ,
.
. ,
,
.
3) .
,
. Marine Insurance Act (1906) 39 (1), (4) (5)
:
in a voyage policy there is an implied warranty that at the commencement of the voyage the ship shall be
seaworthy for the purpose of the particular adventure insured.

YlikoC.qxd

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222
a ship is deemed to be seaworthy when it is reasonably fit in all respects to encounter the ordinary perils
of the adventure insured.
in a time policy there is no implied warranty that the ship shall be seaworthy at any stage of the adventure, but where, with the privity of the assured, the ship is sent to sea in an unseaworthy state, the insurer is
not liable for any loss attributable to unseaworthiness.
.
, , , .

. . , , , .. .
Thomas v. Tyne and Wear Steamship (1917) . , :

.
. .
.
39 (5) MIA (1906) The Star Sea (1995)
ISM, , .
. . ,

. , .
,
.
,


. ,
.
, ' DPA,

DOC. ,

.

ISM. ITCHulls (1983). 1995
39 (5) ( 4.1 4.2) :
It is the duty of the assured, owners and managers at the inception of and throughout the period of this
insurance to ensure that: any recommendations required or restriction imposed by the vessel's classification

YlikoC.qxd

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223
society which relate to the vessel's seaworthiness or to her maintenance in a seaworthy condition are complied
with by the dates required by that society.
In the event of a breach of the duties set out in clause 4.1 above, unless the underwriters agree to the contrary in writing, they will be discharged from liability under this insurance as from the date of the breach provided that if the vessel is at sea at such date the underwriters' discharge from liability is deferred until arrival
at the next port.

,
, ,
.

.
17 MI , . , 18 (1) (2) :
Subject to the provisions of this section, the assured must disclose to the insurer, before the contract is
concluded, every material circumstance which is known to the assured, and the assured is deemed to know
every material circumstance which, in the ordinary course of business, ought to be known by him. If the
assured fails to make such disclosure, the insurer may avoid the contract.
Every circumstance is material which would influence the judgment of a prudent insurer in fixing the premium, or determining whether he will take the risk.
, Associated Oil Carriers v. Union Insurance Society of Canton (1917)
British and Foreign Marine Insurance v. Samuel Sanday (1916)
31 1914 ,
, .

18 (3)
() , () , () () .
, , .
SMS
, , .
ISM , .
, .


. ,

.
.
,

. ,
.

YlikoC.qxd

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224
16: ISM.

, , . ,
-.
ISM ,
, .
(Formal Safety AssessmentFSA)
(Human Reliability AnalysisHRA), / ISM.
,
FSA HRA. -
() (). .
. ,
( )
.
16.1 ISM , ,
.
, (),
SMS. , . ,
. , () DOC SMC . SMS
.
1) H FSA.
FSA ,


. :
) .
,
.
) .
, ,
( ).
) .
.
.
) -.
-.
) .
,

.

29/9/2008

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225

2.
.
3. .
4. .

5. .

6. .

8.

7.

.
10.

.

9.
, .

12. , .

1. .

11. .

YlikoC.qxd

16.1
ISM.
2) HRA.
, (quantitative risk assessment - QRA)
, , . FSA HRA.
HRA , , .
FSA, HRA
(Human Error ProbabilitiesHEP's)
. HRA,
FSA, , HRA
FSA, .
3) ISM FSA HRA.
ISM 7 . ,
8 , , , -.
,
.
ISM
, -

YlikoC.qxd

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226
, . FSA HRA, ISM .
16.2 ISM, FSA
STCW, SOLAS MARPOL . FSA ,
ISM . , 5, 6 ,8 10 , 7, 8 9 FSA,
(Hardware), (Software) - (Humanware).
ISM Code

MARPOL

STCW

SOLAS

ISM Code

.
.
.

.
.
. .
. (-) (-) . .
. E
. .
.
. .
.
. A A .
.
. E
.
.
.
. A -

(Humanware)

(Softaware)

(Hadware)

, .

. .
.
.
. A,
.
. .

16.2
MARPOL, STCW, SOLAS
ISM FSA HRA.
17:
.
ISO 9000 , . . , ISO 9001 ISO 9002,
,
.
.
ISO 9001/9002 . 6.5 ,
.
. .

YlikoC.qxd

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227
ISO 14000.
. 4.3.6:
. , 4.3.7:
,
.
,
. , .
,
,
.
, , ,
,
.

.
. , .
.
,
, ,
,
, .

, ,
,

.
(. 17.1), :
, , .
17.1
.
: .
/ ( , , , , .).

/ .

YlikoC.qxd

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228

.
/

: .
.

: , ,
, , , , , , , .

.
: .

.

,
.

,
.

: ) ) ) .
18: .
1999/63/ , 21 1999 , (ECSA) , - ,

YlikoC.qxd

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Page 229

229
30 2002. , ,
, -
. :
) :
14 24
72 .
) :
10 24
77 .
,
, 14 . , ,

,
.
, , ,
:
)
.
)
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,
.
,
. ,
.

,
. , .
1999/95/ , 13
1999,
, .
( . L 167 02/07/1999 . 0033 - 0037)
:
1 , , 30 1998,
.
2 ( ) :
) -
.
)
, - /
, , , -

YlikoC.qxd

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Page 230

230
, .
3 () :
) - ,
30 2002 , , ,
. .
) 1, -
. -.
4 () -.

:
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) ,
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, .
)
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-.
.
2 :
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) .
) ,
,

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3 5, , , , .
4 5,
, , . - ,
,
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5 :
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:
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:
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YlikoD.qxd

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Page 231

231
) ,
, 14 .
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,
.
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:

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) , 7,
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6 18 .
, 9 5 ..
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.
.

YlikoD.qxd

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Page 232

232
5, 8.
) '
.
9 , 8,
, , .
10 :
) , , , ,
, .
) , ,
,
.
) , , , , .
11 16 .
12
,
. , .
13 :
) ,
.
, , .
. , , , , .
) , 1,
.
.
14
, .
15 , . .
16 ' , ,
/ . ' , .
19: 92/29/ .
(
). 118A E E -
,
, .

YlikoD.qxd

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Page 233

233
, N. 1568/85, ,
. H
, , .

, : , , .
92/29/ 1992, , ,
,
. , 10 19.1.
19.1
92/29/.
1: .
2: .
3: .
4: .
5: .
6: .
7: .
8: .
9: .
10: .
: (. 1, ).
: .
: 150 .
: .
: (. 1, ).
.
.
.
: (. 1, . 3, 1).
V: (. 2, 1,

. 3, 3).
: .
: .
: .
V: (. 5 3) .

20: .
, ,
. 5, . 2 :
.
-

YlikoD.qxd

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234
,
, ,
. '
.
, , :
) 3816/1958 .
) 187/1973 ( 261/73) .
() , , , - , ,
, , .
20.1 , , .
, ,
, , , ,
.
:
) :
( ) (Pilots with supplements).
( ,
) (Lists of radio signals).
, ( , , ) (List of Lights).
(Tide Tables).
(Nautical Almanac).
(Mariners Handbook).
(Ship Captain's Medical Guide).
(Norie's Nautical Tables).
( ) (International Code of Signals).
(MERSAR manual).
(Code of safe Working Practices for Merchant Seamen).
(Bridge Procedures Guide).
- (Guide to helicopter - ship operations).
(Peril at sea and salvage).
(Ship's routeing with ammendments).
(Malacca Strait's Guide
for draught Restricted ships).
(IMDG Code with supplement).
- (The Master's role in collecting
evidence).
(Maritime Labour Convention & Recommendations).
(Safe Mooring of large ships at piers and
sea islands).
) , () :
/ (Clean seas Guide for oil Tankers).

YlikoD.qxd

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235
(Dedicated clean ballast tanks).
/ (International Safety guide for
oil tankers and terminals).
[Ship to ship transfer guide (petroleum)].
(Inert Gas Systems).
) A , :
/ [anker Safety guide (Chemicals)].
(Index of dangerous chemicals carried in bulk).
/ (International Safety guide for
oil tankers and terminals).
) A , :
(Code of safe practice for solid
bulk cargoes).
(Code of safe practice for
ships carrying timber deck cargoes).
) A , :
(The oil and gas dictionary).
(he oil rig mooring handbook).
(he Tugs-Towboats-Towing book).

, . , .. /,
. : (, , ),
(, , , , ),
(, , , ), (, , , ),
( ), ( ,
, ), (,
), ( liner, tramp,
), ( , ,
), (, , ),
(handysize, handymax, panamax, capesize, VLCC, ULCC) , ( , , , / , ).

(. ,
) , ,
(SM MANUAL, SOPPEP VRP).
/ - .
20.2 .
,
, ,
(. 20.1),
, , .

:
) ( ), ,
(, , , , .), ,
, .
) , -

YlikoD.qxd

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236

20.1
: (, , ) ( ,
---, , , , ,
, ).
) , :
,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , .
) , : ,
, , , .
) ( )
, , , , .
) ,
(
).
) , ,
, , (),
, .
) , , , ,
.
) , COW, IGS, Oil
Discharging Monitor, , , .
) , ,
(, , ) .
) , -

YlikoD.qxd

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237
(.. ), (..
), (.. )
, , , ..
21: .
1) .
, ,
: .
) / 500.
1. . 2. . 3.
(). 4. . 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. . 9. ( 300-500). 10. ( 400-500). 11. . 12. (). 13. . 14. .
) / 500.
14 / : 15. ( / 150). 16. . 17. .
) / / - / .
1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. . 7.
( / 100). 8. . 9. . 10. (
/ 100 ). 11. . 12. . 13. .
14. . 15. . 16. .
) / 500.
1. . 2. . 3. / . 4. / . 5. ( / 1600) ( /
1600) ( / GMDSS). 6. . 7. . 8. . 9. (IOPPC). 10. .
11. . 12. . 13. . 14. . 15. . 16. . 17. . 18.
/. 19. . 20. .
) / 500.
20 / : 21. .
) / 500.
21 / : 22. .
) (/) .
1. . 2. . 3. . 4. ( / 100.). 5. . 6.
.
) / - .
1. . 2. . 3. / .
4. . 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. . 9. . 10. . 11. . 12. -

YlikoD.qxd

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238
. 13. . 14. /T. 15. .
16. .
) (/-/) 438/76.
1. . 2. . 3. (). 4. /- -.
5. . 4 . 5 12 . 6
. 438/76. 1599/86 . 6. ( ). 7. . 8. . 9 (). 10. .
) (/) .
1. . 2. . 3. .
4. ( / 100). 5. . 6. . 7. ( / 400). 8. ( / 100
). 9. ( / 300). 10.
, ,
. 11. . 1599/86
/ .
.
2) .
, ,
:
) / 500.
1. . 2. . 3. HULL MACHINERY 4. . 5. ( / 300-500). 6. . 7. ( / 400-500). 8. . 9. ( / 400 -500). 10. . 11. . 12. .
, , , , . 13.
( ). 14. . 15. (). 16.
. 17.
, . 18. / ( crew list ). 19. .
) / 500.
19 :
20. ( 150 - 500). 21. . 22. .
) / 500.
1. . 2. . 3. / . 4. / . 5. ( / 1600) ( /
1600) ( / GMDSS). 6. . 7. . 8. . 9. . 10. . 11.
. 12. . 13. . 14.
( , , , , -, , ). 15. ( ). 16. /
( ). 17. . 18.

YlikoD.qxd

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239
. 19. ,
, . 20. .
) / 500.
20 / : 21. . 22.
.
) / 500.
22 / : 23. .
) / .
1 . 2. . 3. /
. 4. . 5. . 6.
. 7. . 8.
. 9. . 10. . 11. . 12. . 13. ( , , -, , , ).
14. /. 15. . 16. . 17.
.
) / .
1. ( ).
2. . 3. (, ,
, , , ). , , , , , . 4.
. 5. ().
.
3) .
500,
,
, .
,
.
(/)
. 3237/19-2-1985 /) , Salvage Assosiation
. ,
, , , .
/ / , , (..
, , , ..)
/ (). , / , .
. 24710/ 28-09-1987 / :
) : .
1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. ( /). 6. ( /). 7. . 8. (
). 9. . 10.

YlikoD.qxd

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240
. 11. . 12. .
) :
.
1. . 2. . 3. . 4. ( /). 5. ( /). 6. . 7. , . 8. . 9.
. 10. ,
. 11. .
) : /-/ .
1. ()
, . 2.
,
. 3. . 4. ,
, , . 5. . 6.
. 7. . 8. . 9.
.
) IV: .
1. . 2.
. 3.
. 4.
. 5. . 6.
.
) V: /-/ / .
1. / ( - ). 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. 25
256/88:
5.1 (/-/ /-/).
5.2
.
5.3
.
5.4 , (60)
(10).
5.5 ,
.
5.6 .
6.
. 7. .

YlikoD.qxd

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241
) VI: () .
1. . 2. . 3.
,

. 4. () . 5.
, . 6. . 7. . 8. (/)
. 9. . 10.
/ . 11. .
) VII: .
1.
. 2. . 3.

. 4.
. 5. . 6. .
) VII. /-/ .
1.
(), ,
. 2.
. 3. , , , (). 4.
. 5. /. 6.
. 7.
. 8. .
) IX: / .
1.
. 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. .
) . .
1.
. 2. .
) XI. () /,
/-/ .
1. VI . 1 256/88 ( 107 /88).
2. 25 - . 3.
. 4.
, . 5, 7 8 III 256/88
. 1, 2, 3 VI 256/88. 5. -

YlikoD.qxd

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242
. 6 . 7.
. 8. . 9.
.
) . /-/ .
1. . 9 . . 4, 5 . 15. 2.
.
) . / / IOPPC IOPPC.
1. :
1.1
.
1.2 .
1.3
.
2. .
) XIV. IOPPC.
1. , . 2.
. 3.
IOPPC (DECLARATION) MARPOL 73/78. 4.
.
) XV. / NLC
BCH IBC.
1. . 2.
MARPOL II/2, . . 533/. 183568/87/30-3-1987. 3.
5
. 4. .
) XVI. .
1. . 2. . 3. : , , ( ). 4.
. 5. . 6. . 7.

. 8. ( ). 9. .
4) .
.
. , : 1. (. 1 862/76-

YlikoD.qxd

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243
312/76). 2. . 3. , 10 ,
12 . 4. . 5. . 6. (. 2 . 3 712/1970- 262/1970). 7. ( 44 . 4 ). 8.
. 9. , LL,
SOLAS, . 10. ( 287/91-
102/91), ( 519/76- 186/76), , ( - 265 /81). 11. (. 3
87/69- 5/14-01-1969). 12. . 13. (. 92 ). 14. [. 42 .
1()]. 15.
. 16.
. 17. (. 3 .. 93/74- 293 /7-10-74). 18. . 19. . 20. A
(. 14 ). 21.
,
, , (. 15 . 3 ). 22. (. 1011 . 2 720 ).

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()
1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

()
2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.5 . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.7 . . . . . . . 30
2.4 / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34


3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
, , , . . . . 37
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
, . . . . . . . . . . . 38
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43




(SL5 1974/1978)

4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.2 SLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

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245

4.3 , SLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.3.1 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.3.2 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.3.3 III: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.3.4 IV: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.3.5 V: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.3.6 VI: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.3.7 VII: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.3.8 VIII: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.3.9 IX: . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.3.10 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.3.11 XI: . . . . . . . . 61
4.3.12 XII:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.4 / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62


(RPOL 1973/78)
5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.2 RPOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.2.1 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5.2.2 II: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.2.3 III:
, ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.2.4 IV: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.2.5 V: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.2.6 VI: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.3 RPOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.3.1 RPOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.3.2 1984 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.3.3 1987, 1989, 1990 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.3.4 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.3.5 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.4 / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82


(STCW 1978/1995)
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7

STCW/1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
STCW/1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
STCW/1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
STCW/1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
STCW/1995 SM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

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(S CODE)
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
, ISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
(SS) . . . . . . . . 100
/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12

8.13

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
8.12.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
8.12.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
8.12.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

1: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
3: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
4: . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
4.1 O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
5: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
5.1 (1972) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
5.2 (1974) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
5.3 (1974) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
5.4 (1976) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
5.5 (1977) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
6: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

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247

6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
7: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.1 (TOVALOP) . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.2 (CRISTAL) . . . . . . . . . . 178
7.3 (OSLTF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
8: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
8.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
9: , . . . . . . . . . 186
9.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
9.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
9.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
10: 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
10.1 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
10.2 MARPOL 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
11: . . . . . . . . 193
12: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
13:
STCW/95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
13.1
500GT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
13.2
500GT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
14: SM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
15: SM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
16:
SM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
17:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
18:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
19: 92/29/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
20: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
20.1 , , . . . . . 234
20.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
21: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244